机械毕业设计英文外文翻译605自卸车 概述

Mechanical engineering1.The porfile of mechanical engineeringEngingeering is a branch of mechanical engineerig,itstudies mechanical and power generation especially power and movement.2.The history of mechanical engineering18th century later periods,the steam engine invention hasprovided a main power fountainhead for the industrialrevolution,enormously impelled each kind of mechznicalbiting.Thus,an important branch of a newEngineering –separated from the civil engineering tools andmachines on the branch-developed together with Birmingham andthe establishment of the Associantion of Mechanical Engineersin 1847 had been officially recognized.The mechanicalengineering already mainly used in by trial and error methodmechanic application technological development into professional engineer the scientific method of which in theresearch,the design and the realm of production used .From themost broad perspective,thedemend continuously to enhance theefficiencey of mechanical engineers improve the quality of work,and asked him to accept the history of the high degreeof education and training.Machine operation to stress not only economic but also infrastructure costs to an absolute minimun.3.The field of mechanical engineeringThe commodity machinery development in the develop country,in the high level material life very great degree is decided each kind of which can realize in the mechanical engineering.Mechanical engineers unceasingly will invent the machine next life to produce the commodity,unceasingly will develop the accuracy and the complexity more and more high machine tools produces the machine.The main clues of the mechanical development is:In order to enhance the excellent in quality and reasonable in price produce to increase the precision as well as to reduce the production cost.This three requirements promoted the complex control system development.The most successful machine manufacture is its machine and the control system close fusion,whether such control system is essentially mechanical or electronic.The modernized car engin production transmission line(conveyer belt)is a series of complex productions craft mechanization very good example.The people are in the process of development in order to enable further automation of the production machinery ,the use of a computer to store and handle largevolumes of data,the data is a multifunctional machine tools necessary for the production of spare parts.One of the objectives is to fully automated production workshop,threerotation,but only one officer per day to operate.The development of production for mechanical machinery must have adequate power supply.Steam engine first provided the heat to generate power using practical methods in the old human,wind and hydropower,an increase of engin .New mechanical engineering industry is one of the challenges faced by the initial increase thermal effciency and power,which is as big steam turbine and the development of joint steam boilers basically achieved.20th century,turbine generators to provide impetus has been sustained and rapid growth,while thermal efficiency is steady growth,and large power plants per kW capital consumption is also declining.Finally,mechanical engineers have nuclear energy.This requires the application of nuclear energy particularly high reliability and security, which requires solving many new rge power plants and the nuclear power plant control systems have become highly complex electroonics,fluid,electricity,water and mechanical parts networks All in all areas related to the mechanical engineers.Small internal combustion engine,both to the type(petrol and diesel machines)or rotary-type(gas turbines and Mong Kerr machine),as well as their broad application in the field of transport should also due to mechanical enginerrs.Throughout the transport,both in the air and space,or in the terrestrial and marine,mechanial engineers created a variety of equipment and power devices to their increasing cooperation with electrical engineers,especially in the development of appropration control systems.Mechanical engineers in the development of military weapons technology and civil war ,needs a similar,though its purpose is to enhance rather than destroy their productivity.However.War needs a lot of resources to make the area of techonlogy,many have a far-reaching development in peacetime efficiency.Jet aircraft and nuclear reactors are well known examples.The Biological engineering,mechanical engineering biotechnology is a relatively new and different areas,it provides for the replacement of the machine or increase the body functions as well as for medical equipment.Artficial limbs have been developed and have such a strong movement and touch response function of the human body.In the development of artificial organ transplant is rapid,complex cardiac machines and similar equipment to enable increasingly complexsurgery,and injuries and ill patients life functions can be sustained.Someenviromental control mechanical engineers through the initial efforts to drainage or irrigation pumping to the land and to mine and ventilation to control the human environment.Modern refrigeration and air-conditioning plant commonaly used reverse heat engine,where the heat from the engine from cold places to more external heat.Many mechanical engineering products,as well as other leading technology development city have side effects on the environment,producingnoise,water and air pollution caused,destroyed land and landscape.Improve productivity and diver too fast in the commodity,that the renewable natural forces keep pace.For mechanical engineers and others,environmental control is rapidly developing area,which includes a possible development and production of small quantities of pollutants machine sequnce,and the development of new equipment and teachnology has been to reduce and eliminate pollution.4.The role of mechanical engineeringThere are four generic mechanical engineers in common to the above all domains function.The 1st function is the understanding and the research mechanical sciencefoundation.It includes the power and movement of the relationship dynamics For example,in the vibration and movement of the relationship;Automaticcontrol;Study of the various forms of heart,energy,power relations between the thermodynamic;Fluidflows; Heat transfer; Lubricant;And material properties.The 2nd function will be conducts the research,thedesing and the development,this function in turn attempts to carry on the essential change to satisfy current and the future needs.This not only calls for a clear understanding of mechanical science,and have to break down into basic elements of a complex system capacity.But also the need for synthetic and innovative inventions.The 3rd function is produces the product and the power,includeplan,operation and maintenance.Its goal lies in the maintenance either enhances the enterprise or the organization longer-tern and survivabilaty prestige at the same time,produces the greatest value by the least investments and the consumption.The 4th function is mechanical engineer’s coordinated function,including the management,theconsultation,as well as carries on the market marking in certain situation.In all these function,one kind unceasingly to use thescience for a long time the method,but is not traditional or the intuition method tendency,this is a mechanical engineering skill aspect which unceasingly grows.These new rationalization means typical names include:The operations research,the engineering economics,the logical law problem analysis(is called PABLA) However,creativity is not rationalization.As in other areas,in mechanicalengineering, to take unexpected and important way to bring about a new capacity,still has a personal,markedcharacteristice.5.The design of mechanical engineeringThe design of mechanical is the design has the mechanical property the thing or the system,suchas:the instrument and the measuring appliance in very many situations,the machine design must use the knowledge of discipline the and so on mathematics,materials science and mechanics.Mechanical engineering desginincludeing all mechanical desgin,but it was a study,because it also includes all the branches of mechsnicalengineering,such as thermodynamics all hydrodynamics in the basic disciplines needed,in the mechanical engineering design of the initial stude or mechanical design.Designstages.The entire desgin process from start to finish,in the process,a demand that is designed forit and decided to do the start.After a lot of repetition,the final meet this demand by the end of the design procees and the plan.Designconsiderations.Sometimes in a system is to decide which parts needs intensity parts of geometric shapes and size an important factor in this context that we must consider that the intensity is an important factor in the design.When we use expression design considerations,we design parts that may affect the entire system design features.In the circumstances specified in the design,usually for a series of such functions must be taken into account.Howeever,to correct purposes,we should recognize that,in many cases the design of important design considerations are not calculated or test can determine the components or systems.Especiallystudents,wheen in need to make important decisions in the design and conduct of any operation that can not be the case,they are often confused.These are not special,they occur every day,imagine,forexample,a medical laboratory in the mechanical design,from marketing perspective,people have high expectations from the strength and relevance of impression.Thick,and heavy parts installed together:to produce a solid impression machines.And sometimes machinery and spare parts from the design style is the point and not theother point of view.Our purpose is to make those you do not be misled to believe that every design decision will need reasonable mathematical methods.Manufacturing refers to the raw meterials into finished products in the enterprise.Create three distinct phases.Theyare:input,processingexprot.The first phase includes the production of all products in line with market needs essential.First there must be the demand for the product,the necessary materials,while also needs such as energy,time,human knowledge and technology resourcess . Finall,the need for funds to obtain all the other resources. Lose one stage after the second phase of the resources of the processes to be distributed.Processing of raw materials into finished products of these processes.To complete the design,based on the design,and then develop plans.Plan implemented through various production processes.Management of resources and processes to ensure efficiency and productivity.Forexample,we must carefully manage resources to ensure proper use of funds.Finally,people are talking about the product market was cast.Stage is the final stage of exporting finished or stage.Once finished just purchased,it must be delivered to the users.According to productperformance,installation and may have to conduct further debugging in addition,someproducts,especially those very complex products User training is necessary.6.The processes of materials and maunfacturingHere said engineering materials into two main categories:metals and non-ferrous,high-performance alloys and power metals.Non-metallic futher divided into plastice,syntheticrubber,composite materials and ceramics.It said the production proccess is divided into several major process,includingshape,forging,casting/founding,heattreatment,fixed/connections ,measurement/ quality control and materalcutting.These processes can be further divide into each other’s craft.Various stages of the development of the manufacturing industry Over the years,the manufacturing process has four distinct stages of development, despite the overlap.These stages are:The first phase is artisanal,the second Phase is mechanization.The third phase is automation the forth Phase is integrated.When mankind initial processing of raw materials into finished products will be,they use manual processes.Each with their hands and what are the tools manusllyproduced.This is totally integrated production take shape.A person needsindentification,collectionmaterials,the design of a product to meet that demand,the production of such products and use it.From beginning to end,everything is focused on doing the work of the human ter in the industrial revolution introduced mechanized production process,people began to use machines to complete the work accomplished previously manual. This led to the specialization.Specialization in turn reduce the manufacture of integrated factors.In this stage of development,manufacturing workers can see their production as a whole represent a specific piece of the part of the production process.Onecan not say that their work is how to cope with the entire production process,or how they were loaded onto a production of parts finished.Development of manufacting processes is the next phase of the selection process automation.This is a computer-controlled machinery and processes.At this stage,automation island began to emerge in the workshop lane.Each island represents a clear production process or a group of processes.Although these automated isolated island within the island did raise the productivity of indivdualprocesses,but the overall productivity are often not change.This is because the island is not caught in other automated production process middle,but not synchronous withthem .The ultimate result is the efficient working fast parked through automated processes,but is part of the stagnation in wages down,causingbottlenecks.To better understand this problem,you can imagine the traffic in the peak driving a red light from the red Service Department to the next scene. Occasionally you will find a lot less cars,more than being slow-moving vehicles,but the results can be found by the next red light Brance.In short you real effect was to accelerate the speed of a red Department obstruction offset.If you and other drivers can change your speed and red light simultaneously.Will advance faster.Then,all cars will be consistent,sommthoperation,the final everyone forward faster.In the workshop where the demand for stable synchronization of streamlined production,and promoted integration of manufacturing development.This is a still evolving technology.Fully integrated in the circumstances,is a computer-controllrd machinery and processing.integrated is completed through computer.For example in the preceding paragraph simulation problems,the computer will allow all road vehicles compatible with the change in red.So that everyone can steady traffic.Scientific analysis of movement,timing and mechanics ofthe disciplines is that it is composed of two pater:statics and dynamics.Statics analyzed static system that is in the system,the time is not taken into account,research and analysis over time and dynamics of the system change.Dynameics from the two componets.Euler in 1775 will be the first time two different branches: Rigid body movement studies can conveniently divided into two parts:geometric and mechanics.The first part is without taking into account the reasons for the downward movement study rigid body from a designated location to another point of the movement,and must use the formula to reflect the actual,the formula would determine the rigid body every point position. Therefore,this study only on the geometry and,morespecifically,on the entities from excision.Obviously,the first part of the school and was part of a mechanical separation from the principles of dynamics to study movement,which is more than the two parts together into a lot easier.Dynamics of the two parts are subsequently divided into two separate disciplines,kinematic and dynamics,a study of movement and the movement strength.Therefore,the primary issue is the design of mechanical systems understand its kinematic.Kinematic studies movement,rather than a study ofits impact.In a more precise kinematic studies position,displacement,rotation, speed,velocity and acceleration of disciplines,foresample,or planets orbiting research campaing is a paradigm.In the above quotation content should be pay attention that the content of the Euler dynamics into kinematic and rigid body dynamics is based on the assumption that they are based on research.In this very important basis to allow for the treatment of two separate disciplines.For soft body,soft body shape and even their own soft objects in the campaign depends on the role of power in their possession.In such cases,should also study the power and movement,and therefore to a large extent the analysis of the increased complexity.Fortunately, despite the real machine parts may be involved are more or less the design of machines,usually with heavy material designed to bend down to the lowest parts.Therefore,when the kinematic analysis of the performance of machines,it is often assumed that bend is negligible,spare parts are hard,but when the load is known,in the end analysis engine,re-engineering parts to confirm this assnmption.机械工程1.机械工程简介机械工程是工程学的一个分支，它研究机械和动力的产，尤其是力和动力。

装载机进展概况AbstractThis paper have discussed s.s. ZL-50 type fork-lift truck mainly overall fictitious prototype design as well as some kinds of typical schoolwork operating modes imitate and emulate , include equipment and the overall parts needed build mould. In this design course, have applied ADAMS software and the software of PRO/ENGINEER. ADAMS software is used in the emulation of some kinds of schoolwork operating modes, and the software of PRO/ENGINEER is used to build mould mainly. Through the simulated emulation for some kinds of overall schoolwork operating modes, can see relatively distinctly the overall possible condition in actual schoolwork course that met , can in time modify , have reduced actual design time , have raised production efficiency.The innovation of this design Zhi is in in, imitate and have emulated fork-lift truck the 3 kinds of typical schoolwork operating mode in actual schoolwork, is effect again have imitated in actual schoolwork the hydraulic impact of use, so when being helpful to solve actual loading, the actual problem of meeting the stock that is hard to uninstall can so raise production efficiency.Key words: Fork-lift truck 、fictitious prototype , build mould, emulation, optimization、production efficiencyLoader DevelopmentChina's modern 20 wheel loaders began in the mid-1960s of the Z435. The aircraft as a whole rack, rear axle steering. After years of hard work, the attraction was the world's most advanced technology wheel loader on the basis of the successful development of the power of 162 KW of shovel-fit wheel loaders, stereotypes for Z450 (later ZL50), and in 1971 December 18, formally appraised by experts. Thus the birth of China's first articulated wheel loader, thus creating our industry loader formation and development history.Z450-type loader with hydraulic mechanical transmission, power shift, Shuangqiaoshan drive, hydraulic manipulation, articulated power steering, gas oil Afterburner brake wheel loaders, and other modern, the basic structure of the world's advanced level for the time . Basically represent the first generation of wheeled loading the basic structure. The aircraft in the overall performance of dynamic, and insertion force a rise of power and flexibility, manipulation of light, the higher operating efficiency of a series of advantages.1978, Heavenly Creations by the Department in accordance with the requirements of machinery, worked out to LIUGONG Z450-based type of wheel loaders series of standards. The development of standards, with reservations Zrepresentatives loaders, L replaced by "4" on behalf of wheel, for ZL50 to Z450, it is so developed a LIUGONG ZL50-based China ZL-wheel loaders series of standards, this is Wong loader on the development of China's a major turning point. The standard was worked out by the industry after the division of labor, LIUGONG Xiamen ZL40 the manufacture of the large and medium wheel loaders, as workers, to the following small and medium-sized manufacturing ZL30 wheel loaders, and gradually formed a LIUGONG Xiamen workers, and 10% for workers at the loader to four backbone enterprises. To the late 1970s, early 1980s loader manufacturing enterprises in China has increased to more than 20, China has initially formed the loader industry. So far, China has developed wheel loader to the third generation, but the basic structure is still the Z450 (ZL50) evolved from. Change is not a very large second generation, third generation of some larger changes. 2001 China loader industry-wide total sales have exceeded 30,000 Taiwan, the world loader in the forefront of the market. Therefore, at present, China has become the world's loader marketing power.Prospect of small loaderFor a long time, small loader always been neglected in the status of a government department, not to regulate the management of the industry, well-known businesses loader products is dismissive. However, these did not affect small loader (hereinafter referred to small equipment) rapid development, and now with a small market despite its huge market demand has attracted such as the Long renowned engineering machinery enterprises to participate in the competition, the main battlefield in the rural areas with the small size of the market, sales have already reached 4 ~ 5 million, more than 200 brands to participate in market competition. But small market can be said to be installed speed expansion disorderly competition coexist. How to achieve industrial upgrading is placed in front of the small equipment industry must resolve a problem.Lack industry attributionCompared with large and medium-sized industries loaders, small with the development of the industry can use "plan" to describe, not only government departments related to the absence of industrial policies or development plans, and to date, industry has not completely clear attribution, the reality of the small equipment industries across engineering machinery, agricultural machinery and construction machinery, the three industries of grey areas. Despite the small market with a flourishing, but all small equipment manufacturers and dealers can dodge exists in the industry before the many obstacles to development.Small installed mainly refers to the rated load between 0.3 ~ 0.9 T products, also known as micro-loader. As industry ownership is not clear, with small products has been no unified national technology and quality standards, the overwhelming majority of products are installed in the small-wheeled tractor developed on the basis of the. In addition small installed the product is currently used by the main component partsfrom tractors and light truck, not by the needs of small equipment for low-speed heavy-duty bridge, special bins key component parts, including even small projects with special tires. As a low technical content, resulting in a very low threshold of industry and become the de facto "open" industry, any person, business can be very easily installed into small industries.Small enterprises have installed a number of "fans", according to Construction Machinery Association Scraper Branch Secretary-General Chen Kai Yun, a conservative estimate at more than 200. More concentrated in Shandong Laizhou, Taian, Weifang, in Luoyang, Henan Province, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, and other places, annual sales of more than 2,000 Taiwan enterprises with a small handful, the majority of small businesses with annual sales in 3200 by the following, with the production of small enterprises , the same easy to set up and close down.It is precisely because the strength of small enterprises with very limited products without high technology content, in the vast majority of enterprises to participate in market competition are in the process of basically a single means to price competition to sell products for the purpose, without taking into account future market things. In the common with the credit industry, services, brand competition means small industry basically not installed, in addition to differences in the strength of enterprises and product differentiation, marketing and management philosophy that is thedeep-seated causes.Because users of the products of small equipment to mainly rural users, and users can only cover rural farm machinery sales networks, construction machinery and construction machinery sales are only part of the network coverage in rural areas. And the sale of equipment similar, with small products also requires agents or distributors can take the initiative to sell products to users and to users with standard and thoughtful service, and farm machinery dealers more customary sit shop operator, has no sales force, There is no specialized service teams, more difficult to expect the market planning, customer management. Construction machinery dealers and farm machinery dealers also have a lot of similarities, and engineering machinery dealers not accustomed to deal with rural users. Therefore, the small market is not mature with the sales network, to a large extent affected the market maturation process can not be achieved on the one hand, the user guide, on the other hand, can not be achieved on the manufacturers facilitating role. Operating environment and the use of the different habits, resulting in a lack of support for non-small pieces of installed products can hardly meet the actual needs of users, increasing the cost of services at the same time, improve customer satisfaction become almost impossible task.Increased market differentiationUnlike the preceding two years, with no small on the future of the market is basically no doubts. However, when the small rural installed by the new face of thebuilding the vast potential market demand, whether it is the product itself, or the level of industrial development is clearly not satisfied., And because of the double impact of external factors, with small market differentiation is an inexorable trend.Relying solely on price competition means does not make the small favorably with industry development. In fact, it is due to excessive price competition, leading to small enterprises with low profitability, sales, and the prosperity of the entire industry can not hide the crisis of survival. Anticipate with a few small companies have started the "innovation" in the product upgrades at the same time, learn from the equipment industry and other related industries experience, to establish their own marketing team and distribution network and market competition tends to differentiation.In the high-end users with the needs of small change, directly contributing to small enterprises with the differentiation, with the concept of progress and consumer financial strength of the expansion, some of the rural users (particularly in the industrialized operation of agriculture users) product performance and after-sales service and put forward higher requirements. Liaoning Anshan Haihong such as production of high-end products not only with small to have their own patented technology (use of mechanical devices greatly enhance the performance of its products, avoid using electric control, hydraulic devices, such as product performance after upgrading to the use of rural users increased maintenance costs ), and introduced the "non-controversial" services.Especially in big enterprises with increased involvement of small enterprises with pressure, the end of 2006, the Dragon Holdings acquired Henan Baiyun electrical and mechanical equipment involved in the production of small fields.Small with a huge potential market demand, but only to meet user needs, and guide the user needs, small equipment will have lasting vitality. Existing small enterprises with well-known loaders already facing small enterprises involved with the production sectors and small users to buy equipment or equipment, such as small excavators alternative products twin crises, with the production of small enterprises can take the initiative to upgrade their win more more time and greater market space.Any industries are indispensable for the development of market competition and government regulations two factors. With the status quo on small industries, market competition and excessive government regulation missing, the entire industry in a very low level of operation development, and a lack of development of the industry often staying power will gradually shrink, or even disappear.First to be addressed is the issue of trade with small, small equipment products really have their own products "definition", a special product standards. Although at this stage with small user groups mainly concentrated in the rural market, but themarket coverage of the future is certainly both urban and rural areas, this is because small equipment can be widely used for municipal maintenance, landscape construction, building and construction, underground loading and unloading areas.Second, improve industry access threshold is a feasible solution. Small equipment industry can learn from the industry's largest equipment manufacturers licensing system, in terms of production quality suitable restrictions and improve the industry's manufacturing standards.In recent years loader well-known enterprises in recent years have involved with the production of small areas, such as the Dragon, XCMG, and the mountains, but not really most of the production of one ton of small equipment products, the main reason is hindering their high-end products in the market inadequate capacity. However, this also means that for the small enterprises with not too much time, if not in the relatively short period of time upgrading of enterprises and products, from business philosophy, product marketing idea to the concept of all-round self-improvement,self-transformed into a long-term development objectives and marketcompetition-conscious modern manufacturing enterprises, and a larger-scale sales, in the future and well-known enterprises loader win in the competition may be very small.Mechanical Engineering Society of China was founded in 1936, China was set up earlier, the largest one of the Institute of Engineering. The existing 33 professional chapters, 180,000 members, of whom there are more than 3,000 senior members, more than 500 members of Hong Kong, Macao and overseas, there are more than 4,000 corporate members.Academic exchange is the Institute's basic functions, the Institute is held annually hundreds, and colorful academic conferences. Special is an annual Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society annual meeting, the topic is the integration activities of the various large-scale comprehensive meeting. , The main thrust of the report will include the General Assembly, the topic of academic, scientific and technological progress releases, forums, lectures, display, a number of activities such as presentation, rich in content, as well as inside and outside the country in the industry has had a tremendous impact.Editing, publishing and academic meetings and academic exchanges wings. Over the years, the organization has prepared a "China Materials Engineering ceremony," and "machine repair manual," such as hundreds of large-scale tool, science and technology books and related materials. Academic journals published by the "Journal of mechanical engineering", "Chinese Mechanical Engineering", more than 60 species, and for promoting the development of academic disciplines has played an important role.Member Society is the mainstay of the Institute and the basis for the existence of the necessary conditions for achieving democracy Office will learn organizational guarantee. Member services is the Institute for the work of the main tasks of Institute staff is a sacred duty. Has been the establishment of a wide range of multi-levelstructure and membership of the service system, and conducting appropriate Member activities, and actively explore characteristics of the times with the Member services. Institute of years of development experience has shown that membership is a source of vitality Institute.Continuing education and professional certification is the Institute's an effective way to serve the community. Over the years, have carried out fruitful work. 1983 founded the mechanical engineer degree (now Beijing mechanical engineer OLI), is the first in China to establish a "mechatronics" and the "Industrial Engineering" two professional, and entrusted Quanguokaowei for higher education self-study examination. To welding and nondestructive testing for the representatives of accredited professionals work focused on quality, service-oriented economy, and widely alleged members and the industry peer Road. In recent years, actively promote the international mutual recognition of qualifications engineers.Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society of China's machinery industry is a very important external communication channels, to the industry and the large number of government departments entrusted task of the international exchange and cooperation. Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society of China's accession to the representatives of 11 international organizations, 23 countries and 38 first-class academic institutions and professional organizations has signed bilateral cooperation agreements with more than 60 countries and regions, including more than 1,000 scientific research, teaching, design, manufacturing, consulting, intermediary and social welfare institutions established a good working relationship.I will stick to science and technology and economic integration as the key link, and always bring the Institute for Scientific and Technological Advice as to promote economic development and work closely with the main battlefield, active structures for economic development platform. I will rely on his close "in Beijing Teng-day certification Advisory Center," galaxy of talent and give full play to the advantages of network, enterprises actively carry out technical advice, enterprise certification advisory and development strategy consulting. Not only to learn activities closer to the corporate and service industries, and effectively speed up the Institute's own capabilities and the enhancement of overall strength.International Exhibition is I will carry out international exchanges and cooperation forms an important one. The exhibition platform, organizations Chinese and foreign entrepreneurs, technology sector between the exchanges and cooperation and promote economic and trade development and industrialization of technological progress. As Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society masterpiece in the field of exhibitions, Beijing Essen Welding and Cutting Fair has become first in Asia and second in the world in the welding professional exhibitions.I will set up a "Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society Science and Technology Award", and China Machinery Industry Federation and jointly set up the "China Machinery Industry, Science and Technology Award." Over the years, the China Association for Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Engineering, recommending talents, and actively promote respect for independent innovation, and abide by scientific ethics, and the pursuit of harmony andprogress of scientific thought, effectively mobilize the broad masses of scientific and technological workers initiative and creativity.I will also attach great importance to their work, procedures, scientific management and democratic management, and in 2004 took the lead in the national Institute adopted the ISO9001: 2000 quality management system certification. It is not only that I will work more scientific and standardized At the same time, the community has also been the recognition and praise.翻译:本文要紧论述了ZL-50轮式装载机整机虚拟样机设计和几种典型作业工况的模拟和仿真，包括工作装置和整机所需要部件的建模。

附录附录A外文文献原文Dump structure, principle and introduce the fuel tankMainly by the hydraulic dump truck dump bodies, cars, and its annexes constitute the frame. Hydraulic dump them inside the structure of institutions and manufacturers in various different modifications, the following compartments and the lifting mechanism in accordance with the pattern of the two aspects of the structure of that dump truck.1、compartment typeNode compartments by use of different body types can be broadly divided into: general rectangular bucket compartment and inside mineOrdinary rectangular compartments for the carriage of goods in bulk. Plate with subsequent automatic opening and closing of institutions, to ensure smooth unloading of goods. Ordinary rectangular compartment thickness as follows: pre-board 4 to 6mm, side panels 4 to 8mm, after the board 5 to 8mm, floor 6to 12mm.Inside bucket mining is applicable to a larger particle size, such as large stones of goods in transit. Taking into account the impact of goods and touch buildings, mining bucket inside the design of more complex shape, with thicker material. Models and some welding in the floor on a number of angles in order to increase stiffness and impact-car capacity.2、lifting body typeDump truck lifting mechanism is the core of the primary advantages and disadvantages of discriminant indicators truck. Type lifting mechanism common current: F-type lifting mechanism to enlarge tripod, T-style tripod lifting mechanism to enlarge, double lift, the former top-lift and double rollover.Enlarge tripod-type lifting mechanism is currently the most frequently used means of a lift for 8-40 tons dead weight, train length from 4.4 to 6 meters. Advantage of the structure of mature, stable lifting and cheap; disadvantages inside the frame on the main floor of the closed height of the larger plane.Most forms of double lift truck in 6X4, it is in the second on both sides of the bridge in front of more than one level of the tank is installed (usually 3-4), the hydraulic cylinder on the fulcrum of a direct role in the compartment floor. Double advantage of lifting the main floor for the inside frame of theclosing high on a smaller plane; the shortcomings of the hydraulic system is very difficult to ensuresynchronization of two hydraulic cylinders, give less smooth Health on the inside bottom of the overall stiffness higher.Lift the top way before the simple structure, inside the frame on the main floor of the closed high plane can be very small, vehicle stability, the smaller the hydraulic system pressure, but the first trip at the most larger-cylinder class, the high cost .Double-sided cylinder roll force is better, less travel to achieve double-rollover; but more complex hydraulic piping, Health cited a higher rate of roll-over accident.Dump it works: Take a manual jack is the principle of its work, Jack is the most simple of the fuel tank. Pseudosasa pressurized by manually (manual hydraulic pump) to enable the hydraulic fluid through a valve into the fuel tank of the individual, when the hydraulic oil into the fuel tank because of the reasons for individual valve can not be returned back and forced the cylinder rod upward, and then work to continue to keep the hydraulic oil into the hydraulic cylinder, it is so constantly on the rise, when we want to lower the hydraulic valve to open so that hydraulic oil back to tank. This is the most simple working principle, all other improvements on this basis. Dump material tank: fuel tank truck raw materials are generally seamless steel tubes, material for the Si-Mn.Dump truck with the fuel tank of the limits of the piston pressure is 16 MPa, the fuel tank of the scope of the trip ranges from 3830-8000. Billion as a professional production company pre-tank truck manufacturers, dump truck produced by the fuel tank with all the characteristics of the fuel tank.Dump truck and use the performance of the fuel tank: the fuel tank of the main straight for the top pre-dump truck lifting mechanism, the use of advanced processing technology, high-quality steel, import-type seals in general, reasonable structure, reliable performance, with the installation and maintenance convenience, lifting large tonnage, long life and so on.附录B外文文献中文翻译自卸车结构原理与油缸介绍自卸车主要由液压倾卸机构、车厢、车架及其附件构成。

Mechanical EngineeringIntroduction to Mechanical EngineeringMechanical engineering is the branch of engineering that deals with machines and the production of power. It is particularly concerned with forces and motion.History of Mechanical EngineeringThe invention of the steam engine in the latter part of the 18th century, providing a key source of power for the Industrial Revolution, gave an enormous impetus to the development of machinery of all types. As a result a new major classification of engineering, separate from civil engineering and dealing with tools and machines, developed, receiving formal recognition in 1847 in the founding of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in Birmingham, England.Mechanical engineering has evolved from the practice by the mechanic of an art based largely on trial and error to the application by the professional engineer of the scientific method in research, design, and production.The demand for increased efficiency, in the widest sense, is continually raising the quality of work expected from a mechanical engineer and requiring of him a higher degree of education and training. Not only must machines run more economically but capital Costs also must be minimized.Fields of Mechanical EngineeringDevelopment of machines for the production of goods the high material standard of living in the developed countries owes much to the machinery made possible by mechanical engineering. The mechanical engineer continually invents machines to produce goods and develops machine tools of increasing accuracy and complexity to build the machines.The principal lines of development of machinery have been an increase in the speed of operation to obtain high rates of production, improvement in accuracy to obtain quality and economy in the product, and minimization of operating costs. These three requirements have led to the evolution of complex control systems.The most successful production machinery is that in which the mechanical design of the machine is closely integrated with the control system, whether the latter is mechanical orelectrical in nature. A modern transfer line (conveyor) for the manufacture of automobile engines is a good example of the mechanization of a complex series of manufacturing processes. Developments are in hand to automate production machinery further, using computers to store and process the vast amount of data required for manufacturing a variety of components with a small number of versatile machine tools. One aim is a completely automated machine shop for batch production, operating on a three shift basis but attended by a staff for only one shift per day.Development of machines for the production of power Production machinery presuppose an ample supply of power. The steam engine provided the first practical means of generating power from heat to augment the old sources of power from muscle, wind, and water One of the first challenges to the new profession of mechanical engineering was to increase thermal efficiencies and power; this was done principally by the development of the steam turbine and associated large steam boilers. The 20th century has witnessed a continued rapid growth in the power output of turbines for driving electric generators, together with a steady increase in thermal efficiency and reduction in capital cost per kilowatt of large power stations. Finally, mechanical engineers acquired the resource of nuclear energy, whose application has demanded an exceptional standard of reliability and safety involving the solution of entirely new problems- The control systems of large power plank and complete nuclear power stations have become highly sophisticated networks of electronic, fluidic. Electric, hydraulic, and mechanical components, ail of these involving me province of the mechanical engineer.The mechanical engineer is also responsible for the much smaller internal combustion engines, both reciprocating (gasoline and diesel) and rotary (gas-turbine and Wankel) engines, with their widespread transport applications- In the transportation field generally, in air and space as well as on land and sea. the mechanical engineer has created the equipment and the power plant, collaborating increasingly with the electrical engineer, especially in the development of suitable control systems.Development of military weapons The skills applied to war by the mechanical engineer are similar to those required in civilian applications, though the purpose is to enhance destructive power rather than to raise creative efficiency. The demands of war have channeled huge resources into technical fields, however, and led to developments that have profound benefits in peace. Jet aircraft and nuclear reactors are notable examples.Biaengineering Bioengineering is a relatively new and distinct field of mechanical engineering that includes the provision of machines to replace or augment the functions of the human body and of equipment for use in medical treatment. Artificial limbs have been developed incorporating such lifelike functions as powered motion and touch feedback. Development is rapid in the direction of artificial spare-part surgery. Sophisticated heart-lung machines and similar equipment permit operations of increasing complexity and permit the vital functions in seriously injured or diseased patients to be maintained.Environmental control Some of the earliest efforts of mechanical engineers were aimed at controlling man's environment by pumping water to drain or irrigate land and by ventilating mines. The ubiquitous refrigerating and air-conditioning plants of the modem age are based on a reversed heat engine, where the supply of power "pumps" heat from the cold region to the warmer exterior.Many of the products of mechanical engineering, together with technological developments in other fields, have side effects on the environment and give rise to noise, the pollution of water and air, and the dereliction of land and scenery. The rate of production, both of goods and power, is rising so rapidly that regeneration by natural forces can no longer keep pace. A rapidly growing field for mechanical engineers and others is environmental control, comprising the development of machines and processes that will produce fewer pollutants and of new equipment and techniques that can reduce or remove the pollution already generated.Functions of Mechanical EngineeringFour functions of the mechanical engineering, common to all the fields mentioned, are cited. The first is the understanding of and dealing with the bases of mechanical science. These include dynamics, concerning the relation between forces and motion, such as in vibration; automatic control; thermodynamics, dealing with the relations among the various forms of heat, energy, and power; fluid flow; heat transfer; lubrication; and properties of materials.Second is the sequence of research, design, and development. This function attempts to bring about the changes necessary to meet present and future needs. Such work requires not only a dear understanding of mechanical science and an ability to analyze a complex system into its basic factors, but also the originality to synthesize and invent.Third is production of products and power, which embraces planning, operation, and maintenance. The goal is to produce the maximum value with the minimum investment and cost while maintaining or enhancing longer term viability and reputation of the enterprise or the institution.Fourth is the coordinating functioning of the mechanical engineering, including management, consulting, and, in some cases, marketing.In all of these functions there is a long continuing trend toward the use of scientific instead of traditional or intuitive methods, an aspect of the ever-growing professionalism of mechanical engineering. Operations research, value engineering, and PABLA (problem analysis by logical approach) are typical titles of such new rationalized approaches. Creativity, however, cannot be rationalized. The ability to take the important and unexpected step that opens up new solutions remains in mechanical engineering, as elsewhere, largely a personal and spontaneous characteristic.The Future of Mechanical EngineeringThe number of mechanical engineers continues to grow as rapidly as ever, while the duration and quality of their training increases. There is a growing: awareness, however, among engineers and in the community at large that the exponential increase in populationand living standards is raising formidable problems in pollution of the environment andthe exhaustion of natural resources; this clearly heightens the need for all of the technical professions to consider the long-term social effects of discoveries and developments. -There will be an increasing demand for mechanical engineering skills to provide for man's needs while reducing to a minimum the consumption of scarce raw materials and maintaining a satisfactory environment.Introduction to DesignThe Meaning of DesignTo design is to formulate a plan for the satisfaction of a human need. The particular need to be satisfied may be quite well defined from the beginning. Here are two examples in which needs are well defined:1. How can we obtain large quantities of power cleanly, safely, and economical/ without using fossil fuels and without damaging the surface of the earth?2. This gear shaft is giving trouble; there have been eight failures in the last six weeks. Do something about it.On the other hand, the statement of a particular need to be satisfied may be so nebulous and ill defined that a considerable amount of thought and effort is necessary in ( order to state it dearly as a problem requiring a solution. Here are two examples.-1. Lots of people are killed in airplane accidents.2. In big cities there are too many automobiles on the streets and highways.This second type of design situation is characterized by the fact that neither the need nor the problem to be solved has been identified. Note, too, that the situation may contain not one problem but many.We can classify design, too. For instance, we speak of:1. Clothing design 7. Bridge design2. Interior design 8. Computer-aided design3. Highway design 9. Heating system design.4. Landscape design 10. Machine design5. Building design 11. Engineering design6. Ship design 12. Process designIn fact, there are an endless number, since we can classify design according to the particular article or product or according to the professional field,In contrast to scientific or mathematical problems, design problems have no unique answers; it is absurd, for example, to request the "correct answer" to a design problem, because there is none. In fact, a "good" answer today may well turn out to be a "poor" answer tomorrow, if there is a growth of knowledge during the period or if there are other structural or societal changes.Almost everyone is Involved with design in one way or another, even in dally living, because problems are posed and situations arise which must be solved. A design problem is not a hypothetical problem at all. Design has an authentic purpose—the creation of an end result by taking definite action, or the creation of something having physical reality. In engineering, the word design conveys different meanings to different persons. Some think of a designer as one who employs the drawing board to draft the details of a gear, clutch, or other machine member. Others think of design as the creation of a complex system, such as a communications network. In some areas of engineering the word design has been replaced by other terms such as systems engineering or applied decision theory. But no matter what words are used to describe the design function, in engineering it is still the process in which scientific principles and the tools of engineering—mathematics, computers, graphics, and English—are used to produce a plan which, when carried out, will satisfy a human need.Mechanical Engineering DesignMechanical design means die design of things and systems of a mechanical nature machines, products, structures, devices, and instruments. For the most part, mechanical design utilizes mathematics, the materials sciences, and the engineering-mechanics sciences.Mechanical engineering design includes all mechanical design, but it is a broader study, because it includes all the disciplines of mechanical engineering, such as the thermal and fluids sciences, too. Aside from the fundamental sciences that are required, the first studies in mechanical engineering design are in mechanical design.The Phases of DesignThe complete process, from start to finish. The process W begins with a recognition of a need and a decision to do something about it. After much iteration, the process ends with the presentation of the plans for satisfying the need.Design ConsiderationsSometimes the strength required of an element in a system is an important factor in the determination of the geometry and the dimensions of the element. In such a situation we say that strength is an important design consideration. When we use the expression design consideration, we are referring to some characteristic which influences the design of the element or, perhaps, the entire system. Usually quite a number of such characteristics must be considered in a given design situation. Many of the important ones are as follows:1. Strength2. Reliability3. Thermal properties4. Corrosion5. Wear6. Friction7. Processing8. Utility9. Cost10. Safety11. Weight12. Life13. Noise14. Styling15. Shape16. Size17. Flexibility18. Control19. Stiffness20. Surface finish21. Lubrication22. Maintenance23. Volume24. LiabilitySome of these have to do directly with the dimensions, the material, the processing, and the joining of the elements of the system. Other considerations affect the configuration of the total system.To keep the correct perspective, however, it should be observed that in many design situations the important design considerations are such that no calculations or experiments are necessary in order to define an element or system. Students, especially, are often confounded when they run into situations in which it is virtually impossible to make a single calculation and yet an important design decision must be made. These are not extraordinary occurrences at all; they happen every day. Suppose that it is desirable from a sales standpoint—for example, in medical laboratory machinery—to create an impression of great strength and durability. Thicker parts assembled with larger-than-usual oversize bolts can be used to create a rugged-looking machine. Sometimes machines and their parts are designed purely from the standpoint of styling and nothing else. These points are made here so that you will not be misled into believing that there is a rational mathematical approach to every design decision.ManufacturingManufacturing is that enterprise concerned with converting raw material into finished products. There are three distinct phases in manufacturing. These phases are as follows: input, processing, and output.The first phase includes all of the elements necessary to create a marketable product. First, there must be a demand or need for the product. The necessary materials must be (available. Also needed are such resources as energy, time, human knowledge, and human skills. Finally, it takes capital to obtain all of the other resources.Input resources are channeled through the various processes in Phase Two. These are the processes used to convert raw materials into finished products. A design is developed. Based on the design, various types of planning are accomplished. Plans are put into action through various production processes. The various resources and processes are managed to ensure efficiency and productivity. For example, capital resources must be carefully managed to ensure they are used prudently. Finally, the product in question is marketed.The final phase is the output or finished product. Once the finished product has been purchased it must be transported to users. Depending on the nature of the product, installation and ongoing field support may be required. In addition, with some products, particularly those of a highly complex nature, training is necessary.Materials and Processes in ManufacturingEngineering materials covered herein are divided into two broad categories: metals and nonmetals. Metals are subdivided into ferrous metals, nonferrous metals, high-performance alloys, and powdered metals. Nonmetals are subdivided into plastics, elastomers, composites, and ceramics. Production processes covered herein are divided into several broad categories including forming, forging,casting/molding, .heat treatment^ .fastening joining metrology/quality control, and material removal. Each of these is subdivided into several other processes.Stages in the Development of ManufacturingOver the years, manufacturing processes have- gone through four distinct,-although overlapping, stages of development. These stages are as follows: Stage 1 ManualStage 2 MechanizedStage 3 AutomatedStage 4 IntegratedWhen people first began converting raw materials into finished products, they used manual processes. Everything was accomplished using human hands and manually operated tools. This was a very rudimentary form of fully integrated manufacturing. A person identified the need, collected materials, designed a product to meet the need, produced the product, and used it. Everything from start to finish was integrated within the mind of the person who did all the work.Then during the industrial revolution mechanized processes were introduced and humans began using machines to accomplish work previously accomplished manually. This led to work specialization which, in turn, eliminated the integrated aspect of manufacturing. In this stage of development, manufacturing workers might see only that part of an overall manufacturing operation represented by that specific piece on which they worked. There was no way to tell how their efforts fit into the larger picture or their workpiece into the finished product.The next stage in the development of manufacturing processes involved the automation of selected processes. This amounted to computer control of machines and processes. During this phase, islands of automation began to spring up on the shop floor. Each island represented a distinct process or group of processes used in the production of a product. Although these islands of automation did tend to enhance the productivity of the individual processes within the islands, overall productivity often was unchanged. This was because the islands were sandwiched in among other processes that were not automated and were not synchronized with them.The net result was that workpieces would move quickly and efficiently through the automated processes only to back up at manual stations and create bottlenecks. To understand this problem, think of yourself driving from stoplight to stoplight in rush hour traffic Occasionally you find an opening and an: able to rush ahead of the other cars that are creeping along, only to find yourself backed up at the next light. The net effect of your brief moment of speeding ahead is canceled out by the bottleneck at the next stoplight. Better progress would be made if you and the other drivers could synchronize your speed to the changing of the stoplights. Then all cars would move steadily and consistently along and everyone would make better progress in the long run.This need for steady, consistent flow on the shop floor led to the development of integrated manufacturing, a process that is still emerging. In fully integrated settings, machines and processes are computer controlled and integration is accomplished through computers. In the analogy used in the previous paragraph, computers would synchronize the rate of movement of all cars with the changing of the stoplights so that everyone moved steadily and consistently along.The Science of MechanicsThat branch of scientific analysis which deals with motions, time, and forces is called mechanics and is made up of two parts, static’s and dynamics. Static’s deals with the analysis of stationary systems, i. e., those in which time is not a factor, and dynamics deals with systems which change with time.Dynamics is also made up. of tyro major disciplines, first recognized as separate entities by Euler in 1775.The investigation of the motion of a rigid body may be conveniently separated into two parts, the one geometrical, the other mechanical. In the first part, the transference of the body from a given position to any other position must be investigated without respect to the cause of the motion, and must be represented by analytical formulae, which will define the position of each point of the body. This investigation will therefore be referable solely to geometry, or rather to stereotomy.It is clear that by the separation of this part of the question from the other, which belongs properly to Mechanics, the determination of the motion from dynamical principles will be made much easier than if the two parts were undertaken conjointly.These two aspects of dynamics were later recognized as the distinct sciences of kinematics and kinetics, and deal with motion and the forces producing it respectively.The initial problem in the design of a mechanical system therefore understands its kinematics. Kinematics is the study of motion, quite apart from the forces whichproduce that motion. More particularly, kinematics is the study of position, displacement rotation, speed, velocity, and acceleration. The study, say of planetary or orbital motion is also a problem in kinematics.It should be carefully noted in the above quotation that Euler based his separation of dynamics into kinematics and kinetics on the assumption that they should deal with rigid bodies. It is this very important assumption that allows the two to be treated separately. For flexible bodies, the shapes of the bodies themselves, and therefore their motions, depend on the forces exerted on them. In this situation, the study of force and motion must take place simultaneously, thus significantly increasing the complexity of the analysis.Fortunately, although all real machine parts are flexible to some degree, machines are usually designed from relatively rigid materials, keeping part deflections to a minimum. Therefore, it is common practice to assume that deflections are negligible and parts are rigid when analyzing a machine's kinematics performance, and then, after the dynamic analysis when loads are known, to design the parts so that this assumption is justified.。

Machine design theoryThe machine design is through designs the new product or improves the old product to meet the human need the application technical science. It involves the project technology each domain, mainly studies the product the size, the shape and the detailed structure basic idea, but also must study the product the personnel which in aspect the and so on manufacture, sale and use question.Carries on each kind of machine design work to be usually called designs the personnel or machine design engineer. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge.If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of productMust regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spendsthe time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.Newly designs itself can have the question occurrence which many flaws and has not been able to expect, only has after these flaws and the question are solved, can manifest new goods come into the market the product superiority. Therefore, a performance superior product is born at the same time, also is following a higher risk. Should emphasize, if designs itself does not request to use the brand-new method, is not unnecessary merely for the goal which transform to use the new method.In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnel''s basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process.Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on. In order to carry on the effective exchange, needs to solve the following problem:(1) designs whether this product truly does need for the people? Whether there is competitive ability(2) does this product compare with other companies'' existing similar products?(3) produces this kind of product is whether economical?(4) product service is whether convenient?(5) product whether there is sale? Whether may gain?Only has the time to be able to produce the correct answer to above question. But, the product design, the manufacture and the sale only can in carry on to the above question preliminary affirmation answer foundation in. Project engineer also should through the detail drawing and the assembly drawing, carries on the consultation together with the branch of manufacture to the finally design proposal.Usually, can have some problem in the manufacture process. Possibly can request to some components size or the common difference makes some changes, causes the components the production to change easily. But, in the project change must have to pass through designs the personnel to authorize, guaranteed cannot damage the product the function. Sometimes, when in front of product assembly or in the packing foreign shipment experiment only then discovers in the design some kind of flaw. These instances exactly showed the design is a dynamic process. Always has a better method to complete the design work, designs the personnel to be supposed unceasingly diligently, seeks these better method.Recent year, the engineerig material choice already appeared importantly. In addition, the choice process should be to the material continuously the unceasing again appraisal process. The new material unceasingly appears, but some original materials can obtain the quantity possibly can reduce. The environmental pollution, material recycling aspect and so on use, worker''s health and security frequently can attach the new limiting condition to the choice of material. In order to reduce the weight or saves the energy, possibly can request the use different material. Comes from domestic and international competition, to product service maintenance convenience request enhancement and customer''s aspect the and so on feedback pressure, can urge the people to carry on to the material reappraises. Because the material does not select when created the product responsibility lawsuit, has already had the profoundinfluence. In addition, the material and between the material processing interdependence is already known by the people clearly. Therefore, in order to can and guarantees the quality in the reasonable cost under the premise to obtain satisfaction the result, project engineer makes engineers all to have earnestly carefully to choose, the determination and the use material.Makes any product the first step of work all is designs. Designs usually may divide into several explicit stages: (a) preliminary design; (b) functional design; (c) production design. In the preliminary design stage, the designer emphatically considered the product should have function. Usually must conceive and consider several plans, then decided this kind of thought is whether feasible; If is feasible, then should makes the further improvement to or several plans. In this stage, the question which only must consider about the choice of material is: Whether has the performance to conform to the request material to be possible to supply the choice; If no, whether has a bigger assurance all permits in the cost and the time in the limit develops one kind of new material.In the functional design and the engineering design stage, needs to make a practical feasible design. Must draw up the quite complete blueprint in this stage, chooses and determines each kind of components the material. Usually must make the prototype or the working model, and carries on the experiment to it, the appraisal product function, the reliability, the outward appearance and the service maintenance and so on. Although this kind of experiment possibly can indicate, enters in the product to the production base in front of, should replace certain materials, but, absolutely cannot this point take not earnestly chooses the material the excuse. Should unify the product the function, earnestly carefully considers the product the outward appearance, the cost and the reliability. Has the achievement very much the company when manufacture all prototypes, selects the material should the material which uses with its production in be same, and uses the similar manufacture technology as far as possible. Like this has the advantage very much to the company. The function complete prototype if cannot act according to the anticipated sales volume economically to make, or is prototypical and the official production installment has in the quality and the reliable aspect is very greatly different, then this kind of prototypedoes not have the great value. Project engineer is best can completely complete the material in this stage the analysis, the choice and the determination work, but is not remains it to the production design stage does. Because, is carries on in the production design stage material replacement by other people, these people are inferior to project engineer to the product all functions understanding. In the production design stage, is should completely determine with the material related main question the material, causes them to adapt with the existing equipment, can use the existing equipment economically to carry on the processing, moreover the material quantity can quite be easy to guarantee the supply.In the manufacture process, inevitably can appear to uses the material to make some changes the situation. The experience indicated that, may use certain cheap materials to take the substitute. However, in the majority situation, in will carry on the production later to change the material to have in to start before the production to change the price which the material will spend to have to be higher than. Completes the choice of material work in the design stage, may avoid the most such situations. Started after the production manufacture to appear has been possible to supply the use the new material is replaces the material the most common reason. Certainly, these new materials possibly reduce the cost, the improvement product performance. But, must carry on the earnest appraisal to the new material, guarantees its all performance all to answer the purpose. Must remember that, the new material performance and the reliable very few pictures materials on hand such understood for the people. The majority of products expiration and the product accident caused by negligence case is because in selects the new material to take in front of substitution material, not truly understood their long-term operational performance causes.The product responsibility lawsuit forces designs the personnel and the company when the choice material, uses the best procedure. In the material process, five most common questions are: (a) did not understand or cannot use about the material application aspect most newly the best information paper; (b) has not been able to foresee and to consider the dusk year possible reasonable use (for example to have the possibility, designs the personnel also to be supposed further to forecast and the consideration because product application method not when creates consequence.ecent years many products responsibilities lawsuit case, because wrongly uses theplaintiff which the product receives the injury to accuse produces the factory, and wins the decision); (c) uses the material data not entire perhaps some data are indefinite, works as its long-term performance data is the like this time in particular;(d) the quality control method is not suitable and not after the confirmation; (e) the personnel which completely is not competent for the post by some chooses the material.Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity.May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and thebasic understanding.翻译：机械设计理论机械设计，通过设计新产品或改进老产品，以满足人类需要的应用技术科学。

本科毕业设计外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：Loader Overview文献、资料来源：互联网文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：机电工程学院专业：机械工程及自动化班级：机械姓名：学号： 2指导教师：翻译日期：外文文献：Loader OverviewThe main function of the loader shovel of loose material and short-distance transport operations. It is the fastest growing engineering machinery, machine production and sales and market demand one. We usually see the largest wheel loaders, it is acrawler loaders. Crawler than it has good mobility, does not destroy the road surface, easy to operate, etc.. Wheel loaders has been widely used.A loader (also known as: bucket loader, front loader, front end loader, payloader, scoop loader,shovel, skip loader, and/or wheel loader) is a type of tractor, usually wheeled, sometimes on tracks, that has a front-mounted square wide bucket connected to the end of two booms (arms) to scoop up loose material from the ground, such as dirt, sand or gravel, and move it from one place to another without pushing the material across the ground. A loader is commonly used to move a stockpiled material from ground level and deposit it into an awaiting dump truck or into an open trench excavation.Loaders in general by the chassis, powertrain, running gear, working device, steeringbrake, hydraulic system and operating system.The basis of the loader classification is the Society of Automotive Engineers of America (SAE) rated capacity of the bucket. The classification is based on the largest general purpose bucket offered by the manufacturer or the bucket size adopted by the Contractor, whichever is the loader assembly may be a removable attachment or permanently mounted. Often the bucket can be replaced with other devices or tools—for example, many can mount forks to lift heavy pallets or shipping containers, and a hydraulically opening "clamshell" bucket allows a loader to act as a light dozer or scraper. The bucket can also be augmented with devices like a bale grappler for handling large bales of hay or straw.Large loaders, such as the Kawasaki 95ZV-2, John Deere 844K, Caterpillar 950H, V olvo L120E, Case 921E, or Hitachi ZW310 usually have only a front bucket and are called Front Loaders, whereas small loader tractors are often also equipped with a small backhoe and are called backhoe loaders or loader backhoes or JCBs, after the company that first invented them.The largest loader in the world is LeTourneau L-2350. Currently these large loaders are in production in the Longview, Texas facility. The L-2350 uses a diesel electric propulsion system similar to that used in a locomotive. Each rubber tired wheel is driven by its own independent electric motor.Komatsu-integrated design offers the best value, reliability, and versatility. Hydraulics, powertrain, frame, and all other major components are engineered by Komatsu. You get a 18machine whose components are designed to work together for higher production, greater reliability, and more versatility. Komatsu’s highly productive, innovative technology, environmentally friendly machines built for the 21st century.Loaders are used mainly for uploading materials into trucks, laying pipe, clearing rubble, and digging. A loader is not the most efficient machine for digging as it cannot dig very deep below the level of its wheels, like a backhoecan. The capacity of a loader bucket can be anywhere from to 36 m3 depending upon the size of the machine and its application. The front loader's bucket capacity is generally much bigger than a bucket capacity of a backhoe loader.Unlike most bulldozers, most loaders are wheeled and not tracked, although track loaders are common. They are successful where sharp edged materials in construction debris would damage rubber wheels, or where the ground is soft and muddy. Wheels provide better mobility and speed and do not damage paved roads as much as tracks, but provide less traction. In construction areas loaders are also used to transport building materials - such as bricks, pipe, metal bars, and digging tools - over short distances.Front loaders are commonly used to remove snow especially from sidewalks, parking lots, and other areas too small for using snowplows and other heavy equipment. They are sometimes used as snowplows with a snowplow attachment but commonly have a bucket or snowbasket, which can also be used to load snow into the rear compartment of a snowplow or dump truck. High-tip buckets are suitable for light materials such as chip, peat and light gravel and when the bucket is emptied from a height.Loaders bucket characteristicsedge for super-hard wear resistant steel plate up to 500 Brinell hardnessfor long life.shell and side Brinell hardness of 400 to resist abrasive wear. Installed bythe enhancedtreatment of attachment hinge points to reduce Wear and tear.cutting blade for resistance to abrasive wear of steel, Brinell hardness of 500. Resistantliner installed in the bucket on the floor byThe bolt may be replaced, the Brinell hardness of 500.4. bolt and the edge of savings and staging to prevent unnecessary wear of thecutting edge.5. V olvo bucket tooth system is equipped with a bolt or weld type connector, theBrinellhardness of 515, with best interpolation into the depth and the smaller the wear and tear.Skid-steer Loader Features1. The round-back bucket design is stronger with no angled corners. This configuration makesit easier to fill and dump —improving productivity.2. The ROPS/FOPS structure protects and shields the operator.3. A total of four exterior lights help to illuminate any job site day or night.4. A safety system locks lift, tilt and drive systems when the operator leaves the seat, raisesthe seat bar, or turns off the ignition switch. The brakes are wet-type multiple discs that require no maintenance.5. Heavy-duty tires are standard —matching the durability of the skid-steer.6. The rugged all-welded unitized frame is constructed of .375-inch gauge steel for years ofproductivity. Step bushings are placed in all key pivot areas to increase strength and reduce stress.7. A wider wheelbase provides for a smooth ride and more balance for stability with heavierloads. A 9-inch ground clearance allows easy maneuverability through mud and other terrain.8. Hydraulic lines are protected within the loader arm.9. Mustang features a self-leveling vertical lift.10. The advanced hydraulic system affords longer service intervals and comes with a sight glass for quick and easy fluid level inspections.11. A drop-down step makes it convenient to check engine and maintenance Points.This wheel loader offers two selectable engine operating modes —Normal and Power. The operator can adjust the machine’s engine performance to match the condition requirements.This system is controlled with a dial on the right side control panel.（1）Normal Mode: provides maximum fuel efficiency for most general loading conditions. （2）Power Mode: provides maximum power output for hard digging conditions or hill climb operations.2 Automatic Transmission with Four Mode Select SystemThis operator controlled system allows the selection of manual shifting or three levels of automatic shifting modes (low, medium, and high). The operator can match the machine’s operating requirements with optimum performance efficiency. This system is controlled with a dial on the right side of the control panel.（1）Manual: The transmission is fixed to the gear speed and selected with the gear shift lever.（2）Auto Low: Low mode provides smooth gear shifting at low engine speeds suitable for general excavating and loading while offering reduced fuel consumption.（3）Auto Medium: Medium mode provides gear shifting at mid-range engine speeds required for more aggressive conditions.（4）Auto High: High mode provides maximum rim pull and fast cycle times by shifting the transmission at high engine speeds. This mode is suitable for hill-climb and load and carry operations..Unlike backhoes or standard tractors fitted with a front bucket, many large loaders do not use automotive steering mechanisms. Instead, they steer by a hydraulically actuated pivot point set exactly between the front and rear axles. This is referred to as "articulated steering" and allows the front axle to be solid, allowing it to carry greater weight. Articulated steering provides better maneuverability for a given wheelbase. Since the front wheels and attachment rotate on the same axis, the operator is able to "steer" his load in an arc after positioning the machine, which can be useful. The tradeoff is that when the machine is "twisted" to one side and a heavy load is lifted high, it has a greater risk of turning over to the "wide" side.Front loaders gained popularity during the last two decades, especially in urbanengineering projects and small earthmoving works. Heavy equipment manufacturers offer a wide range of loader sizes and term "loader" is also used in the debris removal field to describe the boom on a grapple truck.The Israeli Combat Engineering Corps use armored Caterpillar 966 wheel loader for construction and combat engineeringmissions in hostile territories such as the West Bank. They are often seen building or removing road blocks, building bases and fortifications and starting in 2005, demolishing small houses. The IDF added armor plating for the loader, protecting it against rocks, stones, molotov cocktails, and light gunfire.Rio de Janeiro's police elite squad BOPE have recently acquired one wheel loader of military purposes to open routes and make way for the police in Rio de Janeiro's slums, which are controlled, and blocked, by drug dealers.These loaders are a popular addition to tractors from 50 to 200 hp. Its current 'drive-in' form was originally designed and developed in 1958 by a company called Quicke. They were developed to perform a multitude of farming tasks, and are popular due to their relatively low cost (compared toTelehandler) and high versatility. Tractor loaders can be fitted with many attachments such as hydraulic grabs and spikes to assist with bale and silagehandling, forks for pallet work, and buckets for more general farm activities.Popular additions to compact utility tractors and farm tractors are Front End Loaders, also referred to as a FEL. Compact utility tractors, also called CUTs are small tractors, typically with 18 to 50 horsepower (37 kW) and used primarily for grounds maintenance and landscape chores. There are 2 primary designs of compact tractor FELs, the traditional dogleg designed style and the curved arm style.John Deere Tractor manufactures a semi-curved loader design that does not feature the one piece curved arm, but also is not of the traditional two piece design. New Holland Ag introduced a compact loader with a one piece curved arm on its compact utility tractors, similar one piece curved arm loaders are now available on compact tractors on many brands including Case/Farmall, and some Montana and Kioti tractors. Kubota markets traditional loader designs on most of its compact tractors but now features a semi-curved loader design similar to the John Deere loader design on several of its small tractors.While the Front End Loaders on CUT size tractors are capable of many tasks, given theirrelatively small size and low capacities when compared to commercial loaders, the compact loaders can be made more useful with some simple options. A Toothbar is commonly added to the front edge of a loader bucket to aid with digging. Some loaders are equipped with a quick coupler, otherwise known as a Quick Attach (QA) system, the QA system allows the bucket to be removed easily and other tools to be added in its place. Common additions would include a set of Pallet Forks for lifting pallets of goods or a Bale Spear for lifting hay bales.A skid loader is a small loader utilizing four wheels with hydraulic drive that directs power to either, or both, sides of the vehicle. Very similar in appearance and design is the track loader, which utilizes a continuous track on either side of the vehicle instead of the wheels. Since the expiration of Bobcat's patent on its quick-connect system, newer tractor models are standardizing on that popular format for front end attachments.A swing loader is a rigid frame loader with a swinging boom. The boom can swing 180 degrees or more. Swingloaders are primarily used by the railroad industry to lay rail. Like other loaders many attachments can be attached to the boom such as magnets, forks, and buckets. Smaller swingloaders are used in farming applications for loading out. A swinging boom is advantageous where space is limited. The loader is able to lift on all sides and dump off on all sides.At present, foreign multi-functional logistics equipment and related technologies are increasingly improved, and development series, large-scale, miniaturization, multi-purpose and other direction. Internationally renowned manufacturers (such as Lynx, Case, Caterpillar, Komatsu, liebherr, V olvo, etc.) widely used in microelectronics and information technology, and improve computer-aided driving systems, information management systems, such as the application of electronic monitoring and automatic alarm system, materials used for precision fitted, upload, GPS positioning and weight of the operation of industry automatic weighing device; the use of special noise reduction materials, noise suppression to eliminate or reduce machine noise in the loader work; through continuous improvement EFI devices to further reduce exhaust emissions of diesel engines, non-polluting, economical, environmentally friendly power plant; optimize the structural design of the working device, such as a single "Z"-type linkage evolution of the eight parallel institutions, TP linkage and ERASLINK "institutions (single-action arm cast steel structure), and O & K is designed specifically for small multi-function loaderLEAR linkage in order to improve the operating productivity of the loader, have developed many of the features ultra- strong systems, such as: power electronics control / management system automatically adjusts the engine output power; engine automatic control system, when the loader in a non-working condition, automatically reduces engine speed, reducing fuel consumption and engine noise; key information display systemand so on. Loader industry leading products are basically developed in the early 1970s Liugong ZL50-based development, an international technical level of the 1960s. In the 1980's digestion and absorption of advanced technology in the United States, Caterpillar, Komatsu of Japan, and gradually the successful development of the second generation wheel loader. Compared to China's second-generation products with international advanced products in the mechanical and electrical integration, manipulation of comfort, operating efficiency, a wide gap between the biggest gap is the product reliability, domestic multi-function loader machine reliability (average time between failures is less than 400 hours), lack of core technology and key components are imported, and products a single, low-grade products. Although domestic loaders and related technical work started late, but soon the pace of development, such as multi-function loader sales have accounted for half of the loader market in the world, China has become the world's multi-function loader production and marketing power.China Loader Industry has the third-generation products. The third-generationmachine reliability is greatly improved, the main performance indicators largely withthe international advanced level. However, in reliability, comfort, operational efficiency and manufacturing levels of baking and foreign advanced level there is a considerable gap. Fourth-generation product in the third generation on the basis offurther optimization of the overall performance and configuration, the electric control box, wet brake technology has been applied, and formed a proprietary technologyand patented technologies in enterprises, so that product with a new face to the market. These will further promote the technological progress of China's loader industry.Microelectronics and information technology will be widely used, further improve thecomputer-aided driving systems, information management systems and fault diagnosis system; single sound-absorbing material, the noise suppression methodsto eliminate or reduce machine noise; through continuous improvement of the fuel injection device further reduce exhaust emissions of diesel engines. In addition tothese, but: multifunctional bucket, ripper, liquid Villagehammer, snow, etc. a variety of devices, small size, power, lightweight and flexible, and better fuel economy, increased cab size and glazing area, improve the indoor air pressure to the dust, to improve the control system and the joystick position to improve the operating environment of comfort, reduce the operator's labor intensity, and beautify theappearance. Particular because of China's mining loader started late, whether it isproduct variety, performance parameters, or the use of reliability, after-sales serviceand so on, and abroad there is a considerable gap. Therefore, the trend of its development is the introduction of foreign advanced technology to develop high-quality, multi-functional, multi-species, multi-standard range of products to increase market competitiveness; strengthen basic components, parts production and quality, in particular, is to improve the hydraulic the quality of the components, in order to achieve to meet the requirements of the premise of the product reliability,reduce product cost; improve the quality of service products.Half of the market, China has become the world's multi-function loader production and marketing power.中文译文：装载机概况装载机是一个通常用于建筑的重型设备，主要用于将材料（等asasphalt，拆除杂物，灰尘，雪，饲料，砾石，原木，矿物原料，再生材料，岩石，沙，木屑）装入另一种类型的机械（如自卸车，输送带，进料斗，或车厢）。

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tiv.methods，a.aspec.o.th.ever-growin.professionalis.o.mechanica.engineering.Operation.research，valu.engineering，an.PABL.(proble.analysi.b.logica.approach.ar.typica.title.o.suc.ne.rationalize.approaches.Creati vity，however，canno.b.rationalized.Th.abilit.t.tak.th.importan.an.unexpecte.ste.tha.open.u.ne.solution.remain.i. mechanica.engineering，a.elsewhere，largel..persona.an.spontaneou.characteristic.The Future of Mechanical EngineeringTh.numbe.o.mechanica.engineer.continue.t.gro.a.rapidl.a.ever,whil.th.duratio.an.qualit.o.thei.trainin.increases. Ther.i..growing: awareness, however, rg.tha.th.exponentia.increas.i.populatio.an.livin.standard.i.raisin.formidabl.problem.i. pollutio. o.th.environmen.an.th.exhaustio.o.natura.resources；thi.clearl.heighten.th.nee.fo.al.o.th.technica.profession.t.conside.th.long-ter.socia.effect.o.discov erie.an.developments.-Ther.wil.b.a.increasin.deman.fo.mechanica.engineerin.skill.t.provid.fo.m an'.need.whil.reducin.t..minimu.th.consumptio.o.scarc.ra.material.an.maintainin..satisfactor.envi ronment.Introduction to DesignThe Meaning of DesignT.desig.i.t.formulat..pla.fo.th.satisfactio.o..huma.need.Th.particula.nee.t.b.satisfie.ma.b.qui t.wel.define.fro.th.beginning.Her.ar.tw.example.i.whic.need.ar.wel.defined:1. rg.quantitie.o.powe.cleanly, safely, in.fossi.fuel.an.withou.damagin.th.surfac.o.th.earth?2.Thi.gea.shaf.i.givin.trouble；s.si.weeks.D.somethin.abou.it.O.th.othe.hand,th.statemen.o..particula.nee.t.b.satisfie.ma.b.s.nebulou.an.il.define.tha..considerabl.amoun.o.tho ugh.an.effor.i.necessar.i..orde.t.stat.i.dearl.a..proble.requirin..solution.Her.ar.tw.examples.-1. Lot.o.peopl.ar.kille.i.airplan.accidents.2.I.bi.citie.ther.ar.to.man.automobile.o.th.street.an.highways.Thi.secon.typ.o.desig.situatio.i.characterize.b.th.fac.tha.neithe.th.nee.no.th.proble.t.b.solve. ha.bee.identified.Note, too, tha.th.situatio.ma.contai.no.on.proble.bu.many.W.ca.classif.design, too.Fo.instance, w.spea.of:1.Clothin.design.. 7.Bridg.design2.Interio.desig... puter-aide.design3.Highwa.design.9.Heatin.syste.design.ndscap.desig..10.Machin.design5.Buildin.desig...11.Engineerin.design6.Shi.design...12.Proces.designIn fact, there are an endless number, since we can classify design according to the particular article or product or according to the professional field,I.contras.t.scientifi.o.mathematica.problems, desig.problem.hav.n.uniqu.answers；i.i.absurd, fo.example, t.reques.th."correc.answer.t..desig.problem, becaus.ther.i.none.I.fact, ."good.answe.toda.ma.wel.tur.ou.t.b.."poor.answe.tomorrow, i.ther.i..growt.o.knowledg.durin.th.perio.o.i.ther.ar.othe.structura.o.societa.changes.Almos.everyon.i.Involve.wit.desig.i.on.wa.o.another，eve.i.dall.living，becaus.problem.ar.pose.an.situation.aris.whic.mus.b.solved..desig.proble.i.no..hypothetica.probl e.a.all.Desig.ha.a.authenti.purpose—th.creatio.o.a.en.resul.b.takin.definit.action，o.th.creatio.o.somethin.havin.physica.reality.I.engineering，th.wor.desig.convey.differen.meaning.t.differen.persons.Som.thin.o..designe.a.on.wh.employ.th. drawin.boar.t.draf.th.detail.o..gear，clutch，ple.system，work.I.som.area.o.engineerin.th.wor.desig.ha.bee.replace.b.othe.term.s e.t.describ.th.desig.fun ction，i.engineerin.i.i.stil.th.proces.i.whic.scientifi.principle.an.th.tool.o.engineering—mathematics，computers，graphics，an.English—e.t.produc..pla.which，whe.carrie.out，wil.satisf..huma.need.Mechanical Engineering DesignMechanica.desig.mean.di.desig.o.thing.an.system.o..mechanica.natur.machines, products, structures, devices, an.instruments.Fo.th.mos.part, mechanica.desig.utilize.mathematics,th.material.sciences, an.th.engineering-mechanic.sciences.Mechanica.engineerin.desig.include.al.mechanica.design，bu.i.i..broade.study，becaus.i.include.al.th.discipline.o.mechanica.engineering，suc.a.th.therma.an.fluid.sciences，too.Asid.fro.th.fundamenta.science.tha.ar.required，th.firs.studie.i.mechanica.engineerin.desig.ar.i.mechanica.design.The Phases of Designplet.process,fro.star.t.finish.Th.proces..begin.wit..recognitio.o..nee.an..decisio.t.d.somethin.abou.it.Afte.muc. iteration, th.proces.end.wit.th.presentatio.o.th.plan.fo.satisfyin.th.need.Design ConsiderationsSometime.th.strengt.require.o.a.elemen.i..syste.i.a.importan.facto.i.th.determinatio.o.th.geo metr.an.th.dimension.o.th.element.I.suc..situatio.w.sa.tha.strengt.i.a.importan.desig.consideratio .th.expressio.desig.consideration,w.ar.referrin.t.som.characteristi.whic.influence.th.desig.o.th.elemen.or, perhaps, uall.quit..numbe.o.suc.characteristic.mus.b.considere.i..give.desig.situation.M an.o.th.importan.one.ar.a.follows:1.Strength2.Reliabilit............3.Therma.properties4.Corrosio................5.Wea................6.Friction7.Processin...............8.Utilit............... 9.Cost10.Safet..................11.Weigh.............12.Lif.............13.Nois...................14.Stylin..............15.Shape16.Size17.Flexibilit.............18.Control19.Stiffness20.Surfac.finis........21.Lubrication22.Maintenance23.V olum.............24.LiabilitySom.o.thes.hav.t.d.directl.wit.th.dimensions, th.material, th.processing, an.th.joinin.o.th.element.o.th.system.Othe.consideration.affec.th.config-uratio.o.th.tota.system.T.kee.th.correc.perspective，however，i.shoul.b.observe.tha.i.man.desig.situation.th.importan.desig.consideration.ar.suc.tha.n .calculation.o.experiment.ar.necessar.i.orde.t.defin.a.elemen.o.system.Students，especially，ar.ofte.confounde.whe.the.ru.int.situation.i.whic.i.i.virtuall.impossibl.t.mak..singl.calc ulatio.an.ye.a.importan.desig.decisio.mus.b.made.Thes.ar.no.extraordinar.occurrence.a .all；the.happe.ever.day.Suppos.tha.i.i.desirabl.fro..sale.standpoint—fo.example，borator.machinery—rger-than-us e.t.creat..rugged-lookin.machine.Sometime.machine.an.thei.part .ar.designe.purel.fro.th.standpoin.o.stylin.an.nothin.else.Thes.point.ar.mad.her.s.tha.yo .wil.no.b.misle.int.believin.tha.ther.i..rationa.mathematica.approac.t.ever.desig.decisio n.ManufacturingManufacturin.i.tha.enterpris.concerne.wit.convertin.ra.materia.int.finishe.product s. Ther.ar.thre.distinc.phase.i.manufacturing.Thes.phase.ar.a.follows: input, processing, an.output.Th.firs.phas.include.al.o.th.element.necessar.t.creat..marketabl.product.First, ther.mus.b..deman.o.nee.fo.th.product.Th.necessar.material.mus.b.(available.Als.need e.ar.suc.resource.a.energy, time, huma.knowledge, an.huma.skills.Finally,i.take.capita.t.obtai.al.o.th.othe.resources.Inpu.resource.ar.channele.throug.th.variou.processe.i.Phas.Two.Thes.ar.th.process e.t.conver.ra.material.int.finishe.products..desig.i.developed.Base.o.th.design, variou.type.o.plannin.ar.accomplished.Plan.ar.pu.int.actio.throug.variou.productio.pro cesses.Th.variou.resource.an.processe.ar.manage.t.ensur.efficienc.an.productivity.Fo.e xample, e.prudently.Finally, th.produc.i.questio.i.marketed.Th.fina.phas.i.th.outpu.o.finishe.product.Onc.th.finishe.produc.ha.bee.purchase.i. ers.Dependin.o.th.natur.o.th.product，installatio.an.ongoin.fiel.suppor.ma.b.required.I.addition，wit.som.products，ple.nature，trainin.i.necessary.Materials and Processes in ManufacturingEngineerin.material.covere.herei.ar.divide.int.tw.broa.categories:metal.an.nonmetals.Metal.ar.subdivide.int.ferrou.metals, nonferrou.metals, high-performanc.alloys, an.powdere.metals.Nonmetal.ar.subdivide.int.plastics, elastomers, composites, an.ceramics.Productio..processe.covere.herei.ar.divide.int.severa.broa.categorie.includ in.forming, forging, casting/molding, .hea.treatment..fastenin.joinin.metrology/qualit.control, an.materia.removal.Eac.o.thes.i.subdivide.int.severa.othe.processes.Stages in the Development of ManufacturingOve.th.years,manufacturin.processe.have.gon.throug.fou.distinct,-althoug.overlapping,stage.o.development.Thes.stage.ar.a.follows:Stage 1 ManualStage 2 MechanizedStage 3 AutomatedStage 4 IntegratedWhe.peopl.firs.bega.convertin.ra.material.int.finishe.products,in.huma.hand.an.manuall.opera te.tools.Thi.wa..ver.rudimentar.for.o.full.integrate.manufacturing..perso.identifie.th.ne ed, collecte.materials, designe..produc.t.mee.th.need, produce.th.product, e.it.Everythin.fro.star.t.finis.wa.integrate.withi.th.min.o.th.perso.wh.di.al.th.work .The.durin.th.industria.revolutio.mechanize.processe.wer.introduce.an.human.beg in.machine.t.accomplis.wor.previousl.accomplishe.manually.Thi.le.t.wor.specializ atio.which, i.turn, eliminate.th.integrate.aspec.o.manu-facturing.I.thi.stag.o.development,manufacturin.worker.migh.se.onl.tha.par.o.a.overal.manufacturin.operatio.represente.b.tha.specifi.piec.o.whic.the.workerge.pict ur.o.thei.workpiec.int.th.finishe.product.Th.nex.stag.i.th.developmen.o.manufacturin.processe.involve.th.auto-pute.contro.o.machine.an.pro-cesses.Durin.thi.phase,island.o.automatio.bega.t.sprin.u.o.th.sho.floor.Eac.islan.represente..distinc.proces.o.g e.i.th.productio.o..product.Althoug.thes.island.o.automatio.di.ten.t.en hanc.th.productivit.o.th.individua.processe.withi.th.islands,overal.productivit.ofte.wa.unchanged.Thi.wa.becaus.th.island.wer.sandwiche.i.amon.o the.processe.tha.wer.no.automate.an.wer.no.synchronize.wit.them.Th.ne.resul.wa.tha.workpiece.woul.mov.quickl.an.efficientl.throug.th.automate.pr ocesse.onl.t.bac.u.a.manua.station.an.creat.bottlenecks.T.understan.thi.problem, thin.o.yoursel.drivin.fro.stopligh.t.stopligh.i.rus.hou.traffi.Occasionall.yo.fin.a.openin. an.an：abl.t.rus.ahea.o.th.othe.car.tha.ar.creepin.along, onl.t.fin.yoursel.backe.u.a.th.nex.light.Th.ne.effec.o.you.brie.momen.o.speedin.ahea.i. cancele.ou.b.th.bottlenec.a.th.nex.stoplight.Bette.progres.woul.b.mad.i.yo.an.th.othe.d river.coul.synchroniz.you.spee.t.th.changin.o.th.stoplights.The.al.car.woul.mov.steadil .an.consistentl.alon.an.everyon.woul.mak.bette.progres.i.th.lon.run.Thi.nee.fo.steady，consisten.flo.o.th.sho.floo.le.t.th.developmen.o.integrate.manufacturing，.proces.tha.i .stil.emerging.I.full.integrate.settings，pute e.i.th.previou.paragraph，computer.woul.synchroniz.th.rat.o.movemen.o.al.car.wit.th.changin.o.th.stoplight.s.th a.everyon.move.steadil.an.consistentl.along.The Science of MechanicsTha.branc.o.scientifi.analysi.whic.deal.wit.motions, time,an.force.i.calle.mechanic.an.i.mad.u.o.tw.parts,static’.an.dynamics.Static’.deal.wit.th.analysi.o.stationar.systems, i.e., thos.i.whic.tim.i.no..factor, an.dynamic.deal.wit.system.whic.chang.wit.time.Dynamic.i.als.mad.up.o.tyr.majo.disciplines.firs.recognize.a.separat.entitie.b.Eule .i.1775.Th.investigatio.o.th.motio.o..rigi.bod.ma.b.convenientl.separate.int.tw.parts，th.on.geometrical，th.othe.mechanical.I.th.firs.part，th.transferenc.o.th.bod.fro..give.positio.t.an.othe.positio.mus.b.investigate.withou.resp ec.t.th.caus.o.th.motion，an.mus.b.represente.b.analytica.formulae，whic.wil.defin.th.positio.o.eac.poin.o.th.body.Thi.investigatio.wil.therefor.b.referabl.s olel.t.geometry，o.rathe.t.stereotomy.It is clear that by the separation of this part of the question from the other, which belongs properly to Mechanics, the determination of the motion from dynamical principles will be made much easier than if the two parts were undertaken conjointly.These two aspects of dynamics were later recognized as the distinct sciences of kinematics and kinetics, and deal with motion and the forces producing it respectively.Th.initia.proble.i.th.desig.o..mechanica.syste.therefor.understand.it.kinematics.Kinem atic.i.th.stud.o.motion, quit.apar.fro.th.force.whic.produc.tha.motion.Mor.particularly, kinematic.i.th.stud.o.position, displacemen.rotation, speed, velocity, an.acceleration.Th.study, sa.o.planetar.o.orbita.motio.i.als..proble.i.kinematics.I.shoul.b.carefull.note.i.th.abov.quotatio.tha.Eule.base.hi.separatio.o.dynamic.int.kine matic.an.kinetic.o.th.assumptio.tha.the.shoul.dea.wit.rigi.bodies.I.i.thi.ver.importan.as sumptio.tha.allow.th.tw.t.b.treate.separately.Fo.flexibl.bodies,th.shape.o.th.bodie.themselves, an.therefor.thei.motions, depen.o.th.force.exerte.o.them.I.thi.situation,th.stud.o.forc.an.motio.mus.tak.plac.simultaneously,plexit.o.th.analysis.Fortunately，althoug.al.rea.machin.part.ar.flexibl.t.som.degree，uall.designe.fro.relativel.rigi.materials，keepin.par.deflection.t..minimum.Therefore，mo.practic.t.assum.tha.deflection.ar.negligibl.an.part.ar.rigi.whe.analyzin..mac hine'.kinematic.performance，an.then，afte.th.dynami.analysi.whe.load.ar.known，t.desig.th.part.s.tha.thi.assumptio.i.justified.。

中英文资料对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Dump TruckDump Truck mainly refers to the delivery of goods unloaded the car and there is dumping the car, also known as Dump Trucks.Dump Truck is characterized by its compartment can be tilted a certain angle, so that unloading the goods inside. Tilting train is a Dump Truck engine power, through the dumping of bodies to complete.Dump Truck from the early 20th century there has been continuous development and perfection, has become the main vehicle of transport of goods. Dump Truck unloading a high degree of mobility and mechanization a bit, usually with shovel loaders, excavators, or belt conveyors and other ancillary use to achieve loading and unloading mechanization, which can greatly shorten the handling time and improve transport efficiency and save labor, reduce labor strength. As the car manufacturing industry, Dump Truck continued introduction of new materials, new technology, improve the quality of the utilization factor, with great speed range and high transmission efficiency, control and manipulation of better and more convenient.First, the status of technology development at home and abroad1. HumanizationFurther improve vehicle safety, vehicle safety, including performance, braking performance is further enhanced convenience and driver control, comfort is the car at home and abroad reflect the requirements of human development, which is reflected in the body, chassis and other aspects .(1)Suspension SystemForeign high-end Dump Truck, such as SCANIA, VOLVO, etc., air suspension with automatic adjustment, and basic domestic or leaf spring, a better use of the rubber suspension.(2)Transmission SystemMain Foreign is automatic transmission. China mainly with manual gearbox, there are some manufacturers began to try to configure the chassis automatic transmission.(3)Braking SystemsElectric control system mainly foreign (ECBS) and air disc brakes and ABS electronic control system installed. China mainly uses drum brakes, ABS, electronic brake system installed in the smaller, but also began developing the disc brake manufacturers.(4)Body SystemsDump Truck body of domestic comfort than the gap in Europe is still a great car.But high-end cab, driving and ride comfort has been greatly improved than before.2. SpecializationExclusive of foreign Dump Truck classification is increasingly apparent. In addition to general engineering of Dump Truck, but also according to the needs and purposes century, the development of a dedicated is Dump Truck.(1)Road salt cleaning truckOf snow, snow days will be transported to the road salt, snow on the road sweeping, snow spraying of salt.(2) Class of fluid transport truck pollutionAchieve pollution class fluid collection, transportation and dumping, can better protect the vehicle chassis, suitable for road paving and construction of the gravelmaterial transport.China Dump Truck of professional classification is not very clear that the Dump Truck currently mainly used in construction, mining, coal transportation, and its degree of specialization than the foreign classification there a larger gap.3. Structure OptimizationEuropean high-strength steel materials often used Dump Truck or a U-shaped carriage frame structure, the advantages are: light weight, great load, more payload can be loaded indirectly increase the loading efficiency; reduce fuel consumption, low center of gravity, good stability , lifting more goods at the time the play, easy todischarge; integral bearing, no or only a few ribs, a small amount of welding; more modern design, the outer surface of a large flat, easy to paste advertisements, or other patterns. Europe is very special car made extensive use of plastic toolbox fender cover.Plastic material has certain of toughness, resistance to low temperature and impactresistance, easy to rattle, and light weight, attractive appearance, lightweight is process in playing an important role.There are also a part of the manufacturers of high technical level, through changes in the structure reduces weight and do not reduce the cars performance, the main frame is the use of the car structure.For cost and processing considerations, the domestic truck still ordinary steel, steel plate as the main material.4. Environmental protectionAs the world's growing environmental protection, national environmental protection requirements on the vehicles are more stringent. Dump Truck load of goods sealing requirements increasing.Automotive engine technology represents a country's industrial level. Developed countries in Europe to Euro V vehicle emissions standards, and requirements of the domestic truck is currently the country Ⅲstandard, domestic and foreign well as very large gap, and reduce vehicle emissions of key technologies are only few the hands of countries, China still has great technical follow up and development process. Further enhance the environmental protection requirements, sealing requirements of the Dump Truck also mentioned the agenda, both at home and abroad using a variety of methods to prevent the Dump Truck's cargo spilled. Dump Truck in the professional classification abroad also help protect the environment, such as pollution category of fluid transport development and use of Dump Truck, but most major blessing Oh compartment sealed by a Dump Truck's way. Dump Truck of the closures are mainly two: one for soft tarpaulin cover and a metal hard cover. Therefore, foreign vehicles generally do not overload, the basic goods does not exceed the car along. The Dump Truck is the domestic have both, the majority of urban environmental requirements of the high metal cover, seal better, but the cost is high; environmental requirements of the majority of the lower soft cover, seal less, but the cost is low.Second, the main structure and functionDump Truck chassis and coat by the two major components, two types of chassis they use a stereotypical car chassis. Dump Truck as a shorter wheelbase than the average, the prices require higher strength and stiffness, so characteristic for the Dump Truck, Dump Truck chassis are often designed to be specific. Tipper tops, including cars, subframe, hydraulic lift dump bodies, electrical are systems.Dump Truck lifting mechanism is the core of the Dump Truck judge the merits of the primary indicators.Lifting mechanism of the type currently common are: F-type lifting mechanism to enlarge tripod, T-style tripod zoom lifting mechanism, lift cylinder, front roof lift and double roll.Dump Truck engine, chassis and cab of the truck are the same structure and general.Points after Dump Truck of the car to rollover and side tipping two, by manipulating the system control rod movement, the more common after the tipping, tipping push rod to make car, a small number of two-way is tipping.Distribution of high-pressure oil through the valve, tubing into the lift cylinder, front-end with the cab car is safety board.The engine through the transmission, PTO driven hydraulic pump unit, hydraulic tipping body compartments from the fuel tank, hydraulic pumps, distribution valves, lifting hydraulic cylinders, control valves and tubing and other components.Hydraulic tipping body is compartments from the fuel tank, hydraulic pumps, distribution valves, lifting hydraulic cylinders, control valves and tubing and other components.The engine through the transmission, PTO driven hydraulic pump unit, distribution valves for high pressure oil through the tubing into the lifting cylinder, push rod to make car rollover. More common after the rollover, by manipulating the system control rod movement, can stop the train tilted in any desired position. Compartments use of their owner gravity and hydraulic control reset.Tripod enlarge Lifting Mechanism is currently the most widely used way of lifting for 8 to 40 tons of load compartment length of 4.4 to 6 meters. Structural advantages of mature, stable lifting and low cost; drawback to the main frame on the floor inside is the closed height of the larger plane.Most of lift cylinder form of Dump Truck used in the 6X4 on the bridge in front of each side of the second installation of a multi-cylinder (generally 3 to 4), the hydraulic cylinder directly on the pivot point on the compartment floor. Twin advantages of lifting the main frame for the compartment floor and a high degree of closure on the smaller plane; disadvantage is that the hydraulic system is difficult to ensure synchronization of two hydraulic cylinders and held steady and poor students, the overall stiffness of the cars require a higher floor.Way before the top lift of simple structure, with the main frame on the floor inside the closed surface height can be very small, vehicle stability, low pressure hydraulic system, but the first big trip at the most-cylinder, high cost.Double roll force cylinders good, travel less, achieve double roll; but more complex hydraulic piping, give students a higher incidence of rollover accidents.Dump Truck with the development and improvement of domestic purchasing power, Dump Truck is not in the traditional sense of what life can be dry universal truck, from the design point of view but also according to different goods, different conditions, different is regions developed different products. This requires the user to purchase vehicles to the manufacturer for specific use.1.ChassisIn the choice of chassis, generally is based on economic benefits to consider, such as: the price of the chassis, loading quality, overload capacity, fuel consumption per hundred kilometers, road maintenance and so on. In addition, the user must also consider the chassis of the following parameters:①H eight of the chassis frame on the plane. General 6x4 chassis frame height of the upper surface of 1050 to 1200. The higher the number the greater the vehicle center of gravity, the more easily cause an overturn. The main factors affecting the value of the tire diameter, suspension layout and the main frame is cross-section height.②Chassis rear overhang. The number of Dump Trucks moves through the General Assembly, growth stability, gives students a rollover accident caused. This value is generally between 500-1100 (except Dump Truck roll).③Vehicle matching rational use and reliable.2.UploadCurrently converted Dump Truck manufacturers was mixed, select the Dump Truck manufacturers over the selection of choice products are equally important. In addition to looking products, but also understand the capabilities of equipment manufacturers, Dump Truck tops the design, technology and equipment is mature, service commitments, it can buy other accessories.Third, the lifting mechanism of choice:1. Recommended to choose a tripod for general use zoom-type Dump Truck lifting mechanism, the structure in China has a 40-year history, technology is relatively mature, suitable for carriage 4 to 6 meters in length Dump Truck.2. Reasonable arrangement, the parts Shouli Bu exceed the capacity of components, system hydraulic smaller, in order to ensure the seal life.3. The choice of quality hydraulic cylinders. Lifting hydraulic cylinder is the power unit, try to choose a quality assurance products, such as: blue post card hydraulic cylinder, the manufacturers promised lifetime warranty.4. Compartment of the truck longer than 6 meters generally used inmulti-cylinder front-top lifting structure.5. Cylinder lifting structure is generally used with a wheelbase of the truck 3 to 4meters.Fourth, selection issues to the attention of1. Transport large items must be selected inside the bucket.2. Car is longer than 5.4 meters to pay special attention when the cars center ofgravity and lifting stability.3. Can not be transported by special vehicles to transport coal earth. Private carcoal train general height of 1.6 ~ 1.9 m, length how the design of these vehicles is based on light goods (weight less than 1.2) to consider, for transporting earth and stone lifting may have poor stability, which seriously may lead to lifting a rollover accident.4. Do not use the bucket car transporting silt, clay and other sticky goods, thestructure of the bucket carriage of goods more difficult to remove the sticky.5. Transport iron ore in the Dump Truck manufacturers to keep up when thestatement selection, selection of the best choice for iron ore carrier.6. For the transportation of asphalt paving, the lifting mechanism requires slowdown device.Fifth, use and maintenance of Dump TruckHow several common errors:1. Engine running, take power in the "on", lift the handle in the "lift" and Menglift the clutch. Since leaving the sudden engagement PTO, oil pump and oil pump drive shaft causes a lot of impact load, could easily lead to early damage (usually occurred as the oil pump drive shaft damage.) High-speed operation in the engine compartment fully loaded, cold winter with high viscosity hydraulic oil under even more prominent.2. In the middle of a sudden the elevator full of lifting the handle into the "down position", when the car was not touched down, but suddenly rushed down, this will bring great impact frame, and even accidents. Although the single-acting hydraulic cylinder piston set a throttling device to ensure that the decline in the car before the end of the throttling effect have landed on the car speed is automatically slowed down, but the cars full effect has been obvious, therefore, should try to avoid these operations, If special circumstances must also be careful, try to slow down the landing speed, do not suddenly have to avoid the car off in the end.3. Xiewan goods, do not forget to disengage the power take off, or disengage the power take off will be driving, so the car is moving, due to take power in the "engagement" position, the lift pump in the "small cycles" state No load speed for a long time operation. The so-called "small cycles" when running the oil pump oil pump hydraulic oil only in the high and low voltage circuit between the loop. In this case the hydraulic oil temperature rises quickly, easily lead to damage to pump seals, or even pump "burned" phenomenon; Also in the high-speed driving, the oil pump drive shaft will also result in high centrifugal force early damage. More seriously, the operation means that the hydraulic pump system has a power source, the driving process will occur for various reasons, the rising car auto accident. Therefore, in the unloaded vehicle, you must promptly confirm the power take disengaged and then the vehicle has been disengaged.4. By Meng mention car - brake suddenly unloading. Meng mentioned as the inertial force of a great car (usually the rated lifting force of 5 to 20 times), can easily cause permanent deformation of the frame, open frame car and pay for welding, burning or destruction of oil pump seal, hydraulic cylinders and other damage damage , reduces the life of the vehicle, serious rollover accidents also occur. Therefore, when lifting the general ban truck traffic.5. Driving power take off in the "ON" position: If "on" state (red light), the pump will continue to rotate, there is power source of the hydraulic system, which would control valve because the gas control misoperation caused by cars on the auto-lifting; time distribution of air control valve even in the "down" position, the oil should enter the pump, it would pump burned out.6. Moving to lift the handle placed in the "stop" position: At this point the hydraulic system in a closed state, the impact of the ground while driving throughthe lifting mechanism can be passed to cars , some connected parts are easily damaged. So when driving down the handles is put some "down" position.7. In a great venue for cross slope of discharge: trunk askew when lifting, car flip axis may produce permanent deformation may occur more serious when it overturned.8. Goods have not been fully discharged when the use of safety rod may result in accidents, the safety pole inspection and maintenance is only used for carriages.自卸汽车自卸汽车是指以运送货物为主且有倾卸货厢的汽车，又称翻斗车。

毕业设计英文翻译：装载机发展概况装载机发展概况A loader is a type of construction equipment (engineering vehicle) machinery that is primarily used to "load" material into another type of machinery (dump truck, conveyor belt, rail-car, etc.).Loaders are used mainly for uploading materials into trucks, laying pipe, clearing rubble, and digging. A loader is not the most efficient machine for digging asit cannot dig very deep below the level of its wheels, like a backhoe can. Their deep bucket can usually store about 3-6 cubic meters of earth. The front loader's bucket capacity is much bigger than a bucket capacity of a backhoe loader. Loaders are not classified as earthmoving machinery, as their primary purpose is other than earthmoving.Unlike most bulldozers, most loaders are wheeled and not tracked, although track loaders are common. They are successful where sharp edged materials in construction debris would damage 2 rubber wheels, or where the ground is soft and muddy. Wheels provide better mobility and speed and do not damage paved roads as much as tracks, but provide less traction.Unlike standard tractors fitted with a front bucket, many large loaders do not use automotive steering mechanisms. Instead, they steerby a hydraulically actuated pivot point set exactly between the frontand rear axles. This is referred to as "articulated steering" and allows the front axle to be solid, allowing it to carry greater weight.Articulated steering provides better maneuverability for a given wheelbase. Since the front wheels and attachment rotate on the same axis, the operator is able to "steer" his load in an arc after positioning the machine, which can be useful.The loader assembly may be a removable attachment or permanently mounted. Often the bucket can be replaced with other devices or tools--for example, many can mount forks to lift heavy pallets or shipping containers, and a hydraulically-opening "clamshell" bucket allows a loader to act as a light dozer or scraper.The wheel loader is a type of engineering vehicle used primarily to move crude material over shorter distances. As the vehicle is designed without wheel suspension, wheel oader drivers are exposed to high levels of whole body vibration which influences ride comfort negatively.Construction machines, sometimes referred to as engineering vehicles or earth movers, are basically a class of self-propelled machines designed for use in civil engineering. The work in this thesis concernsa special class of construction machines, the wheeled loader. This vehicle is essentially a type of tractor equipped with permanently attached, front mounted lifting arms operated by hydraulic cylinders. Unlike vehicles designed primarily for transport, the wheel loader is built without any axle suspension. The front wheels are attacheddirectly to the vehicle body, and the rear axle is allowed to oscillate around the longitudinal axis, thus allowing all wheels to maintain contact with the ground. An example of a medium sized wheel loader is shown in figure 1.Wheel loaders are mainly used in construction or surface mining for moving crude material over shorter distances, but because of the versatility of the machines they are also commonly used for pallet handling, timber loading and similar tasks. Since the advent of thefirst purpose-built wheel loader about 50 years ago, considerable effort has been made to improve the efficiency, safety and operability of the vehicle. However, less attention has been given to issues like ride vibrations or handling stability. Traditionally, wheel loaders have been seen as machines more than vehicles and so the driving dynamics have been considered less important. However, since the demands for increased task performance and operator comfort are continuously growing, future requirements for vibration isolation and highspeed transport capacity will call for suspension systems that allow safe and comfortable travel under a range of operating conditions. This means that vehicle dynamic considerations are becoming increasinglyimportant in the design of wheel loaders.As a consequence of the primitive vehicle design and the rough surfaces where wheel loaders are usually operated, wheel loader drivers are often exposed to high levels of whole body vibration. In short-term perspective these vibrations will affect operator comfort negatively and cause driver fatigue. Long term exposure to low frequency vibrations has been shown to increase the risk for lower back pain , and is also believed to be the cause of various internal organ disorders. Thus, whole-body vibration can be considered a major occupational hazard for earth mover operators and have been the focus of various legislations such as the European Vibration Directive . As the wheel loader does not have any axle suspension, primary isolation from ground induced vibrations is provided by the tyres. Earth mover tyres are typically large and soft, thus filtering out and absorbing some of the vibrations and shocks caused by ground roughness. Theoretically, tyres could be engineered to dampen higher amounts of vibration although this would in reality be highly impractical. According to Lines etal [3], tyres would have to absorb about five to ten times more vibration energy in order to fully protect the operator from ground induced vibrations. This would greatly affect the rolling resistance of the tyre and hence the energy consumption of the vehicle would increase as well. Furthermore, the larger energy absorption would lead to high thermal and mechanical stress in the tyre material, which would accelerate wear. It is obvious that tyre design for increased vibration isolation would soon conflict with economic and environmentalconsiderations. Cab and seat suspensions also function to reduceoperator vibration levels. The cab is usually mounted on rubber elements, sometimes combined with an integrated oil volume, thus providingvibration isolation through flexibility and viscous damping. Morerefined cab suspensions also exist where the cab is mounted on a suspended subframe [4]. High-end driver seats are commonly designed with hydraulic or pneumatic dampers to cushion the driver from vibrations and shocks. The main imitation of seat and cab suspensions is the small amount of suspension stroke available. Because of these lim itations,the stiffness coefficien t of the flexible elements needs to be high enough to avoid impacts with suspension ends at large transient loads, and therefore the eigenfrequency of the cab or seat suspension is generally too high to provide vibration isolation in the lower frequency range. Furthermore, cab and seat suspensions mainly reduce vibrations in the vertical direction. This could possibly be alleviated by active systems [5], although the potential of advanced seat technology is Vehicle dynamic analysis of wheel loaders with suspended axles still unclear. It should also be noted that the vibration isolation of theseat is often reduced by inadequate operator posture . In addition tocab and seat suspensions,larger wheel loaders are commonly fitted with a lifting arm suspension system to decouple the mass and inertia of the lifting arms from the vehicle body. The bucket and lifting arms are isolated from the vehicle by means of gas springs incorporated in the lifting hydraulics and thereby pitching and vertical oscillations tosome extent, mainly for a loaded vehicle. Considerably greater vibration isolation can be provided by designing the wheel loader with full wheel suspension. This would mean flexibly attaching the wheels to the vehicle body by means of springs and dampers, as on virtually all road vehicles and on most offroad vehicles. Axle suspensions have greater potentialfor improved ride comfort as the available suspension travel is larger, and also have the potential to alleviate vibrations in the lateral and longitudinal directions in ways not possible by cab and seat suspensions. Apart from reducing driver exposure to vibrations, axle suspensionscould also improve the task performance of the loader. As the efficiency of an earth mover is usually defined by the volume of material that can be transported in a specified time, the working performance is directly related to the maximum practical velocity of the vehicle. This velocity is currently limited to a large extent by the operator’s ability to withstand vibrations and thereforeshielding the operator from vibrations will in practice increase the attainable vehicle speed. An axle suspension also functions to reduce wheel load fluctuations, thus improving handling quality and manoeuvring stability at high speeds. Therefore suspended axles are not only beneficial for driver comfort but also for the performance of the vehicle.. With the inclusion of suspended wheel axles, a large part of the vehicle mass will be oscillating on the axle suspension rather than simply the tyre flexibility. This will clearly have an impact on the driving dynamics of the vehicle.Naturally, the increased complexity of the vehicle will also add to overall cost and maintenance needs, which is not an unimportant consideration. Suspended axles have been used on certain engineering vehicles for some time, mainly off-highway dump trucks which utilise rubber springs or hydropneumatic struts as suspension elements. On agricultural tractors, suspended front axles are becoming increasingly common and some models feature rear axle suspension as well [6]. Applications to loader vehicles are less common and have mainly been limited to military models that are equipped with suspended axles to enable high speed road travel, thereby allowing rapid deployment and increased combat survivability [7, 8]. Since previous information regarding wheel loader suspension design is limited, a review of the applicability of current design methods, as well as the development of new methodology, is required to provide the necessary knowledge for wheel loader suspension design.In construction areas loaders are also used to transport building materials - such as bricks, pipe, metal bars, and digging tools - over short distances.Loaders are also used for snow removal, using their bucket or a snowbasket, but usually using a snowplow attachment. They clear snow from streets, highways and parking lots. They sometimes load snow into dump trucks for transport.Front loaders gained popularity during the last two decades, especially in urban engineering projects and small earthmoving works. Many engineering vehicle manufacturers offer a wide range of loaders,the most notable are those of John Deere,Caterpillar, Case, Volvo, Komatsu and Liebherr.The following we will introduce Carter 938G Series II Wheel Loader.EngineThe 938G II provides more power, excellent fuel economy, and reduced maintenance.Turbocharged, ATAAC. Turbocharging packs dense air into thecylinders for more complete combustion and lower emissions. Air-to-air aftercooling (ATAAC) provides a separate cooling system for intake manifold air. The ATAAC system reduces smoke and emissions by providing cooler inlet air for more efficient combustion.Constant Net Horsepower. The 938G II’s electronic engine is integrated withan on-demand cooling fan. The engine compensates for varying fan loads and provides constant net horsepower, regardless of operating conditions. A consistent level of “working” horsepower is provided and fuel consumption is reduced.Oil Change Intervals. The engine oil change interval is increased to 500 hours (with CH-4 oil), reducing costs and downtimePowerful Performance. The 3126B ATAAC engine delivers net power of 119 kW (160 hp), and meets EPA Tier 2 emissions standards. Its advanced system keeps fuel at low pressure in the fuel lines until it is injected into the cylinder. Fuel pressure is created hydraulically in response to a signal from the ADEM III? Electronic ControlModule.Electronic Control Module. The Advanced Diesel Engine Module (ADEM III) fuel system is a proprietary electronic control module, which provides improved engine response and fuel efficiency,plus advanced diagnostics and reduced emissions. Altitude capability is increased to 3050 meters (10,000 feet) without derating. ADEM III allows full electronic integration of the engine and transmission for maximum power train efficiency.Power TrainAdvanced Caterpillar power train is reliable and fuel efficient.Electronic Power Shift Transmission.The electronic power shift transmission with automatic shift capability is a countershaft design built by Caterpillar. It is electronically controlled and allows full power shifts and directional changes. Fully modulated gear shifts contribute to operator comfort and increase component life.Electronic Clutch Pressure Control (ECPC). Senses input from boththe transmission and the operator controls in the cab to modulate each individual clutch through a proportional electro-hydraulic valve. This results in smoother gear changes and improved shift quality. Energy is modulated into the clutches, resulting in longer clutch life.Integrated Braking System. New for G Series II, IBS integrates downshifting and transmission neutralization into the left-hand brake pedal. IBS provides smooth, optimized transmission neutralizer performance with a greater range of adjustability. The IntegratedBraking System also lowers owning and operating costs by reducing axleoil temperatures, which can extend service brake life.Easy Service. Daily transmission oil level check is done from the ground through a well-protected sight gauge.An oil sampling valve allows quick,clean access to the transmission for S•O•SSM oil analysis.Cooling SystemNew G Series II cooling package reduces radiator plugging and improves fuel efficiency.Reverse Flow. Air enters through the rear grill and exits out thetop opening and side hood doors. Rear air flow picks up less debris from the ground, reducing plugging.Improved System Access. The 938G II adds a swing-out grill,hydraulic oil cooler and air conditioner condenser for easier cleaning. Side panels open to allow access to both sides of all cores for cleaning.A heavy duty Airborne Debris Grill, with 4 mm perforations is available as an attachment.On-Demand Fan. Electronically controlled, variable speed on-demandfan adjusts to meet the varying cooling requirements of the machine. Fan speed is determined by oil, coolant and inletmanifold temperatures. In cooler operating conditions, average fan speed is reduced, resulting in less fuel consumption, lower noise levels and less radiator plugging.Unit Core Radiator. New unit core radiator with square wave shaped fins.Lower fin density (6 fins per inch) allows debris to pass through more easily.Environmental FeaturesCaterpillar cares about the environment and continues to develop innovative solutions.Low Exhaust Emissions. The Cat 3126B ATAAC engine used in the 938G Series II is a low emission engine designed to meet Tier 2 emission regulations. It is electronically controlled, with air-to-air aftercooling for more efficient combustion and cleaner emissions.Reduced Sound. The electronic on-demand fan automaticallyregulates fan speed depending on cooling requirements. The fan draws less horsepower in cooler ambient temperatures, which reduces fuel consumption.Sound levels are also reduced when the fan slows down.There is additional insulation around the engine to reduce sound levels.Environmental Fluids. Extended Life Coolant/Antifreeze with anti-foaming and anti-corrosion properties provide extended service intervals (up to 6000 hours) and requires less frequent fluid changes and disposals. Air conditioning refrigerant is CFC-free.Operator Station1 Steering. Low effort hand metering unit steering. Tilt steering column helps fit the wheel to the operator. Load sensing steeringdirects power through the steering system only when needed. When notsteering, more engine power is available to generate rimpull, breakout and lift forces.2 Excellent Visibility. The front window provides remarkable forward and peripheral viewing, including the machine wheels and bucket corners. Bonded glass in the windshield eliminates frame obstructions.The sloping hood provides excellent visibility to the rear of the machine.3 Finger Tip Controls. New pilot-assisted hydraulic implementcontrols deliver comfortable, low-effort operation. Single leverjoystick and lift lever F-N-R switch are available as attachments.4 New Instrument Cluster. Gauges, status indicators and alert indicators are now centrally located. 3-level warning system monitorskey functions. The system alerts the operator of immediate or impending problems with engine oil pressure, parking brake, fuelpressure,electrical system, brake oil pressure,hydraulic oil temperature, transmission filter bypass, engine inlet manifold temperature, primary steering oil pressure and the air inlet heater. LED warning indicators with no bulbs to replace.5 Cab Access. Left and right side doors swing open 180 degrees and latch for optimal ventilation, visibility and communication to ground level. Left and right side sliding windows are available as an attachment. Full service platforms are provided on both sides of the machine for safety and easy maintenance access.6 Floor Mounted Pedals. All pedals including the new electronic governor,are floor mounted for greater operator comfort. Left pedalincorporates the new Integrated Braking System that combines service brake, transmission neutralizer and downshift functions.7 Generous Storage partments for lunchbox, coolersand cups.8 Seat Options. The standard cloth and vinyl seat adjusts 6 ways. A new Caterpillar Contour air suspension seat (attachment) provides increased operator comfort with 6-way adjustment and automotive-style lumbar support.9 Electronic Autoshift Control. Set for manual or one of two fully automatic shifting modes.10 Ride Control System Switch.Attachment that reduces fore and aft pitch for a smoother, more comfortable ride. Allows the selection of three different modes: Off – always off service. On – always in service.Auto – the system is automaticallyactuated when themachine travels at a speed greater than 9 km (6 mph).11 Transmission Neutralizer Lockout Switch. Rocker switch that locks out the neutralizer. Defaults back to neutralizer “on” upon machine start up.China's modern 20 wheel loaders began in the mid-1960s of the Z435. The aircraft as a whole rack, rear axle steering. After years of hard work, the attraction was the world's most advanced technology wheel loader on the basis of the successful development of the power of 162 KWof shovel-fit wheel loaders, stereotypes for Z450 (later ZL50), and in 1971 December 18, formally appraised byexperts. Thus the birth of China's first articulated wheel loader, thus creating our industry loader formation and development history.Z450-type loader with hydraulic mechanical transmission, power shift, Shuangqiaoshan drive, hydraulic manipulation, articulated power steering, gas oil Afterburner brake wheel loaders, and other modern, the basic structure of the world's advanced level for the time . Basically represent the first generation of wheeled loading the basic structure. The aircraft in the overall performance of dynamic, and insertion force a rise of power and flexibility, manipulation of light, the higher operating efficiency of a series of advantages.1978, Heavenly Creations by the Department in accordance with the requirements of machinery, worked out to LIUGONG Z450-based type of wheel loaders series of standards. The development of standards, with reservations Z representatives loaders, L replaced by "4" on behalf of wheel, for ZL50 to Z450, it is so developed a LIUGONG ZL50-based ChinaZL-wheel loaders series of standards, this is Wong loader on the development of China's a major turning point. The standard was workedout by the industry after the division of labor, LIUGONG Xiamen ZL40 the manufacture of the large and medium wheel loaders, as workers, to the following small and medium-sized manufacturing ZL30 wheel loaders, and gradually formed a LIUGONG Xiamen workers, and 10% for workers at the loader to four backbone enterprises. To the late 1970s, early 1980sloader manufacturing enterprises in China has increased to more than 20, China has initially formed the loader industry. So far, China has developed wheel loader to the third generation, but the basic structure is still the Z450 (ZL50) evolved from. Change is not a very large second generation, third generation of some larger changes. 2001 China loader industry-wide total sales have exceeded 30,000 Taiwan, the world loader in the forefront of the market. Therefore, at present, China has become the world's loader marketing power.Prospect of small loaderFor a long time, small loader always been neglected in the status of a government department, not to regulate the management of the industry, well-known businesses loader products is dismissive. However, these did not affect small loader (hereinafter referred to small equipment) rapid development, and now with a small market despite its huge market demand has attracted such as the Long renowned engineering machinery enterprises to participate in the competition, the main battlefield in the rural areas with the small size of the market, sales have already reached 4 ~ 5 million, more than 200 brands to participate in market competition. But small market can be said to be installed speed expansion disorderly competition coexist. How to achieve industrial upgrading is placed in front of the small equipment industry must resolve a problem.Lack industry attributionCompared with large and medium-sized industries loaders, small with the development of the industry can use "plan" to describe, not only government departments related to the absence of industrial policies or development plans, and to date, industry has not completely clear attribution, the reality of the small equipment industries across engineering machinery, agricultural machinery and construction machinery, the three industries of grey areas. Despite the small market with a flourishing, but all small equipment manufacturers and dealers can dodge exists in the industry before the many obstacles to development.Small installed mainly refers to the rated load between 0.3 ~ 0.9 T products, also known as micro-loader. As industry ownership is not clear, with small products has been no unified national technology and quality standards, the overwhelming majority of products are installed in the small-wheeled tractor developed on the basis of the. In addition small installed the product is currently used by the maincomponent parts from tractors and light truck, not by the needs of small equipment for low-speed heavy-duty bridge, special bins key component parts, including even small projects with special tires. As a low technical content, resulting in a very low threshold of industry and become the de facto "open" industry, any person, business can be very easily installed into small industries.Small enterprises have installed a number of "fans", according to Construction Machinery Association Scraper Branch Secretary-General Chen Kai Yun, a conservative estimate at more than 200. More concentrated inShandong Laizhou, Taian, Weifang, in Luoyang, Henan Province, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, and other places, annual sales of more than 2,000Taiwan enterprises with a small handful, the majority of smallbusinesses with annual sales in 3200 by the following, with theproduction of small enterprises , the same easy to set up and close down.It is precisely because the strength of small enterprises with very limited products without high technology content, in the vast majorityof enterprises to participate in market competition are in the processof basically a single means to price competition to sell products forthe purpose, without taking into account future market things. In the common with the credit industry, services, brand competition means small industry basically not installed, in addition to differences in the strength of enterprises and product differentiation, marketing and management philosophy that is the deep-seated causes.Because users of the products of small equipment to mainly rural users, and users can only cover rural farm machinery sales networks, construction machinery and construction machinery sales are only part of the network coverage in rural areas. And the sale of equipment similar, with small products also requires agents or distributors can take the initiative to sell products to users and to users with standard and thoughtful service, and farm machinery dealers more customary sit shop operator, has no sales force, There is no specialized service teams,more difficult to expect the market planning, customer management. Construction machinery dealers and farm machinery dealers also have alot of similarities, and engineering machinery dealers not accustomed to deal with rural users. Therefore, the small market is not mature with the sales network, to a large extent affected the market maturation process can not be achieved on the one hand, the user guide, on the other hand, can not be achieved on the manufacturers facilitating role. Operating environment and the use of the different habits, resulting in a lack of support for non-small pieces of installed products can hardly meet the actual needs of users, increasing the cost of services at the same time, improve customer satisfaction become almost impossible task.Increased market differentiationUnlike the preceding two years, with no small on the future of the market is basically no doubts. However, when the small rural installed by the new face of the building the vast potential market demand, whether it is the product itself, or the level of industrial development is clearly not satisfied. And because of the double impact of external factors, with small market differentiation is an inexorable trend. Relying solely on price competition means does not make the small favorably with industry development. In fact, it is due to excessive price competition, leading to small enterprises with low profitability, sales, and the prosperity of the entire industry can not hide the crisis of survival. Anticipate with a few small companies have started the "innovation" in the product upgrades at the same time, learn from the equipment industry and other related industries experience, to establishtheir own marketing team and distribution network and market competition tends to differentiation.In the high-end users with the needs of small change, directly contributing to small enterprises with the differentiation, with the concept of progress andconsumer financial strength of the expansion, some of the ruralusers (particularly in the industrialized operation of agriculture users) product performance and after-sales service and put forward higher requirements. Liaoning Anshan Haihong such as production of high-end products not only with small to have their own patented technology (use of mechanical devices greatly enhance the performance of its products, avoid using electric control, hydraulic devices, such as product performance after upgrading to the use of rural users increased maintenance costs ), and introduced the "non-controversial" services.Especially in big enterprises with increased involvement of small enterprises with pressure, the end of 2006, the Dragon Holdings acquired Henan Baiyun electrical and mechanical equipment involved in the production of small fields.Small with a huge potential market demand, but only to meet user needs, and guide the user needs, small equipment will have lasting vitality. Existing small enterprises with well-known loaders already facing small enterprises involved with the production sectors and small users to buy equipment or equipment, such as small excavatorsalternative products twin crises, with the production of small。