大剂量CTX作为解救方案治疗SAA-Brodsky
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ExperimentalHematology32(2004)435–440
High-dosecyclophosphamideassalvagetherapyforsevereaplasticanemia
RobertA.Brodskya,AllenR.Chena,IsadoreBrodskyb,andRichardJ.Jonesa
aTheSidneyKimmelComprehensiveCancerCenteratJohnsHopkins,Baltimore,Md.,USA;bDrexelUniversityCollegeofMedicine,Philadelphia,Pa.,USA
(Received13September2003;revised19December2003;accepted3February2004)
Objective.Thetreatmentoptionsforpatientswithaplasticanemiawhodonotrespondtoconventionalimmunosuppressionarelimited.Theaimofthisstudywastoevaluatehigh-dosecyclophosphamideinpatientswithrefractorysevereaplasticanemia(SAA).
MaterialsandMethods.Wetreated17SAApatientswithhigh-dosecyclophosphamide(50mg/kg/dayfor4consecutivedays)whopreviouslydidnotrespondtooneormorecoursesofimmunosuppressivetherapy.Medianagewas31years(range6–58);mediandiseasedurationwas14months(range6–58),and8patientsmetcriteriaforverysevereaplasticanemia(absoluteneutrophilcountϽ0.2×109/L)atthetimeoftreatment.
Results.Atmedianfollow-upof29months,10patients(59%)arealive.Ninepatients(53%)achievedadrug-freeremissionafterhigh-dosecyclophosphamide;4patientsachievedacompleteremissionand5patientscurrentlymeetcriteriaforapartialremissionbutcontinuetoimprove.Onenonrespondertohigh-dosecyclophosphamidedevelopedparoxysmalnocturnalhemoglobinuria;anothernonresponderdevelopedamyelodysplasticsyndrome.Inrespondingpatients,mediantimeto500neutrophilswas54days(range35–119),mediantimetothelastplatelettransfusionwas99days(range51–751),andmediantimetothelastredcelltransfusionwas125days(range63–796).
Conclusion.High-dosecyclophosphamideshowspromiseforsalvagingpatientswithrefractorySAA.Ć2004InternationalSocietyforExperimentalHematology.PublishedbyElsevierInc.
Acquiredsevereaplasticanemia(SAA)isararehematologic
disorderthatcauseslife-threateningpancytopeniaandahy-
pocellularbonemarrow[1].Allogeneicbonemarrowtrans-
plantation(BMT)fromanHLA-identicalsiblingisthe
treatmentofchoiceforchildrenandyoungadultswithSAA
[2–5];however,thispotentiallycurativetherapyisavailable
tofewerthanonethirdofpatientswithSAA.Forolder
patientsandforthosewithoutanHLA-identicalsibling,
immunosuppressivetherapywithantithymocyteglobulin
(ATG;orantilymphocyteglobulin[ALG])andcyclosporine
(CSA)isthemostfrequentlyusedtreatment[6–8].Although
theresponseratetoATG/CSAinnewlydiagnosedSAAis
60%to80%,manypatientsultimatelybecomerefractory
toimmunosuppressivetherapyordevelopsecondaryclonal
diseasesuchasparoxysmalnocturnalhemoglobinuria
(PNH)ormyelodysplasticsyndromes.Unrelatedallogeneic
Offprintrequeststo:RobertA.Brodsky,M.D.,DivisionofHematologicMalignancies,Room242,Bunting-BlausteinCancerResearchBuilding,1650OrleansSt.,Baltimore,MD21231;E-mail:rbrodsky@jhmi.edu
0301-472X/04$–seefrontmatter.CopyrightĆ2004InternationalSocietyforExperimentalHematology.PublishedbyElsevierInc.doi:10.1016/j.exphem.2004.02.002BMToffersyoungerpatientswhodonotrespondtoimmuno-
suppressivetherapyachanceforlong-termdiseasecontrol,
butitisassociatedwithsubstantialmorbidityandmortality
[9–11].Furthermore,manySAApatientswillnotfinda
matchedunrelateddonororcannotaffordtowaitthe3-to
4-monthtimeperioduntiladonorbecomesavailable[12].
High-dosecyclophosphamidewithouthematopoietic
stemcelltransplantationhasbeenshowntoinducedurable
completeremissionsinthemajorityofpatientswith
previouslyuntreatedSAA[13–18].High-dosecyclophos-
phamidealsohasbeenusedsuccessfullyforavarietyof
otherrefractoryimmune-mediatedconditions[19–22].This
studywasundertakentodeterminewhetherhigh-dosecyclo-
phosphamidecouldsalvageSAApatientswhoarerefractory
tooneormorecyclesoftraditionalimmunosuppressive
therapy.
Methods
PatientsFromFebruary1996toMay2003,24patientswithrefractorySAAwereevaluatedattheSidneyKimmelComprehensiveCancerR.A.Brodskyetal./ExperimentalHematology32(2004)435–440436
CenteratJohnsHopkinsorDrexelUniversityCollegeofMedicine;17wereenrolledintheprotocol.Ofthesevenpatientswhowerenotenrolled,2weredeniedinsurancecoverage,2werefoundnottohaveacquiredSAA(1Fanconianemiaand1largegranularleuke-mia),2didnotmeettheagecriteria(Ͼ70yearsold),and1declinedtheprocedure.Ofthe17patientswhowereenrolledintheprotocol,matchedunrelatedBMTwasnotrecommendedtothe3patientsolderthan55years.Oftheremaining14patients,10wereunabletosecureamatchedunrelateddonor,and4refusedtoconsidermatchedunrelatedBMT.Allpatientsgaveinformedconsentforstudyparticipation.ThestudywasapprovedbytheinstitutionalreviewboardsofJohnsHopkinsUniversityandDrexelUniversity.
DefinitionsSAAwasdefinedasbonemarrowcellularityϽ25%andsevereperipheralbloodcytopeniainatleasttwoofthreelineages(neutro-philcountϽ0.5×109/L,plateletcountϽ20×109/L,andreticu-locytecountϽ60×109cells/L)[23].Patientswereclassifiedasverysevereaplasticanemia(VSAA)iftheymetcriteriaforSAAandhadaneutrophilcountϽ0.2×109/L.PatientswereclassifiedasrefractoryiftheystillmetcriteriaforSAAdespitereceivingaminimumof6monthsofimmunosuppressivetherapy.Responsetotherapy(immunosuppressionandhigh-dosecyclophosphamide)wasdefinedasindependencefrombloodtransfusionsformorethan3monthsandaneutrophilcountϾ0.5×109/Lwithoutgrowthfactorsupport.Followinghigh-dosecyclophosphamide,patientswererequiredtobetransfusionindependentandnolongertakinganyformofimmunosuppressioninordertobeconsideredare-sponder.Allotherpatientswereclassifiedasnonresponders.Com-pleteremissionwasdefinedastransfusionindependenceinassociationwithnormalbloodcountsforageandgenderinallcelllineages.Partialremissionwasdefinedastransfusionindependencewithouttheassistanceofgrowthfactorsorimmunosuppressiveagentsbutwithoutbloodcountnormalization.Drug-freeremissionwasdefinedasastableresponse(partialorcompleteremission).Relapsewasdefinedasaresponderwhobecametransfusiondepen-dentandmetcriteriaforSAA.MyelodysplasticsyndromeswereconfirmedbybonemarrowaspirateandbiopsyaccordingtotheFrench-American-Britishcrite-ria[24].Patientswererequiredtohavenormalbonemarrowcyto-geneticsbeforetherapywithhigh-dosecyclophosphamide.Bonemarrowcytogeneticswererepeatedinallpatientswithgreaterthan1-yearfollow-up.AdiagnosisofclinicalPNHrequiredoverthemolysisand/orthrombosisandademonstrablePNHphenotypeinatleasttwolineages[25,26].Elevenofthe17patientswerescreenedforPNHbeforetreatmentusingeitherconventionalflowcytometry(anti-CD59)[27]or,after1998(patients10–17),aerolysin-basedassays[25,26,28].