海员英语面试101条（船长、大副、二副、三副适用）
1、What do you know about IMSBC Code?
MSBC code refers to IMO’s Bulk Cargo Code. In this code, bulk cargo operation procedures are stated. This is a very important manual and the chief officer must study it with care and follow the instruction in the code in practical work, especially when he makes the stowage plan.
2、The ISM Code required preventive maintenance schedules. How do you make your maintenance schedules?安全管理规则要求做到预防性维护。你如何作出预防性维护计划? According to the ISM Code, the preventive maintenance plan is made based on the ship’s “Planned Maintenance System”and the machinery running hours records. This plan should be made on an annual basis(or a five-year basis). Usually, the monthly maintenance schedules are made based on the annual preventive maintenance plan and the basic occasional maintenance work.
根据ISM规则，预防维护计划是基于船舶的“PMS”和机械运转时间记录来制定的。这个计划应该是在年度或五年基础上来制定的。通常月度维护计划是基于年度预防维护计划和非经常性发生的工作来制定的。
3、What is the purpose of the ISM Code? What is DPA in ISM Code?
ISM 规则的目的是什么?ISM规则中DPA是什么意思?
The purpose of this Code is to provide an international standard for the safe management and operation of ship’s and for pollution prevention. DPA stands for Designated person(s) Ashore. His responsibility includes monitoring safety, pollution prevention aspects on behalf of the shipowner.ISM 规则的目的是提供针对船舶安全管理和操作以及防污染的一个国际标准。DPA的意思是;岸上的指定人员。他的职责是代表船东负责防污染，安全操作方面的事务。
4、What does DOC imply?DOC 表示什么?
DOC 表示符合文件。船舶公司应该建立和维护程序去控制所有与SMS有关的文件和数据。每条船都应该携带与本船相关的所有文件。
5、What is SMC?SMC 表示什么?
SMC means Safety management Certificate. It should be issued to a ship by the administration or an authorized organization.
SMC是指安全管理证书.他是由船旗国指定的机构和组织对船舶签署的证书。
6、What is the purpose of ISM Audit? What is the Critical Equipment and System?
ISM审核的目的是什么?系统中的关键设备指什么?
These are those where sudden loss of functional capability or where failure to respond when activated manually or automatically may create high-risk situations or major accidents. For example, main engine, steering gear and so on.
审核是系统地并且不受约束地去检验是否ISM活动和结果符合计划的安排，是否这些安排是预先有效地达到公司和海事法规的目标。关键设备指的是突然失去性能或者当手动或自动地作用时会造成高的危险情形或大的事故。例如主机、舵机等等。7、What are the critical Operations and conditions?什么是关键操作和临界状态?
Critical Operations and Conditions are those which have a significant risk of causing major injuries or illness to people, or damage to ship, cargo, other property and/or the environment.
关键操作和临界状态是指能够引起对人员所造成重大伤害，造成船舶损坏，货物或其它的财产和环境的损坏的重大危险的操作。
8、What does Non-Conformity mean? What is Major Non-Conformity?
什么叫不符合?什么是重大不符合?
Non-Conformity means an observed situation where the objective evidence indicates the Non-Fulfillment of a specified requirement. Major Non-Conformity is an identifiable deviation which poses a serious threat to personnel or ship safety or serious risk to environment. Which requires immediate correction the action. Lack of effective and systematic implementation of the ISM Code is also a Major
Non-Conformity.
不符合指的是观测到的情形而有客观的证据显示此情形没有执行规定的要求。重大不符合是指一个确定的违背，其对人员或船舶的安全/环境造成了严重的威胁。此种违背要求立即去改正。对ISM规则缺乏有效的和系统的执行同样也是一个重大不符合。
9、What is a near accident? Please give an example to show your understanding. 什么叫险情?请举例说明。
10、Before entering an enclosed space such as ballast tank, what action will you take?
在进入封闭空间前，(如压载水舱)应作什么准备工作?
the workers in an enclosed space.
11、请说出进入封闭舱室需要的安全氧气含量
More than 18% and no more than 23% of oxygen in an enclosed space will be ok for the safety of the workers.
大于18%，小于23% 的氧气含量是安全的。
12、Have you ever seen SOPEP? What is SOPEP?
您知道SOPEP吗?什么是SOPEP?(船舶油污应急计划)
Yes, of course. SOPEP stands for Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan.是的，当然。SOPEP代表船舶油污应急计划。
13、What information you could receive form SOPEP从SOPEP中你能得到什么信息?
The SOPEP should contain (but not limited to )the following content; Procedures to be followed by the Master or other crew in case of oil pollution. Pollution reporting system and the authority or persons to be contacted in the event of pollution including the telephone numbers etc. Detailed description of actions to be taken immediately by persons on board to reduce or control the discharge of oil after the incident. List of oil spill response equipment to be maintained and prepared on board.(Removers, sprayer, oil absorbent, saw dust, sand, waste rags, scoop. Shovels, buckets, bamboo brooms, portable pump, protective clothing, portable containers.). The essence of the Plan is to avoid any possible oil leakage and oil pollution. Simply speaking, SOPEP should include such things as emergency equipment used in detailing with oil pollution, the muster list for oil pollution, the report procedure when the accident happens etc. code. IOPP is the certificate for the vessel that is qualified for the requirements issued by the class on oil pollution prevention.
SOPEP应该包括但不限于以下内容;一旦发生油污染船长和其它船员要遵守的程序。在溢油事件过程中，污染报告系统和要联系的机构或人员包括电话等等。污染事件发生后，船上人员要立即采取行动去减少或控制油排放的详细描述。船上要备有要求的防污染设备随时可用(去油剂，喷雾剂，吸油剂，锯末，沙，破布，锹，铲子，桶，竹扫把，移动泵，防护衣，可移动容器)计划的本质就是去避免任何可能的漏油和溢油。简单地说，SOPEP应该包括像应急联系(电话和其它的通讯方法，地址等等)，处理溢油所用的设备，溢油应变部署表，发生事故时的报告程序。根据ISM规则，SOPEP在大多数船上是强制要求的。当船舶符合防污染要求时，船舶会得到船级社签发的IOPP证书。
14、Could you list international conventions concerning marine shipping?
您能列出有关海运的国际公约吗?
There are many conventions. For example: SOLARS, STCW95,
MARPOL73/78…..有许多公约。像。。。。。
15、If you found an oil spill in the sea, how would you react?
如果您在海上发现跑油，将如何作出反应?
positive action to control the pollution and make an entry in the logbook.
立即报告最近的港口当局然后采取正确的行动去控制污染并将整个过程记入LOGBOOK。
16、Do you keep record while crew works?
您对船员的工作做记录吗?
Yes, of course. According to SMS, every event should be recorded as evidence. The general rule is no record, no behaviors.
是的，当然。根据SMS，每一个事件都应该做记录以作为证据。
17、How often should you test lifeboat engine? Who takes charge of the operation? Who takes of maintenance and repair work?
您多长时间试验一次救生艇机?谁负责操纵艇机?谁负责维护和修理艇机?
One week interval. SMS requires that every crew on board is capable of operating it. The fourth Engineer must take charge of maintenance and repair work.
18、what is a classification society? What is the purpose of classification survey? Please list some famous classification societies in the world.
A classification society is usually an independent organization that carries out classification surveys, statutory surveys, surveys related to notarial matters for ships, offshore installations, marine freight containers, materials and marine equipment. It also provides safety management certification services to shipping companies and their ships. The purpose of classification survey is to evaluate the situation of a ship and the management of a company and its ship.
Some of the famous classification societies are: 美国船级社 ABS American Bureau of Shipping；法国船级社 BV Bureau Veritas；中国船级社 CCS China Classification Society；
中国验船中心 CR China Corporation Register of Shipping；挪威船级社 DNV Det Norske Veritas；德国劳氏船级社 GL Germanischer Lloyd；韩国船级社 KR Korean Register of Shipping；英国劳氏船级社 LR Lloyd's Register；日本海事协会 NK Nippon Kaiji Kyokai (ClassNK)；意大利船级学会RINA Registro Italiano Navale；俄罗斯船级社 RS Russian Maritime Register of Shipping。
船级社(Classification society)是一个建立和维护船舶和离岸设施建造和操作技术标准的非政府组织。通常通过对于船舶监造和定期检查来确保航海设备满足其规范。船舶检验是船舶检验机构对船舶及其设备的技术状况进行检验、审核、测试和鉴定的总称。船舶技术证书是证明船舶技术状况的文件。船舶只有通过相应的检验，才能取得必要的技术证书或保持技术证书继续有效。
船舶检验的目的在于通过对船舶及其设备的检验，促使船舶公司保持船舶的良好技术状况，以保证船舶的营运安全和防止污染、损害海洋环境；保证船旗国和港口国政府对船舶实施有效的管理和控制；同时也为船舶所有人提高船舶在航运市场的竞争力，降低保险费率；以及为公证、索赔、海事处理等提供必要的技术依据。
19、Can you talk about the previous vessels you worked on board?
20、What type of cargo was carried on board your last vessel?
Bulk cargo: cement, cement clicker, nickel, ore, iron, sand, phosphorus rock, potash in bulk, salt, grain, pet coke, coal etc..
General cargo: vehicle, loader, wagon, heavy lifts, over-length cargo, mine equipment, steel construction material.
Other: log, plywood, container, and so on.
21、Where was your last vessel’s trading area? Which ports have you called?
I have rich experience in calling the ports in the US, some developing countries and in the passage through the Suez Canal, and Denver strait, and Denmark Strait. Some useful expressions for trading area: 全球航线ocean-going, world widely, globally, worldwide; 固定航线fixed route.
22、Can you tell me the differences between the Chinese state-owned shipping companies and foreign shipping companies?
Basically, in my opinion, there are not big differences at all. It seems to me that foreign owners are more concerned about the master’s overriding authority on board while the Chinese shipping companies tend to ask their local agents to do more for the vessel. Another major difference between them is that the Safety Management System of the Chinese companies is in Chinese and the working language on board is Chinese. What’s more, most of the Chinese owners use the CCS for classification while foreign owners may use different classification societies.
23、In case of cargo damage, for example, before the vessel arrives at the discharging port, you find the quality of the surface cargo has changed, how would you handle it?
I have to look into the reason and volume of the damage first, and then I’ll contact the owner for instruction. In the event of small quantity of grain, I shall just throw it into the sea to avoid disputes. Or I will follow the owner’s instruction to contact it’s the P&I correspondent or local agent for their advice.
If necessary, I’ll prepare a Sea Protest to claim that the ship owner and the crew have exercised their due diligence.
24、How do you understand the master’s overriding authority under emergency situations?
If the situation and time permit, the master should always report to the company first before taking actions. However, when the ship is in immediate danger, the master shall exercise his overriding authority and take whatever actions necessary in dealing with an emergency situation in order to protect the safety of the seafarers, the cargo, the vessel, the port and the environment without considering too much the demands of the ship owner and the charterer. Nevertheless , the master should report to the company in detail what has happened after the event.
25、Can you tell me about your experience as a captain?
Hints: your experience may include such things as the duration you have worked as a captain, the places or ports you have ever been to, the types of vessels you have ever served, the types of cargo you have ever experienced, the management styles on the vessels, and so on. Please also refer to chapter one for more detailed answers.
26、What is the master’s standing order?
It is basically the master’s own set of instructions and orders for the vessel’s operation. The contents may include the watch-keeping duties for the officers, when to ask for order from the master, the port entry procedure, and how to deal with emergency situations like
oil pollution, fire disaster, collision, grounding, as well as when to call the master to the bridge, and so on. For special vessels( tanker, LPG or car carriers, etc.) the standing orders may have some more contents.
The standing order is normally found on the first pages of deck log book and in the bridge order book. Besides, some warnings shall be
prominently posted on the bridge and read and signed by all duty officers.
27、How do you understand the importance of keeping good and harmonious relationship with the chief engineer and other officers and engineers?
Without harmonious relationship with the chief engineer and the other officers and engineers, the master cannot manage the ship well. but how can the master achieve it ? first of all, the master must have close contact with the department heads because the daily management is delegated to them although the master himself in responsible for the overall safety and personnel management. Secondly, the master himself must know his job well and know when to do what and how. Thirdly, the master should by very strict in himself in discipline and behavior. Fourthly, he should be fair in job assignment, pay distribution and other daily management. But if someone on board breaks the master’s order or the rules on purpose, the master will have to penalize the offender and can consider firing him according to the procedure of the ship owner.
28、Did you have the experience of working with foreign crews?
Yes, I have worked on four ships of mixed crew from china, China Taiwan, Philippine, Vietnam, Russia, South Korea, Japan, Burma and Ukraine.
29、How do you differentiate the Chinese crews and the Philippians crews? Or how do you like the Philippine(Korean,Vietnamese, Indian, Burmese, Ukrainian, Russian, British etc.) seamen?
I had the experience of working with the Philippine crew. The Philippine are mostly very professional and obedient. Sometimes they are also demanding in terms of wages. As a whole, they are very nice seafarers.
30、Can you tell me about the companies you have worked for ?what are the differences among these companies?
The company I have worked for the past ten yeas is a state-owned company. It is a good company. But the management of the company is, in some ways, different from foreign shipowners companies.
31、How is a passage/voyage plan made on board ships? What materials do you need to refer to when you make such plans?
Usually, a passage plan should be made before a new voyage starts. The master should give the second officer the sailing instructions and his intentions on the sailing routes and before the second officer prepares the draft plan. Then the master is supposed to check it very carefully. If something wrong is found in the passage plan, the master should ask the second officer to correct it immediately. If nothing is wrong about the draft, the plan shall be ratified and implemented.
When the second officer is making the draft plan, the master should help provide some important information sources for the second officer, such as the port entry guidance, the sailing directions, list of lights, tidal stream tables, deep draught vessel planning guide, the IMO ship route guidance, government and port authority’s regulations, pilot charts, notice to mariner, weather information, and the voyage plan and so on.
The master should ensure that the plan covers “berth to berth”area in the passage. And the master should help the second officer to select the best sailing route that will save fuel and time, and avoid bad weather conditions.
32、Can you describe the preparation procedures before entering the US ports?
First, I must check all the certificates for the vessel and the seamen to make sure all the necessary certificates are available to deal with the customs clearances, the sanitary checks and other port checks. In addition, I must prepare such publications as currently corrected navigational charts, US coastal pilot guide, light list book, tide table, US inland rules of navigation, and recent notice to mariners.
Forty-eight hours prior to entry to a US port, I shall conduct the following emergency steering drills and log them into the record books: operation of the main steering gear from steering compartment, communication between bridge and steering compartment, and alternative power supply. I shall also inform the qualified individual of my arrival.
Twenty-four hours before arrival in a US port, I shall notify the USCG of my ship’s arrival.
Twelve hours prior to arrival in a US port, the following equipment shall be tested and recorded in the log book: primary and second steering gear, internal control communications and alarms, standing-by emergency generator, and main propulsion machinery.
Drills are also the priorities of my preparatory work. Usually, the port authority of the US pays special attention to the drills. So boat drills, fire-fighting drills and other drills must be carried out before entering into any US port.
Sanitary situation of my ship is another consideration. Proper disposal of garbage on my ship and anti-pollution devices examination are very important.
All in all , much more care should be taken before entry into any US port than in the ports in other countries.
33、Did you encounter any problems during PSC inspections in the US ports?
No, I have never met any big problems because I always made good preparation before my vessel called at US port. Each time I was able to go through the PSC inspections smoothly.
Or you can say: Yes, I once had a problem during PSC inspection in a US port. The ARPA couldn’t be activated since the power supply was out of work. The USCG only allowed us a few hours to repair it. To their satisfaction, the ARPA was back to normal after only one hour. Luckily we didn’t have any fine imposed on us. I understand from this experience that good preparations in advance are very important. Even if there is a problem, I will ask my crew to rectify it in the least possible time.
34、How should the pre-departure seminar be conducted in the port?讨论会
According to my experience, a safety meeting shall be held prior to departure and some of the important issues like the un-berthing operation(including the deck and engine room), cargo & hull lashing check, stowaway check, cooperation with the pilot and other engineering(technical) matters should be discussed at the meeting.
35、Why should the master always be aware of the actions being taken by the pilot?
Well, it’s because the presence of the pilot on the bridge does not relieve the master from taking any measures necessary to assure the safety of the ship and marine environment. If he finds that the pilot’s orders are doubtful, the master has to clarify the orders immediately. When necessary, the master shall command the ship’s navigation himself.
36、What should the master do if he is unsure about his legal standing in a foreign country or a strange port?法律地位
He must contact the company at once for advice. He should also , if necessary, consult the local correspondent of the owner’s P&I and the local agent of the ship who can provide valuable advice and assistance.
37、What should the master do if the figures of the loaded quantity are abnormally different from those on the bills of lading?
The master should report the case to the ship owner as soon as possible. At the dictation of the company, the master should prepare and send a letter of protest to the notary surveyor or terminal/port authority under the instruction of the ship owner. In such case, the master should also require further measurements and calculations to be made.口述，口授
38、What contents are shown on the bill of lading if the ship is loaded with bulk cargo?
Usually, the following items are shown on the bill of lading: Measure, quality, quantity, condition, contents and value unknown etc.. different companies may have different formats for their respective B/L. a B/L consists of three original copies that have the same legal validity. The first copy the consignee shows will deny the validity of the other two copies.
39、Do you know the insurance coverage provided by a P&I Club?
A P&I Club is a non-profit association of ship owners that provides mutual insurance against maritime risks. It covers the risks that are not covered by the Hull Insurer, such as personnel illness and injury, cargo damage, collision with another vessel, stowaways and refugees, damage to fixed or floating objects, pollution and so on.
40、Could you explain what the SOLAS 74 and MARPOL 73/78 are? What is the relation between SOLAS74 and ISM Code?
SOLAS is the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea. It is the most important international convention on the safety of life at sea made and passed by IMO. The ISM Code is listed as chapter 9 of the SOLAS74. It is to ensure safety of the ship, the seamen, the port and the cargo, as well as the marine environment.
41、Prior to a ship’s departure, what tests should be made and logged in the ship’s log book: Some of the key test to be done before sailing: steering gear test.Ship’s clocks and engine telegraph tests and harmonization.Internal, external and portable communication equipment test.The whistle and navigational lights tests.Relevant electronic position-fixing equipment(ARPA, RADAR, GMDSS)test.Any other tests that the master thinks necessary.
42、How often at least should the emergency steering drill be held?
It should be held at least every three months. But actually, the more often the drill is done, the better. But before entering into some ports, for example, in the US where PSC inspections are very strict, it is very important to have drills prior to entry.
43、How do you maintain the minimum under keel clearance( MUKC) when the vessel is during passage, in fairways and inside ports?
During the passage, the MUKC should be at least more than 20% of load draft; in fairway, 10% of load draft; inside the ports, 10% of load draft, or as regulated by port authority.
44、What are the master’s responsibilities on garbage disposal?
The master shall ensure that the posters with a summary of regulations on garbage disposal at sea is clearly displayed in the ship’s galley, on the information boards and in any other places where garbage is collected prior to disposal. The master shall discuss the subject of shipboard garbage management with the crew at safety meetings. The master shall check the garbage disposal situation on board thoroughly from time to time. The master shall also nominate a specific person in charge of the garbage disposal.
45、Can you describe the garbage disposal procedures on board your last vessel? How did you classify the garbage on board?
Four steps should be followed: collection, processing(separation), storage, and disposal.The garbage can be divided into three kinds: Plastics and plastic mixed with other materials; Food and accommodation waste; Other garbage that can not be disposed in the sea,e.g., plastic and plastic materials.
46、What are sensitive cargoes as defined by the P&I Club?
The cargoes that are particularly susceptible to moisture and damage are called sensitive cargoes. Special attention is required for sensitive cargoes. The P&I Club defines the following cargoes as sensitive cargoes: cement, grain, and sugar and so on.
47、Before the commencement of each voyage, which parts of the vessel should be checked? Cargo holds, hatch covers, ventilation system, tank-top, hold lighting, fire fighting and detector appliances, bilge, sounding pipes, air pipes, cargo gears (hooks, grabs, slings, wires) and the relevant machinery should be checked carefully in order to ensure seaworthiness of the vessel. After the checks, the checklists shall be filled or records shall be kept.
48、Please explain the meaning of “SOPEP”? what contents should be included in the SOPEP? SOPEP means shipboard oil pollution emergency plan and it should contain the following:procedures to be followed by the master or other persons in charge of the ship to report an oil pollution incident.Authority or persons to contacted in the event of oil pollution. Detailed description of actions to be taken immediately by persons on board to reduce or control the discharge of oil following incident. List of oil spill response equipment and materials to be maintained on board.( removers, sprayer, oil absorbent, saw dust, sand, waste rags, scoop, shovels, buckets, bamboo brooms, portable pump, protective clothing, portable containers).Simply speaking, SOPEP should include such things as the emergency contact (telephone and other means of communication, address, etc..), the equipment used in dealing with oil pollution, the muster list in the oil pollution, and the report procedure when the accident happens,etc.
49、What preparations should you make before entry into a port?
To gather the necessary information on the state and destination port authority requirements related to pilotage, berthing, customs clearance and port quarantine inspection etc.;to make sure of an orderly slow-down of the main engine, and ask the duty officer to give the ETA and the time the ship is expected to be on maneuvering speed to the duty engineer;the main engine is to be tested in the astern mode and the master should know that in some countries(e.g., in US) , before entry into port, entire test of the navigational equipment and main engine is required;to ask the duty officers to ensure that the right flags, signals, or lights are shown;to facilitate the machinery maintenance, the master should give the C/E an indication of ETB and ETD immediately after the arrival at an anchorage or berth. 50、What should a muster list include? What kinds of muster list did you have on the last vessel?
A muster list should include the following points: details of emergency alarm signal; how abandonship order will be given; substitutes for the key personnel who may become disabled; the boat to which each person belongs and duties to be performed in an abandon ship situation; the specific group to which a person belongs and general duties during various emergencies; any additional or specific duties; specific assembly point of each group. The muster lists must be ready before a ship sails. We had the following muster lists on board the last vessel: general emergency, fire fighting, fire in the engine, emergency steering, abandon-ship, man overboard, oil pollution prevention station.
51、When your ship is involved in an oil pollution incident, whom do you report it to?
According to the ISM Code and MARPOL, the incident should be immediately reported to the nearest coastal state, and the ship owner without any delay. A report should also be submitted to the flag state.
52、Do you allow cargo discharge without being shown the B/L?
Definitely no. the B/L is the legal evidence of the cargo’s ownership. However, the cargo can be discharged if the consignee shows a
letter of indemnity approve by the ship owner confirming the authenticity of the documents.真实性
53、How do you understand shipboard training?
It is a very important thing on board. Routine training on safety of the vessel, the cargo, and the seamen should be carried out periodically. Training to new joiners is also important, they should be briefed on emergency procedures, anti-pollution, safety equipment familiarization, ship operational training and working skills.
54、How can you maintain a balance of interests between the shipowner and the charterer?
Well, this is a difficult question. My opinion is that the owner’s interests should always be prioritized. But you know, sometimes the master is under heavy pressure from both the owner and the charterer. My experience is that the charterer’s interests should be taken good care of without hurting the interests of the owner and the crew.
Or reply: I think both interests are very important to me. The shipowner pay me but salary is from the charter. In order to make both sides happy. I shall take good care of the cargo and at the same time, I shall implement my duty at the order of the shipowner and try to safeguard the interests of the shipowners.
55、What do you know about the internal and external audit? During the internal audit, how will you cooperate with the auditors?
Usually, the internal audit is carried out once or twice a year in accordance with the owner’s SMS manuals. It is under the charge of the designated person(DP), or at the discretion of the DP.
After receiving audit notice from the company, the master should hold a pre-audit meeting with the officers and engineers after receiving the audit notice. The master should make sure that the best cooperation is provided to the auditors of the company and the documents to be audited are well prepared.
The external audit is carried out by the professional auditors from the class. If major non-conformities and observations are found either in the internal or external audit, the ship should make rectification in the stipulated time.纠正
56、Can you briefly describe the hand-over procedure between the outgoing master and the relieving master?
Usually, the handover procedure is as follows: First, the outgoing master should prepare a handover memo to be attached to the report. The following should be the highlights in the handover procedure: Documentation, communication (the means to contact all related persons and companies), bridge equipment, stores and accounts, personnel, ship maintenance and conditions etc. besides, it is also very important to give the relieving master a clear idea of the personnel, the local agent, the port and some other information that are not written in the checklist. Try to fill in all the check lists at the presence of both masters.
57、What is the relation ship between the master and the chief engineer? Or what kind or relation should the master and the chief engineer have?
The master is the no.1 leader of the ship, responsible for the whole vessel and the chief engineer is one subordinate of the master. The chief engineer is in full charge of the engine department. In the meantime, it is also important for the master to offer support and help to the chief engineer in his implementation of duties. Anyway smooth cooperation and harmonious relationship between the master and the chief engineer is very important to the safe operation of the vessel.下属
58、What should the ship’s night orders include?
The ship’s night orders should include such information as sailing courses, anti-collision warning , some precautions, watch keeping points, dangerous cargo orders, sailing warning in special areas etc. the master should prepare a night order every night before he goes to sleep.
Even I have well prepared night orders, I shall still be on high alert when the vessel is sailing in some dangerous areas (i.e. areas with low visibility, some narrow straits, along the seacoast and the pending arrival at the port, etc.)行将发生，悬而未决
59、When new crew come on board, what training will you offer to them?
First , I will get them familiar with the whole vessel, including the equipment, the personnel and documents. Second, I will ask them to get familiar with their respective duties. Third, I will get them trained on the safe operation
60、What are the three grades of bulk carriers according to their size?
Generally, they are classified into three types: handy size, panamax size and cape size. The handy size bulker is less than 60000 tons in deadweight tonnage. The panamax size bulker is between 60000 to 70000 tons, usually carrying usual cargoes such as coal, bauxite, borax, cement, grain, tapioca, copra, pellet, lime stone and so on. The cape size is more than 80000 tons in deadweight tonnage, and 106
feet in breadth, and the cargo usually carried by this type of a bulker are iron ore, pellet, and coal.铝矾土；硼砂；椰子核；小球，颗粒状物；石灰石
61、How do you know that the sea chart is up-to-date? How do you get the latest notice to mariner?
I need to check the charts correction log and the charts concerned to make sure the chart is updated.
Normally the company sends the notice to mariner periodically and automatically to the ship. I will send a requisition to the company if the notice to mariner is not being received.
62、What is the DCPA during passage, in fairway, in the strait, and inside ports?
At sea, the closest point of approach (DCPA) is two miles; in the strait, the shortest distance between the two ships is the new course distance, the safe anti-collision clearance between two vessels also depends on such factors as weather condition, the sizes of the two vessels and so on.
63、How do you treat the engine bilge water?
The engine bilge water can by no means be pumped out into the sea directly. If it has to be pumped out, it must be properly treated through the oily water separator.决不
If there is to much engine bilge water, the chief engineer will report it to me. I will then ask for instructions from the owner. With the owner’s approval and confirmation, the bilge water may be transferred into the fuel oil tank or ask for shore assistance.
64、Do you know something about the ILO? What is ILO 147? Do you have any experience with ITF? What is your policy in dealing with them and what is your company’s policy in dealing with them?
The ILO is the International Labour Organization and the ITF is the International Federation for Transport Workers.
ILO Convention 147 is The Merchant Shipping (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1976(no.147) (and its protocol of 1996). This rule is made by the International Labor Organization Conference. In this convention, the minimum internationally acceptable labor standards for seamen in merchant ships are stipulated. Convention no.147 requires the flag state to adopt minimum standards relating to safety, social security, and shipboard conditions of employment and living arrangements to be observed in merchant shipping registered under any flag.社会保障
It is very important to tell the seamen not to approach the ITF personnel actively. The master should instruct his crew to answer the questions in accordance with the ship owner’s and the manning agent’s instructions if the ITF inspectors approach the vessel and talk with the crew. The master himself should know very well the company’s policy in dealing with the ITF. Anyway, the master and his crew should deal with them very cautiously so as to avoid any possible disputes for the ship owner. As a employee of the shipowner, the master should always stand in the position of the shipowner and the manning agent.人员配备，操作
国际劳工组织(International Labour Organization -- ILO)，1946年12月14日，成为联合国的一个专门机构。总部设在瑞士日内瓦。该组织宗旨是：促进充分就业和提高生活水平；促进劳资双方合作；扩大社会保障措施；保护工人生活与健康；主张通过劳工立法来改善劳工状况，进而获得世界持久和平建立社会正义。该组织实行“三方代表”原则，即各成员国代表团由政府2人；工人、雇主代表各1人组成，三方都参加各类会议和机构，独立表决。1976 年商船(最低标准)公约 (第147 号)的1996 年议定书，ILO147号公约的附录中，涉及相关的公约有15个，内容包括船员的最低年龄、船员患病及受伤的医疗保险、船员食品、起居舱室、遣返等有关福利待遇和权利保护等方面的内容。
国际运输工人联盟（International Transport workers' Federation,ITF），1896年成立，总部设在英国伦敦。国际运输工人联盟(ITF) 是由各地运输工人工会组成，来自不同国家及地区的运输行业独立工会，都有资格申请成为ITF的会员。ITF成立于1896年，包含海运，铁路，公路运输，民航，港口，内陆航运，渔业及旅游服务八个行业部门。ITF目前还没有明确的区域划分，但其主要活动的范围包括：芬兰、斯坦的那维亚半岛、英国、澳大利亚等。ITF推行多年的方便旗运动，对任职于方便旗船上之海员的工资及工作条件，均发挥有力的正面影响。
65、What should bridge orders include? What are the contents of the standing order and what are night orders?
Bridge order includes standing order and night order. The master shall include the following contents in the standing order: Master’s requirements for the conduct of watch keeping personnel; define the master’s requirement on the duties of officers on watch; define the master’s requirements for the actions in case of emergency situations; procedures at times of reduced visibility; special requirements with regards to the ship and its trade; the master shall regularly enter into the bridge orders book----no matter at sea or at anchor. The
entry in the bridge order book shall include the instructions on the safe navigation at the time when the master intends to take rest, as well as any other necessary instructions. This shall include: a brief description of the navigational plan with details of the courses to be followed and charts to be used; points which require special consideration(strong currents, cross traffic etc.) the time and position when the master is to be called to the bridge; the position where the ship has to report to traffic or port control; the position where the notice has to be given to engine room (one hour notice, stand by engine etc.) details of any other activities during the night period(tank cleaning, gas freeing, watch on Inert gas(IG) pressure, repair work, launch calls, etc). the master shall finish his night order before he is going to take sleep.
66、Normally, what ranks cannot be relieved for vacation together?
Considering the operation and safety of the vessel, normally the following ranks cannot be relieved together: the master and the chief officer ; the chief engineer and the first engineer. The chief officer should complete the handover procedure after completion of cargo operation and related documentation unless he is relieved on some other occasions where there is no cargo operation, besides, senior engineers should not hand over their duties before or when any major repair or maintenance work is underway. The relieved engineers of officers should prepare handover notes to the relieving personnel. Copies of the master and chief engineer’s handover notes should be sent to the company for filing. The chief engineer’s handover notes should be verified and signed by the master.
67、What ranks should not be allowed to have shore leave at the same time?
In view of the jobs on board, the following positions and ranks can not be allowed to have shore leave at the same time: the master and the chief officer; the chief engineer and first engineer; the chief engineer and electrician; the bosun and pumpman; the chief cook and second cook(or mess boy); the chief officer and pumpman.
Any crew who wants to have shore leave must check with the department head for permission and return to the vessel on time.
68、What is the maximum blood alcohol concentration(BAC) rate for crew on board?血液酒精浓度
According to the STCW95, the BAC shall not be more than 0.08% by weight any time when being tested, but the CFR(Code of federal regulations) requires the BAC to be no more than 0.04%. watch-keeper are not allowed to drink any alcoholic beverage 4 hours before their watch.饮料
69、Under heavy weather conditions, what preparations should you make before sailing?
During heavy weather conditions, the master should make the following preparations: if possible, select a route that can avoid the heavy weather area; inform the crew of the predicted heavy weather and issue a warning. Make sure that the warning is known to all crew on board; instruct the chief officer to check the hull strength based on stowage calculations, cargo loading and stability documents. If the ship is not carrying cargo, the master shall ballast the ship to increase the draught and take action to prevent propeller racing螺旋
桨飞车, reduce oscillations and slamming of the ship减少震动和抨击. Make sure the following holes are closed: hatches, cargo hold, bosun’s store, manhole; accesses to accommodation spaces and steering gear room; tank air pipes, sounding caps; all water-tight doors and water-tight openings on the ship; Ensure that the chief officer adopts measures to prevent movement of cargo and other objects on various parts of the ship; Ensure that cargo gears such as derricks, cranes and life boat are securely lashed; Ensure that the chief officer checks the conditions of stowage of anchors and anchor chains;Keep critical checklists on the bridge for reference.关键清单
70、If the ship is sailing in the heavy weather conditions, what should the master pay attention to?
If the vessel is navigating in heavy weather, the master should pay attention to the following: adopt measures to prevent slamming and pounding of the ship, considering the frequency of encounters with swells and change speed or course, if necessary; the watch keeping officer shall change over to parallel operation of the steering gear, if possible; if possible, change the auto pilot to “rough sea mode”or change over to manual mode: the master shall frequently check the weather and sea conditions, observe closely future changes and judge if there is a problem with the present sailing course and speed; report the weather conditions to the nearest port authority and the ships in the vicinity of the bad weather area and ask them to be careful on the warning; the master shall check the abnormalities whenever he thinks it possible to make the ship in good condition.
71、After the heavy weather is over, what checks should be made?
After the heavy weather, the following should be checked: The hull, the deck machinery and pipes, hatch covers, the cargoes in the holds, and the sounding of all tanks, if something wrong is found, the master should report it to the company as soon as possible. Of course, the master should solve some small problems with the crew.
72、If the stevedores damage the crane or derrick on board, what should you do?
Usually, I shall report the damage to the charterers and/or owners immediately. In the meantime, I shall prepare the stevedore damage report and get signed by the foreman or the stevedoring company. If they refuse to sign the report or repair the damage, I shall send a letter of protest to all parties concerned. Anyway, I shall not leave the port until the damage is settled properly.
73、Why is it very important to get rid of the outdated SMS documents on board?
It is very important to maintain an updated catalogue of the SMS documents on board. Those out-of-date files have to be marked and kept away. The mixture of the old and new documents on board can easily cause confusion after a period of time and this may ultimately result in some problems for the vessel . besides, the mixture and confusion of different versions of documents are considered to be a nonconformities or deficiencies by the auditors.
74、What elements or factors should you consider when anchoring in deep water?
Anchoring in deep water means dropping anchors in water more than 50 meters deep.
Before going to an anchorage, I must make sure that the windlass and brake are in good order. I will study the weather conditions, sea and local current, tides, water depth, bottom condition etc. I also need to find good holding ground and enough room for swing.
Before anchoring , in need to 1) discuss with the chief officer the anchoring procedure, including which anchor and how many shackles to be used; 2)make sure of the water depth and ship’s position.
During anchoring, I will have to 1) make sure the ship has come to a complete stop; 2) lower the anchor into water until it touches the ground; 3) disengage and slack the chain cable until the expected length is paid out. I will use the main engine movement to stretch the cable only but have to make sure not to use excessive weight.
75、How do you implement the SMS on board?
I shall instruct the crew to study and fully understand the company SMS manuals. The crew will sign on the signature cards after they have studied the manuals. I shall prepare some important procedures and have warnings posted in the deck or engine department, I shall also organize systematic training on the manuals. Moreover, I will instruct the crew to follow the procedures in practice.
76、What is the minimum rest hours every day for a seaman on board?
According to the STCW78/95, the minimum rest hours for a seaman is 10 hours every 24 hours.
STCW/MLC：最长工作时间：(i) 在任何24小时时段内不得超过14小时；且(ii) 在任何7天时间内不得超过72小时；或(b) 最短休息时间：(i) 在任何24小时时段内不得少于10小时；且(ii) 在任何7天时间内不得少于77小时。休息时间最多可分为两段，其中一段至少要有6小时，且相连的两段休息时间的间隔不得超过14小时。
77、How should you deal with the garbage on board the ship?
MARPOL 73/78 provides for detailed regulations on garbage disposal. Usually, any shipping company should have its own Garbage Management Plan in its ISM documents. Usually, the chief engineer or the chief officer is the designated person in charge of carrying out the garbage disposal, but all crew on board should follow the garbage management plan.
Garbage is disposed in four steps, i.e. collection, separation, processing and disposal. The chief engineer or the chief officer should make clear records in the garbage record book. The master has to make sure the garbage record book is available for checks at any time.
The garbage can roughly be divided into two types: the biodegradable and persistent garbage. The former refer to those that can be rotten by themselves , such as food paper, and wood; the latter refers to those that can not rotten themselves, such as plastic, mental etc. the persistent garbage can never be thrown into the sea.
78、When navigating in restricted visibility or heavy traffic or in a close quarter, as the master or duty officer, which ship do you think should reduce speed, or stop engine to avoid danger of collision?
According to COLREG 1972, both ships should reduce speed if they think necessary. And anti-collision actions should be taken as early as possible. When navigating in restricted visibility, the master must navigate the ship with safe speed and great caution. International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea
79、What is safety speed during sailing? What factors should you consider in deciding the speed of a vessel during sailing in the sea?
The safe speed is the speed at which the vessel can take proper and effective actions to be stopped in a safe distance. The following factors should be taken into account to achieve safe speed; visibility, number of ships in the area, the ship’s maneuverability, wind force, sea tide and current, background lights, draught and available depth of water, proximity of navigational hazards, standard and operation
of technical equipment on board, ice condition and so on.
80、When navigating in a crossing situation, as master or duty officer, what anti-collision measures should be taken? When the vessels are proceed on head-on condition, what anti-collision rule should be observed? When an power-driven ship and sailing meet in the sea, what anti-collision rule should be observed?
When two power-driven ships are crossing, the ship which has the other ship on her own starboard side shall keep out of way. To do this, this ship can either alter course to starboard side or slow down her speed in order to avoid collision.
When two power-driven ships are meeting head-on situation or near head-on situation, each ship shall alter course to starboard so that they can pass on the port side of each other at a safe distance.
When a ship sails at a higher speed overtakes another ship, the ship shall sails at higher speed or shall alter its course to avoid collision.
A power-driven ship shall keep out of the way of a sailing ship. This can be done either altering its course or speed up to avoid collision.
81、What routines should the relieving officers be familiar with when he comes for watch keeping?
The relieving officers should familiarize himself with all the equipment and condition of the ship, the visibility and weather condition, speed and current condition, instruction of the master and some other aspects to ensure the safety of the vessel as per company SMS.
82、Based on your experience, tell the sequence of actions to be taken when you encounter restricted visibility?
Switch on both radars of the vessel. Arrange additional lookout. Reduce to safe speed. Implement bridge team management as per the SMS.
83、When the ship is loaded with general cargo, if the ship has several and different discharging ports, what precautions must be taken to ensure no short landing and over carriage of cargo?
To avoid the problems, I must ensure proper stowage and no broken stowage, proper and clear cargo separation markings, correct loading sequence, and good stability of the ship.
84、How do you handle the cargo damage caused by the stevedores?
First I will check the seriousness of the damage. Second, I will discuss with the foreman responsible for the damage. Third , I will inform the tallyman and agent to replace the damaged cargo or make proper remarks on the cargo documents. Fourth, I will prepare a damage report as per the company SMS and advise the owner if a damage survey is needed. Fifth, I will ensure all evidence is in good order to protect the interests of the ship owner and its crew. Lastly, I will ensure the proper logbook entry.
85、Can you tell me some instances when you have to consult the ship owner of manager in relation to the instructions from the charterer or their representative?
Here are some instances: changes in sailing instructions, changes in cargo type/quantity/loading sequences, vessel not meeting the requirements of the speed and oil consumption clause, etc.
86、Under time charter party, based on your experience, what factors do you think can put the vessel off hire?
Breakdown of main machinery, incorrect or improper hold preparation which is not in compliance with the cargo fitness survey, major noncompliance to port state inspection, any delay caused by the owner and/or the crew.
87、Before grain loading, how should you prepare your holds for grain fitness?
First, I should clean and wash the holds thoroughly in accordance with the grain fitness requirement so as to get rid of any residual and odor of the previous cargo. Second, I should make sure there is no scaling of paint and rust on the bulkheads. Third , I should also ensure that all cargo holds and hatches are watertight and dry.适当，健康
88、What preparations should you make before your ship enters the dock yard?
It depends on why my ship is dry-docking. Generally, I shall adjust the proper trim as per the dock’s requirements and prepare a detailed docking repair list as per the company’s instructions. I shall get all the certificates and classification records ready for reference.
89、If you are to prepare for load line survey, what items require your special attention?
I should pay attention to these items: certificates, watertight doors and manholes, rubber gasket, ventilation flaps, cargo hold
water-tightness and comings, bilge pump and ballast pump.
90、If you are to prepare you for safety equipment survey, what items should you check beforehand?
I shall check relevant certificates, lifeboat and other safety equipment, pyrotechnics (烟火报警工具),emergency fire pumps, fire hose, box and hydrant as well as other fire fighting and life saving appliances.
91、Why is stability important in loading a ship? What are the factors to be considered before loading to ensure stability of the ship after being loaded?
To achieve stability of the ship, I must ensure loading in compliance with safety requirements, existing rules, and relevant regulations, the safety of life at sea, protection of property and environment. Beside, I should also ensure proper stowage and proper weight distribution.
92、In your opinion, what abilities should a master possess?
A master should be knowledgeable on the type of vessel he is running . he should be experienced on trade, navigation, cargo caring. He should have a good understanding of the international convention and regulations. He should also have good crew management and crisis management skills. Lastly, he should set up and example in good leadership.
93、How do you decide to join a new company?
Before I decide to join a company, I will consider the following factors: company stability , working environment, salary, relations among employees, proper program of crew rotation, promotion and advancement and good management.
94、What are the functions of a B/L? What is a clean B/L and what is an unclean B/L?
A B/L has three very important functions. It constitutes evidence of the terms of the contract of carriage—a promise to carry and deliver the cargo. It constitutes the apparent order, condition, and quantity or weight of goods at the time of shipment. It is also a document of title(property) of the cargo.
A clean B/L is one on which there is not any remark of cargo loss, shortage or damage. An unclean B/L is also called claused B/L, which carries some remarks of cargo damage, quantity shortage and so on.
提单：是指用以证明海上货物运输合同和货物已经由承运人接收或者装船，以及承运人保证据以交付货物的单证。提单具有以下三项主要功能：货物收据；物权凭证；合同成立的证明文件。清洁提单：就是指货物装船时，表面状况良好，承运人或其代理人未在提单上加注货损或包装不良之类批注的提单。不清洁提单：FOUL B/L 货物交运时，其包装及表面状态出现不坚固完整等情况，船方可以批注，即为不清洁提单。
95、What is back dated or anti-dated B/L? what is advanced B/L?
A back-dated bill of lading is a one whose issuing date is earlier than the virtual loading completion date. An advanced B/L means a B/L that is signed and issued by the carrier before the completion of loading. Both backdated and advanced B/Ls will bring some dangers and liabilities to the shipowner and charterer. The master should be very cautious about these two types of B/Ls.
倒签提单是指承运人应托运人的要求在货物装船后，提单签发的日期早于实际装船完毕日期的提单。一般可分为二种情况：一是善意倒签；二是恶意倒签，即个案中卖方为了单方面的利益私下与船公司勾结起来倒签，这也就是真正意义上的倒签提单。预借提单是指由于信用证规定的装运期和交单结汇期已到，货主因故未能及时备妥货物或尚未装船完毕的，或由于船公司的原因船舶未能在装运期内到港装船，应托运人要求而由承运人或其代理人提前签发的已装船提单。
96、Before dry-docking for the vessel, what should a C/O do?
The C/O shall prepare a detailed repair list for the approval of the master and the company. The C/O should also make out a safety procedure before drydocking. If empowered by the master, the C/O may make an arrangement plan for the assignments for the deck officers and ordinary seamen during drydocking When the repair work is being done, the C/O should have a good supervision on the jobs and ensure the safety of workers and the seamen.
97、.If the stevedore workers damage part or the whole of the crane, derrick or any other equipment on board, what should you do?
Firstly, I shall ask the duty officer have a careful supervision when the stevedore workers are loading and unloading cargo and ask the duty officers to report to me any incident or any damage the workers have done to the vessel equipment. If equipment damages occur, usually, I will see how serious the damage is. If the damage is serous, I shall report to the master immediately. If the damage is not very serious, I shall ask the stevedore company to make repair and correction. At least, I shall ask the stevedore the a acknowledgement of
liability. But anyway, I shall not allow the stevedore workers to leave the vessel until the damage problem is settled properly.
98、When you are ready for pilot, what preparation should you make?
Firstly, contact the pilotage station to arrange for the pilot to come on board; Secondly, contact the coming pilot and discuss with him on the vessel’s heading position and speed at the time of his boarding; Thirdly, deck watch duty officer shall supervise the embarkation and disembarkation of the pilot to ensure his identity and his safety; Fourthly, the pilot ladder must meet the US Coast Guard and IMO’s standards; Fifthly, prepare the ladder well and hoist the Golf flag; Sixthly, give a good reception to the pilot by the officer and master; Lastly, when the pilot is on board, H flag should be hoisted.
99、How to conduct ventilation for hygroscopic cargo from warm to cold area voyage, and from cold to warm voyage? How about the non-hygroscopic cargo？
For the hygroscopic cargo: From warm to cold voyage, ventilation is very critical. Ventilation should be as strong as possible in the beginning, eventually the outside dew point will be too low. This is a very difficult voyage situation in which to arrange satisfactory ventilation. From cold to warm voyage, the ventilation is not necessary. For the non-hygroscopic cargo: from cold to warm voyage, no ventilation is needed, and cargo sweat would occur on the surface of the stow if relativel7 warmer moisture laden air was admitted. From the warm to the cold voyage, no ventilation is needed because ship sweat is inevitable but cargo will be unaffected unless condensation drips back on the stow.
100、What do you know ECDIS?
ECDIS stands for Electronic Chart Display and Information system. It makes use of computer technology to provide chart detail on a visual display unit, combined with an automatic indication of ship's position, and possibly a radar image, a navigation aid. 电子海图是近年来新兴的技术，它已经用于船上，类似的新技术与设备，发达国家的船东希望船员掌握。若你会用电子海图，船东会对你有良好的印象。
101、What minimum precautions you will observe while on port watch?
Guidance: Safety of vessel, correct cargo stowage and cargo operations. Additionally, note all starting/stopping times of cargo-work together with the reasons; attention to gangway and safety net; moorings, rat guards; No Smoking requirements; appropriate Personal Safety Equipment of self and crew; safety of stevedores or any official visitor on board; lighting as required; fire-extinguisher and lifebuoy at gangway; gangway manned; gangway area clean; security requirements as per the Security Level instructed by SSO; access hatch cover pins slotted in place; guard rails/chains as required; check condition of garbage/garbage drums; oil overflow containments drain plugs in place with chains; anti-pollution measures in place; check and record am/pm draughts; all local and international regulations are being complied with.正确配载，在装卸过程中监督工人正确作业，24小时梯口值班，梯口清洁，来访人员检查登记，甲板禁烟，船员个人防护正确，缆绳受力均匀和老鼠挡安放正确，垃圾分类，遵守国际和当地的规则，甲板漏水孔堵好。