Visual attention and clustering-based automatic selection of landmarks using single camera

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J.Cent.South Univ.r2014)21:3525—3533 DoI:10.1007/sl1771—014.2332—6 

Visual attention and clustering—based automatic selection of landmarks using single camera ’ 

CHUHO Yi ,YONGMIN Shin2,JUNGWON Cho , 

垒Springer 

1.Future IT R&D Lab,LG Electronics,Seoul 1 37724,Korea; 2.Home Appliance R&D Lab,LG Electronics,Seoul 1 5372 1,Korea; 3.Department of Computer Education,Jeju National University,Jeju 690756,Korea 4.Department of Mathematics and Computer Science,Salisbury University,Salisbury 2 1 80 1,USA 

◎Central South University Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 

Abstract:An improved methOd with beRer selection capability using a single camera was presented in comparison with previous method.To improve performance.two methods were applied to landmark selection in an unfamiliar indoor environment.First,a modified visual attention method was proposed to automatically select a candidate region as a more usefu1 landmark.In visual attention.candidate landmark regions were selected with different characteristies of ambient color and intensity in the image.Then, the more usefullandmarks were selected by combining the candidate regions using clustering.As generally implemented,automatic 1andmark selection by vision—based simultaneous localization and mapping(SLAM)results in many useless landmarks,because the features of images are distinguished from the surrounding environment but detected repeatedly.These useless 1andmarks create a serious problem for the SLAM system because they complicate data association.To address this.a method was proposed in which the robot initially collected landmarks through automatic detection while traversing the entire area where the robot performed SLAM。 and then.the robot selected only those landmarks that exhibited high rarity through clustering,which enhanced the system performance.Experimental results show that this method of automatic landmark selection results in selection of a high—rarity landmark.The average error of the performance of SLAM decreases 52%compared with conventional methods and the accuracy of data associatjODS increases. 

Key words:simultaneous localization and mapping;automatic landmark selection;visual attention;clustering 

1 IntrOducti0n In simultaneous localization and mapping(SLAM) method,the work required by a robot to create a map of its environment is executed at the same time.as its position is estimated through the use of sensors while the robot navigates through an unfamiliar environment[1].A camera sensor is usually used for SLAM because a great deal of information can be obtained readily and used to recognize an object and a particular place,and the cost is low compared with other sensors.Generally,vision— based SLAM USeS a multi—dimensional feature descriptor or information about the landmark known in advance because of the difficulty of data association.HoweveL advance knowledge may be impossible if the robot needs to perfornl in an unfamiliar environment,and a multi.dimensional feature descriptor limits operations. Thus,a technique is needed to automatically select a meaningful 1andmark and to 1imit the number of such landmarks. Many vision.based SLAMs use a loca1 image feature descriptor to define a landmark.Examples of this are shift invariant feature transforrn(SIFT) 『21, speeded一叩robust features(SURF)[3],and Harris comer[4]techniques.The process of matching local feature points entails a massive computation cost due to me inclusion of multi.dimensional data.If SLAM is performed in a way that generates feature points of the entire image followed by matching of the entire set of feature points,then time and computational complexity are increased significantly.Thus,determining a region of interest(ROI、within the image early in the process enables SLAM to perform emciently using observation data from only selected areas. SIAGIAN and ITTI[5]proposed a visua1 attention system to robot localization.Figure 1 illustrates the use of visual attention to estimate a robot’s position.The green rectangle is the first—matched area in the map using GIST features f6].Atier the first—matched region is used to estimate the robot position,a SIFT feature descriptor defines a node ofthe map,as shown on the right side of the figure.However.real—time implementation of this method entails a high overhead because of the vast 

Received date:2013—1 1—20;Accepted date:2014一O1一l6 Corresponding author:JUNGWON Cho,Associate Professor,PhD;Tel:+82—64—7543297;E。mail:jwcho@jejunu.ae kr