Basic knowledge on English
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The Importance of Acquiring BasicKnowledgeIn the fast-paced and increasingly complex world of today, the significance of acquiring basic knowledge cannot be overstated. Basic knowledge serves as the foundation for further learning and understanding, enabling individuals to navigate through life's challenges and opportunities with greater ease and confidence.Firstly, basic knowledge is crucial for problem-solving. Whether it's a mathematical equation, a scientific experiment, or a historical event, having a solid grasp of the fundamentals allows us to approach problems frommultiple angles and find innovative solutions. For instance, a student with a strong foundation in mathematics will be able to apply their knowledge to solve real-world problems, such as calculating the optimal route for a delivery truckor predicting market trends based on statistical data.Secondly, basic knowledge broadens our horizons and enhances our understanding of the world. By learning about different cultures, historical events, and scientific principles, we gain a deeper appreciation for the diversityand complexity of human existence. This, in turn, helps us to develop a more tolerant and inclusive attitude, promoting social cohesion and mutual understanding. For example, studying world history can teach us about the diverse experiences and perspectives of people from different backgrounds, fostering a sense of empathy and understanding towards others.Moreover, basic knowledge is essential for personal and professional growth. In today's knowledge-based economy, employers increasingly value candidates who possess a broad range of skills and knowledge. Having a solid foundation in various disciplines makes individuals more versatile and adaptable to changes in the workplace. Additionally, continuous learning and the pursuit of knowledge can lead to personal fulfillment and a sense of accomplishment.In conclusion, the importance of acquiring basic knowledge cannot be underestimated. It is the cornerstone of problem-solving, cultural understanding, and personal and professional growth. As we navigate through the complexities of the modern world, it is crucial to investin our fundamental knowledge and continue to seek learningopportunities that broaden our horizons and enrich our lives.**获得基础知识的重要性**在快节奏且日益复杂的当今世界中,获取基础知识的重要性不容忽视。
knowledge的意思用法大全knowledge有了解,理解,学问的行为的意思。
那你们想知道knowledge的用法吗?今日我给大家带来了knowledge的用法,盼望能够关心到大家,一起来学习吧。
knowledge的意思n. 了解,理解,学问(表示多方面的学问时有复数knowledges这一用法),学科,见闻knowledge用法knowledge可以用作名词knowledge可表示“了解,知道”或“学问,熟悉,学问”等,是不行数名词。
有时在knowledge前可直接加上不定冠词a,表示“对…有某种程度的了解或熟识”。
knowledge后可接of短语作定语或that从句作同位语,表示关于某方面的学问或对某人〔某事物〕的了解或理解,此时knowledge前须加定冠词。
knowledge可用some, much, little, more等词修饰。
knowledge用作名词的用法例句He is poor in money, but rich in knowledge.他贫于金钱,但富于学问。
She has a detailed knowledge of this period.她对这段时期的状况了解地相当具体。
Child as he is, he knows much knowledge of science.尽管还是个孩子,他懂得许多科学学问。
knowledge用法例句1、Father had no more than a superficial knowledge of music.父亲对音乐只懂一点皮毛。
2、He did not get a chance to deepen his knowledge of Poland.他没有机会更深化地了解波兰。
3、To the young boy his father was the fount of all knowledge.对于这个小男孩儿来说,他的父亲就是全部学问的源泉。
学好基础知识的英语作文Learning English is a rewarding endeavor that opens up opportunities for communication, travel, and personal growth. However, to excel in the language, it is essential to build a strong foundation of basic knowledge. In this essay, we will explore the importance of mastering fundamental concepts in English language learning and provide strategies for effective study.Why Basic Knowledge MattersA solid understanding of basic English grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation is crucial for clear communication. Just like building a house, a strong foundation sets the stage for success in more advanced skills such as writing essays, giving presentations, and engaging in meaningful conversations.GrammarGrammar forms the backbone of any language, including English. Understanding the rules of grammar helps learners construct sentences correctly and convey their thoughts accurately. Basic concepts such as subject-verb agreement, verb tenses, and sentence structure are essential building blocks for effective communication.VocabularyExpanding vocabulary is key to expressing ideas with precision and creativity. Basic words and phrases lay the groundwork for more advanced vocabulary acquisition. Building a diverse vocabulary enhances communication skills and allows learners to engage with a wide range of topics and contexts.PronunciationClear pronunciation is essential for effective verbal communication. Mastering the sounds of the English language helps learners be understood by others and boosts their confidence in speaking. Basic pronunciation skills contribute to overall language fluency and comprehension.Strategies for Mastering Basic KnowledgeTo solidify their understanding of basic English concepts, learners can incorporate the following strategies into their study routine:Regular PracticeConsistent practice is key to mastering basic knowledge. Engaging in daily activities such as reading, writing, listening, and speaking helps reinforce grammarrules, expand vocabulary, and improve pronunciation. Setting aside dedicated study time each day allows learners to make steady progress in their language skills.Use Resources WiselyUtilize a variety of resources to enhance learning. Textbooks, online courses, language apps, and language exchange partners can provide valuable support in acquiring basic knowledge. Interactive activities, such as quizzes, games, and exercises, make learning more engaging and effective.Seek FeedbackFeedback from teachers, tutors, or native speakers is invaluable in improving language skills. Constructive criticism helps learners identify their strengths and areas for improvement. Seeking feedback on grammar, vocabulary usage, and pronunciation enables learners to refine their language abilities.Embrace MistakesMaking mistakes is a natural part of the learning process. Learners should not be afraid of making errors but view them as opportunities for growth. By learning from mistakes and actively correcting them, learners can deepen their understanding of basic English concepts and enhance their language proficiency.ConclusionIn conclusion, mastering basic knowledge is essential for learning English effectively. Grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation serve as the foundation for developing advanced language skills and achieving fluency. By incorporating regular practice, utilizing resources wisely, seeking feedback, and embracing mistakes, learners can build a strong foundation of basic knowledge and progress successfully in their English language journey. With dedication and perseverance, anyone can improve their English skills and become confident communicators in the language.Learning English is a journey that requires patience and commitment. By focusing on mastering basic knowledge, learners can build a solid foundation for language acquisition and enjoy the benefits of bilingualism in their personal and professional lives.This document highlights the significance of mastering basic English knowledge for language learners and provides strategies for effective study. Through consistent practice, resource utilization, feedback seeking, and mistake embracing, learners can enhance their language skills and achieve proficiency in English communication.。
基础知识英文《Basic Knowledge: A Comprehensive Guide》Basic knowledge forms the foundation of our understanding of the world around us. It encompasses fundamental concepts and principles that are essential for learning and problem-solving in various fields. From mathematics and science to history and language, having a strong grasp of basic knowledge is crucial for success in school, work, and daily life.In mathematics, basic knowledge includes arithmetic operations, fractions, decimals, and basic algebra. These concepts serve as building blocks for more advanced mathematical concepts and are important for everyday tasks such as shopping, budgeting, and cooking.In science, basic knowledge includes understanding the scientific method, the principles of physics and chemistry, and the basics of biology. This knowledge is essential for making informed decisions about health, the environment, and technology.In history, basic knowledge includes key events, figures, and movements that have shaped the world we live in today. Understanding historical events and their consequences helps us make sense of current events and avoid repeating past mistakes. In language, basic knowledge includes grammar, vocabulary, and communication skills. These are essential for effective written and verbal communication, which is crucial for success in both personal and professional relationships.Beyond these specific fields, basic knowledge also includes critical thinking, problem-solving, and information literacy skills. These are important for evaluating information, making reasoned judgments, and adapting to new situations. Developing these skills helps us navigate an increasingly complex and interconnected world.In summary, basic knowledge is the cornerstone of learning and understanding. It provides the foundation for further learning and is essential for success in all aspects of life. By mastering basic knowledge, we can better understand the world around us and make informed decisions that contribute to our personal and collective well-being.。
基础知识对掌握一门学科非常重要英英语作文English: Acquiring basic knowledge is crucial to mastering any discipline. It serves as the foundation upon which advanced understanding is built. In any subject, whether it be mathematics, science, literature, or history, a solid grasp of the fundamental concepts and principles is essential for further learning and application. Without a strong command of the basics, students will struggle to comprehend more complex ideas and theories. Basic knowledge also enables individuals to think critically, solve problems, and make connections between different pieces of information. It provides the necessary framework for deeper exploration and analysis, allowing students to develop a deeper understanding of the subject matter. Therefore, investing time and effort in mastering the basics is essential for academic success and future attainment in any field.中文翻译: 掌握基础知识对于精通任何学科至关重要。
6级作文英语作文基础知识的重要性全文共10篇示例,供读者参考篇1Title: The Importance of Basic English KnowledgeHey guys! Do you know how important it is to have basic English knowledge? Let me tell you all about it!First of all, having basic English knowledge can help us communicate with people from all over the world. English is an international language, so when we know how to speak and understand it, we can talk to people from different countries and make new friends. It's so cool to be able to chat with someone from Japan or Brazil and learn about their culture and traditions!Secondly, having basic English knowledge can open up a lot of opportunities for us in the future. Many jobs require us to know English, especially if we want to work for a big company or travel to other countries for work. So if we learn English well now, we will have more options and better chances of success in the future.Also, knowing basic English can help us enjoy books, movies, and songs in English. There are so many amazing stories and songs in English that we can't fully appreciate if we don't understand the language. By learning English, we can dive into a whole new world of entertainment and have a blast!In conclusion, basic English knowledge is super important for us little guys. It can help us connect with people from all over the world, open up new opportunities, and enjoy awesome books and songs. So let's keep learning English and have fun while doing it! Thanks for listening, guys!篇2Essay: The Importance of Basic Knowledge in EnglishHey everyone! Today I want to talk about how important basic knowledge is when it comes to learning English. It's like building a house – you need a strong foundation to support everything else.First of all, basic knowledge helps us understand the language better. When we know the basics like grammar rules, vocabulary, and sentence structure, we can communicate more effectively. It's like having the tools we need to build our English skills.Secondly, basic knowledge helps us learn new things faster. If we understand the fundamentals, it's easier for us to pick up new information and concepts. It's like having a head start in our English studies.Another reason why basic knowledge is important is that it boosts our confidence. When we know the basics well, we feel more comfortable speaking, writing, and listening in English. It's like having a superpower that helps us overcome any English challenge.Lastly, basic knowledge lays the foundation for advanced learning. If we skip the basics and jump straight into complicated topics, we'll struggle to keep up. It's like trying to run before we can walk.So, let's remember to master the basics of English before moving on to more challenging tasks. With a solid foundation, we can build a strong English skill set and achieve our language learning goals. Keep learning, keep practicing, and don't forget the importance of basic knowledge in English!篇3Basics are super important guys! If you wanna be a super smart student, you gotta know your basic stuff. Like, English isnot just about reading and writing, it's also about knowing the basic grammar rules and vocabulary.First things first, let's talk about grammar. You gotta know the difference between nouns, verbs, adjectives, and all that stuff. Trust me, it's gonna help you when you're writing essays or doing grammar exercises in class. And don't forget about punctuation marks, like periods, commas, and question marks. They're like the secret codes that make your sentences make sense!Next up, vocabulary! The more words you know, the better you can express yourself. If you wanna sound super smart, you gotta learn new words every day. Try reading books, watching English shows, or even playing word games. It's gonna make a big difference, I promise!And last but not least, spelling. Guys, spelling is so important! If you don't know how to spell words correctly, your writing is gonna look sloppy. So practice spelling words every day, and ask your teacher for help if you're not sure.So there you have it, guys! Basics are super important when it comes to English. So study hard, practice every day, and you'll be a super smart student in no time!篇4Yo, guys! Today let's talk about why basic knowledge of English is super important, like super duper important. I mean, you gotta know this stuff, okay?First off, knowing English basics helps us communicate with people from all over the world. It's like a universal language, you know? So when you're chatting with someone from a different country, you gotta know the basics so you can understand each other.Secondly, English basics are key for school and work. I mean, how are you gonna write essays, read books, and do math if you don't know English? It's like trying to ride a bike without wheels, it just doesn't work.Oh, and don't forget about traveling! If you wanna explore the world, you gotta know some English. It helps you find your way around, order food, and make new friends. Plus, it's just cool to be able to speak another language.And lastly, knowing English basics sets you up for success in the future. Whether you wanna be a doctor, a scientist, or a teacher, having a solid foundation in English will open up so many doors for you. It's like having a superpower, dude.So yeah, English basics are pretty darn important. They help you communicate, succeed in school and work, travel the world, and set yourself up for an awesome future. So let's all keep learning and practicing our English, okay? Let's be English pros together!篇5Title: The Importance of Basic English KnowledgeHey guys, do you know how important it is to have good basic knowledge of English? Let me tell you all about it!First of all, having a good understanding of basic English helps us communicate better with others. Imagine if you can't even say simple words like "hello" or "thank you", how would you talk to your friends or teachers? It would be super hard, right? So, by learning basic English, we can express ourselves clearly and make more friends.Secondly, basic English knowledge is important for school work. We need to know how to read and write in English to understand our textbooks and do our homework. Without basic English skills, we would be lost in class and not able to learn new things. So, studying English is really helpful for our studies.Moreover, English is a universal language used all around the world. If we want to travel to different countries or talk to people from different cultures, we need to know English. It's like a superpower that helps us connect with people from all over the globe. So, learning English is not only fun but also useful.In conclusion, basic English knowledge is super important for us to communicate, study, and connect with people from different countries. So, let's keep learning and improving our English skills. Who knows, we might become English experts one day!篇6Basic knowledge is super duper important, guys! Like, you gotta know all the stuff to be super smart and do well in school. It's like, if you don't know your ABCs, how are you gonna read, right? And if you don't know your times tables, how are you gonna do math? It's like, super essential!Learning basic stuff in English is also really important. Like, learning grammar and vocabulary helps you speak and write better. And knowing how to spell words correctly is super important too! I mean, how are you gonna write a cool story or do well on a test if you can't spell words right?Basic knowledge is like, the foundation of all the cool stuff you wanna do in school and in life. If you know your basics, you can build on that and learn even more awesome stuff. So, like, pay attention in class and do your homework, guys! Basic knowledge is where it's at!篇7Basic knowledge is super important for us students, even though sometimes it can be pretty boring to learn. But guess what, without basic knowledge, we would be lost in this big world! So let's talk about why basic knowledge is so awesome and why we need to pay attention in class.First of all, basic knowledge helps us in everyday life. For example, if we don't know how to read, how can we read a book, or a sign, or even a menu at a restaurant? How can we write a letter, or a text message to a friend? Basic knowledge gives us the skills to do all these things and more!Secondly, basic knowledge prepares us for the future. When we learn math, science, and language, we are building a strong foundation for higher learning. We need basic knowledge to understand more complicated subjects as we grow older. Plus,having good basic knowledge can help us get a good job someday!Lastly, basic knowledge also helps us communicate with others. If we don't know basic English, for example, how can we talk to people from different countries? Learning basic knowledge helps us connect with others and understand different cultures and perspectives.In conclusion, basic knowledge is super important for us students. So let's pay attention in class, do our homework, and keep learning! Trust me, you'll thank yourself in the future for all the hard work you put in now.篇8Basic knowledge in English is super important, guys! It helps us understand the language better, and we can communicate with others easily. So, let me tell you why it's so vital to have a good grasp of the basics.First off, basic knowledge helps us build a strong foundation. Just like building a house, if the foundation is weak, the whole thing can fall apart. Learning the basics of English, like grammar and vocabulary, sets us up for success in the future. We canexpress ourselves clearly and confidently when we have a solid foundation.Secondly, basic knowledge helps us in our daily lives. Whether we're reading a book, writing an email, or chatting with friends on social media, we rely on our English skills. Understanding the basics allows us to navigate through different situations with ease. It's like having a superpower that can help us everywhere we go!Moreover, basic knowledge opens up opportunities for us. Whether it's getting a good job, studying abroad, or making new friends from different countries, English is the key. With a strong grasp of the basics, we can excel in various areas and broaden our horizons. Who knows what amazing opportunities lie ahead when we have a good command of the language?In conclusion, guys, having a solid understanding of basic English knowledge is crucial for our growth and success. So, let's keep learning and improving our skills. Who knows what incredible things we can achieve with our English knowledge! Let's do this, guys!篇9I'm going to talk about why basic knowledge of English is important. Hey guys, so English is like super important 'cause it's everywhere! We use it to talk to people from different countries, read books and watch cool movies. Plus, if you know English, you can travel to lots of countries and not get lost!So, like, basic knowledge of English is like the foundation of a building. If the foundation is strong, the building won't fall down. If you have a good grasp of basic English, you can learn more and more and become a super smart person!Also, if you know English, you can get better jobs when you grow up. You can work in cool places and make lots of money! And it's easier to make friends with people from all over the world if you can speak their language.So, like, English is super important 'cause it opens up so many doors for you! You can learn new things, make new friends, and have a super cool job. So guys, let's study hard and learn English well! It's totally worth it!篇10Title: The Importance of Basic English KnowledgeHey guys! Today I want to talk about why it's super important to have a good grasp of basic English knowledge. Get ready for a fun and informative ride!First off, knowing basic English is like having a superpower. It helps us communicate with people from all over the world, make new friends, and learn about different cultures. Imagine traveling to a new country and not being able to ask for directions or order food - it would be a total bummer!Secondly, having a strong foundation in English can open up so many opportunities for us. Whether it's studying abroad, landing a cool job, or just being able to understand movies and TV shows without subtitles, knowing English really comes in handy.Moreover, basic English knowledge is essential for success in school. It helps us understand textbooks, write essays, and participate in class discussions. Plus, it's a great feeling to ace that spelling test or impress your teacher with your vocabulary skills!In addition, knowing English well can boost our confidence. We can express ourselves better, share our ideas with others, and even give presentations without breaking a sweat. Who wouldn't want to feel like a rockstar in front of their classmates?Lastly, having a good command of English can help us in our future careers. Whether we want to become doctors, engineers, or even YouTubers, having strong language skills can set us apart from the competition and make us more marketable.In conclusion, basic English knowledge is like a super fuel that powers us to reach new heights and achieve our dreams. So let's keep practicing, learning new words, and pushing ourselves to be the best English speakers we can be! Cheers to a brighter future filled with endless possibilities!。
The Importance of Basic Knowledge in Academic LearningIn the realm of academic learning, the foundation of any subject lies in its basic knowledge. The acquisition of this fundamental understanding is crucial for students to progress in their studies and achieve success in their chosen fields.First and foremost, basic knowledge serves as a starting point for deeper learning. It provides students with the essential building blocks necessary to understand and appreciate the complexities of a subject. Without a solid grasp of the basics, students will struggle to comprehend advanced concepts and theories.Moreover, basic knowledge is essential for problem-solving and critical thinking. It equips students with the tools and frameworks needed to analyze issues, evaluate evidence, and arrive at logical conclusions. This ability to think critically is invaluable in today's world, where information is constantly evolving and new challenges arise.Furthermore, basic knowledge lays the groundwork for specialized study. As students progress in their academic journey, they often choose to specialize in a particular area of interest. However, this specialization is only possible if they have a solid foundation in the basic principles and concepts of their field. Basic knowledge provides the necessary context and perspective to delve deeper into specialized topics.In addition, basic knowledge is crucial for lifelong learning. As technology and society continue to evolve, the need for continuous learning becomes increasingly important. Basic knowledge serves as a foundation that students can build upon as they encounter new information and challenges. It enables them to adapt and grow, keeping their minds sharp and open to new possibilities.Finally, basic knowledge is essential for personal and professional development. It not only helps students excel in their academic pursuits but also prepares them for success in their future careers. A strong foundation in basic knowledge allows individuals to make informed decisions, communicate effectively, and contribute meaningfully to their communities.In conclusion, basic knowledge is of paramount importance in academic learning. It provides a starting point for deeper learning, enables critical thinking and problem-solving, lays the groundwork for specialized study, and facilitates lifelong learning. By acquiring a solid foundation in the basic principles and concepts of their chosen subjects, students can set themselves on a path of success in their academic and professional lives.。
附录(Appendix)Ⅰ英语书写基本知识(Basic knowledge on English handwriting)一、字体英语书法有多种字体,近年来在使用英语的国家中比较通用的有斜体行书,圆体草书和手写印刷。
斜体行书笔划清楚,容易辨认,字形简单,易于模仿。
由于它与印刷体相近,对初学者较为适合。
这套课本采用的是匀笔斜体行书,比粗细笔斜体行书更为简便易学。
采用斜体行书,并不意味着排斥其他字体。
初学者从斜体入手,打好基础后,再学圆体草书,不会有太大的困难。
二、书写方法学生初学书写时,坐的姿势、握笔的姿势和放纸的位置都必须正确。
1.身体坐正,两脚放平;脊背要直,头稍向前倾,眼和纸面保持一定的距离,不能太近。
前臂轻放桌面,两肘在桌子的边缘之外,胸和桌边保持二、三寸(约一个拳头大)的距离(图1)。
不良的书写姿势会造成近视、驼背、脊椎弯曲等后果。
2.用拇指和食指轻握笔杆,搁在中指第一节上;食指尖距笔尖一寸左右,不要太近。
无名指和小指稍稍弯曲,小指轻触纸面,手腕亦轻放纸面,使手臂能灵活移动。
笔杆放在虎口上靠紧食指,方向与右前臂一致,并与纸面成45°角(图2)。
3.纸可稍向左斜放,纸的下边与桌面边缘成10°角,不要太斜。
左手轻放桌上,按住纸面(图3)。
三、字母的笔顺字母要按一定笔划顺序书写。
教师宜反复在黑板上作笔顺的示范,并严格要求学生按规定的笔顺书写。
书写时注意下列各点:1.除f,i,j,t,x5个小写字母书写时是两笔完成外,其余小写字母都是一笔完成。
2.C,G,J,L,O,S,V,W,Z9个大写字母,书写时笔尖不能离开纸面,都必须一笔完成。
如:B,D,K,M,N,P,Q,R,T,U,X,Y12个大写字母,书写时都是两笔完成。
如:A,E,F,H,I5个大写字母,书写时都是三笔完成。
如:3.小写字母 a,d,g,o,q和大写字母O,Q等字母的起笔都在相当于小写字母c或大写字母C的起笔处。
4.e 是英语字母中唯一从左边中间起笔的:教师必须从书写教学一开始,就注意培养学生按照正确的笔顺书写,否则错误的习惯一经养成,就难于纠正。
四、书写的规格1.按照字母的笔顺和字母在三格中应占的位置书写。
2.每个字母都稍向右斜,斜度要一致。
本书字母的斜度约为5°。
3.大写字母都一样高,不顶第一线。
4.小写字母a,c,e,m,n,o,r,s,u,v,w,x,z写在中间的一格,上下都不出格。
5.小写字母b,d,h,k,l的上端顶第一线。
6.小写字母i的点和t的上端都在第一格中间。
7.小写字母g,q,y的下端抵第四线。
8.小写字母j,p的上端在第一格中间,小写字母f比j,p要高,与大写字母同样高或稍低一些;它们的下端都抵第四线。
9.小写字母a,d,g,q的起笔都在第二线上,中间部分是椭圆形。
注意起笔处要合拢。
10.小写字母a,d,h,i,k,l,m,n,t,u等字母的收笔是一个上挑的小圆钩,如,,注意不能写成锐角,如:,更不能写成汉字的竖弯钩,如:,g,j,y的下延弯度要适当,如:,不能太长,如:,也不能太钩,如:。
11.字母与字母不论是否连写,间隔要均匀、适当,不要凑得过紧,也不要离得太远。
12.单词之间必须有适当的距离,一般说,以空出小写字母a的宽度为宜。
13.标点符号要写在正确的位置上。
“.”和“,”要写在紧靠第三线的上方,而不是在第二格的中间。
“:”和“;”的下端与“.”和“,”的位置相同,上端稍低于第二线。
引号“”与大写字母的上端相齐。
省略号(或表示名词所有格的符号)“’”大致比字母i的点高出一些。
“?”和“!”大致与大写字母同样高低。
此外,引号的开始部分,即“,和括号的开始部分,即“(”,不能写在一行之末,但可以写在一行之首。
所有其它标点符号,都可以写在一行之末,不可写在一行之首。
连词符号“-”和破折号“—”应写在第二格当中。
英语句号是一个圆点,而不是一个小圆圈。
五、字母的连写有些字母之间可以连写,有些则不能连写,其规则如下:1.斜连写1) a,c, d, e, h, i, k, l, m, n, t, u的收笔上挑,正好与e, i,j, m, n, p,r, u, v, w, x, y的起笔相连,可以斜连写。
如:2)a,c,d,e,h,i,k,l,m,n,t,u的收笔与a,c,d,g,o,q和b,h,k,l,t的起笔虽不衔接,但笔顺一致,也可以连写。
连写的方法是把收笔上挑稍延长,移动笔尖至后面字母的起笔处书写,笔划经过上挑收笔处,就形成连写。
如:3)书写含有字母i或t的单词时,一般把单词一气写成后,再写i的点或t的横线,次序是从左向右。
如:4)s可以有两种写法:和。
前一种写法不与前面的字母连写,后一种写法可与前面的字母连写。
S的双写经常写成。
2.横连写1) f,o,v,w可以与在第二线上起笔的字母连写。
t也可以连写。
注意o,v,w与后面的字母连写时,须在收笔处加一个很短的横线与后面的字母相连。
如:2) f或t双写时以及 f与 t连写时,横线可以延长一笔写成,一般说,横线可以最后划。
如:3.不连写1)大写字母之间不连写,也不与后面的小写字母连写。
如:2) b, g,j,p,q,r,s,x,y,z不与后面的字母连写。
如:Ⅱ英语语音参考资料(English phonetics)一、概述语音的形成气流从肺部呼出,经过气管、声门,再经过口腔或鼻腔,受到发音器官的调节,形成不同的语音。
各发音器官的位置如图1所示:1.上唇 10.舌前部2.下唇 11.舌后部3.上齿 12.喉头4.下齿 13.声带位置5.上齿龈 14.气管6.硬颚 15.咽腔7.软颚 16.口腔8.小舌 17.鼻腔9.舌端(其尖端称为舌尖)音素和国际音标音素一般可以理解为语音的最小单位。
英语共有48个音素,其中元音20个,辅音28个。
记录音素的符号叫音标。
国际音标是由国际语音学协会规定的一套音标,用来记录世界各主要语言的语音。
一般使用其中的34个来记录英语的48个音素。
本套教科书把国际音标放在两斜线//内,以免和字母相混。
元音和辅音音素分为元音和辅音两种。
发音时声带振动,呼出的气流通过口腔时不受阻碍,这样形成的语音称为元音。
不论声带振动与否,发音时呼出的气流通过口腔或鼻腔时受到一定的阻碍,这样形成的语音称为辅音。
发音时声带不振动的辅音称为清辅音;发音时声带振动的辅音称为浊辅音。
单元音和双元音单元音在发音时唇形和舌位不变。
双元音由两个元音组成,发音时由一个元音向另一个元音滑动,唇形和舌位要作相应的变化。
元音概述英语里共有20个元音。
元音之间的差异,是由发音时各发音器官所采取的不同位置形成的。
所谓“不同的位置”,指的是舌头的高低与前后,牙床开合的程度,以及唇形的大小和圆扁。
但其中决定的因素是舌头的位置:舌身是在口腔的前部、中部或者后部,决定所发的音是前元音、中元音还是后元音;舌身隆起的高度以及舌的哪一部分隆起最高,决定发出的元音是开口元音、半开元音、合口元音、还是半合元音。
牙床开合的程度是由舌位的高低所决定的,而双唇的圆扁和大小对形成不同的元音也有相当的影响。
因此,描述一个元音的发音部位,主要是描述它的舌位和唇形。
图2是口腔的侧视剖面图。
图中的粗虚线,表示舌头的任何部分在发元音时隆起的极限,超过了这个限度,舌与上颚相接触而对气流形成阻碍,或只留下狭小的通道,致使气流逸出时形成摩擦,这两种情况都将使发出的语音成为辅音,而不是元音。
图中的四根细黑线,表示舌头的四种位置。
黑线上的符号“·”表示舌头在上述四种位置中各自的最高隆起部分。
这四种位置和这四个最高点,表示发元音时舌头所采取的四个极限位置,即: 1)舌身伸前并同时抬高的最大限度; 2)舌身伸前并同时压低的最大限度; 3)舌身后缩并同时压低的最大限度;4)舌身后缩并同时抬高的最大限度。
如果舌头的位置在这四个极限之内,所发出来的音便是元音。
舌位超过了这四个极限,就会形成辅音。
这个图只显示了舌位的变化,牙床和唇形的相应变化没有显示出来。
将这四个极限点用直线相联接,如图3所示,便形成一个不规则的菱形。
菱形的四个角,也就是四个极限点,可以称之为元音的四个基本舌位。
所有的元音都以它们为基准来进行描述。
图4表示英语中/i:/,/e/,/#/,/a/四个元音的位置,其中/#/和/a/两个音只存在于双元音/#+/和/ai/,/au/中。
发这四个元音时舌身的隆起部位都在口腔前部,所以称这四个音为前元音。
发音时舌身的隆起部位在口腔前部的元音,都是前元音。
图5表示英语中/&/,/&:/,/u/,/u:/四个元音的位置。
发这四个音时舌身的隆起部位都在口腔后部,所以称这四个音为后元音。
发音时舌身的隆起部位在口腔后部的元音,都是后元音。
将图4和图5相重叠,就形成图6,显示出这八个元音的舌位。
将图6中舌身隆起的八个最高点画到由四个基准点构成的菱形图(图3)上,并将英语其余的单元音(/i/,/$/,/%:/,/)/,/+/,/+:/)的位置也分别标入图中,就成为图7。
从图7可以清楚地看出,/a:/的舌身的隆起部位居后,属于后元音,而/+:/,/+/,/)/的舌身的隆起部位居中,称为中元音。
图7中的四条横线表示牙床开合程度的四个基本位置,从上到下为“合”、“半合”、“半开”和“开”。
发音时,舌身隆起的最高点位于菱形前缘线(左边)附近的元音,称为前元音;发音时舌身隆起的最高点位于菱形的后缘线(右边)附近的元音,称为后元音;发音时舌身隆起的最高点位于菱形中间的三角形内或其附近的,称为中元音。
前面说过,嘴唇的形状对于形成不同的元音有相当的影响。
嘴唇的形状可以分为三个类别,即扁唇、圆唇和中常开唇。
英语的前元音和中元音都使用扁唇,后元音都使用圆唇和中常开唇。
图8显示发元音时的八种基本唇形。
二、英语各个元音的描述元音是有噪音的语音。
形成元音时,声带振动,气流经由咽腔和口腔逸出时,不受到任何阻碍,没有可以听得见的摩擦声。
前元音的特点1.舌尖抵住下齿。
2.舌前部向硬颚抬起,中间留出空隙。
发/i:/时舌前部抬得最高,所留空隙最小,发/i:/时舌前部最低,所留空隙最大。
3.使用扁唇,发/i:/时牙床开得最小,发/$/时牙床开得最大。
4./i:/是长音,其它都是短音。
中元音的特点1.舌尖轻抵下齿,或略为离开下齿。
2.舌身的中部隆起。
舌的两侧不接触上颚。
3.使用扁唇或中常唇形。
/)/原来是后元音,但近来这个音有逐渐前移的倾向,有的语音著作将它列为中元音。
后元音的特点1.舌身后缩,舌尖不触下齿。
2.舌后部向软颚抬起,舌的两侧不接触上颚。
3./a:/用中常唇形,其余均用圆唇。
双元音的特点1.由两个元音组成,发音时由第一个元音向第二个元音的部位滑动,但不完全到达第二个元音的部位。