大剂量CTX作为解救方案治疗SAA-Brodsky

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ExperimentalHematology32(2004)435–440

High-dosecyclophosphamideassalvagetherapyforsevereaplasticanemia

RobertA.Brodskya,AllenR.Chena,IsadoreBrodskyb,andRichardJ.Jonesa

aTheSidneyKimmelComprehensiveCancerCenteratJohnsHopkins,Baltimore,Md.,USA;bDrexelUniversityCollegeofMedicine,Philadelphia,Pa.,USA

(Received13September2003;revised19December2003;accepted3February2004)

Objective.Thetreatmentoptionsforpatientswithaplasticanemiawhodonotrespondtoconventionalimmunosuppressionarelimited.Theaimofthisstudywastoevaluatehigh-dosecyclophosphamideinpatientswithrefractorysevereaplasticanemia(SAA).

MaterialsandMethods.Wetreated17SAApatientswithhigh-dosecyclophosphamide(50mg/kg/dayfor4consecutivedays)whopreviouslydidnotrespondtooneormorecoursesofimmunosuppressivetherapy.Medianagewas31years(range6–58);mediandiseasedurationwas14months(range6–58),and8patientsmetcriteriaforverysevereaplasticanemia(absoluteneutrophilcountϽ0.2×109/L)atthetimeoftreatment.

Results.Atmedianfollow-upof29months,10patients(59%)arealive.Ninepatients(53%)achievedadrug-freeremissionafterhigh-dosecyclophosphamide;4patientsachievedacompleteremissionand5patientscurrentlymeetcriteriaforapartialremissionbutcontinuetoimprove.Onenonrespondertohigh-dosecyclophosphamidedevelopedparoxysmalnocturnalhemoglobinuria;anothernonresponderdevelopedamyelodysplasticsyndrome.Inrespondingpatients,mediantimeto500neutrophilswas54days(range35–119),mediantimetothelastplatelettransfusionwas99days(range51–751),andmediantimetothelastredcelltransfusionwas125days(range63–796).

Conclusion.High-dosecyclophosphamideshowspromiseforsalvagingpatientswithrefractorySAA.Ć2004InternationalSocietyforExperimentalHematology.PublishedbyElsevierInc.

Acquiredsevereaplasticanemia(SAA)isararehematologic

disorderthatcauseslife-threateningpancytopeniaandahy-

pocellularbonemarrow[1].Allogeneicbonemarrowtrans-

plantation(BMT)fromanHLA-identicalsiblingisthe

treatmentofchoiceforchildrenandyoungadultswithSAA

[2–5];however,thispotentiallycurativetherapyisavailable

tofewerthanonethirdofpatientswithSAA.Forolder

patientsandforthosewithoutanHLA-identicalsibling,

immunosuppressivetherapywithantithymocyteglobulin

(ATG;orantilymphocyteglobulin[ALG])andcyclosporine

(CSA)isthemostfrequentlyusedtreatment[6–8].Although

theresponseratetoATG/CSAinnewlydiagnosedSAAis

60%to80%,manypatientsultimatelybecomerefractory

toimmunosuppressivetherapyordevelopsecondaryclonal

diseasesuchasparoxysmalnocturnalhemoglobinuria

(PNH)ormyelodysplasticsyndromes.Unrelatedallogeneic

Offprintrequeststo:RobertA.Brodsky,M.D.,DivisionofHematologicMalignancies,Room242,Bunting-BlausteinCancerResearchBuilding,1650OrleansSt.,Baltimore,MD21231;E-mail:rbrodsky@jhmi.edu

0301-472X/04$–seefrontmatter.CopyrightĆ2004InternationalSocietyforExperimentalHematology.PublishedbyElsevierInc.doi:10.1016/j.exphem.2004.02.002BMToffersyoungerpatientswhodonotrespondtoimmuno-

suppressivetherapyachanceforlong-termdiseasecontrol,

butitisassociatedwithsubstantialmorbidityandmortality

[9–11].Furthermore,manySAApatientswillnotfinda

matchedunrelateddonororcannotaffordtowaitthe3-to

4-monthtimeperioduntiladonorbecomesavailable[12].

High-dosecyclophosphamidewithouthematopoietic

stemcelltransplantationhasbeenshowntoinducedurable

completeremissionsinthemajorityofpatientswith

previouslyuntreatedSAA[13–18].High-dosecyclophos-

phamidealsohasbeenusedsuccessfullyforavarietyof

otherrefractoryimmune-mediatedconditions[19–22].This

studywasundertakentodeterminewhetherhigh-dosecyclo-

phosphamidecouldsalvageSAApatientswhoarerefractory

tooneormorecyclesoftraditionalimmunosuppressive

therapy.

Methods

PatientsFromFebruary1996toMay2003,24patientswithrefractorySAAwereevaluatedattheSidneyKimmelComprehensiveCancerR.A.Brodskyetal./ExperimentalHematology32(2004)435–440436

CenteratJohnsHopkinsorDrexelUniversityCollegeofMedicine;17wereenrolledintheprotocol.Ofthesevenpatientswhowerenotenrolled,2weredeniedinsurancecoverage,2werefoundnottohaveacquiredSAA(1Fanconianemiaand1largegranularleuke-mia),2didnotmeettheagecriteria(Ͼ70yearsold),and1declinedtheprocedure.Ofthe17patientswhowereenrolledintheprotocol,matchedunrelatedBMTwasnotrecommendedtothe3patientsolderthan55years.Oftheremaining14patients,10wereunabletosecureamatchedunrelateddonor,and4refusedtoconsidermatchedunrelatedBMT.Allpatientsgaveinformedconsentforstudyparticipation.ThestudywasapprovedbytheinstitutionalreviewboardsofJohnsHopkinsUniversityandDrexelUniversity.

DefinitionsSAAwasdefinedasbonemarrowcellularityϽ25%andsevereperipheralbloodcytopeniainatleasttwoofthreelineages(neutro-philcountϽ0.5×109/L,plateletcountϽ20×109/L,andreticu-locytecountϽ60×109cells/L)[23].Patientswereclassifiedasverysevereaplasticanemia(VSAA)iftheymetcriteriaforSAAandhadaneutrophilcountϽ0.2×109/L.PatientswereclassifiedasrefractoryiftheystillmetcriteriaforSAAdespitereceivingaminimumof6monthsofimmunosuppressivetherapy.Responsetotherapy(immunosuppressionandhigh-dosecyclophosphamide)wasdefinedasindependencefrombloodtransfusionsformorethan3monthsandaneutrophilcountϾ0.5×109/Lwithoutgrowthfactorsupport.Followinghigh-dosecyclophosphamide,patientswererequiredtobetransfusionindependentandnolongertakinganyformofimmunosuppressioninordertobeconsideredare-sponder.Allotherpatientswereclassifiedasnonresponders.Com-pleteremissionwasdefinedastransfusionindependenceinassociationwithnormalbloodcountsforageandgenderinallcelllineages.Partialremissionwasdefinedastransfusionindependencewithouttheassistanceofgrowthfactorsorimmunosuppressiveagentsbutwithoutbloodcountnormalization.Drug-freeremissionwasdefinedasastableresponse(partialorcompleteremission).Relapsewasdefinedasaresponderwhobecametransfusiondepen-dentandmetcriteriaforSAA.MyelodysplasticsyndromeswereconfirmedbybonemarrowaspirateandbiopsyaccordingtotheFrench-American-Britishcrite-ria[24].Patientswererequiredtohavenormalbonemarrowcyto-geneticsbeforetherapywithhigh-dosecyclophosphamide.Bonemarrowcytogeneticswererepeatedinallpatientswithgreaterthan1-yearfollow-up.AdiagnosisofclinicalPNHrequiredoverthemolysisand/orthrombosisandademonstrablePNHphenotypeinatleasttwolineages[25,26].Elevenofthe17patientswerescreenedforPNHbeforetreatmentusingeitherconventionalflowcytometry(anti-CD59)[27]or,after1998(patients10–17),aerolysin-basedassays[25,26,28].