Step 1 词类

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Step 1 词类,句子成分,构词法介绍

1、词类

英语词类分十种:名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。

(1)名词(n.):表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy,morning,bag,ball,class,

(2)代词(pron.):主要用来代替名词。如:who,she,you,it .

(3)形容词(adj.):表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good,right,white,orange .

(4)数词(num.):表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one,two,three,first,second,third,fourth.

(5)动词(v.):表示动作或状态。如:am,is,are,have,see .

(6)副词(adv.):修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:now,very,here,often

(7)冠词(art.):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a,an,the.

(8)介词(prep.):表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in,on,from,above,.

(9)连词(conj.):用来连接词、短语或句子。如and,but,before .

(10)感叹词(interj.):表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh,well,hi,hello.

2、句子成分

英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。

(1)主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。

如:I’m Miss Green.

(2)谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。

如:Jack cleans the room.

(3)表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如:My name is Ping ping。

(4)宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。

如:He can spell the word.

有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:He wrote me a letter..

有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如:He wrote a letter to me .

(5)定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如:Shanghai is a big city .

(6)状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如:He works hard .

(7)宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。

如:They usually keep their classroom clean. / He often helps me do my lessons.

同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如:Where is your classmate

Tom ?

3、构词法 英语构词法主要有:合成法、派生法和转换法。

(1)合成法:如:spaceship,headache,basketball,playground等等。

(2)派生法:

1)派生名词:①动词+er/or ②动词+ing ③动词+(t)ion ④形容词+ness ⑤其他,

如:inventor,learner,swimming,congratulation,kindness,carelessness,knowledge

2)派生形容词:①名词+y ②名词+ful ③动词+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous

⑥Chinese;Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩国名+(i)an

如:snowy,sunny,hopeful,beautiful,interesting,follwing,daily(每日的),nervous,delicious

3)派生副词:①形容词+ly ②其它,

如:slowly,angrily,full→fully,good→well,possible→possibly等等。

(3)转换法:

1.动词转换为名词的常见方式

1)“动词+ion”

例如:pollute→pollution, invent→invention, discuss→ discussion

2)“动词去e+ ation”

例如:invite→invitation,organize→organization

3)“动词+er”

例如: work→worker, teach→teacher, write→writer, speak→speaker, run→runner, win→winner

4)“动词+ or"

例如:invent→inventor, act→actor

5)“动词+ing"

例如:build→building, begin→beginning, paint→painting

6)“动词十ment"

例如:develop→development, amuse→amusement

2.动词转换为形容词的常见方式

1)“动词+ive"

例如:act→active, attract→attractive

2)“动词+ able"

例如:change→changeable, enjoy→enjoyable

3)“动词+ing"

例如:excite→exciting, follow→following

4)“动词+ ed"

例如:frighten→frightened, bore→bored

5)“动词+ ful".

例如:forget→forgetful

3.名词转换为形容词的常见方式

1)“名词+ ful"

例如:care→careful, use→useful, power→powerful

2)”名词+ less"

例如:care→careless, home→homeless 3)“名词+ly"

例如:friend→friendly, love→lovely

4)“名词+y"

例如:sun→sunny, wind→windy, health→healthy, noise→noisy, luck→lucky, snow→snowy

5)“名词+ing"

例如:interest→interesting

6)“名词+n"

例如:America→American, Australia→Australian

7)“名词+ ern"

例如:south→southern, north→northern

8)“名词+ ous"

例如:danger→dangerous

9)“名词+ en"

例如:wood→wooden, gold→golden

10)“名词+al"

例如:nation→national, education→educational

4.形容词转换为名词的常见方式

1)“形容词+y"

例如:difficult→difficulty, honest→honesty

2)“形容词词尾t改成ce"

例如:different→difference, important→importance

3)“形容词+ ness"

例如:ill→illness, kind→kindness

4)“形容词+ dom"

例如:free→freedom, wise→wisdom

考生答题时可遵循下列步骤:(1)明确所给词的词性;(2)弄清所给句子的句意;(3)确定空处所填词的词性;(4)确定所给词的形式变化;(5)注意词汇知识及习惯用法;(6)注意句子是否通顺。

第一组

1. All the students in Shanghai should help fight ___________________ to protect the

environment. (pollute)

2. Now the good method is ___________________ used in the experiments. (wide)

3. The old man was __________________ to the policeman who found the lost car for him.

(thank)

4. For the _________________ time he became worried about the future because of the

globalfinancial crisis (金融危机). (one)

5. Help __________________ to some more shrimps, children. (you) 练一练 6.

Qingming Festival is an important Chinese festival to remember people's ________________relatives. (die)

7. Professor Brown can still tell quite a few funny ___________________ , although he is

already in his eighties. (story)

8. Bolt _________________ in winning the gold medal in the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.

(success)

第二组

1.

As a fashion model, she is always on a diet to control her ____________________ . (weigh)

2. Could you show ___________________ how to control the new machine? (he)

3. Mike bought me a new English dictionary as a present on my birthday. (nine)

4. Many people lost their ______________ in the earthquake in Sichuan Province. (life)

5. Our new flat is going to be decorated with furniture. (tradition)

6. We can ___________________ our reading ability through reading a page of English every