英语文体学基础(语篇结构)课件
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高中英语句子成分和结构讲解课件
高中英语句子成分和结构讲解课件一、教学内容二、教学目标1. 理解并掌握句子成分的定义与功能，能够正确分析句子成分；2. 掌握不同类型的句子结构，并能够运用到实际语境中；3. 提高学生的句子分析和应用能力，为日后的英语学习打下坚实基础。
三、教学难点与重点教学难点：句子成分的辨析及句子结构的运用。
教学重点：句子成分的定义与功能，不同类型句子结构的掌握。
四、教具与学具准备1. 教师准备：PPT课件、黑板、粉笔、教学案例；2. 学生准备：笔记本、教材、文具。
五、教学过程1. 导入：通过展示一段英语视频，让学生关注句子成分和结构在日常交流中的应用，激发学习兴趣。
2. 讲解：详细讲解句子成分的定义与功能，以及不同类型的句子结构，结合教材案例进行分析。
3. 实践情景引入：设置不同场景，让学生运用所学知识进行句子成分分析和结构归类。
4. 例题讲解：针对教学难点，选取典型例题进行讲解，帮助学生巩固所学知识。
5. 随堂练习：布置相关练习题，让学生在课堂上即时巩固所学内容。
六、板书设计1. 句子成分：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语；2. 句子结构：简单句、并列句、复合句、复杂句；3. 教学案例及例题解析。
七、作业设计1. 作业题目：2. 答案：（1）主语：The beautiful girl；谓语：is；宾语：my sister；定语：beautiful；表语：无。
（2）并列句。
（3）The boy in blue is playing soccer.八、课后反思及拓展延伸1. 反思：关注学生对句子成分和结构的掌握程度，及时调整教学方法，提高教学效果。
2. 拓展延伸：鼓励学生在课后阅读英语文章，分析句子成分和结构，提高英语综合运用能力。
重点和难点解析1. 教学内容的案例分析和例题讲解；2. 教学过程中的实践情景引入和随堂练习；3. 作业设计中的题目设置和答案解析；4. 课后反思及拓展延伸的落实。
一、案例分析和例题讲解在讲解句子成分和结构时，应选择具有代表性的案例和例题。
英语句子结构类型ppt课件
型
Hurry up, or you’ll be late.
He works hard while his brother is a lazy bone.
He was enjoying his KFC when a friend came.
5
3、复合句 复合句的某个成分，如主语、宾语、表语、
同位语、定语、状语等，由另一个句子承当。
二 、
6、结果（,so that,so…that,such…that） ；
句 子
7、目的（so that,in order that,in case） ；
类 型
8、条件（if,unless） ；
9、让步（though,although,even if,even though,in spite of the fact that ,whenever,wherever,whoever,whichever,
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并列句和复合句都是由两个或两个以上 的句子组成的, 但是连接并列句中的分句 是并列连词(Coordinator), 而连接复合句 中的句子是从属连词(Subordinator); 并 列句中的分句属于同一层次, 它们具有相 同的句法功能, 复合句中的一个或更多的 从句在句子中充当句子成分或修饰句子
来的呢？
6
3、复合句 （2）定语从句=先行词+引导词+其它。
二
引导词的选用取决于：
、
1）先行词；
句 子
2）先行词的修饰语；
类 型
3）引导词在定语从句中的成分。
注意：定语从句中的主谓一致；
He was the only one of the boys who was praised by the headmaster at the meeting.
英语文体学 PPT
General stylistics: concentrating on the general features of various types of language use, including literary discourses and other practical styles
General stylistics
Some Senses of style
1) A man's style is his mind's voice. (Ralph Waldo Emerson)
2) Proper words in proper places makes the true definition of a style. (Jonathan Swift)
Introduction to Stylistics
I. Introduction
What is stylistics? Modern Stylistics:
General Stylistics, Literary Stylistics
The Scope of Studies
Literary stylistics: concentrating on the unique features of various literary works, such as poem, novel, prose, drama…
Some Senses of style
5) Style is a shell surrounding a preexisting core of thought. It is regarded as an addition to a central core of thought or expression. (Nils Erik Enkvist)）
General stylistics
Some Senses of style
1) A man's style is his mind's voice. (Ralph Waldo Emerson)
2) Proper words in proper places makes the true definition of a style. (Jonathan Swift)
Introduction to Stylistics
I. Introduction
What is stylistics? Modern Stylistics:
General Stylistics, Literary Stylistics
The Scope of Studies
Literary stylistics: concentrating on the unique features of various literary works, such as poem, novel, prose, drama…
Some Senses of style
5) Style is a shell surrounding a preexisting core of thought. It is regarded as an addition to a central core of thought or expression. (Nils Erik Enkvist)）
英语句子结构分析成分 PPT课件
划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 ① Please tell us a story. ② My father bought a new bike for me last
week. ③ Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. ④ Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. ⑤ Did he leave any message for me?
It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.
（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）
(一）指出下列句中主语的中心词
1.The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.
简单句(simple sentence) 只有一个限定动词（即只有
一个主谓结构），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四 种作用中的一种。
• 作一种陈述 • 提出一个问题 • 发出一种命令或请求 • 表示一种感叹
•Examples:
•The boy hit the dog. / The dog bit the boy.
get B. longer C. days D. summer ③ Do you usually go to school by bus?
A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus ④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.
（常见的系动词有: be, sound（听起来）, look（看起 来）, feel(摸起来，smell（闻起来）, taste（尝、吃 起来）, remain（保持，仍是）, feel（感觉）……
高考英语专题辅导微课七选五之语篇结构公开课精品PPT课件
we need to drink lots of water to be healthy. When we are thirsty we just go to the kitchen and fill a glass with clean water.
31 For example, farmers, who produce the food we eat, use water to make the plants grow. When we turn on a light or switch on a TV or a computer we use energy and we need water to produce this energy.
3
括句或过于宽泛，或以偏概全，或偏离主题，过渡性句子不
能反映文章的行文结构，注释性句子与上文脱节等。因此把
握全篇文章结构及把握段落中句子间的逻辑关系是解题关键。
例 范例解析
理解提高
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 Let’s take a minute to think about the water we use. The human body is 60% water and
34 On this day every year, countries around the world hold events to educate people about the problems of dirty water and that clean water is something that everyone should have around the world. At one school in the UK, children between the ages of 10 and 15 walk 6km with six litres of water. 35 People give them money to do this and all the money helps get clean water to as many people as possible around the world.
31 For example, farmers, who produce the food we eat, use water to make the plants grow. When we turn on a light or switch on a TV or a computer we use energy and we need water to produce this energy.
3
括句或过于宽泛，或以偏概全，或偏离主题，过渡性句子不
能反映文章的行文结构，注释性句子与上文脱节等。因此把
握全篇文章结构及把握段落中句子间的逻辑关系是解题关键。
例 范例解析
理解提高
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 Let’s take a minute to think about the water we use. The human body is 60% water and
34 On this day every year, countries around the world hold events to educate people about the problems of dirty water and that clean water is something that everyone should have around the world. At one school in the UK, children between the ages of 10 and 15 walk 6km with six litres of water. 35 People give them money to do this and all the money helps get clean water to as many people as possible around the world.
英语《英语句子成分及基本结构》课件
They are joined by a coordinating connection such as "and", "but", "or" yet "
Example: "John walked to the park, but his dog stayed at home."
Understand basic presence structures
Learners will understand the different types of presence structures, including simple, compound, complex, and compound complex presence
Subject+predict+double object
Summary
The subject+predicate+double object structure is a sentence structure used in English to describe giving or transmitting behavior.
Subject+predict+predict
Summary words
Subject+predicate+relational structure is a sentence structure used in English to describe states or attributes.
Detailed description
Learners will be able to identify and understand the different elements that make up an English presence, such as subject, predicate, objects, completion, and modifiers
高二英语句子结构ppt
taste like anything I _____ before . (05
全国)
A. was having
B. have
C. have ever had D. had ever had
(3)My brother is an actor .He _____ in
several films so far . (05 浙江)
1.The twins ___w_a__sh__e_d__(wash) the
clothes yesterday.
2.The day before yesterday he
_p_l_a_y_e__d_ (play) basketball over there. 3._D_i_d__ Sally _s_i_n_g__(sing) two hours
ago?
一般将来时句子结构
主语 + shall\ will + do 主语+ is \am\are\ going to +do 主语+ be to +do 主语+ be about to +do 主语+ be + doing
(1) ——Your job _________ open for
your return.
A. appears
B. appeared
C. has appeared D. is appearing
3) 宾语（object）
I like China. （名词） He hates you. （代词） How many do you need? We need two. （数词） We should help the old and the poor. I enjoy working with you. （动名词） I hope to see you again. （不定式） Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句）
英语句子结构分析ppt
hard,your score will go up. 解析：错句中分词studying没有自带逻辑主语，则其逻辑主语就是句子的主
语，既your score . 显然做study的应是人，不应是your score（分数）. 正确 句(1)更正了句子的主语,使其与分词逻辑主语一致( 同为you );正确句(2)则使 用条件分句带出study的主语,(不过已经不是分词结构了). 分词独立结构常省略being,having been.不过‘There being...’的场合不能省 略. 如：
interested in business./为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有 兴趣. （目的状语强调时置前）
名词作状语： ｛状语置后｝
Come this way!/走这条路！（方向状语）
四、直接宾语和间接宾语：
>>>特殊的同源宾语现象: fight a fight , dream a dream , etc.
副词（短语）作状语： ｛状语置后｝
The boy needs a pen very much. /男孩非常需要一支钢笔。（程度状语） The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother. /男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。（宾语较长则状语
The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother./那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈 妈买的钢笔。
The pen bought by her is made in China./ 她买的笔是中国产的。
There are five boys left./有五个留下的男孩。
介词短语作状语： ｛强调状语置前｝
In the classroom, the boy needs a pen. /在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。（地点状
语，既your score . 显然做study的应是人，不应是your score（分数）. 正确 句(1)更正了句子的主语,使其与分词逻辑主语一致( 同为you );正确句(2)则使 用条件分句带出study的主语,(不过已经不是分词结构了). 分词独立结构常省略being,having been.不过‘There being...’的场合不能省 略. 如：
interested in business./为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有 兴趣. （目的状语强调时置前）
名词作状语： ｛状语置后｝
Come this way!/走这条路！（方向状语）
四、直接宾语和间接宾语：
>>>特殊的同源宾语现象: fight a fight , dream a dream , etc.
副词（短语）作状语： ｛状语置后｝
The boy needs a pen very much. /男孩非常需要一支钢笔。（程度状语） The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother. /男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。（宾语较长则状语
The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother./那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈 妈买的钢笔。
The pen bought by her is made in China./ 她买的笔是中国产的。
There are five boys left./有五个留下的男孩。
介词短语作状语： ｛强调状语置前｝
In the classroom, the boy needs a pen. /在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。（地点状
文章结构分析(UnderstandingTextStructure)(课堂PPT)
14
Another text structure
The cardinal and the cedar waxwing are two common birds. Both have crests on their heads. Both are common at birdfeeders. But the birds have some differences. The male cardinal is a bright red, while the waxwing is brown. The cedar waxwing often migrates from place to place. On the other hand, the cardinal stays in one place year after year.
18
Compare and contrast graphic organizer
• To organize details from a paragraph in compare and contrast, use a Venn diagram
19
RHale Waihona Puke view• Can you explain the difference between chronological order and compare and contrast?
3
What is a text structure?
• Writers use different structures to build their ideas
• Each text structure communicates ideas in a different way
Another text structure
The cardinal and the cedar waxwing are two common birds. Both have crests on their heads. Both are common at birdfeeders. But the birds have some differences. The male cardinal is a bright red, while the waxwing is brown. The cedar waxwing often migrates from place to place. On the other hand, the cardinal stays in one place year after year.
18
Compare and contrast graphic organizer
• To organize details from a paragraph in compare and contrast, use a Venn diagram
19
RHale Waihona Puke view• Can you explain the difference between chronological order and compare and contrast?
3
What is a text structure?
• Writers use different structures to build their ideas
• Each text structure communicates ideas in a different way
英语文体学-Chapter-3-Varieties-of-LanguagePPT课件
Middle Eng.(1100~1500)— The Canterbury Tales
Modern Eng. (1500~now)— W. Shakespeare; Samuel Johnson
.
7
3.2 Dialects
3.2.3 Regional dialect
Different speech patterns in different places
Accent (伦敦小伙儿模仿全球24种英语口音) English— British Eng.
American Eng. Differences: phonology, graphology,
vocabulary, grammar (p.27-28)
.
8
3.2 Dialects
3.2.4 Social dialect
and dialect
5
Social meaning of language
varieties
.
2
3.1 Two kinds of varieties
Language is used in a context
Language in use is determined by a variety of situations
discourse
.
5
3.2 Dialects
3.2.1 Individual dialect — Idiolect
One’s own features of speech/writing habits Voice quality Pitch & stress patterns Lexical items Grammatical structures ---- xx’s language/style
Modern Eng. (1500~now)— W. Shakespeare; Samuel Johnson
.
7
3.2 Dialects
3.2.3 Regional dialect
Different speech patterns in different places
Accent (伦敦小伙儿模仿全球24种英语口音) English— British Eng.
American Eng. Differences: phonology, graphology,
vocabulary, grammar (p.27-28)
.
8
3.2 Dialects
3.2.4 Social dialect
and dialect
5
Social meaning of language
varieties
.
2
3.1 Two kinds of varieties
Language is used in a context
Language in use is determined by a variety of situations
discourse
.
5
3.2 Dialects
3.2.1 Individual dialect — Idiolect
One’s own features of speech/writing habits Voice quality Pitch & stress patterns Lexical items Grammatical structures ---- xx’s language/style
语篇结构介绍
英语语篇的结构随着语篇语言学（text-linguistics）的兴起，人们已将语言研究的中心由句子转为语篇。
句子在英汉翻译实践中出现频率最高，但句子是个语法单位，不是理想的语言单位。
在实际交往中，语言的基本单位是语篇。
一．什么是语篇？语篇是一个具有完整意义的语义单位。
它与句子的关系不是大小关系，而是“实现”关系，即语篇依靠句子来实现。
但语篇不是句子的任意堆砌。
构成语篇的句子在意义和结构上都是相关的，有照应手段将其联系在一起。
任意的句子堆砌不叫语篇。
语篇长短不一。
一个句子，短语甚至一个单词都可以构成语篇。
如标语、谚语、广告、请柬等常常用一句话构成一个完整的意义单位。
例如：1．No parking.禁止停车2．Forbidden fruit is sweet. (谚语)禁果最甜；偷欢最乐。
3．Mr. and Mrs. John Smith request the pleasure of the company of Mr. Richard Wilson at a cocktail party onSaturday, November 20, at 17:30---19:00.约翰﹒史密斯先生及夫人谨邀请理查德﹒威尔逊先生光临十一月二十日（星期六）十七点三十分至十九点举行的鸡尾酒会。
在实际交往中，一句话构成的语篇较少见，常见的是由许多句子或段落，甚至许多章节组成的语篇。
在实用性翻译中，句子往往是较小的翻译单位，一般常见的还是语篇翻译。
二．语篇的翻译要求和步骤语篇翻译是翻译的高级阶段，是对各种翻译技巧进行综合运用的理想翻译单位。
只有通过语篇翻译才能使各种技巧不断增强，最终达到融会贯通的高层境界。
要求：以语篇语言学为理论指导，以语篇分析为语篇理解的手段和语篇翻译的基础，并借鉴传统的翻译理论和方法的合理部分，最大限度的使原文和译文达到意义上的对等。
三．语篇的组织结构：（一）语篇的组织结构语篇的组织结构也是语篇理解和语篇翻译的重要方面。
英语语篇结构详解
语篇结构语篇结构的用法内容概述语篇（discourse）指的是实际使用的语言单位，是交流过程中的一系列连续的语段或句子所构成的语言整体。
从功能上来说，它相当于一种交际行为。
总的说来，语篇由一个以上的语段或句子组成，其中各成分之间，在形式上是衔接（Cohesion）的，在语义上是连贯（Coherence）的。
句子成分的用法主谓宾定状补组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。
英语句子成分有主语，谓语，表语，宾语，宾语补足语，定语，状语等。
顺序一般是主语，谓语，宾语，宾语补足语，而表语，定语，状语的位置要根据情况而定。
1、主语主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物，一般由名词，代词，数词，不定式等充当。
He likes watching TV. 他喜欢看电视。
2、谓语谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征。
一般可分为两类：1)简单谓语由动词(或短语动词)构成。
可以有不同的时态，语态和语气。
We study for the people.我们为人民学习。
2)复合谓语：情态动词＋不定式I can speak a little English.我可以说一点英语。
3、表语表语是谓语的一部分，它位于系动词如be之后，说明主语身份，特征，属性或状态。
一般由名词，代词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词短语等充当。
My sister is a nurse.我姐姐是护士。
4、宾语宾语表示动作行为的对象，跟在及物动词之后，能作宾语的有名词，代词，数词，动词不定式等。
We like English.我们喜欢英语。
有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。
He gave me some ink.他给了我一点墨水。
有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。
如：We make him our monitor.我们选他当班长。
5、定语在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。
用作定语的主要是形容词，代词，数词，名词，副词，动词不定式，介词短语等。
英语句子结构PPT课件
It is such a big box. Nobody can move it. （结果）
It is such a big box that nobody can move it.
We’ll go to the Great Wall. It’s fine tomorrow. (条件)
We’ll go to the Great Wall if it’s fine tomorrow.
not only…but also, and then
• 转折并列连词： but, however, while, yet, nevertheless
• 因果并列连词: for, so , therefore, hence
• 选择并列连词: or, either…or, neither… nor
并 列
复
由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所
合
构成的句子。在英语书面语中应用广泛。
句
主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。
从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个
主句连用，不能独立存在。
复合句可以通过把两个以上简单句连接
在一起构成,但复合句的各组成部份并非
同等重要，其中一个句子由从属连词引
导（从句），用以修饰另一句子（主句）。
clause etc.
简单句基本句型实例
主语 ＋ 不及物动词 She came．/ My head aches. 主语 ＋ 及物动词 ＋ 宾语
She likes English. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 主语补语 She is happy． 主语 ＋ 双宾动词 ＋ 间接宾语 ＋ 直接宾语 She gave John a book． She bought a book for me. 主语 ＋ 宾补动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补语 She makes her mother angry． The teacher asked me to read the passage. There +be There lies a book on the desk.
It is such a big box that nobody can move it.
We’ll go to the Great Wall. It’s fine tomorrow. (条件)
We’ll go to the Great Wall if it’s fine tomorrow.
not only…but also, and then
• 转折并列连词： but, however, while, yet, nevertheless
• 因果并列连词: for, so , therefore, hence
• 选择并列连词: or, either…or, neither… nor
并 列
复
由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所
合
构成的句子。在英语书面语中应用广泛。
句
主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。
从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个
主句连用，不能独立存在。
复合句可以通过把两个以上简单句连接
在一起构成,但复合句的各组成部份并非
同等重要，其中一个句子由从属连词引
导（从句），用以修饰另一句子（主句）。
clause etc.
简单句基本句型实例
主语 ＋ 不及物动词 She came．/ My head aches. 主语 ＋ 及物动词 ＋ 宾语
She likes English. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 主语补语 She is happy． 主语 ＋ 双宾动词 ＋ 间接宾语 ＋ 直接宾语 She gave John a book． She bought a book for me. 主语 ＋ 宾补动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补语 She makes her mother angry． The teacher asked me to read the passage. There +be There lies a book on the desk.
专题英语句子结构概要课件
注意
说明1：当定语修饰不定代词如：nothing , anything , everything , something 等时，定语要放在其后作后置定 语。
I tell him something interesting . 说明2：不定式、短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的
名词之后。 The boys in the room are in Class Ten. Do you have any piece of music to listen to. to 不可以省
之后）
8. 同位语
同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代 词对前者解释加以说明的成分，近乎于后 置定语。
We students should study hard. / (students 是we的同位语，都是指同一批‘学生’）
We all are students. / (all是we的同位语， 都指同样的‘我们’）
一．句子成分分析
1． 主语（subject） 句子的主体，全句述说的对象。一般由名 词，代词，数词，不定式，动名词，从句 担任,常置于句首。 Professor Zhang is a famous scientist. （名词做主语） I like football. （主格代词做主语）
To swim in the Lijiang River is a great pleasure. （不定式做主语）
富了。
6．终止系动词 表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out,表达
“证实”，“变成““证明是，结果是”之意，例如： The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。 His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。
英语文体学教学PPT课件
e.g., the participant, time, place, topic, etc. of the communicative event, from very formal to very informal
.
16
Definition of style
2. The register语域, which refers to the special variety of language used by a particular social group that may have a common profession, e.g., doctors, lawyers, teachers, or the same interests, e.g., football fans, etc
Language and Literature, Routledge, 2000.
.
5
侯维瑞， 《文学文体学》，上海：上海外语教育出版社 ，2008。
胡壮麟，《理论文体学》，
北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1999。
胡壮麟、刘世生，《西方文体学辞典》，
北京：清华大学出版社，2004。
刘世生，《西方文体学论纲》，
.
17
Definition of style
3. The set of linguistic features that seem to be characteristic of a text, e.g., the style of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, or of an author, e.g., Miltonic style
.
14
What is your definition of style?
.
16
Definition of style
2. The register语域, which refers to the special variety of language used by a particular social group that may have a common profession, e.g., doctors, lawyers, teachers, or the same interests, e.g., football fans, etc
Language and Literature, Routledge, 2000.
.
5
侯维瑞， 《文学文体学》，上海：上海外语教育出版社 ，2008。
胡壮麟，《理论文体学》，
北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1999。
胡壮麟、刘世生，《西方文体学辞典》，
北京：清华大学出版社，2004。
刘世生，《西方文体学论纲》，
.
17
Definition of style
3. The set of linguistic features that seem to be characteristic of a text, e.g., the style of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, or of an author, e.g., Miltonic style
.
14
What is your definition of style?
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2
英语语篇的模式研究
• 语篇的组织模式（textual pattern）可以定 义为“构成语篇的关系的组合”。 • 英语中有多种语篇模式，常见的模式是： • 问题—解决 • 一般—特殊 • 主张—反应 • 提问—回答
3
问题—解决模式的宏观结构一般由情景（situation）、问题（problem）、 反应（response）、评价（evaluation)或结果（result）四部分组成。
5
主张—反应模式也叫做主张—反 Situation 主张模式（claim— response/counterclaim pattern)。 I have in my possession a copy of a press release from 其宏观结构包括“情景”，“主 , “反应”三部分。 Sir Aaron Klug, the president of the张” Royal Society dated Claim
Situation (optional)
Most people like to take a camera with them Aspect of situation requiring a response (i.e. Problem) when they travel abroad. But all airports nowadays have X-ray security screening and X rays can damage film. One solution to this problem is Response to purchase a specially designed lead-lined pouch. These are cheap and can protect film from Positive Result/ evaluation Positiveall Evaluation but the strongest X rays. Positive result
问题—解决模式是英语中极为常见的语篇模式，经常用于 说明文、广告、科技文章、实验报告、新闻报道以及故事、 小说等文学作品中。 positive
Evaluation (optional)
4
combined in a single statement
Basis (optional)
一般—特殊模式又可称作概括—具体模式，其宏观结构由三个成分组成： 概括陈述、具体陈述和总结陈述。其表现形式有两种：先概括再举例； 先整体后细节。 Knowledge often results only after persistent investigation. Albert Einstein, after a lengthy examinationGeneral of the characteristics General statement statement of matter and energy, formulated his famous Theory of Relativity, which now acts as a basis for further research in nuclear physics. Using plaster casts of footprints, fingerprints, and stray stands of hair, Specific statement Specific statement 1 a detective pertinaciously pursues the criminal. After years of work, Annie Jump Cannon perfected the classification of the spectra 0f some 350,000 stars. Investigations into the causes of polio Specific statement 2 the means for prevention Even more have provided us with and specific cure of this dreaded disease only after many years of research. As students, we too are determined in our investigation to find, retain, and Even more specific contribute to the store Specific statement 3of human knowledge. 这一模式在宣传材料、自然科学、社会科学的论说文 General statement 中，在文学作品、百科全书中很常见。 General statement
英语文体学基础
语篇结构与功能
1
什么是语篇呢？
• “它可以是一个词……它可以是一个词组或短语……它可 以是一个小句……它可以是一幅对联、一首小诗、一篇散 文、一则日记、一部小说（三部曲或其中的章节）……； 它也可以是一句口号、一支歌曲、一次对话、一场口角、 一次长达两三个小时的讲演……” • Roughly speaking, it refers to attempts to study the organization of language above the sentence or above the clause, and therefore to study larger linguistic units, such as conversational exchanges or written texts. • Linguistic communication always appears in textual form.