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国际经济学 萨尔瓦多 英文PPTchapter6

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国际经济学英文课件(萨尔瓦多第十版)ch

国际经济学英文课件(萨尔瓦多第十版)ch
05
International investment and multinational corporations
International investment environment
Political environment: stability, policies, and regulations that affect foreign investment.
New trade theory departs from the assumption of perfect competition and focuses on the role of increasing returns to scale and monopolistic competition.
Classical trade theory posits that specialization in production based on comparative advantage results in increased production and consumption in all countries.
关税是一种税收，由政府对进口商品征收，以增加进口成本并保护国内产业。
关税定义
关税种类
关税作用
包括基本关税、附加关税、反倾销关税和报复性关税等。
通过提高进口商品价格，降低国内市场的竞争压力，保护国内产业和就业。
03
02
01
出口补贴是指政府给予出口企业的财政补贴，以降低出口成本，增加出口量。
出口补贴定义
Balance of trade
The balance of trade is a crucial component of the international balance of payments. It measures the value of a country's exports minus the value of its imports. A positive balance of trade indicates that a country is exporting more goods and services than it is importing, while a negative balance of trade indicates the opposite.

国际经济学英文课件(萨尔瓦多第十版)ch02

国际经济学英文课件(萨尔瓦多第十版)ch02

The Mercantilists’ Views on Trade
Mercantilists measured wealth of a nation by stock of precious metals it possessed.
Today, we measure wealth of a nation by its stock of human, man-made and natural resources available for producing goods and services.
Trade Based on Absolute Advantage: Adam Smith
A nation has absolute advantage over another nation if it can produce a commodity more efficiently.
When one nation has absolute advantage in production of a commodity, but an absolute disadvantage with respect to the other nation in a second commodity, both nations can gain by specializing in their absolute advantage good and exchanging part of the output for the commodity of its absolute disadvantage.
CHAPTER T W O
2 International Economics Tenth Edition

国际经济学(第三版)课件 (6)[53页]

国际经济学(第三版)课件 (6)[53页]
of factors of production?
• Multinational corporations impact these
movements
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
6–3
INTERNATIONAL TRADE VERSUS INTERNATIONAL FACTOR MOVEMENTS
same between the two countries
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
6–5
INTERNATIONAL TRADE VERSUS INTERNATIONAL FACTOR MOVEMENTS
• Wages would begin to fall in the U.S. as supply
increased
• Wages would begin to rise in India as supply
decreased
• Migration of labor would stop when wages were
• Capital is very mobile in the U.S. – small
differences in rate of return between regions will induce large capital flows
• Labor will also flow to regions of a country with
6–6
INTERNATIONAL TRADE VERSUS INTERNATIONAL FACTOR MOVEMENTS

萨尔瓦多国际经济学英文ch ppt课件

萨尔瓦多国际经济学英文ch ppt课件
Equal to 1 = change in exchange rate leaves balance of payments unchanged.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
before placing new orders. 5. Production lag to change output mix resulting from
price changes.
Salvatore: 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Domestic Prices and the Terms of Sale
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
FIGURE 16-4 The Identification Problem.
Elasticities in the Real World
Junz and Rhomberg (1973) identified five possible lags in quantity responses to price changes in international trade:
Depreciation of the currency increases prices of both exports and imports in terms of domestic currency.

国际经济学课件chap006

国际经济学课件chap006
18
Product Life Cycle
Sales and Profits ($)
Sales
Profits
Product Develop-
ment
Introductgn demand for the country’s exports is price inelastic.
The country is heavily engaged in international trade.
16
Immiserizing growth
Countries that export a diversified selection of export products do not seem to be at much risk of experiencing immiserizing growth. A developing country that relies on one or a few primary products (agricultural or mineral products) is more at risk.
5
Growth in only one factor
6
Growth in only one factor
The Rybczynski theorem suggests that development of a new natural resource, such as oil or gas, may retard development of other lines of production, such as manufactures (e.g. the Dutch Disease). Conversely, rapid accumulation of new capital and worker skills can cause a decline in domestic production of natural resource products and make the country more reliant on imported materials.

06《国际经济学》第六章

06《国际经济学》第六章
工业品的品质差异较明显，其消费结构与一国的收 入水平有很大的关系。从需求方面看，发生在工业品 之间的贸易与两国的发展水平或收入水平有密切关系。 所以，重叠需求理论适合于解释工业品贸易。
另外，发达国家的人均收入水平较高，他们之间对 工业品的重复需要范围较大，因此工业品的贸易应主 要发生在收入水平比较接近的发达国家之间。
End30
产品生命周期理论的发展
进入20世纪80年代，美国经济学家克鲁格曼等人进一步 发展了这个从动态角度考察国际产品贸易的周期性规律。 克鲁格曼认为，发达国家以固定速度持续有序地开发新产 品，而发展中国家没有或缺乏产品创新能力。在发展中国 家模仿和吸收发达国家新产品生产技术这段滞后期间，发 达国家垄断新产品出口，从发展中国家进口老产品（几乎 是完全竞争的产品）。每种新产品国际贸易都要经历发达 国家发明、出口、技术转移到发展中国家、发展中国家向 发达国家出口的四个阶段。事实上，技术更新是以实现和 增强竞争力为转移的。发展中国家引进技术不仅存在一个 滞后问题，而且存在承受巨大技术转让费问题。
第六章 重叠需求、技术变 化与国际贸易
第一节 重叠需求理论 第二节 技术差距理论 第三节 产品生命周期理论
End 1
第一节 重叠需求理论（需求 偏好相似论）
一、消费者行为假设 二、重叠需求与国际贸易 三、重叠需求理论与要素禀赋理论 的异同
End 2
概述
无论是古典国际贸易理论，还是要素禀赋理论，都是从 供给方面来探讨国际贸易的基础，即从技术差异、要素禀 赋差异等供给方面的因素来解释比较优势的决定，而关于 需求方面因素对国际贸易的决定则并未提及。另一方面， 基于生产理论的国际贸易理论模型比较注重于静态分析， 总是假设供给方面条件不变，而在现实中，这些国际贸易 的重要决定因素总是随着时间的发展而发展。例如，由于 技术进步或创新，国际贸易中新产品或新品种总是不断地 出现，即国际贸易的商品构成总是在不断更新。

国际经济学英文课件chapter6


$60
Increase in costs of production
Trade or Commercial Policies
▪ Definition
A tariff is a tax or duty levied on the traded commodity as it crosses a national boundary.
▪ Category
Chapter 6
and Multinational Corporations
P235-271
Chapter 6
Trade Restrictions:Tariffs
Outline
Definition and Category of the Tariff
Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff
Illustration
Chapter 6
10
Illustration (P240)
Increase in producer surplus (Benefits of the tariff)
Reduction in consumer surplus
(Costs of the tariff )
$15
Costs and Benefits of a Tariff
Chapter 6
7
Illustration (P239)
FIGURE 6-1 Partial Equilibrium Effects of a Tariff. Nation 2
Infinitely elastic
▪ E : Equilibrium point in Autarky defined by the intersection of DX and SX ▪ SF : free trade foreign supply curve of X to Nation 2 when PX = $1 (60X) ▪SF +T : New tariff-inclusive foreign supply curve of X to Nation 2 when PX = $2 ▪T : 100 percent ad valorem tariff on X (30X is imported)

萨尔瓦多的《国际经济学基础》ppt(dominick salvatore)

– A key issue – its not just imports! – Its also not just for consumers! – Services, not just goods!
• Lloyd’s of London
Dale R. DeBoer University of Colorado, Colorado Springs
An Introduction to International Economics
Chapter 1: Introduction
Dominick Salvatore John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dale R. DeBoer University of Colorado, Colorado Springs
1-5
What is International Economics?
• International trade in goods and services
– – – – A key issue – its not just imports! Its also not just for consumers! Services, not just goods! International trade is expanding
1-2
What is International Economics?
• International trade in goods and services
– A key issue – its not just imports!
• Exports of Boeing Aircraft • Exports of Microsoft Software

国际经济学(萨尔瓦多)第10版中文课件



2018/9/12
CUEB-国际经济学 第一章 导论
43
第三节 比较优势论
(The Theory of Comparative Advantage)

时间：1817年 代表人物： David Ricardo (英） 代表作：Principles of Political Economy and Taxation
2018/9/12
CUEB-国际经济学 第一章 导论
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A和B对X与Y的需求量
X A B 1 1 Y 1 1
2018/9/12
CUEB-国际经济学 第一章 导论
35
折成劳动量
X A 1 2 3 Y 2 1 3
B
2018/9/12
CUEB-国际经济学 第一章 导论
36
假设A与B两国的劳动存量

分工的好处和利益必须通过交换来实现；

市场机制是决定分工模式和实现分工利益的最 有效的机制； 国际分工意味着在更大范围内实现生产的专业 化，有助于劳动生产率的提高和收入的增加；
自由的国际贸易是实现国际分工利益的最有效 途径。


2018/9/12
CUEB-国际经济学 第一章 导论
27
（二）绝对优势理论
CUEB-国际经济学 第一章 导论 2

宏观国际经济理论

2018/9/12
主要内容

一、微观国际经济理论

国际贸易纯理论 国际贸易政策 外汇理论与政策 国际收支调整理论与政策 内外平衡政策

二、宏观国际经济理论



三、生产要素的国际流动 四、国际经济协调
CUEB-国际经济学 第一章 导论 3

国际经济学-第六章ppt课件


从国际贸易的角度看，这种消费模式的 传播，对发达国家或收入水平较高国家产品 的出口十分有利。消费模式传递对发达国家 的有利影响主要体现在两个方面：一方面发 达国家生产的耐用消费品等产品在满足了国 内需要以后，一部分产品可能被发展中国家 或收入水平处在上升阶段的国家所吸收；另 一方面，发展中国家对发达国家国内已经饱 和，甚至处在衰落期的产品形成源源不断的 需求。

总的来说，重叠需要理论是从消费者行为，即需求 方面，解释国际贸易的起因的。即如果两个国家人 均收入水平越接近，则这两个国家的需求结构重叠 部分就越大，因而，两国的贸易关系就越密切。产 品周期理论从技术变化的角度，探讨了在产品的发 展过程中比较优势的动态演变。在初始期，决定比 较优势的因素主要是研究与开发；在成长期，决定 比较优势的最重因素是资本；而在成熟期，非熟练 或半熟练劳动则是决定比较优势的最主要力量。
由于食物支出的收入弹性比较低，所以 当一国或食物进口国的收入水平提高时，对 食物的需求可能增加很少，甚至不增加，因 而其价格的变动也很小。而随着收入水平的 提高，人们对奢侈品的需求弹性则比较大。 这意味着，生产食物的国家和生产奢侈品的 国家在国际市场上所面临的需求条件或市场 前景是不同的。从国际贸易条件的角度说， 各国乃至世界总体上的收入水平越高，奢侈 品以及消费品中的耐用消费品的需求增长越 多，对生产这些产品的国家越有利。
图中，横轴表示 人均收入水平y, 纵轴 表示消费者所需的各种 商品的品质等级q, OP 表示二者的关系。E和F 之间的商品，两国的重 叠需求是两国开展贸易 的基础。当两国的人均 收入水平越接近时，则 重叠需求的范围就越大， 两国重复需要的商品都 有可能成为贸易品。收 入水平相似的国家，互 相间的贸易关系也就可 能越密切。
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The HO Model and New Trade Theories
• Trade based on changes in technology over time among nations is a different matter. These are explained by the technological gap and product cycle models. • While these models could be regarded as dynamic extensions of the basic H-O model, they are in fact different.
Components
• 6.2: the effect of relaxing each of the assumptions on the H-O theory • 6.3: international trade based on economies of scale • 6.4: imperfect competition as the basis of international trade • 6.5: international trade on differences in dynamic changes in technology among nations • 6.6: the effect of transportation costs and environmental standards on the location of industry and international trade flows
The HO Model and New Trade Theories
• Assumption 4: constant returns to scale, international trade can also be based on increasing returns to scale • Increasing returns to scale can be regarded as complementary to the H-O theory because they try to explain a portion of international trade not covered by the basic H-O theory
The HO Model and New Trade Theories
• Relaxing Assumption 1 (2 nations, 2 commodities, and 2 factors) to include more than two nations, two commodities, and two factors, while certainly complicating the analysis, leaves the H-O model basically valid, as long as the number of commodities is equal to or larger than the number of factors
The HO Model and New Trade Theories
• Relaxing Assumption 11(international trade among nations is balanced): lead a nation with a trade deficit to import some commodities in which it would have a comparative advantage and it would in fact export with balanced trade • Most trade imbalances are not very large compared with GNP, the charge that the H-O model unable to predict the pattern of trade is true only for those commodities in which the nation has only a very small comparative advantage
The HO Model and New Trade Theories
• Aside from temporary economic recessions and frictional unemployment (i.e., unemployment arising in the process of changing jobs), the full employment assumption is for the most part satisfied, at least in industrial countries.
The HO Model and New Trade Theories
• Assumption 6 (equal taste, more or less verified empirically) • Tastes: not sufficiently different across nations to overcome differences in the relative physical availability of factors of production in explaining different relative commodity prices and trade among nations
The HO Model and New Trade Theories
• Assumption 2 (both nation use the same technology in production): not generally valid • Natinologies in the real world
The HO Model and New Trade Theories
• Relaxing Assumption 10: with resources not fully utilized, a potential comparative advantage based on unutilized or underutilized resources might not show through or emerge • The H-O theory would then incorrectly predict the pattern of trade
The HO Model and New Trade Theories
• Assumption 9: costs of transportation and other non-prohibitive obstructions to the flow of international trade reduce the volume and the benefits of international trade, but they only modify the H-O theorem and the factor-equalization theorem
The HO Model and New Trade Theories
• Assumption 5: incomplete specialization in both nations • If trade brings about complete specialization in production in one of the nations, relative commodity prices will be equalized, but factor prices will not
The HO Model and New Trade Theories
• Assumption 3 (X is L-intensive and Y Kintensive, implying no factor-intensity reversal) • Factor-intensity reversal: lead to the rejection of the H-O model, but empirical studies indicates that factor-intensity reversal is not very common in the real world.
The HO Model and New Trade Theories
Chapter 6
Economies of Scale, Imperfect Competition, and International Trade
Introduction
• H-O theory based comparative advantage on differences in factor endowments among nations, but cannot explain a significant portion of today’s international trade • new, complementary trade theories: base international trade flows on economies of scale, imperfect competition, and differences in the development and spread of new technologies over time among nations.
The HO Model and New Trade Theories
• Complication: no longer classify a commodity simply as L or K intensive but require the construction of a factorintensity index to predict the pattern of trade • complex but still be possible