论文:新《纲要》背景下学前美术教育实践策略探究
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浙江师范大学
本科生毕业论文(设计)
( 2004届 )
题目 新《纲要》背景下学前美术教育实践策略探究
Investigate for Preschool Art Education Practice in the
Background of the New
杭州幼儿师范学院 学前教育
专升本0401班 04952112
缪杨
吕耀坚
2006.05.07
成绩 作者姓名 专业 学院
班级
指导老师
完稿时间 学号 文史类
2 目 录
摘要„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„3
英文摘要„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„3
前言„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„4
一、幼儿园美术教育存在的问题„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„4
(一)教师的教育观念意识不够„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„4
(二)教师在教学过程中仍占主体地位„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„5
(三)教师没能正确认识到美术教育是幼儿的审美创造性活动„„„„„„5
(四)教师没有很好的在美术教育与相关领域之间建立融合的关系„„„„5
(五)教师没有创设良好的教育环境„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„5
(六)教学活动没有发挥美术教育应有的对多元文化进行传递的功能„„„5
二、学前儿童美术教育的指导策略„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„5
(一)帮助教师进一步树立正确的学前美术教育观念„„„„„„„„„„5
1、对教师进行培训,互相探讨教学经验„„„„„„„„„„„„„5
2、对教师开展定期的实践观摩活动,加强理论和实践学习„„„„„6
(二)教师应成为儿童美术活动的观察者、支持者,为他们提供表达交流和
表达的机会„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„6
1、教师应成为材料的提供者,引导者„„„„„„„„„„„„„„6
2、教师应为幼儿提供自由创作的机会,充分发挥幼儿的自主权„„„7
(三)重视幼儿审美创造性能力的培养„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„7
1、帮助幼儿丰富生活经验„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„8
2、提供必要的技能支持以促进幼儿创造性能力的发展„„„„„„„8
(四)在课程整体中考察学前美术教育,以保证美术教育能与相关领域之间
建立自然融合的关系„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„9
1、美术教育与健康领域的融合„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„10
2、美术教育和语言领域的融合„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„10
3、美术教育和社会领域的融合„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„10
4、美术教育和科学领域的融合„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„10
(五)教师应创设良好的美术教育的环境„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„11
1、物质环境„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„11
2、心理环境„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„11
(1)尊重幼儿的作品,对幼儿进行肯定和鼓励„„„„„„„„„„„11
(2)客观、灵活地评价幼儿作品„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„12
(六)教师应通过美术教育使幼儿对世界多元文化进行继承和传递„„„„12
1、通过参观、绘画创作、手工制作等活动了解多元文化„„„„„„13
2、通过欣赏了解多元文化„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„13
三、总结„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„13
参考文献„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„14
3 新《纲要》1背景下学前美术教育实践策略探究
学前教育专业 缪杨 指导老师 吕耀坚
摘要:随着《幼儿园教育指导纲要(试行)》颁布与实施,寻求符合新《纲要》基本精神的学前美术教育实践策略成为许多研究者进行研究与探讨的热门话题。笔者运用案例分析和观察方法对学前美术教育存在的问题进行分析,提出如下策略:对帮助教师进一步树立正确的学前美术教育观念;成为儿童美术活动的观察者、支持者,为他们提供表达交流和表达的机会;重视幼儿审美创造性能力的培养;使美术教育与相关领域之间建立自然融合关系;创设良好的美术教育的环境;通过美术教育使幼儿对世界多元文化进行继承和传递的指导策略。
关键词:新《纲要》 学前美术教育 实践策略
Investigate for Preschool Art Education
Practice in the Background of the
New
Preschool Education Major Yang Miao Director: YaoJian Lv
(College of Preschool Education ,Zhejiang Normal University0401,12)
Abstract:asissues and implement, it becomes
a hot topic to look for a preschool art education strategy which is according to basic spirit of the new
.The penman manages case analysis and observation method to analyse the problem existed
in the preschool art education,and get the strategy as below :help teachers to build up correct concept for
pr-eschool art education; become observer and backer of children art action, supply the chance of
communicat- ion and expression to them, regard to bring up children’s creation ;make a nature and
syncretize relation-
ship between the art education and some field concerned; create a good environment for art educ- ation;
the guide strategy to make the children to inherit and pass on the worlds several culture via the art
1 这里所指的新《纲要》就是2001年国家教育部颁布实施的《幼儿园教育指导纲要(试行)》,下同。
4 education.
Key words:new preschool art education practice strategy
前言
学前美术教育由于受中国传统教育思想的影响,在实施方法上以传统的技能传授为主,国外也有采用传统的、以实用为目的的美术教育,致使学前美术教育没有达到其应有的教育功能。随着《幼儿园教育指导纲要(试行)》的颁布,提出要对学前美术教育无论是在观念上还是在实践方面都要把曲解的学前美术教育纠正过来。
国内外的教育家提出学前美术教育要以培养学前儿童创造性思维的实践方法,杜威指出应让儿童在美术课中去做他喜欢做的事,他欣赏儿童的发展过程以及有限的经验,因此在美术教育中教师不应干涉,也不必提供指导,他提倡培养儿童创造性的智能;Carolyn Edwards认为美术教育不以一门学科,一条准则、一些抽象的技巧,或被视为其他任何关注技巧指导本身的方式教幼儿;孔起英指出通过美术教育对幼儿进行审美情感教育,重视儿童先在的审美经验的积累,她还认为技能与创造性的发展不矛盾,技能为创造性的发展提供了技术基础。这些观点都为笔者提供了很好的参考。
新《纲要》颁布实施已经有近5年的时间,诸多的幼儿教育工作者对幼儿园美术教育理论与实践进行了有效探索,取得了一定的成效。但是在幼儿园的美术教育实践活动中仍存在着一些显而易见的问题。本研究针对幼儿园美术教育实践中存在的问题,在新《纲要》的指导下,提出新的指导策略。
一、幼儿园美术教育存在的问题
问题只有建立在事实的根据上才能提出,此前,通过对幼儿园的美术教学情境进行观察和与教师的交流后,总结出幼儿园美术教育存在以下几个问题。
(一)教师的教育观念意识不够
虽然幼儿美术教育以幼儿临摹画为主,强调活动结果,让幼儿学习技能技法的旧观念已经被纠正过来,但由于教师的教育观念还没很好的转变过来,有些幼儿园的美术教育仍大部分以教师示范为主,临摹为主,重技巧,教师并未根据幼儿年龄的特点
5 来教学,忽视幼儿对美术的创造能力和审美能力。
(二)教师在教学过程中仍占主导地位
教师在教学中往往是主导者的角色,以教师为中心,教学内容、材料由教师选择,很少提供幼儿表达和交流的机会。
(三)教师没能正确认识到美术教育是幼儿的审美创造性活动
教师让幼儿在大量范画临摹的基础上使他们掌握美术活动的技能,使幼儿形成千篇一律的造型能力,作品显得呆板和概念化。
(四)教师没有很好的在美术教育与相关领域之间建立融合的关系
幼儿教育的领域包括健康、语言、社会、科学和艺术,幼儿学习方式整体性的要求和身心发展整体性的要求使这五个领域趋向整合课程发展,因此在整合课程中每一个领域间的联系必须是自然的,整合是相对的和灵活的,1但教师对整合课程的实质缺乏认识,没有使美术教育和其他领域有机地结合在一起。
(五)教师没有创设良好的教育环境
教师在活动中常常干涉幼儿朝自己的活动要求指导幼儿,活动过程中忽略评价环节或随意、简单评价,只选择达到教师要求的作品进行展示。
(六)教学活动没有发挥美术教育应有的对多元文化进行传递的功能
由于选择内容的单一,常局限极少形式的美术活动,忽视绘画、手工和欣赏活动中富有多元文化内容的加入,使幼儿接触到多元文化的机会很少,以及在实践环节上也比较薄弱。
二、学前儿童美术教育的实践策略
(一)帮助教师进一步树立正确的学前美术教育观念
《幼儿园教育指导纲要》明确指出要对传统的美术教育挑战,改变传统的教育方法,把新型的教育模式运用到教学活动当中。每个教师都知道要改变旧有的观念,但理论知识运用到实际工作中总会存在着一些不正确、不合理的做法,这就需要教师对教育观能很好的掌握,然后运用到实际工作中去,我们可以从以下两方面入手。