Cruise各部件参数定义说明 电动车建模

5.30. Electric Machine (EM)5.1. Vehicle (V)5.32. Battery H (QH)5.27. Electrical Consumer (X)5.59. Cockpit (CO)5.16. Single Ratio Transmission (D)5.17. Differential (N)5.98. Wheel / Tire (W)5.56. Brake (B)5.48. Anti Slip Control (ASC)C:\Program Files (x86)\AVL\CRUISE\v2015\documentation\CRUISE\v20155.30. Electric Machine (EM)The Electric Machine component can be used either as an electric motor or as a generator. There are separate characteristic maps for each mode. Together with the Battery H and Supercapacitor components, the user can simulate hybrid systems.电机组件可作为电动机或发电机使用。

每种模式都有单独的特性参数。

与电池H和超级电容器组件一起，用户可以模拟混合动系统。

The model of the electric machine contains two components, the inverter and the electric motor. For this type of model a characteristic map for the efficiency is used to calculate the loss of power.The thermic model takes the warm up of the electric machine into account regarding the occurring losses. The warm up of the environment with respect to the cooling system due to the electric machine is not considered in the electric machine component.电机的模型包含两个组件,逆变器（DC to AC）和电动马达。

对于这种类型的模型，利用效率特性图来计算能量损失。

对于能量损失，热模型考虑到对电机进行预热。

不考虑由于电机而导致的冷却系统环境的升温。

The actual temperature of the semi-conductor elements in the inverter must not (not even at starting time or at transient load cycle) exceed the upper limit, since the consequence would be the destruction of the inverter.逆变器中半导体元件的实际温度必须不超过上限（即使是在启动时或短暂的负载周期），因为结果就是逆变器的损坏。

It is also possible to calculate separately the temperature of the inverter by using the thermal model of it. In this case the thermal coefficients (like heat capacity and heat transition) of the inverter have to be defined.还可以用其热模型来分别计算逆变器的温度。

在这种情况下，必须定义逆变器的热系数(如热容和热转换)。

The maximal power should be restricted to avoid exceeding the given limit for the temperature due to the occurring losses. Therefore the permissible losses are dependent on the actual temperature of the motor and the maximal moment of inertia is determined according to these values.由于能量损失，最大的动力应该限制,以避免超过设定的限制温度。

因此，允许的能量损失取决于电机的实际温度，并根据这些值确定最大转动惯量。

5.30.1. Properties5.30.2. User Defined Variables5.30.2.1. Characteristic Maps of MachineThe value of the voltage level should be entered at which the following characteristic maps of the machine have been measured. In addition to the U1 level, up to 4 further levels U2 - U5 can be activated in the Property Window. For each activated level the corresponding voltage value must be defined and the corresponding characteristic maps.在电机相应的特性图上应输入电压等级的值。

除了U1级别，在属性窗口中还可以激活多达4级的U2 - U5。

对于每个激活的电压等级，必须定义相应的电压值和相应的特性图。

5.30.3.1. Mechanical Connections5.30.3.2. Electrical Connections5.30.3.3. Data Input5.30.3.4. Data Output5.30.4. Computation Variables5.30.5. Equation SystemThe actual torque applied to the drive train is given by:(1)If the drive train is turned off, the machine torque can be calculated by(2)But if the drive train is turned on, the machine torque is calculated by(3)using the maximum torque obtained from the characteristic Maps of Maximum Torque mechanical and the load signal.For permanent magnet synchronous machines, the maximum torque of the machine has dependency on themachine temperature. As a result, the maximum torque of PSM is evaluated by(4)Special Case: If the torque of the generator is very small or zero, the drive train is set to be working inmotor-related mode to balance friction torque etc.5.30.5.2. Electrical PartThe electric power is given by:(1)The loss of power consists of losses of iron, copper, and losses according to friction. It is completely transformed into heat. The mechanical power of the drive train is defined by:(2)There are following conventions of the sign:If , the motor-related mode is activated. Else if , the generator-related mode is activated.There are two possible cases for the loss of power and efficiency in motor-related mode. are the smallest data points in the characteristic map of the machine.Motor-related lossesGenerator-related lossesThe difference between the losses in motor-related mode and the losses in generator-related mode is given by the lowest torque in the characteristic map and the drag torque. In the domain above the smallest positive torque the motor-related mode is used and the efficiency is unique defined. In the domain below the greater negative torque and below the drag torque the generator-related mode is used. In the domain between the described domains again the motor-related mode is being used. There a smooth transition in the loss of power.Furthermore the terminal current of the drive train is given by:5.30.5.3. Thermal PartFor this approach the electric machine is considered as homogeneous body with the heat capacity . The uprising power losses in the electric machine are stored in the heat capacity(1)or they are delivered to the environment through the surface A of electric machine:(2)The specific heat transition (input value) includes already the whole surface(3)Inverter Temperature ModelThe temperature of inverter can be separately calculated by using its thermal model. The method is the same as that used in the electric machine.From the heat balance the power losses of inverter is defined as follows:(7)The temperature uprise is then determined, by solving the differential equation, as follows:(8)Torque derating ApproachTo avoid exceeding the permissible maximum heating temperature due to the resulting losses, the maximum power can be optionally limited. Therefore the admissible losses are estimated by considering the actual machine temperature and through that the actual maximum torque can then be determined.The maximal torque of the electrical machine depends on the losses and is defined by using the above power loss equation (see Eq.13 in Ele..., Eq.14 in Ele... and Eq.15 in Ele...).This assessment is based on the allowed time during it the electrical machine can deliver a constant moment as maximum performance and the resulting heating temperature reaches at the most the permissible maximum temperature.As described in the section above, the complete characteristic map is searched beginning at the maximal permitted torque, until the loss of power is smaller than . This value is the maximal permitted torque. The same holds for the generator-related mode.Note:In an electric machine various heat source are available from which the losses are passed through different thermal resistances at the surfaces so that the temperature rise does not follow exactly a pure exponential function.Further an electric machine is made of different materials and heat capacity, in which the heat sources are not distributed evenly. For a more accurate calculation, the thermal network method net or the FE methods are used.5.30.5.4. Derated Full Load CharacteristicsFree-definable derated E-Machine characteristics as function of speed and net voltage are available to define the upper limit according to the current state of E-Machine. In this connection the power of the E-machine is derated by using any set value from the data bus. Please note that only integer values can be defined for the set value. Additionally, the unit has to be defined as "coefficient" otherwise this input will be ignored and the Maximum Power (Torque) characteristic will be taken instead.Different derated characteristics are defined at different temperature sampling points. According to the current temperature of the E-Machine as a set value from the data bus, the corresponding derated characteristic is then used in the simulation.Note:There is no interpolation between derated characteristics. Hysteresis is thus the sampling temperature points; that means the same characteristic is used until the next temperature level is reached.在derated特性之间没有插值。