单词建筑学“建筑学”（architecture）一、单词释义1. 建筑学是一门研究建筑物及其环境的学科，它涵盖了建筑设计、建筑结构、建筑材料等众多方面。
就像一个巨大的拼图，每一块都代表着建筑学中的一个元素，如建筑风格是一块，空间布局又是一块，把这些元素拼凑在一起才构成完整的建筑学概念。
2. 建筑学也指建筑的艺术形式或风格。
例如不同地区有着各自独特的建筑学风格，哥特式建筑有着高耸的尖塔和大窗户，那是一种独特的艺术表达，仿佛是石头在诉说着中世纪的故事。
二、单词用法1. 作名词，可用于表示学科，如“I'm studying architecture in college.”（我正在大学学习建筑学。
）三、近义词1. Building design（建筑设计），虽然建筑设计更侧重于设计这个环节，但与建筑学联系紧密。
比如在一个小型的建筑项目中，人们可能会说建筑设计，而从宏观和学科角度就是建筑学。
2. Construction science（建筑科学），它更强调建筑中的科学原理，像力学原理在建筑中的应用等。
但和建筑学一样都是围绕建筑展开的。
四、短语搭配1. “architecture style”（建筑风格），例如“Gothic architecture style is very mysterious.”（哥特式建筑风格非常神秘。
）2. “architecture theory”（建筑理论），可以说“Many students find architecture theory difficult to understand at first.”（很多学生一开始觉得建筑理论很难理解。
）五、双语例句1. “I've always been fascinated by architecture. I t's like a language that buildings speak.”（我一直对建筑学着迷。
123 45 6 The EPCglobal Architecture Framework EPCglobal Final Version 1.3 Approved 19 March 2009 Authors:Felice Armenio (Johnson & Johnson) FArmeni@7Henri Barthel (GS1) henri.barthel@8Paul Dietrich (Impinj) paul.dietrich@9John Duker (Procter & Gamble) duker.jp@10Christian Floerkemeier (MIT) floerkem@11John Garrett (TESCO) john.c.garrett@12Mark Harrison (University of Cambridge) mark.harrison@13Bernie Hogan (GS1 US) bhogan@14Jin Mitsugi (Keio University) mitsugi@sfc.wide.ad.jp15Josef Preishuber-Pfluegl (CISC Semiconductor) j.preishuber-pfluegl@cisc.at 16Oleg Ryaboy (CVS) ORyaboy@17Sanjay Sarma (MIT) sesarma@18KK Suen (GS1 Hong Kong) kksuen@19Ken Traub (Ken Traub Consulting LLC) kt@, Editor20JohnWilliams(MIT)jrw@2122Abstract 23242526272829303133 35 3739404142434445 47 49 515354 56 58 This document defines and describes the EPCglobal Architecture Framework. EPCglobal Inc is a subsidiary of the global not-for-profit standards organization GS1, and supports the global adoption of the Electronic Product Code (EPC) and related industry-driven standards to enable accurate, immediate and cost-effective visibility of information throughout the supply chain The EPCglobal Architecture Framework is a collection of hardware, software, and data standards, together with shared network services that can be operated by EPCglobal, its delegates or third party providers in the marketplace, all in service of this common goal. This document has several aims:•To enumerate, at a high level, each of the hardware, software, and data standards that32are part of the EPCglobal Architecture Framework and show how they are related.•To define the top level architecture of shared network services that are operated by 34EPCglobal, its delegates, and others.•To explain the underlying principles that have guided the design of individual36standards and service components within the EPCglobal Architecture Framework.•To provide architectural guidance to end users and technology vendors seeking to38implement EPCglobal standards and to use EPC Network Services.This document exists only to describe the overall architecture, showing how the different components fit together to form a cohesive whole. It is the responsibility of otherdocuments to provide the technical detail required to implement any part of theEPCglobal Architecture Framework.Audience for this documentThe audience for this document includes:•Hardware developers working in the areas of developing EPC tags and EPC-enabled 46systems and appliances, including devices to read and write tag data.•Software developers working in the areas of developing EPC middleware and48business applications that use, create, store and/or exchange EPC-related information.•Enterprise architects and systems integrators that integrate EPC-related processes and 50applications into enterprise architectures.•Participants of EPCglobal Working Groups (including Software Action Group,52Hardware Action Group and all Business Action Groups) working on definingrequirements and developing EPCglobal standards.•Industry groups, governing organizations, and companies that are developing or55overseeing business processes that rely on EPC technology.•Members of the general public who are interested in understanding the principles and 57terminology of the EPCglobal Architecture FrameworkStatus of this document 59606162636465666768697071727374757677787980818283848586878889 This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. The latest status of this document series is maintained at EPCglobal. See for more information.This document is an EPCglobal approved document and is available to the general public. Comments on this document should be sent to the EPCglobal Architecture Review Committee mailing list arc@.Table of Contents1 Introduction (7)2 Architecture Framework Overview (9)2.1 Architecture Framework Activities (9)2.2 Architecture Framework Standards (10)3 Goals for the EPCglobal Architecture Framework (12)3.1 The Role of Standards (12)3.2 Global Standards (12)3.3 Open System (13)3.4 Platform Independence (13)3.5 Scalability and Extensibility (13)3.6 Data Ownership (13)3.7 Security (14)3.8 Privacy (14)3.9 Open, Community Process (14)4 Underlying Technical Principles (14)4.1 Unique Identity (14)4.1.1 Uniqueness Considerations for “Closed” Systems (17)4.1.2 Use of the Electronic Product Code (18)4.1.3 The Need for a Universal Identifier: an Example (18)4.1.4 Use of Identifiers in a Business Data Context (20)4.1.5 Relationship Between GS1 Keys and EPCs (21)4.1.6 Use of the EPC in EPCglobal Architecture Framework (24)4.2 Decentralized Implementation (25)4.3 Layering of Data Standards – Verticalization (26)90919293949596979899 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 1224.4 Layering of Software Standards—Implementation Technology Neutral (26)4.5 Extensibility (27)5 Architectural Foundations (27)5.1 Electronic Product Code (27)5.2 EPC Manager (28)5.3 EPC Manager Number (28)5.4 Correspondence to Existing Codes (29)5.4.1 An EPC Manager Number Does Not Uniquely Identify a Manufacturer whenthe Manager Number is Derived from a GS1 Company Prefix (30)5.5 Class Level Data versus Instance Level Data (31)5.6 EPC Information Services (EPCIS) (31)6 Roles and Interfaces – General Considerations (32)6.1 Architecture Framework vs. System Architecture (33)6.2 Cross-Enterprise versus Intra-Enterprise (34)7 Data Flow Relationships – Cross-Enterprise (35)7.1 Data Exchange Interactions (37)7.2 Object Exchange Interactions (38)7.3 ONS Interactions (38)7.4 Number Assignment (41)8 Data Flow Relationships – Intra-Enterprise (42)9 Roles and Interfaces – Reference (45)9.1 Roles and Interfaces – Responsibilities and Collaborations (48)9.1.1 RFID Tag (Role) (48)9.1.2 EPC Tag Data Standard (Interface) (49)9.1.3 Tag Air Interface (Interface) (50)9.1.4 RFID Reader (Role) (50)9.1.5 Reader Interface (Interface) (51)9.1.6 Reader Management Interface (Interface) (52)9.1.7 Reader Management (Role) (52)9.1.8 Filtering & Collection (Role) (53)9.1.9 Filtering & Collection (ALE) Interface (Interface) (54)9.1.10 EPCIS Capturing Application (Role) (55)9.1.11 EPCIS Capture Interface (Interface) (55)123124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 1549.1.12 EPCIS Query Interface (Interface) (56)9.1.13 EPCIS Accessing Application (Role) (56)9.1.14 EPCIS Repository (Role) (56)9.1.15 Drug Pedigree Messaging (Interface) (56)9.1.16 Object Name Service (ONS) Interface (Interface) (57)9.1.17 Local ONS (Role) (57)9.1.18 ONS Root (EPC Network Service) (57)9.1.19 Manager Number Assignment (EPC Network Service) (58)9.1.20 Tag Data Translation Schema (EPC Network Service) (58)9.1.21 Tag Data Translation Interface (Interface) (58)9.1.22 Discovery Services (EPC Network Service – In Development) (58)10 Summary of Unaddressed Issues (59)10.1 End User Authentication (59)10.2 RFID Tag-level Security and Privacy (60)10.3 “User Data” in RFID Tags (60)10.4 Master Data for RFID Tag Manufacture Data (60)11 Data Protection in the EPCglobal Architecture Framework (61)11.1 Overview (61)11.2 Introduction (61)11.3 Existing Data Protection Mechanisms (62)11.3.1 Network Interfaces (62)11.3.1.1 Application Level Events 1.1 (ALE) (63)11.3.1.2 Reader Protocol 1.1 (RP) (63)11.3.1.3 Low Level Reader Protocol 1.0.1 (LLRP) (64)11.3.1.4 Reader Management 1.0.1 (RM) (64)11.3.1.5 EPC Information Services 1.0.1 (EPCIS) (64)11.3.2 EPC Network Services (65)11.3.2.1 Object Name Service 1.0 (ONS) (65)11.3.2.2 Discovery Services (66)11.3.2.3 Number Assignment (66)11.3.3 Tag Air Interfaces (66)11.3.3.1 UHF Class 1 Generation 2 (C1G2 or Gen2) (66)155156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 16911.3.3.1.1 Pseudonyms (66)11.3.3.1.2 Cover Coding (67)11.3.3.1.3 Memory Locking (67)11.3.3.1.4 Kill Command (68)11.3.4 Data Format (68)11.3.4.1 Tag Data Standard (TDS) (68)11.3.5 Security (69)11.3.6 EPCglobal X.509 Certificate Profile (69)11.3.7 EPCglobal Electronic Pedigree (69)12 References (69)13 Glossary (72)14 Acknowledgements (74)1 Introduction170 This document defines and describes the EPCglobal Architecture Framework.EPCglobal Inc is a subsidiary of the global not-for-profit standards organization GS1, and supports the global adoption of the Electronic Product Code (EPC) and related industry-driven standards to enable accurate, immediate and cost-effective visibility ofinformation throughout the supply chain The EPCglobal Architecture Framework is a collection of interrelated hardware, software, and data standards (“EPCglobalStandards”), together with shared network services that are operated by EPCglobal, its delegates, and others (“EPC Network Services”), all in service of this common goal. 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 196 197 198 199 201 202 204 205 206 207 209 210The primary beneficiaries of the EPCglobal Architecture Framework are End Users and Solution Providers. An End User is any organization that employs EPCglobal Standards and EPC Network Services as a part of its business operations. A Solution Provider is an organization that implements for End Users systems that use EPCglobal Standards and EPC Network Services. An End User or Solution Provider may or may not be anEPCglobal Subscriber. EPCglobal standards are available for use to any party, regardless of whether that party is an EPCglobal Subscriber. Informally, the synergistic effect of End Users and Solution Providers interacting with each other using elements of the EPCglobal Architecture Framework is sometimes called the “EPCglobal Network,” but this is more of an informal marketing term rather than the name of an actual network or system.The EPCglobal Architecture Framework is the product of the EPCglobal Community, which not only includes EPCglobal Subscribers, but also includes the Auto-ID Labs, the GS1 Global Office., the GS1 Member Organizations, and government agencies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), along with invited experts. This document has several aims:• To enumerate, at a high level, each of the hardware, software, and data standards that 195 are part of the EPCglobal Architecture Framework and show how they are related. These standards are implemented by hardware and software systems, including components deployed by individual End Users as well as EPC Network Services deployed by EPCglobal, its delegates, and others. • To define the top level architecture of EPC Network Services, which provide 200 common services to all End Users, through interfaces defined as part of the EPCglobal Architecture Framework. • To explain the underlying principles that have guided the design of individual 203 standards and service components within the EPCglobal Architecture Framework. These underlying principles provide unity across all elements of the EPCglobal Architecture Framework, and provide guidance for the development of future standards and new services. • To provide architectural guidance to end users and solution providers seeking to208 implement EPCglobal Standards and to use EPC Network Services, and to set expectations as to how these elements will function.This document exists only to describe the overall architecture, showing how the different components fit together to form a cohesive whole. It is the responsibility of other documents to provide the technical detail required to implement any part of the EPCglobal Architecture Framework. Specifically:211 212 213 214 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253• Individual hardware, software, and data interfaces are defined normatively by215 EPCglobal standards, or by standards produced by other standards bodies. EPCglobal standards are developed by the EPCglobal Community through the EPCglobal Standards Development Process (SDP) [SDP1.3]. EPCglobal standards are normative, and implementations are subject to conformance and certification requirements.An example of an interface is the UHF Class 1 Gen 2 Tag Air Interface, that specifies a radio-frequency communications protocol by which a Radio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) tag and an RFID reader device may interact. This interface is defined normatively by the UHF Class 1 Gen 2 Tag Air Interface Standard. • The design of hardware and software components that implement EPCglobal 225 standards are proprietary to the solution providers and end users that create such components. While EPCglobal standards provide normative guidance as to thebehavior of interfaces between components, implementers are free to innovate in the design of components so long as they correctly implement the interface standards. An example of a component is an RFID tag that is the product of a specific tag manufacturer. This tag may comply with the UHF Class 1 Gen 2 Tag Air Interface Standard.• A special case of components that implement EPCglobal standards are shared 233 network services that are operated and deployed by EPCglobal itself (or by other organizations to which EPCglobal delegates responsibility), or by other third parties. These components are referred to as EPC Network Services, and provide services to all End Users. An example of an EPC Network Service is the Object Name Service (ONS), which provides a logically centralized registry through which an EPC may be associated with information services. The ONS is logically operated by EPCglobal; from a deployment perspective this responsibility is delegated to a contractor of EPCglobal that operates the ONS “root” service, which in turn delegates responsibility for certain lookup operations to services operated by other organizations.At the time of this writing, there are many parts of the EPCglobal ArchitectureFramework that are well understood, and for which EPCglobal standards already exist or are currently in development. There are other parts of the EPCglobal ArchitectureFramework that are less well understood, but where a need is believed to exist based on the analysis of known use cases. In these cases, the architectural approach has not yet been finalized, though architectural analysis is underway within the Architecture Review Committee. Developing standards or designing additional network services depends on the definition of a broader collection of use cases and their abstraction into generalrequirements. This document clearly identifies which parts of the EPCglobal Architecture Framework are understood architecturally and which parts need further work. Thisdocument will be the basis for working through and ultimately documenting the architectural decisions around the latter parts as work continues.254 255 257 258259 261 262 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 2722 Architecture Framework Overview256 The diagram below illustrates the activities carried out by End Users and the role that components of EPCglobal Architecture Framework play in facilitating those activities.2.1 Architecture Framework Activities260 In the diagram above, there are three broad activities illustrated, each supported by a group of standards within the EPCglobal Architecture Framework:• EPC Physical Object Exchange End Users exchange physical objects that are263 identified with Electronic Product Codes (EPCs). For many End users, the physical objects are trade goods, the end users are parties in a supply chain for those goods, and physical object exchange consists of such operations as shipping, receiving, and so on. There are many other uses, like library or asset management applications that differ from this trade goods model, but still involve the unique identification and tagging of objects. The EPCglobal Architecture Framework defines EPC physical object exchange standards, designed to ensure that when one end user delivers aphysical object to another end user, the latter will be able to determine the EPC of thephysical object and interpret it properly.EPC Physical Object Exchange StandardsEPCInfrastructure Standards for Data CaptureEPC Data ExchangeStandards• EPC Data Exchange End Users benefit from the EPCglobal Architecture273 Framework by exchanging data with each other, increasing the visibility they have with respect to the movement of physical objects outside their four walls. The EPCglobal Architecture Framework defines EPC data exchange standards, which provide a means for end users to share data about EPCs within defined user groups or with the general public, and which also provide access to EPC Network Services and other shared services that facilitate these exchanges. 274 275 276 277 278 279 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 299 300 301 302 303• EPC Infrastructure for Data Capture In order to have EPC data to share, each end280 user carries out operations within its four walls that create EPCs for new objects, follow the movements of objects by sensing their EPCs, and gather that information into systems of record within the organization. The EPCglobal Architecture Framework defines interface standards for the major infrastructure componentsrequired to gather and record EPC data, thus allowing end users to build their internal systems using interoperable components. This division of activities is helpful in understanding the overall organization and scope of the EPCglobal Architecture Framework, but should not be considered as extremely rigid. While in many cases, the first two categories refer to cross-enterprise interactions while the third category describes intra-enterprise operations, this is not always true. For example, an organization may use EPCs to track the movement of purely internal assets, in which case it will apply the physical object exchange standards in a situation where there is no actual cross-enterprise exchange. Conversely, an enterprise may outsource some of its internal operations so that the infrastructure standards end up being applied across company boundaries. The EPCglobal Architecture Framework has been designed to give End Users a wide range of options in applying the standards to suit the needs of their particular business operations.2.2 Architecture Framework Standards298 The following table summarizes all standards within the EPCglobal ArchitectureFramework in terms of the three activities described in the preceding section. A fuller description of each standard is given in Section 9. This table is intended mainly as an index of all current components of the EPCglobal Architecture Framework, not a roadmap for future work.Activity Standard Status Reference Object Exchange UHF Class 0 Gen 1 Tag AirInterface(Note 3, below) [UHFC0] UHF Class 1 Gen 1 Tag Air Interface(Note 3, below) [UHFC1G1] HF Class 1 Gen 1 Tag Air Interface(Note 4, below)[HFC1]UHF Class 1 Gen 2 Tag Air Interface v1.1.0Ratified [UHFC1G21.1.0]UHF Class 1 Gen 2 Tag AirInterface v1.2.0Ratified [UHFC1G21.2.0]HF Class 1 Version 2 Tag AirInterfaceIn Development [HFC1V2]EPC Tag Data Standard Ratified [TDS1.4] InfrastructureLow Level Reader Protocol Ratified [LLRP1.0.1]Reader Protocol Ratified [RP1.1]Reader Management Ratified [RM1.0.1]Discovery, Configuration, andInitialization (DCI) for ReaderOperationsIn Development [DCI]Tag Data Translation Ratified [TDT1.0]Application Level Events(ALE)Ratified [ALE1.1.1] EPCIS Capture Interface Ratified [EPCIS1.0.1]EPCIS Data Standard Core Business Vocabulary RatifiedIn Development[EPCIS1.0.1][CBV1.0]Data ExchangeEPCIS Query Interface Ratified [EPCIS1.0.1]Pedigree Standard Ratified [Pedigree1.0]EPCglobal Certificate Profile Ratified [Cert1.0]ONS Ratified[ONS1.1] Discovery Services In Development (none)304305 308 310 311 312 313 315 Notes for the “Status” column of the table above:1.“Ratified” indicates a ratified EPCglobal standard.3062.“In development” indicates a standard whose development has been chartered and is 307underway within the EPCglobal standards development process3.Prior to the launch of EPCglobal in November 2003, the former Auto-ID Center309published two UHF Tag Air Interface specifications, referred to herein as UHFClass 0 Gen 1 and UHF Class 1 Gen 1. These specifications, which are notEPCglobal standards, are superseded by the UHF Class 1 Gen 2 Tag Air Interfacewhich was ratified by EPCglobal in December 2004.4.Prior to the launch of EPCglobal in November 2003, the former Auto-ID Center also 314published an HF Tag Air Interface specification referred to herein as HF Class 1. Thisspecification, which is not an EPCglobal standard, will be superseded by the HF Class 1 Version 2 Tag Air Interface.316 317 318 319 320 321 323 324 326 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 338 339 340 341 342 344 345 346 348 349 350 351 352In the table above, the EPCIS Data Standard is shown as spanning the categories of infrastructure standard and data exchange standard. Likewise, the EPC Tag DataStandard is shown spanning the categories of object exchange standard and infrastructure standard, though in fact it also spans the data exchange category.3 Goals for the EPCglobal Architecture Framework322 This section outlines high-level goals for the EPCglobal Architecture Framework in terms of the benefits provided to End Users.3.1 The Role of Standards325 EPCglobal standards are created to further the following objectives:• To facilitate the exchange of information and physical objects between trading 327 partners. For trading partners to exchange information, they must have prior agreement as to the structure and meaning of data to be exchanged, and the mechanisms by which exchange will be carried out. EPCglobal standards include data standards and information exchange standards that form the basis of cross-enterprise exchange. Likewise, for trading partners to exchange physical objects, they must have prior agreement as to how physical objects will carry Electronic Product Codes in a mutually understandable way. EPCglobal standards include standards for RFID devices and data standards governing the encoding of EPCs on those devices. • To foster the existence of a competitive marketplace for system components . 337 EPCglobal standards define interfaces between system components that facilitate interoperability from components produced by different vendors (or in house). This in turn provides choice to end users, both in implementing systems that will exchange information between trading partners, and systems that are used entirely within four walls.• To encourage innovation343 EPCglobal standards define interfaces , not implementations . Implementers are encouraged to innovate in the products and systems they create, while interface standards ensure interoperability between competing systems.3.2 Global Standards347 EPCglobal is committed to the creation and use of end user driven, royalty-free, global standards. This approach ensures that the EPCglobal Architecture Framework will work anywhere in the world and provides incentives for Solution Providers to support theframework. EPCglobal standards are developed for global use. EPCglobal is committed to making use of existing global standards when appropriate, and EPCglobal works withrecognized global standards organizations to incorporate standards created within EPCglobal.353 354 356 357 358 359 360 361 363 364 365 366 367 368 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 3913.3 Open System355 The EPCglobal Architecture Framework is described in an open and vendor neutralmanner. All interfaces between architectural components are specified in open standards, developed by the EPCglobal Community through the EPCglobal Standards Development Process or an equivalent process within another standards organization. The Intellectual Property policy of EPCglobal is designed to secure free and open rights to implement EPCglobal Standards in the context of conforming systems, to the extent possible.3.4 Platform Independence362 The EPCglobal Architecture Framework can be implemented on heterogeneous software and hardware platforms. The standards are platform independent meaning that the structure and semantics of data in an abstract sense is specified separately from the concrete details of data access services and bindings to particular interface protocols. Where possible, interfaces are specified using platform and programming language neutral technology (e.g., XML, SOAP messaging [SOAP1.2], and so forth).3.5 Scalability and Extensibility369 The EPCglobal Architecture Framework is designed to scale to meet the needs of each End User, from a minimal pilot implementation conducted entirely within an end-user’s four walls, to a global implementation across many companies and many continents. The standards provide a core set of data types and operations, but also provide several means whereby the core set may be extended for purposes specific to a given industry or application area. Extensions not only provide for proprietary requirements to beaddressed in a way that leverages as much of the standard framework as possible, but also provides a natural path for the standards to evolve and grow over time.3.6 Data Ownership378 The EPCglobal Architecture Framework is concerned with collecting information from a single company or across multiple companies, and making it available to those parties that have an interest in the data and are authorized to receive it. A fundamental principle is that each End User that captures data owns that data, and has full control over what other parties have access to that data.In particular, the EPCglobal Architecture Framework does not presuppose that End Users will deliver their data to some shared database operated by a single third party. Instead, each End User that generates data may keep their data and only share them with whom they choose. An End User may choose to deliver the data to a shared third party database if that is the most effective way to achieve that End User’s business goals, but an End User may choose instead to retain its data and share them with other parties on a point-to-point basis. ONS and Discovery Services (Section 7) are designed to help End Users find the data they need wherever it exists.3.7 Security392 For operations inside and outside a company’s four walls, the EPCglobal Architecture Framework promotes environments with security precautions that appropriately address risks and protect valuable assets and information. Security features are either built into the standards, or use of an industry best security practice that is in accordance with this framework is recommended.393 394 395 396 397 398 399 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 409 410 412 414 416 418 419 420 422 423 424See Section 11 for an overview of data protection methods of current and evolving standards within the architecture framework.3.8 Privacy400 The EPCglobal Architecture Framework is designed to accommodate the needs of both individuals and corporations to protect confidential and private information. While many parties may ultimately be willing to give up some privacy in return for gettinginformation or other benefits, all of them demand the right to control that decision. The EPCglobal Public Policy Steering Committee (PPSC) is responsible for creating and maintaining the EPCglobal Privacy Policy; readers should refer to PPSC documents for more information.3.9 Open, Community Process408 The EPCglobal Standards Development Process is designed to yield standards that are relevant and beneficial to end users. Important aspects of the process include: • End user involvement in developing requirements through the Industry Action 411 Groups and Joint Requirements Groups. • Open process in which all EPCglobal Community members having relevant expertise 413 are encouraged to join working groups that create new standards. • Several review milestones in which new standards are vetted by a wide community 415 before final adoption.4 Underlying Technical Principles417 This section explains the design principles that underlie all parts of the EPCglobalArchitecture Framework. Working Groups should take these principles into account as they develop new standards.4.1 Unique Identity421 A fundamental principle of the EPCglobal Architecture Framework is the assignment of a unique identity to physical objects, loads, locations, assets, and other entities whose use is to be tracked.1 By “unique identity” is simply meant a name, such that the name1Some GS1 keys that have corresponding EPCs, particularly the GDTI and GSRN, may be used both for physical objects and for non-physical entities. The applicability of EPC standards to non-physical entities is not yet fully addressed in the EPCglobal architecture framework.。
建筑英文怎么读怎么写的建筑是一门综合性较强的学科，掌握好建筑英文读写能力对于建筑从业人员来说至关重要。
正确的发音和书写能够帮助人们更好地交流和理解建筑方面的知识。
本文将介绍一些常见的建筑英文单词的正确读音和写法。
1. 建筑基本术语(1) Architecture（[ˈɑːrkɪtektʃər]）这是建筑学的英文表达方式，指涉到建筑设计、规划和施工等方面的学科。
(2) Architect（[ˈɑːrkɪtekt]）指的是建筑师，负责设计建筑物的人员。
(3) Construction（[kənˈstrʌkʃən]）这个词表示建筑工程，包括建筑物的施工、装修等方面的内容。
(4) Building（[ˈbɪldɪŋ]）Building是指独立的建筑物，包括住宅、办公楼、商店等。
(5) Structure（[ˈstrʌkʧər]）Structure是指建筑物的结构，一般用于指代建筑物的骨架或框架。
2. 建筑材料(1) Concrete（[ˈkɑːŋkriːt]）这个词常常用于指代混凝土，是一种由水泥、沙子、砾石和水等材料混合而成的建筑材料。
(2) Brick（[brɪk]）这是指砖块，常用于烧制建筑材料。
(3) Steel（[stiːl]）Steel指的是钢材，常用于建筑物的骨架和结构。
(4) Wood（[wʊd]）这个词指的是木材，常常用于建筑物的结构和装修。
(5) Glass（[ɡlæs]）这是指玻璃材料，常用于建筑物的窗户。
3. 建筑部位(1) Roof（[ruːf]）这个词指屋顶，是建筑物的顶部覆盖物。
(2) Floor（[flɔːr]）Floor表示楼层或地板，是建筑物中人们站立或行走的部分。
(3) Wall（[wɔːl]）这是指墙壁，是建筑物的外立面。
(4) Window（[ˈwɪndəʊ]）Window表示窗户，为建筑物提供采光和通风。
(5) Door（[dɔːr]）这个词指门，是建筑物的出入口。
托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO3(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Architecture托福阅读原文Architecture is theart and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space forpractical and symbolic purposes. Because architecture grows out of human needsand aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values. Of all the visualarts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines thecharacter of the human environment in major ways.Architecture is athree-dimensional form. It utilizes space, mass, texture, line, light, andcolor. T o be architecture, a building must achieve a working harmony with avariety of elements. Humans instinctively seek structures that will shelter and enhance their way of life. It is the work of architects to createbuildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration anddelight. Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter, enrichspace, complement their site, suit the climate, and are economically feasible.The client who pays for the building and defines its function is an importantmember of the architectural team. The mediocre design of many contemporarybuildings can be traced to bothclients and architects.In order for thestructure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose,architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based onphysical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them—even while building materials havechanged dramatically.Theworld’s architecturalstructures have also beendevisedin relation to the objectivelimitations of materials. Structures can be analyzed in terms of how they dealwith downward forces created by gravity. They are designed to withstand theforces of compression (pushing together), tension (pulling apart), bending, ora combination of these in different parts of the structure.Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes. Materials andmethods of construction are integralparts of the design of architecturestructures. In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systemssuitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick.Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent newbuilding materials to suit the type of structure desired. Enormous changes inmaterials and techniques of construction within the last few generations havemade it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with aminimum ofmaterial. Progress in this area can be measured by the difference inweight between buildings built now and those of comparable size built onehundred years ago.Modernarchitectural forms generally have three separate components comparable toelements of the human body: a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skinenclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems. Theequipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, andair-conditioning. Of course in early architecture—suchas igloos and adobe structures—there was no suchequipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one.Much of the world’s great architecture has beenconstructed of stone because of its beauty, permanence, and availability. Inthe past, whole cities grew from thearduoustask of cutting and pilingstone upon. Some of the world’s finest stonearchitecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchuhigh in the eastern Andes Mountains of Peru. Thedoorways andwindowsare made possible by placing over the open spaces thick stone beamsthat support the weight from above. A structural invention had to be madebefore the physical limitations of stone could be overcome and newarchitectural forms could be created. That invention was the arch, a curvedstructure originally made ofseparate stone or brick segments. The arch wasused by the early cultures of the Mediterranean area chiefly for undergrounddrains, but it was the Romans who first developed and used the arch extensivelyin aboveground structures. Roman builders perfected the semicircular arch madeof separate blocks of stone. As a method of spanning space, the arch cansupport greater weight than a horizontal beam. It works in compression todivert the weight above it out to the sides, where the weight is borne by thevertical elements on either side of the arch. The arch is among the manyimportant structural breakthroughs that have characterized architecturethroughout the centuries.托福阅读试题1. According toparagraph 1, all of the following statements about architecture are true EXCEPT:A.Architecture isvisual art.B.Architecturereflects the cultural values of its creators.C.Architecture hasboth artistic and scientific dimensions.D.Architecture hasan indirect effect on life.2. The word “feasible”in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA.in existenceB.without questionC.achievableD.most likely3. The word “enhance”in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA.protectB.improveanizeD.match4. Which of thesentences below best expresses the essential information in thehighlightedsentencein the passage (paragragh 3) ? Incorrect choices change themeaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Unchangingphysical laws have limited the size and strength of buildings that can be madewith materials discovered long ago.B.Buildingmaterials have changed in order to increase architectural size and strength,but physical laws of structure have not changed.C.When people firststarted to build, the structural methods used to provide strength and size wereinadequate because they were not based on physical laws.D.Unlike buildingmaterials, the methods of support used in architecture have not changed overtime because they are based on physical laws.5. The word “devised”in the passage (paragragh 3) is closest inmeaning tobinedB.createdC.introducedD.suggested6. The word “integral”(paragraph 4) is closest in meaning toA.essentialB.variableC.practicalD.independent7. According toparagraph 4, which of the following is true about materialsused in theconstruction of buildings?A.Because newbuilding materials are hard to find, construction techniques have changed verylittle from past generations.B.The availabilityof suitable building materials no longer limits the types of structures thatmay be built.C.The primarybuilding materials that are available today are wood, stone, and brick.D.Architects inearlier times did not have enough building materials to enclose large spaces.8. In paragraph 4,what does the author imply about modern buildings?A.They occupy muchless space than buildings constructed one hundred years ago.B.They are not verydifferent from the building of a few generations ago.C.They weigh lessin relation to their size than buildings constructed one hundred years ago.D.They take a longtime to build as a result of their complex construction methods.9. Which of thefollowing correctly characterizes the relationship between the human body andarchitecture that is described in paragraph 5?plex equipmentinside buildings is the one element in modern architecture that resembles acomponent of the human body.B.The components inearly buildings were similar to three particular elements of the human body.C.Modern buildingshave components that are as likely to change as the human body is.D.In general,modern buildings more closely resemble the human body than earlier buildingsdo.10. The word “arduous”in the passage (paragraph 6) is closest in meaning toA.difficultB.necessaryC.skilledD.shared11. Why does theauthor include a description of how the “doorways and windows”(paragraph 6) ofMachu Picchu were constructed?A.To indicate thatthe combined skeletons and skins of the stone buildings of Machu Picchu weresimilar to igloos and adobe structuresB.To indicate thedifferent kinds of stones that had to be cut to build Machu PicchuC.To provide anillustration of the kind of construction that was required before arches wereinventedD.To explain howancient builders reduced the amount of time necessary to construct buildingsfrom stone12. According toparagraph 6, which of the following statements is true ofthe arch?A.The Romans werethe first people to use the stone arch.B.The invention ofthe arch allowed new architectural forms to be developed.C.The arch workedby distributing the structural load of a building toward the center of thearch.D.The Romansfollowed earlier practices in their use of arches.13. Look at thefour squares [█] that indicate wherethe following sentence could be added to the passage.█【A】Modern architectural forms generally have three separate componentscomparable to elements of the human body; a supporting skeleton or frame, anouter skin enclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems. █【B】The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, andair-conditioning. █【C】Ofcourse in early architecture—such as igloos and adobestructures—there was no such equipment, and theskeleton and skin were often one. █【D】Where would thesentence best fit?14. Directions: Anintroductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express themost important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in thesummary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or areminor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Architecture usesforms and space to express cultural values.A.Architects seekto create buildings that are both visually appealing and well suited for humanuse.B.Over the courseof the history of building, innovations in material and methods of constructionhave given architects ever greater freedom to express themselves.C.Throughouthistory buildings have been constructed like human bodies, needing distinct “organ”systems inorder to function.D.Both clients andarchitects are responsible for the mediocre designs of some modern buildings.E.Modern buildingstend to lack the beauty of ancient stone buildings such as those of MachuPicchu.F.The discovery anduse of the arch typifies the way in which architecture advances by developingmore efficient types of structures.托福阅读答案1.EXCEPT题排除法，以visual art做关键词定位至本段最后一句，A对，不选；以cultural values做关键词定位至第二句，B对，不选；以artistic and scientific dimensions做关键词定位至第一句，C对，不选；D选项与A选项在同一句，indirect effect和directly的原文说反，错，选2.feasible可行的，原文说了建筑的若干优点，比如提供遮风避雨的场所，丰富了空间，经济上怎么样，肯定是个正面的词，A存在中性，错；B没有问题，虽然是正面但太过，不选，C正确，D非常可能虽然正面，但程度不足，不选3.词汇题，问的是第二段第三句中的enhance，备选项分别是protect, improve, organize, match，enhance提高，原文中与enhance their way of life并列的动词是shelter，庇护之意，所以再选protect的话重叠，而且也不应该是保护他们的生活方式；organize组织match搭配都不能与庇护并列，所以improve 改善生活方式最靠谱4.In order for只是一个表目的的状语，暂时放弃不看，同时because那部分插入语不看，整个句子就变成了建筑师们采用的方法是不变的，尽管建筑材料发生了很大变化。
