毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译
系：建筑工程学院
专业：给水排水工程
姓名：肖梓楠
学号：2012303030237
外文出处：journalhomepage:www.elsevier.
(用外文写)
com/locate/fuel
附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
褐煤火力发电厂排放的自然放射性核素和重金属环境评价
D. Karamanis a,b,*, K. Ioannides b,c, K. Stamoulis c
a Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Ioannina, 30100 Agrinio, Greece
b Physics
Department, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
c Archaeometry Center, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
签订协议
文章历史：
2009年一月获得14
2009年2月接受修订19
2009年2月接受20
2009年3月可用网上13
1.介绍
褐煤是化石燃料的主要来源，是能源生产的主要来源。在希腊，电功率超过要求的60%是产生在褐煤电厂，每年消耗超过6000万吨的褐煤，生产约1300万吨的总灰分[ 1 ]。希腊的主要矿区是褐煤中心的西方马其顿，在四大矿山（南部，主要amyntaion Kardia，褐煤褐煤开采领域）开发经营（总功率4438兆瓦）（图1）。然而，在使用植物燃烧褐煤生产时，除了电能，残留包含有害成分。
发电厂的环境污染在世界各地的影响一般从土地的使用、健康危害和空气、油、特别是水源[ 2 ]。除了主要污染物（微粒，碳，硫和氮氧化物），褐煤燃烧可能产生潜在的有毒微量元素的排放量[ 3，7 ]。此外，褐煤发电厂是主要来源之一，技术增强自然会产生放射性材料（TENORM）[8,9]。
虽然许多已经进行了测量，在关系到全球大气排放上，放射性水平及沉积物的重金属浓度的评价研究对于其他可能排放在周围的环境中的污染物相当少。例如，火山灰和锅炉灰渣除去沉淀要用水冲灰池，其中的元素可以从灰浸出和径流进入水体环境。此外，发电厂使用大量的水供冷却，它使用后，流入附近的河流和湖泊。水是通过蒸发浪费占有一个大百分比（60—70%），而其余的水则返回到盆地[ 10 ]。除了从站的涡轮机散发的热量，冷却水中可能含有无机和有机化合物的浓度必须保
持在环境ACC可以接受的限制。在许多情况下，煤的副产品是暴露于水中的[11,12]；煤炭洗选过程中，水抽出的矿区，都面临雨或水喷雾，运输水煤浆和处理灰、定期锅炉管清洗和灰处理都用到水。从这些不同的子过程中，主要微量元素的任何浸出都可能会导致水的摄入量和释放从湿冷电厂的水质量的大幅下降。因此，发电排放的水可能会造成重大的环境污染，影响到周围的地区，除了大气排放，由于这些环境干扰的来源的多样性[ 13 ]，其他都没有进行评估。
以上考虑的连续使用排放海域与近年来灌溉水资源减少的事实相结合，目前的工作目的为了确定在排放水中微量金属和放射性同位素的浓度和任何环境影响评价中主要褐煤周边地区的发电计划。此外，本研究的第二个目的是调查溶解行为和微量元素的赋存状态和识别出微量元素从煤灰的提取的可能，在从褐煤在废水浓度升高的发电厂。
D. karamanis等人。燃油88（2009）2046 - 2052 2047
Fig. 1. The lignite center of Western Macedonia in Greece with the major
lignite-fired power plant of ‘‘Agios Dimitrios” [10].
*相应的作者。地址：管理，艾奥尼纳大学，30100 agrinio环境和自然资源部，希腊。电话：+ 30 26410 74102；传真：+ 30 26410 39576。
电子邮件地址：dkaraman@cc.uoi.gr（D. karamanis）。
0016-2361 / $ -见前面的问题2009 Elsevier公司保留所有权利。关键词：10.1016/j.fuel.2009.02.032
2048 D. karamanis等人。燃油88（2009）2046 - 2052
2.材料与方法
2.1.取样和样品制备
这项研究是从一种叫“Agios Dimitrios”的能量植物进行研究（1595兆瓦），NW 希腊（E 2 11 55.400’，22.900’N 40L）（图1）。这种植物，在希腊产量最大，使用Aliakmon的河水，并且在初级处理后将产生的污水排放在vegoritis湖，沉淀后取样[ 14 ]。在2004年10月到2006月5月期间进行测量。这场测量包括温度、电导率、pH值、溶解性总固体（TDS）。地表水样品（3升）以确定重金属的含量、总α、总β和226Ra的活动。样品收集在聚乙烯瓶，送到实验室，通过0.45 1米的过滤器过滤，并酸化到ph值为2的体系。从灌溉领域的沉淀物和土壤样品收集装在塑料袋里并在105LC里干燥。
2.2.分析方法
阿尔法和贝塔活动水残留过滤后的测定与堪培拉2004年气体正比计数器和叙述的方法。以800 V和–B模式在1500 Vβ高原操作α模式（1000者），进行总α和β活动的水样测定液体闪烁计数[ 16 ]。五百毫升的水被蒸发到几毫升，然后转移到20毫升容量的塑料瓶。样品蒸发至干燥，在50液晶和2 M磷酸和Ultima GOLDTM AB鸡尾酒16毫升4毫升加入。三碳水化合物3170tr / SL液体闪烁计数器，在A-B 模式与脉冲衰减鉴频器130设置操作，用于分析。最低检测限（MLD）为0.009和0.015贝可L 1总α和β活动，时间分别为700 min计数时间。通过对MnO2薄膜涂
层和α光谱[ 17 ]吸附溶解的镭同位素的测定。简而言之，聚酰胺片浸泡在2%（w/v）KMnO4溶液在60 LC 2 h.与聚酰胺IDE–MnO2膜钳座沉浸在1升的玻璃烧杯含有典型的容积0.5 L的水样，用预调pH值为7.5。该溶液搅拌2天以上。在手术结束时，样品洗净，用600或900平方毫米的低背景PIPS探测器接近几何参数测量。238U、226Ra，用22% c-spectroscopy HPGe探测器测定沉积物和土壤样品第二百三十二、40K。在测量样品干燥105 LC 24 h，然后均匀通过破碎、筛分为＜0.5毫米的分数。每一个山姆人就转移到圆柱形塑料容器的体积为200立方厘米，体重和密封。密封样品存放4周以上才算让226Ra和224Ra和短命衰变产品达到长期平衡。用具体的活动是来自第二百三十四的γ射线的加权平均（63.3 keV和92.8 keV的（4.8%）（5.58%））。确定从185 keVγ线校正的226Ra的贡献后，235U的具体活动。镭-226的具体活动得到从295.2 keV的活动确定的加权平均（19.3%），351.9 keV（37.6%）keV的γ射线从214Pb和609.3 keV的（46.1%）和1764。（15.4%）从5 keV千214Bi。238.6 keVγ射线（4.87%）和（84.5%）212Pb，583.1 keV和911.1 keV的208tl（25.8%）228Ac用于测定—第二百三十二国的具体活动。40K是从1460.8 keV的确定（11%）γ射线。效率刻度是每形成与国际原子能机构的标准参考源虽然iaea-cu-2006-03全球开放水平测试研究放射性核素的测定。
溶解的微量金属元素（V，Cr，Mn，Fe，Ni，Cu，Zn，Pb和Mo）用X射线荧光法测定的优化（XRF）他们的PYR rolidinedithiocarbamat富集法ES（PDC）纤维素过滤器[ 18 ]。水的体积则为0.8至1升混合遗传算法的LG 10，作为内部标准，pH值为3.7。沉淀通过添加新鲜制备铵溶液10毫升氨基甲酸酯金属片（1%）。大力搅拌一小时后，氨基甲酸酯被过滤通过准直的微孔过滤器收集（0.45流明的孔径、直径47毫米、12毫米的有效直径）。过滤器干燥80 LC然后直接计算在艾奥尼纳大学XRF单元ED-XRF光谱仪。光谱仪包括一个80平方毫米的Si（Li）探测器，109CD 环形放射源和标准nim-bin电子。该系统被校准的金属标准和参考样品bcr-715验证。以这种方式，钒，铬，锰，铁，镍，铜，锌，铅和钼的浓度测定。
统计分析采用统计软件包SPSS 12进行（SPSS公司，芝加哥，伊利诺斯，Windows 版本。12）。
3.结果与讨论
燃烧过程中，燃烧的灰烬不显著富集所有可燃物的结果，这是将底灰之间（或渣），那落在锅炉和粉煤灰，悬浮于烟气和挥发性元素和化合物蒸气。不燃性的要素包括自然喜欢在褐煤[ 19 ]目前。如果褐煤或飞或底灰混合排放水域悬浮物、放射性升高量应在排放水进行观察研究。事实上，测量和测试活动对微粒残留水过滤后750±400 BQ公斤1和1540±500 BQ公斤1收集总α，分别。这些值是比喻那些观察到Bü柯在燃煤电厂粉煤灰的[ 20 ]。平均总的活动进行了计算，以包括每个值（低于20%）的实验误差的加权平均。在值的误差是标准偏差，而不是加权标准偏差，以说明所观察到的数据传播。此外，总α活性而对称分布的偏度值显示（0.21），从2018凋亡分布平坦（1.61）。最后是预期的时空环境分析由于多种因素在特定参数测定的影响。此外，总活性测定的目的是为了有进一步的详细的同位素分析的必要性籼稻等。由于升高的值进行了观察，一个彻底的同位素分析，进一步进行沉积物和下面的描述。
通过测量总α进行排放海域的放射性总β和226Ra的活动状态。结果列在表1中包括平均浓度与相关的标准偏差和最大值和最小值。水总α测量范围，β和226Ra 活动0.062–0.268 BQ L 1，L 1和0.064–0.268 BQ 0.021–0.062 BQ L 1，分别。测得的样品的平均镭活性被发现48.2±6.2 MBQ L 1是震级高于希腊[ 18 ]与R的河水，典型的226Ra的水平，对于表面水域被污染的粉煤灰库[ 21 mljac和krizman结果]。此外，统计分析显示，总α和226Ra活动与水的温度和电导率的关系。
D. karamanis等人。燃油88（2009）2046 - 2052 2049 Table 1
Physicochemical characteristics, trace elements and radioactivity parameters of the discharge waters of Agios Dimitrios power plant in Greece.
Values-outlet channel Typical values for water streams [28]
or river waters [29],
Range Mean ± SD
European means [30]
and world average [31]
总β活性与水的温度，电导率和TDS自40K在总β活性的主要成分。显著的季节性差异只在总β放射性浓度（f3,8 = 11.6 [ 0.019 ] P = f的方差比和P的概率水平的分析方差）。
由于排放水用于灌溉，通道底部沉积物和土壤样品采集的灌溉领域的活动进行了测量的伽玛能谱。表2给出了铀、镭、钍、钾同位素的测定平均值。活动的238U，
235U 和226Ra 沉积物几乎两倍高于土壤，表明一个放射性浓集在沉积物中的褐煤和/或灰的存在。
Water Temperature (LC)
pH Conductivity (l S cm 1) TDS (mg L 1) V (l g L 1) Cr (l g L 1) Mn (l g L 1) Fe (l g L 1) Ni (l g L 1) Cu (l g L 1) Zn (l g L 1) Mo (l g L 1) Pb (l g L 1) Gross alpha (Bq L 1) Gross beta (Bq L 1) 226Ra (Bq L 1
) 然而，这种增强不到希腊飞灰[22,23]发现污染水平的铀矿山环境或沉积物中的磷酸盐加工厂[ 24 ]下游。
类似于水，增强226Ra 含量也发现沉积物中（表2）但低于10在欧洲产生的灰烬中226Ra 活度浓度平均值EAN 的大陆国家（158±62 Bq/kg ，95%置信）[ 25 ]。水和沉积物之间的分布从226Ra ，KD 表示，发现1108±151毫升每克、在协议对mljac 和krizman [21] 。土壤样品中226Ra 的平均值为26.8±0.8和同意与希腊土壤中发现的平均值[ 26 ]。因此，土地灌溉用水增加溶解镭浓度并未导致在任何增强土壤中的镭。在土壤沉积物的平均40K 和第二百三十二浓度较高，因为土壤富含粘土通常是高钾和钍。
平均同位素238U 和235U 活动率为18.4±4.7沉积物样品和土壤样品中24.3±4.4。因此，在与自然的RA ，这是21.44个0.02 [ ] [ 27 ]中的错误，在良好的协议。 Table 2 Activity of 238U, 235U,
226Ra, 232Th and 40K in channel bottom sediments and the
19.1–31.9 24.6 ± 1.3 8.17–8.39
8.28 ± 0.15 7.50 [30] 706–1194 996 ± 45
446 [30] 572–1111 847 ± 59
0.2–3.4 1.6 ± 0.3
0.71 [29] 0.2–5.2 1.2 ± 0.7
0.4–1.1 [28]; 0.7 [29] 0.6–8.3 2.7 ± 0.9
0.2 [28], 34 [29] 12.4–134.4 68.8 ± 14.5
17 [28], 66 [29] 1.6–7.8 3.5 ± 0.6
0.056–0.17 [28]; 0.8 [29] 1.6–8.7 3.6 ± 0.7
1.48 [29] ; 1.00 [31] 1.0 – 70.2 11.1 ± 7.4
0.1–4.5 [29]; 0.6 [29]; 10 [31] 3.4–54.5 32.4 ± 6.5
0.4 [29] 0.1–2.3 1.0 ± 0.3
0.04–0.75 [28]; 0.2 [31] 0.06–0.27 0.14 ± 0.03
0.06–0.27 0.19 ± 0.03
0.02–0.06 0.048 ± 0.006
Soil 29.2 ± 2.2 1.2 ± 0.2 26.8 ± 0.8 36.8 ± 1.5 492.6 ± 25.8
Sediments 57.1 ± 9.5 3.1 ± 0.6 53.2 ± 2.9 14.6 ± 0.4 99.6 ± 7.2
该238U/226Ra平均活动率为1.07±0.46和1.09±0.09在沉积物和土壤，分别说明所有的放射性核素之间的平衡的存在样品中铀系列的。
为了表示活动由于226Ra，第二百三十二和40K的由一个单一的数量，考虑到与他们相关的辐射危害，常见的镭当量活动（Raeq）W如计算为[ 9 ]：
居住区环境质量?cra-226t1:43cth-232t0:07ck-40e1T
用活度浓度贝可公斤1表示C。该测定值114贝可公斤1土壤低于370贝可公斤1限值。从天然存在的放射性核素的外照射评价，室外空气吸收率由于对地面γ射线在地面1米以上的计算从226Ra、第二百三十二和40K的浓度值，假设其他的放射性核素，如137Cs、90Sr和铀-235衰变系列可以为他们贡献很小的总剂量从BAC 忽视环境的地方。关键组，其中个人剂量进行评估，是对群体成员的代表，表现出最高的影响从曝光到电厂废水。它是由农民，有在各自领域区使用土地灌溉水通道。为了计算从所收集的样品中的剂量率从研究领域，下列关系被使用[ 9 ]
D?0:462crat0:604ctht0:0417cke2T
其中D是NGY 1和CRA，CTH和CK在BQ公斤1活性浓度，假设所有的镭-226衰变产物和第二百三十二是在放射性平衡与他们的后代。值为55±4 NGY 1土壤与估计世界平均外部曝光率从陆地γ辐射57 NGY 1和希腊的平均同意（56 NGY 1）。在土壤中的活动，由于在土壤中的活动，得到的年有效剂量当量计算使用以下关系[ 9 ]。
E?T Q D 10 6 3Te
其中E是mSv Y 1有效剂量当量，Q为0.7 SV GY 1 Y 1的成年人接触环境中能量的伽玛射线值，T是时间一年，即8760是室外占用系数（0.2），且是剂量率。平均年有效剂量当量为0.068±0.005 mSv Y 1，这是在协议的外部世界平均年有效剂量（即0.07毫西弗Y 1）。
2050 karamanis等人D.。燃油88（2009）2046 - 2052
根据镭当量活动结果，空气吸收剂量率，年有效剂量，天然放射性核素从氏排出水环境效应热电厂被认为是可以忽略不计。
在放电水域中溶解的金属浓度的结果在表1，而他们的变化在测量期间如图2所示。每一种金属都会在浓度范围内表现出较大的变化，因为大标准偏差值的反映，
而有些金属比世界平均水平显示更高的值前或在水流附近的燃煤发电厂[ 31 ]。然而，该值仍低于标准和准则的最大浓度连续浓度（CCC）美国环保署水质标准[ 31 ]值。
Fig. 3. ‘‘Box plot” graphic
representation of metals
concentration in the discharge
waters of the coal-fired power plant.
由于微量元素发生在褐煤中的
有机物质和无机灰'impurities”
元素释放到环境中的可能性，以
及作为一个有效的褐煤洗米减轻
这种释放途径，是由一个元素的
大小与包含在褐煤[ 32 ]。本研
究的结果表明，所有的研究金属，除钼，无论是沉淀后溶解由于增加的水通道的PH 值或不提取从褐煤/灰最初。由于微量金属大多与铁氧化物和残留硅酸盐材料[ 33 ]，最小的金属浸出，可以预期在自然条件下（中性至碱性PH值）由于惯性铁的氧化物和硅酸盐的残余不溶性。
让一个更好的可视化的金属浓度数据的变化范围，平均浓度，以及不同金属的比较，一盒图表示应用于。在图3所示的结果可以在三个集中类别：高（铁，钼），中（铜，锰，镍和锌）和较低的（铬，钒和铅）进行分类浓度。此顺序是相关的两个以上的微量元素在褐煤灰分和水溶性馏分中的元素的灰分。此外，丰富的微量元素锰，铜，镍，氮，铬，钒是相同的顺序在灰（100 - 600），而钼和铅是一个订单较低[ 34 ]。根据水浸实验pentarietal。35、微量元素的水溶性成分分为三类，第一类含1%以上的组分元素为铁，其次包括元素，如铜，镍，锌，锰与水溶性组分的0.01 - 0.8%，而铬和铅的分数是一个顺序（0.001 - 0.01%）。而且，这个顺序遵循河水中微量元素的化学元素丰度[ 29 ]与钼浓度的异常。钼值在自然水域比较高，这可以归因于增加的钼浓度的褐煤灰烬的' ' Dimitrios”电站（级高一阶她比普通土壤）[ 36 ]和提高浸出率从褐煤煤灰[37,38]。
的统计分析显示，铅与铁（皮尔森相关：0.841 [磷= 0.004 ]）和铜与锌（皮尔森相关）的高相关性：0.864 [磷= 0.003 ]）。观察两无相关性痕量金属的浓度和物理化
学或放射性参数，表明它们的浓度的变化的主要离子的去耦。分层聚类分析（HCA）进一步探讨微量元素成分的关系，放射性物化参数。皮尔森相关系数被用来测量的相似性（或差异）是一类变量和集群。将中位数的方法应用于链接集群。四集群进行区分（图4）：第一类主要是由放射性物化法和参数；第二类包括铜、镍、锌、锰第三，铁、Mo、Pb、V、Cr第四。这种聚类同意协会建议在大多数煤或根据分类元素，这组元素根据其首选的主机相。
Fig. 2. Trace metals in the discharge waters of the coal-fired power plant.
D. karamanis等人。燃油88（2009）2046 - 2052 2051
图4。对燃煤电厂排放
的水微量元素成分的
凝聚层次聚类分析。
Fe Mn和Mo是铁和氧
化还原敏感元素。锰
通常替代钙、铁方解
石、铁白云石、或
SID利，但它也可以是有机结合的，或发生在粘土或铁?硫化物[ 32 ]。V和Cr是亲石元素，一般在粘土（特别是伊利石）和不常见的重矿物，如铬铁矿、钛铁矿、磁铁矿、或尖晶石[ 32 ]。他们也都发生在有机碎屑的非晶氧化物和氢氧化物。铜、镍和锌是亲硫元素，已发现肺与希腊灰[ 39 ]。然而，在高pH值的那些排出的水是非
常轻微的变化观察。
4.结论
在一个被确定的值的放射性在一个褐煤燃煤电厂排放的水不能被认为是典型的和可比的，通常观察到的河流和河流。在排放水域的226Ra浓度为至少一个或一个数量级高于天然水体中226Ra在底部沉积物浓度被发现高于F在自然水域沉积物中发现。然而，土壤中的灌溉水增强放射性核素的浓度是相似的原状土和在妈妈没有影像学的重要性耳鼻喉。
此外，一些重金属的检测在水域排放值显示比世界平均背景浓度或水溪附近燃煤功率更高的价值植物。这种贡献途径应考虑在土壤中的浓度升高，通常观察到周围的地区燃煤电厂。
Acknowledgements
This research was co-funded by the European Union in the framework of the program ‘‘Pythagoras I” of the ‘‘Operational Pro-gram for Education and Initial V ocational Training” of the 3rd Com-munity Support Framework of the Hellenic Ministry of Education, funded by 25% from national sources and by 75% from the Euro-pean Social Fund (ESF). The authors thank the Greek Public Power Corporation for providing the information concerning the channel output and the anonymous reviewers for their patient reading of the manuscript and their invaluable comments.
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附件2：外文原文
市场营销策略外文文献及翻译 Marketing Strategy Market Segmentation and Target Strategy A market consists of people or organizations with wants,money to spend,and the willingness to spend it.However,within most markets the buyer' needs are not identical.Therefore,a single marketing program starts with identifying the differences that exist within a market,a process called market segmentation, and deciding which segments will be pursued ads target markets. Marketing segmentation enables a company to make more efficient use of its marketing resources.Also,it allows a small company to compete effectively by concentrating on one or two segments.The apparent drawback of market segmentation is that it will result in higher production and marketing costs than a one-product,mass-market strategy.However, if the market is correctly segmented,the better fit with customers' needs will actually result in greater efficiency. The three alternative strategies for selecting a target market are market aggregation,single segment,and multiple segment.Market-aggregation strategy involves using one marketing mix to reach a mass,undifferentiated market.With a single-segment strategy, a company still uses only one marketing mix,but it is directed at only one segment of the total market.A multiple-segment strategy entails
工业设计原著选读 优秀的产品设计 第一个拨号电话1897年由卡罗耳Gantz 第一个拨号电话在1897年被自动电器公司引入，成立于1891年布朗强，一名勘萨斯州承担者。在1889年，相信铃声“中央交换”将转移来电给竞争对手，强发明了被拨号系统控制的自动交换机系统。这个系统在1892年第一次在拉波特完成史端乔系统中被安装。1897年，强的模型电话，然而模型扶轮拨条的位置没有类似于轮齿约170度,以及边缘拨阀瓣。电话，当然是被亚历山大格雷厄姆贝尔（1847—1922）在1876年发明的。第一个商业交换始建于1878（12个使用者），在1879年，多交换机系统由工程师勒罗伊B 菲尔曼发明,使电话取得商业成功,用户在1890年达到250000。 直到1894年，贝尔原批专利过期，贝尔电话公司在市场上有一个虚拟的垄断。他们已经成功侵权投诉反对至少600竞争者。该公司曾在1896年，刚刚在中央交易所推出了电源的“普通电池”制度。在那之前，一个人有手摇电话以提供足够的电力呼叫。一个连接可能仍然只能在给予该人的名义下提出要求达到一个电话接线员。这是强改变的原因。 强很快成为贝尔的强大竞争者。他在1901年引进了一个桌面拨号模型，这个模型在设计方面比贝尔的模型更加清晰。在1902年，他引进了一个带有磁盘拨号的墙面电话，这次与实际指孔，仍然只有170度左右在磁盘周围。到1905年，一个“长距离”手指孔已经被增加了。最后一个强的知名模型是在1907年。强的专利大概过期于1914年，之后他或他的公司再也没有听到过。直到1919年贝尔引进了拨号系统。当他们这样做，在拨号盘的周围手指孔被充分扩展了。 强发明的拨号系统直到1922年进入像纽约一样的大城市才成为主流。但是一旦作为规规范被确立，直到70年代它仍然是主要的电话技术。后按键式拨号在1963年被推出之后，强发明的最初的手指拨号系统作为“旋转的拨号系统”而知名。这是强怎样“让你的手指拨号”的。 埃姆斯椅LCW和DCW 1947 这些带有复合曲线座位，靠背和橡胶防震装置的成型胶合板椅是由查尔斯埃姆斯设计，在赫曼米勒家具公司生产的。 这个原始的概念是被查尔斯埃姆斯（1907—1978）和埃罗沙里宁（1910—1961）在1940年合作构想出来的。在1937年，埃姆斯成为克兰布鲁克学院实验设计部门的领头人，和沙里宁一起工作调查材料和家具。在这些努力下，埃姆斯发明了分成薄片和成型胶合板夹板，被称作埃姆斯夹板，在1941年收到了来自美国海军5000人的订单。查尔斯和他的妻子雷在他们威尼斯，钙的工作室及工厂和埃文斯产品公司的生产厂家一起生产了这批订单。 在1941年现代艺术博物馆，艾略特诺伊斯组织了一场比赛用以发现对现代生活富有想象力的设计师。奖项颁发给了埃姆斯和沙里宁他们的椅子和存储碎片，由包括埃德加考夫曼，大都会艺术博物馆的阿尔弗雷德，艾略特诺伊斯，马尔塞布鲁尔，弗兰克帕里什和建筑师爱德华达雷尔斯通的陪审团裁决。 这些椅子在1946年的现代艺术展览博物馆被展出，查尔斯埃姆斯设计的新的家具。当时，椅子只有三条腿，稳定性问题气馁了大规模生产。 早期的LCW（低木椅）和DWC（就餐木椅）设计有四条木腿在1946年第一次被埃文斯产品公司（埃姆斯的战时雇主）生产出来，被赫曼米勒家具公司分配。这些工具1946年被乔治纳尔逊为赫曼米勒购买，在1949年接手制造权。后来金属脚的愿景在1951年制作，包括LCW（低金属椅）和DWC（就餐金属椅）模型。配套的餐饮和咖啡桌也产生。这条线一直
Laminar and Turbulent Flow Observation shows that two entirely different types of fluid flow exist. This was demon- strated by Osborne Reynolds in 1883 through an experiment in which water was discharged from a tank through a glass tube. The rate of flow could be controlled by a valve at the outlet, and a fine filament of dye injected at the entrance to the tube. At low velocities, it was found that the dye filament remained intact throughout the length of the tube, showing that the particles of water moved in parallel lines. This type of flow is known as laminar, viscous or streamline, the particles of fluid moving in an orderly manner and retaining the same relative positions in successive cross- sections. As the velocity in the tube was increased by opening the outlet valve, a point was eventually reached at which the dye filament at first began to oscillate and then broke up so that the colour was diffused over the whole cross-section, showing that the particles of fluid no longer moved in an orderly manner but occupied different relative position in successive cross-sections. This type of flow is known as turbulent and is characterized by continuous small fluctuations in the magnitude and direction of the velocity of the fluid particles, which are accompanied by corresponding small fluctuations of pressure. When the motion of a fluid particle in a stream is disturbed, its inertia
1 设计任务及设计资料 1.1 设计任务 根据有关部门的批准，新乡某置业有限公司拟建一幢十五层商住楼，该建筑属一类高层建筑，地上一至三层为商场，四层以上为住宅；地下二层为设备用房，地下一层为车库，顶层设有水箱间。室内外高差为0.60m。 要求完成该高层住宅楼的建筑给水排水工程设计，并与土建工程配套。具体内容包括三部分： （1）建筑给水系统设计：生活给水； （2）建筑消防系统设计：包括消火栓给水系统、自动喷水灭火系统、灭火器的布置； （3）建筑排水系统设计：生活排水。 1.2 设计依据 （1）建筑设计资料包括建筑各层平面图、电梯机房平面图、水箱间给排水放大图。 （2）设计规范《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》GB 50045—95、《建筑给水排水设计规范》GB 50015—2003、《自动喷水灭火系统设计规范》GB 50084—2001等、《建筑灭火器配置设计规范》GB J140—90等。 1.3 市政给水排水资料及设计过程 1.3.1 给水水源及给水设计 采用两路市政给水供给，市政自来水接管管径为DN200，接管标高为地面下1.0m，供水压力为0.27MPa，市政管网不允许直接抽水。 建筑内采用独立的生活给水系统。根据设计资料,已知室外给水管网常年水头为27米,不能满足该建筑的用水要求,故室内给水系统采用分区给水方式,分为高低两区。低区地下2–3层由城市管网直接供水，采用下行上给供水方式；高区4–15层由水泵水箱联合供水，采用上行下给供水方式。但高区最下层（即4层）静水压力超过了0.45MPa, 故在这三层的横支管上设减压阀。高区管道路径为：城市管网-->地下贮水池-->水泵-->层顶水箱-->高区各层用水点。为供水安全，高区与低区连通，见图1–1。
Interaction design Moggridge Bill Interaction design，Page 1-15 USA Art Press, 2008 Interaction design (IxD) is the study of devices with which a user can interact, in particular computer users. The practice typically centers on "embedding information technology into the ambient social complexities of the physical world."[1] It can also apply to other types of non-electronic products and services, and even organizations. Interaction design defines the behavior (the "interaction") of an artifact or system in response to its users. Malcolm McCullough has written, "As a consequence of pervasive computing, interaction design is poised to become one of the main liberal arts of the twenty-first century." Certain basic principles of cognitive psychology provide grounding for interaction design. These include mental models, mapping, interface metaphors, and affordances. Many of these are laid out in Donald Norman's influential book The Psychology of Everyday Things. As technologies are often overly complex for their intended target audience, interaction design aims to minimize the learning curve and to increase accuracy and efficiency of a task without diminishing usefulness. The objective is to reduce frustration and increase user productivity and satisfaction. Interaction design attempts to improve the usability and experience of the product, by first researching and understanding certain users' needs and then designing to meet and exceed them. (Figuring out who needs to use it, and how those people would like to use it.) Only by involving users who will use a product or system on a regular basis will designers be able to properly tailor and maximize usability. Involving real users, designers gain the ability to better understand user goals and experiences. (see also: User-centered design) There are also positive side effects which include enhanced system capability awareness and user ownership. It is important that the user be aware of system capabilities from an early stage so that expectations regarding functionality are both realistic and properly understood. Also, users who have been active participants in a product's development are more likely to feel a sense of ownership, thus increasing overall satisfa. Instructional design is a goal-oriented, user-centric approach to creating training and education software or written materials. Interaction design and instructional design both rely on cognitive psychology theories to focus on how users will interact with software. They both take an in-depth approach to analyzing the user's needs and goals. A needs analysis is often performed in both disciplines. Both, approach the design from the user's perspective. Both, involve gathering feedback from users, and making revisions until the product or service has been found to be effective. (Summative / formative evaluations) In many ways, instructional
原文来源：李海宏《Marketing Customer Satisfaction》[A].2012中国旅游分销高峰论坛.[C].上海 Marketing Customer Satisfaction 顾客满意策略与顾客满意营销 Since the 20th century, since the late eighties, the customer satisfaction strategy is increasingly becoming business has more customers share the overall business competitive advantage means. 自20世纪八十年代末以来,顾客满意战略已日益成为各国企业占有更多的顾客份额,获得竞争优势的整体经营手段。 First, customer satisfaction strategy is to get a modern enterprise customers, "money votes" magic weapon 一、顾客满意策略是现代企业获得顾客“货币选票”的法宝 With the changing times, the great abundance of material wealth of society, customers in the main --- consumer demand across the material has a lack of time, the number of times the pursuit, the pursuit of quality time to the eighties of the 20th century entered the era of the end consumer sentiment. In China, with rapid economic development, we have rapidly beyond the physical absence of the times, the pursuit of the number of times and even the pursuit of quality and age of emotions today gradually into the consumer era. Spending time in the emotion, the company's similar products have already reached the same time, homogeneous, with the energy, the same price, consumers are no longer pursue the quality, functionality and price, but the comfort, convenience, safety, comfort, speed, jump action, environmental protection, clean, happy,
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译原文：
DESIGN and ENVIRONMENT Product design is the principal part and kernel of industrial design. Product design gives uses pleasure. A good design can bring hope and create new lifestyle to human. In spscificity,products are only outcomes of factory such as mechanical and electrical products,costume and so on.In generality,anything,whatever it is tangibile or intangible,that can be provided for a market,can be weighed with value by customers, and can satisfy a need or desire,can be entiled as products. Innovative design has come into human life. It makes product looking brand-new and brings new aesthetic feeling and attraction that are different from traditional products. Enterprose tend to renovate idea of product design because of change of consumer's lifestyle , emphasis on individuation and self-expression,market competition and requirement of individuation of product. Product design includes factors of society ,economy, techology and leterae humaniores. Tasks of product design includes styling, color, face processing and selection of material and optimization of human-machine interface. Design is a kind of thinking of lifestyle.Product and design conception can guide human lifestyle . In reverse , lifestyle also manipulates orientation and development of product from thinking layer.
河北建筑工程学院 毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译 系别：城建系 专业：给水排水工程 班级： 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Wan Fang foreign languages （用外文写） literature datebase 附件：1、外文原文；2、外文资料翻译译文。
1、外文原文（复印件） Supplying and draining waterin hospital construction With the fact that modern medicine science promptness develops,new technique , the new armamentarium are continuing without end , modernized medical treatment thereby consonant with that is building a hospital , are also are confronted with new design idea and new technology applying. Disregarding secondary hospital building function , what whose gets along environment, still , finclause the hospital builds equipment and is equipped with system, the request is without exception higher and higher. Because of it is to ensure daily work living not only need the rapid and intense life relevance recovering from the illness , avoiding crippling , rescuing, and promote with giving treatment to a patient. Not only the design accomplishing to the special field draining away water need to satisfy the request being unlike a function in hospital building on equipment , but also safety is be obliged to reliable. Following is built according to the hospital. 一HOSPITAL GIVES A SEWERAGE 1) Modernized hospital equipment and equipment system content is numerous , the function is peculiar , the request is very high. Except demanding to swear to continue supplying with the use water according with quality level sufficiently, need more according to demand of different medical treatment instrument and different administrative or tehcnical office to water quality , water pressure , the water temperature, classify setting up water treatment system and be in progress to system to increase pressure reduction. 2) The hospital operating rooms , the delivery room operation the water hygiene, saliva washing hands by shower bath water , the dentistry dentistry chair ought to adopt the water purifying degassing. In the homeland few are large-scale , the high rank hospital centre supplies a room, the centre disinfecting has also adopted to purify the water disinfecting, now that swear to there be no dust , the sterility , to remove the pathopoiesia source , to avoid the blockage infecting , cutting down equipment microtubule. 3) Hospital preparation rooms preparation uses water to adopt distilled water, and sets up in making distilled water system to have part pressure boost facilities. The handicraft responds to according to different hospital preparation handicraft but fixes concrete system distilled water, should satisfy demand of whose handicraft to water quality , water yield , water pressure act in close coordination that the preparation handicraft reserves corresponding to drain-pipe and
本科毕业设计（论文） ( 2012届) （外文翻译） 题目： 学院:__________ ____________ 专业:_________ 市场营销_____________ 班级:_________ ___________ 姓名:___________ ______________ 学号:________ __________ 指导老师:___________ ___________
原文题目：《市场定位策略》 作者：Powpaka Samart 原文出处:1999,Sasin Journal of Management,5,79-97 市场定位策略 定位的战略性角色 营销策略由两部分组成：目标市场战略和营销组合战略。目标市场战略三个过程组成：市场细分，目标（或目标市场选择），市场定位等。营销组合战略指的是创造一个独特的产品，分销，促销和定价策略（4PS）的过程，旨在满足客户的需求和希望。目标市场战略和营销组合策略有密切的联系，有很强的相互依存关系。目标市场战略是用来制订营销组合策略方针。 市场细分是把一个市场当中具有相似需求和特点、可能会对特定产品和特定的营销程序产生相似回应的人们，分成不同的客户的子集的过程。目标或目标市场的选择是一个或多个，通过评估每个细分市场，寻求利益的相对吸引力，而且该公司业务的相对优势。最后，定位是设计产品和发展战略营销计划，共同在目标市场建立一个持久的竞争优势的过程。 目标市场定位战略的概念是众所周知的，尤其是被大多数消费品营销从业者在制定市场营销组合策略有用作为非理论概念的方式。然而在实践中，营销人员往往绕过正式的定位，直接制定营销组合策略。这可能是由于这样的事实，这些经理们不知道如何获取感知图---表明这是一个客户原始需求的产品的位置。 本文的目的是展示营销从业者能够获得定位和营销组合策略制定的感知图的现实途径。具体来说，感知映射及其关系的定位总是被第一时间注意到。这是通过统计技术的讨论，可以遵循用于创建感知图。最后，通过因子分析定位过程的例子是证明。 目标市场战略 目标市场战略是确定一个（或多个目标市场）的过程和它的（或他们）独特的定位。目标市场策略包括：（1）市场细分，（2）市场选择，（3）市场定位。 市场细分。市场细分是一个分割成几部分或几个同质异构的潜在市场的进程。换句话说，在一个潜在的市场客户可能有不同的偏好。因此，使用产品和产品计划并不是一个有效和高效的办法。为了有效和有效率，管理者需要根据顾客的喜好对潜在顾客进行整合，根据该公司的实力，用独特的服务来满足其中一个或多个组别细分市场。另一种看待市场细分的方式是测试市场是否存在同质偏好或者需求差异性。良好的市场细分结果应具有以下特征的部分：（1）实体性（即：每个细分市场的容量足够大），（2）可盈利/可辨识/可测性（即每个段可在人口或消费心理特征方面的描述）（3）无障碍性（即媒体消费和
Design Without Designers 网站截图： https://www.doczj.com/doc/b27610284.html,/baidu?word=%B9%A4%D2%B5%C9%E8%BC%C6%D3%A2%CE%C4%CE%C4%CF%D 7&tn=sogouie_1_dg 原文： Design Without Designers I will always remember my first introduction to the power of good product design. I was newly arrived at Apple, still learning the ways of business, when I was visited by a member of Apple's Industrial Design team. He showed me a foam mockup of a proposed product. "Wow," I said, "I want one! What is it?" That experience brought home the power of design: I was excited and enthusiastic even before I knew what it was. This type of visceral "wow" response requires creative designers. It is subjective, personal. Uh oh, this is not what engineers like to hear. If you can't put a number to it, it's not important. As a result, there is a trend to eliminate designers. Who needs them when we can simply test our way to success? The excitement of powerful, captivating design is defined as irrelevant. Worse, the nature of design is in danger. Don't believe me? Consider Google. In a well-publicized move, a senior designer at Google recently quit, stating that Google had no interest in or understanding of design. Google, it seems, relies primarily upon test results, not human skill or judgment. Want to know whether a design is effective? Try it out. Google can quickly submit samples to millions of people in well-controlled trials, pitting one design against another, selecting the winner based upon number of clicks, or sales, or whatever objective measure they wish. Which color of blue is best? Test. Item placement? Test. Web page layout? Test. This procedure is hardly unique to Google. https://www.doczj.com/doc/b27610284.html, has long followed this practice. Years ago I was proudly informed that they no longer have debates about which design is best: they simply test them and use the data to decide. And this, of course, is the approach used by the human-centered iterative design approach: prototype, test, revise. Is this the future of design? Certainly there are many who believe so. This is a hot topic on the talk and seminar circuit. After all, the proponents ask reasonably, who could object to making decisions based upon data? Two Types of Innovation: Incremental Improvements and New Concepts In design—and almost all innovation, for that matter—there are at least two distinct forms. One is
译文来源：美国PE杂志建筑给排水工程师2010年第10期 The multilevel residential housing is given and drains off water several questions designed Summary : This text give and drain off water on multilevel residential housing design supply water the exertion of the tubular product , Way of laying of pipeline, water gauge produce family set up, establishment and air conditioner condensation water of pot-type boiler discharge issue goes on the discussion , And put forward some concrete views. Keyword: Skyscraper, supply water the tubular product , the pipeline is laid, The water gauge, the solar water heater The skyscraper is simple with its auxiliary facility, the fabrication cost is low, the characteristic such as being convenient of estate management, Receive the welcomes of the real estate developer and vast resident of small and medium-sized cities very much. How project planning and design of inhabited region, scientific and technological industry of comfortable house, lead the request according to 2000, Improve the design level of the house, build out a comfortable living space for each household, It is each designers duty. As the heart of the house --The kitchen, bathroom, is that the function is complicated, hygiene, safe and comfortable degree are expected much, It is miscellaneous to build, the space expecting much in technology. So, the designer must consider synthetically with the idea and method of global design that the kitchen, bathroom give installation of the drainage pipeline and equipment,etc. . Give and drain off water on skyscraper design supply water exertion, to lay pipeline of tubular product, water gauge produce family set up, establishment and empty of pot-type boiler now Transfer condensation water discharge issue discuss together with colleagues. ( 1)supply water tubular product select problem for use Traditional watersupply tubular product adopt zinc-plated steel tube generally, because zinc-plated steel tube exchange the corrosion, Use short-lived , use for and send domestic water can satisfied with water quality sanitary standard shortcoming, Ministry of Construction is popularizing the application of the feed pipe of plastics energetically . A lot of districts and cities have already expressed regulations: Forbid designing and using the zinc-plated steel tube , use widely the feed pipe of plastics. The plastics supply water In charge of compared with metal pipeline, light, it is fine to able to bear the intensity of keeping, Send obstruction little liquid , able to bear chemistry better to corrode performance, it is convenient to install, The steel energy-conservation of the province, merit of having long performance life etc.. Supply water and use plastics pipeline: Hard polyvinyl chloride( PVC-U), high density polyethylene( HDPE), pay and unite polyethylene( PEX) , modify the polypropylene( PP-R, PP-C), gather butene( PB), aluminium mould and compound and in charge of and the steel is moulded and compound and is managed etc.. Choice of tubular product economic comparative