U 1 研究生英语听说教程(07版)(基楚级)

研究生听说教程上答案【篇一：研究生英语听说教程(1-6单元)答案】5 outrageous shopping bills are a familiar1. suffer that nightmare2. genders3. unaffordable4. sufferers5. more than 1 in 20 adults6. expensive electronics7. such a high number of compulsive shoppers inthe general population8. make finding a cure a priority二单元、p20 tree-lighting ceremony1. location: rockefeller centre, new york2. time: right before the christmas season3. height of the tree: nearly 9 storeys4. audience: people from all around the country5. number of the lights on the tree: 300006. size of the star topper: nearly 10 feet in diameter7.material of the star topper: crystal8. source of the tree: a home in connecticut二单元、p29post-vacation depression includes1. sleeplessness2. loss of appetite3. irregular heartbeat4. feelings of despair5. tiredness6. stomachache7. trouble breathing8.anxiety9. nervousness10. space the month-long vacation out11. blow it all at once12. returning on a monday13. such blues are temporary14. don’t make important decisions15. a new period in life16. personal growth三单元、p34reporter: in vail, arizona, a new school1. in this case involves2. impact3单元、available4. resources5. what’s the point6. medium7. reasoning 8. normal9. from their perspective10. opposed to just the one angle四单元、p51beijing opera is largely seen as a dying art 1. devoted2. computer animator3. discipline4.heart-stopping5. explanation in english6. much-loved legend7. supernatural8. challenge9. that’s within the rules of the opera.10. wins good reviews from both western andchinese audience members11. expressing the more acceptable way12. but the popularity of beijing opera is fading fast四单元、p53i hear jill will make her presentation in class today 1. that can’t be true 2.for certain3. that’s impossible4. might be5. it’s likely that6. quite possibly7.i know that for sure 8. no wonder五单元、p67thank you very, very much. well, i just have1. challenge2.beat3. figure out4. definition5. recognize6. disability7. committed8. tolerate discrimination9. that is tearing down barriers, both inarchitecture and in attitude10. who are helping people with disabilitieslive independent lives六单元、p82 damage from acid rain is… earth and sky.1. widespread2. falling on3. exactly4. to reliably measure5. assume6. pollutants7. electrical utility plants8. react with9. to get showered10. with wind currents11. leach nutrients 12. combine with13.from fossil fuels14. dedicated to听对话listening to a conversation—单元、p3 1.a)she thinks internet addiction is as serious as drug and smoking adiction1.a she thinks internet addiction is as serious as drug and smoking addiction.2.b internet addicts include both children and adults.3.b some may get into trouble over money issues.4.d internet addiction needs to be taken seriously and treated properly.二单元、p20 1.a)tourism is a big and amazing business.1.b one can learn a lot about other people and customs through traveling.2.d to make a comparison so as to make his point clear.3.athey have some language problems and feel a bit afraid.三单元、p32 1.a)he thought it was a useful course.1.bhe thought one could simply practice writing by oneself.2.a a person’s thinking patterns are shown in his writing.3.dthe writer’s reading ability.4.dhow to put writing skills into practice.5.bhe will register for an essay-writing course.四单元、p49 1.a)he hoped he could write as well as his father.1.d he feared his handwriting would not impress his son.2.c children spend a lot of time on the computer.3.a to call on more people to focus on handwriting.4.b most people’s handwriting is worse than t heir parents.五单元、p65 1.a)finding a place to live in habitat for humanity.1.cgetting information about habitat for humanity.2.a it brought about a lot of changes in her life.3.b it’s a unique chance to perform a citizen s duty to help others.4.c to do one’s share for others is to make our world a better place to live.5.a because wilbur chose to ask her for the information needed.六单元、p81 1.a)getting closer to the animals in the zoo.1.bseeing a wild animal in the zoo.2.ctoday’s zoos a re good habitats for wild animals.3.dto prevent endangered animals from extinction.听短文—单元、p4 1.a)he feels ashamed about his son’s incompetence.1.bhe feels the other boys are too competitive.2.dhe thinks dancing is a way to relax in ones spare time.3.a hobbies are supposed to bring pleasure to people.4.athe speaker simply wants to have a good time.二单元、无三单元、p34 1.a)she will be 100 years old on wednesday.1.dshe will celebrate her 95th birthday on wednesday.2.bshe is seeking a ba degree in religion.3.cshe completed some of her courses on the internet.4.bher son and others will hold a birthday party for her.5.anola ochs has set up a remarkable example as a lifetime learner.三单元、p431.a)because they were homeless children.1.c because they took part in a special hardship camp.2.bgrowing vegetables.3.amountains that are far away.4.dhardship camps can be an important part of an education for children.5.a they like the idea of organizing hardship camps and support it.四单元、p50 barbie 1.a)the old-fashioned design.1.dthe decreasing sales worldwide.2.atoys need to be magical and creative.3.bbecause burbie stands for an outdate image of women.4.abarbie dolls may disappear from the market.5.cthe barbie brand will expand to other entertainment fields.五单元、p66mike teeley… interview1.a)he was well mannered when talking with the speaker.1.bhe was able to share the speaker’s feelings.2.dto tell the speaker that he was always ready to offer help.3.cone act of kindness can bring warmlh to those in need.六单元、p81 1.a)they are becoming extinct.1.cthey are the threats to species.2.dit can show the importance of protecting the animals.3.bdoing community service reminds a citizen of their responsibility to protect animal.短对话 listening to short conversations一单元、p 12 1.a)he has only one hobby and no bad hobbies.1.bhe thinks he can learn skills from good hobbies.2.cstephen learns to be systematic from his hobby.3.d roys real interest in fishing is sitting alone and doing nothing.4.bthe farmer has held on to his hobby even though he met with great difficulties.5.dshe thinks every addiction is as bad as the other.二单元、 p27 1.a)husband and wife.1.ahusband and wife.2.da vacation is even more exhausting.3.dthe woman is packing for her bus tour.4.bthe bus was too worn out and uncomfortable.5.a3 hours or so.三单元、p41 1.a)he is taking an extance examination.1.d he is at a job interview.2.a he suggests the woman keep trying until she gets it right.3.b to receive assistance from the teacher.4.d he wants to keep learning all his life.5.c the man’s idea is not feasible at all.四单元、p58 1.a) the woman is unhappy about……1.a the woman is unhappy about too many advertisements on tv.2.c he is interested in the history of cities shown in pictures.3.d it is about personality evident in an individual’s gestures.4.athe man is a brazilian.5.ahe wants to make his body stronger.五单元、p74 1.a)she didn’t go to the party yesterday.1.a she didn’t go to the party yesterday.2.c the engine started as soon as they got on the plane.3.c jason can take the test on another day.4.c cheer up and you would be able to get a job soon.5.d he was criticized by the woman’ s mother all the way.六单元、p871.a)how to turn off taps properly.1.d how to protect water and trees in nature.2.c it is a good idea for people to make voluntary contributions.3.b louisiana tornado killed 50 people4.c he feels it necessary to use animals in medical researches.5.d the two speakers have different opinions about the biggest pollution problem.长对话一单元、p13 1.a）mark is a porker addict.1.d mark is addicted to online games.2.c ron is not a serious gaming addict.3.c gloria hopes mark can control himself playing games.4.a ron thinks gambling is more harmful than playing games.5.a some gaming addicts make friends when playing together.二单元、p28 1.a) there are a lot of restrictions on tourists.1.bthere is a large variety of animals there.【篇二：研究生英语听说教程答案基础级第三版】练习答案unit onepart i listening practicesection a listening for gisttask 1 1. air hostess 4. shop assistant 7. disc jockey 10. taxi driver task 2 1. airways, flight3. open up wide, fining chipped 5. building, designed 7. record, radio 9. menu, chef2. teacher 5. tourist guide 8. traffic warden3. dentist 6. salesman 9.waiter2. homework 4. larger size, fit, stock 6. buys, products 8. yellow line, no-parking 10. road, parksection b plans for weekendtask 31.pat2.jill3. mary4.sam5.ted6.jane section c discussing plans for the weekendtask 41.b2.c3.b4.c5.a6.bsection d making arrangements task5 a.2b.4c.3 d.1task 6 1. bring: records2. bring: sandwiches, fishing rod and drinks3. bring: white wine4. bring: dessert-chocolate cake and drinksmeet: bus stop meet: at the river meet: at pat’s house meet: in front of his housepart Ⅲ listening comprehension test 1.d5.d2.c3.a4.b9.c6.c 10.c7.b8.aunit twopart i listening practicesection a guessing about the situation and speakertask 1 1. football match 4. quiz show 7. car showroom 10. tour (of london)task 21.football commentator 3.vicar /priest /minister 5.announcer 7.car salesman 9.head master/principal2. law court 5. airport 8. driving lesson3. church 6. weather forecast 9. school2. judge/magistrate4.t.v presenter6.forecaster 8.dirving instructor 10. tour guide-section b looking for a flattask 31. about a flat.3. they are friends or classmates. 2. joe is going to rent a flat.4. she is a landladytask 41. 34 new street in kanden2. $75 including gas and electricity3. one bedroom flat, central heating, small kitchen, bathroom washing machine4. mrs. green5. 4 o’clock this afternoon section c task 51. landlord and tenant.2. the man is talking about the house rules.3. she has agreed. task 61. don’t allow a cat to go upstairs.2. no smoking in a bedroom3. don’t stick pictures with sellotape on the wall.4. close the window when you go out.5. don’t put the kettle on the chest of drawers. section d apartments for rent task 7,thomas streetuniversity avenuetaft roadtask 8 1. metcalf street 2. thomas streetmetcalf street3. university avenue4. taft roadpart iii listening comprehension test1.c2.b 6.c 10.d3.c 7.b4.b 8.c5.b 9.bunit threepart i listening practicesection a listening for specific informationtask 11. weight; l3pounds2. a car; 6503. a cash-card; 89764. a fax; 593381; code- 4408655. a bank account; 609177186. a foreign-exchange counter; 410,000 pesos(exchange rate; 4,100 to 1)7. weather; 83 ftask 28. waterloo; 18151. on a diet and doing a keep-fit class.2. rusty ,expensive.3. yes4. he’ll contact him and talk about the new contract.5. probably in a bank.6. for a holiday7.because dave and jane are there. 8. quiz.section b describing different peopletask 31. sex: female2. sex: maleage: about 35 age: an older man about seventyheight: about average height: rather short, about five feet or five feet two hair: long blackhair: grey ,large mustache others: glasses, yellow flower3. sex: femaleothers: white flower in jacket 4. sex: maleage: quite young, about thirty height: really tall hair: blondothers: carrying red flowers age: about forty-five height: very tall hair: very long, darkothers: no flower; wearing a t-shirt saying “bruce springs is the boss”.section c taking a phototask4 a4 b5 c2 d6 e3 f1task 5 6 4 2 3 1 5 photos, coin, stool , dial, background, flash section d express company task 61. prepaid express bag servicemajor cities $10 buy a bag in advance. call for a quick pick up.2. same day service3. express road servicewithin the city$8 any town depends ondistance and weightthey will go to you. for larger packagesfor further details call: tel: 33445656ask:for the sales departmentpart iii listening comprehension test1. b2.d 5.b 6.a 9.c 10.c3.b4.b 7.b 8.dunit fourpart i listening practicesection a listening for gisttask 11. garden2. vending-machine3. microwave oven4. computer/word-processor/video game5. clothes6. hifi /music system7. art8. concert9. tennis 10. holidaystask 21. lawn, flower beds , fence2. button, cold water, hot chocolate3. food, be cooked in no time, electricity4. switch, disc, program5. fit, tight, shrink, suit6. compact, speaker, cassette-player7. modern, abstract, colors and forms8. singer, guitars, drum, records9. player, backhand, score 10. tan, beach, hotel ,campingsection b telephoning about jobs task 3 diane—waitress tracy——typist gred—car salesman joe—businessmantask 3 a.4 b3 c.1 d.2task 41. part-time, saturday and sunday, eight hours a day2. full-time, tuesday through sunday, from 5 to about 12. pay is $3.35 an hour. 3. working nights; five or six days a week4. a weekend job; three evenings a week, hours are five to midnightsection c a same job or a new job task 51. liza new job2. tom same job 4. kay new job5. janice new job3. brian new job【篇三：引进版研究生英语听说教程答案1-8(完整版)】>part one 1. false 2. false 3. false 4. false 5. false 6. false 7. falsepart two1. using what you already know (possible answers)programlevelplacement appointment application register test teachercounselor school forms gpa esl class catalogexercise 1 answers will varyexercise 2 possible answers: studying for a test; discussing homework, borrowing/comparing notes, etc.2. scanning for the main idea practice:main idea: the cafeteria is closed and the student is very hungry and needs to eat before class begins.key words: food machine, closed, pass out, stand, get something warm, canteen, stomach growl3. scanning for the important points1. a.2. a.3. b.4. inferencing (making intelligent guesses)1. true2. false3. true4. false5. true5. scanning for specific pieces of information6. using context clues1. a 4. b2. b 5. a3. b7. using structure and intonation clues using structure clues exercise 11. a 4. b2. b 5. b3. aexercise 21. a 4. a2. b 5. b3. bexercise 31. a 4. b2. b 5. a3. a 6. busing intonation clues1. sad2. angry3. happy4. confused5. sarcasticchpater 2part oneexercise 11. 5; richmond-daly city/colma, fremont-daly city, fremont-richmond, pittsburgh/baypoint-colma, dublin/pleasanton-daly city2. no. the fremont-richmond train does not go to san francisco.3. 3. 84. 2; richmond-daly city/colma, fremont-richmond5. 6. 7. 8. 9.3; dublin/pleasanton-daly city, fremont-daly city, fremont-richmond 1; pittsburgh/ bay point-colma a white line with black dots; 22no. transfer oakland city center/12th street to a fremont-richmond train.no. take fremont-richmond train to oakland city center and transfer to a pittsburgh/bay point-colma train.10. oakland city center-12th street, 19th street oakland, macarthur.part twoexercise 1b. getting directionsexercise 21. in a bart station2. it depends on where you go.3. to berkeley to visit denise?s sister.4. she looks at the bart map.5. yes. they can?t go directly from san francisco to berkeley after 8:04.6. she is happy to help them, but does not want further involvement. she is not interestedin meeting their nephew.7. the woman was happy to give the couple directions, but she didn?t want to get involvedin their lives.exercise 3general informationtrip scheduleexercise 41. a2. b3. b4. a5. a6. apart threeexercise 11. $2.10 2. $4.003. 19 minutes4. 25 minutes5. $3.00 (king stadium to kansas street); 74 minutes (king stadium to lincoln way). no.the king stadium to lincoln way trip is a shorter distance than the king stadium to kansas street trip. the higher fare for the shorter trip reflect the need to transfer, pay a toll, etc.exercise 21. grand central terminal2. schedule 23. schedule 14. answer depends on current time.5. spuyten duyvil, marble hill, university heights, morris heights, 125th st., gct6. 7:537. between 1:20 a.m. and 6:20 a. m. 8. rush hourexercise 3 a1: $2.15 b1: answer depends on current time a2: $2.05 b2: 8 (including the last stop, gct) a3: 37 minutes b3: 12:07 a4: 28 minutes b4: 3 a5: $3.70 b5: 12:52exercise 3c1. 27 minutes2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.$1.65$1.80; 29 minutes $5.3062 minutes 12:40 p. m. 4:41 p. m. 6:52 a. m. 933 minutesthe 7:22 a. m. and 7:52 a. m. trains answer depends on current time.part fourexercise 11. yes/no2. yes/no3. information4. yes/no5. information6. yes/no7. information8. information9. information 10. yes/noexercise 21. b2. a3. a4. b5. a6. b7. b8. a9. b 10. bexercise 3 example: when does the next bus arrive?1. what time did the plane arrive?2. how often do you take the bus?3. did someone meet them at the airport?4. why didn?t she tell us she would be late?5. who will pay for the extra ticket?6. were you at the bus station yesterday?。

2007年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)By 1830, the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million 1 of these nations looked 2 to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian colonialism, many of the leaders of independence 3 the ideals of representative government, careers 4 to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the 5 to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. 6 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a 7 set of laws.On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the Church, 9 , there was less agreement 10the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one11 by the Spanish crown. 12 most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism 13 the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the 14 of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying15 for the conservative forces.The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had16 in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s 17 colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much 18because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies 19 . Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was 20 self-rule and democracy.1.[A] natives [B] inhabitants [C] peoples [D] individuals2.[A] confusedly [B] cheerfully [C] worriedly [D] hopefully3.[A] shared [B] forgot [C] attained [D] rejected4.[A] related [B] close [C] open [D] devoted5.[A] access [B] succession [C] right [D] return6.[A] Presumably [B] Incidentally [C] Obviously [D] Generally7.[A] unique [B] common [C] particular [D] typical8.[A] freedom [B] origin [C] impact [D] reform9.[A] therefore [B] however [C] indeed [D] moreover10.[A] with [B] about [C] among [D] by11.[A] allowed [B] preached [C] granted [D] funded12.[A] Since [B] If [C] Unless [D] While13.[A] as [B] for [C] under [D] against14.[A] spread [B] interference [C] exclusion [D] influence15.[A] support [B] cry [C] plea [D] wish16.[A] urged [B] intended [C] expected [D] promised17.[A] controlling [B] former [C] remaining [D] original18.[A] slower [B] faster [C] easier [D] tougher19.[A] created [B] produced [C] contributed [D] preferred20.[A] puzzled by [B] hostile to [C]pessimistic about [D] unprepared forSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the late months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be ever more pronounced.What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increasessoccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccermania; d) none of the above. Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject, after about20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls. “He kept improving,a nd after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers—whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made, not born.21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to[A] stress the importance of professional training.[B] spotlight the soccer superstars at the World Cup.[C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others.22. The word “mania” (Line 4, Paragraph 2) most probably means[A] fun.[B] craze.[C] hysteria.[D] excitement.23. According to Ericsson, good memory[A] depends on meaningful processing of information.[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.[C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.[D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that[A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success.[B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.[C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked.[D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.25. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?[A] “Faith will move mountains.”[B] “One reaps what one sows.”[C] “Practice makes perfect.”[D] “Like father, like son.”Text 2For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.” People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228—the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper afterit has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So itis a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, What’s the diffe rence between love and fondness? Or what is thenature of luck and coincidence? It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms: theStanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental ageby the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”, Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given underlow-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership—that is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.26. Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?[A] Answering philosophical questions.[B] Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.[C] Telling the differences between certain concepts.[D] Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.27. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph3?[A] People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.[B] More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.[C] The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.[D] Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.28. People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant’s because[A] the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.[B] creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.[C] vos Savant’s case is an extr eme one that will not repeat.[D] the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.29. We can conclude from the last paragraph that[A] test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.[B] IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.[C] testing involves a lot of guesswork.[D] traditional tests are out of date.30. What is the author’s attitude towards IQ tests?[A] Supportive.[B] Skeptical.[C] Impartial.[D] Biased.Text 3During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realties. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work,transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Today’s families have budgeted to the limits of theirs new two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback—a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This “added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savings-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen—and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’ future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent—and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance—have jumped eightfold in just one generation.From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.31. Today’s double-income families are at greater financial risk in that[A] the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.[B] their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.[C] they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.[D] they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.32. As a result of President Bush’s reform, retired people may have[A] a higher sense of security.[B] less secured payments.[C] less chance to invest.[D] a guaranteed future.33. According to the author, health-savings plans will[A] help reduce the cost of healthcare.[B] popularize among the middle class.[C] compensate for the reduced pensions.[D] increase the families’ investment risk.34. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.[B] the middle class may face greater political challenges.[C] financial problems may bring about political problems.[D] financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.35. Which of the following is the best title for this text?[A] The Middle Class on the Alert[B] The Middle Class on the Cliff[C] The Middle Class in Conflict[D] The Middle Class in RuinsText 4It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them—especially in America—the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss’s agenda in businesses of every variety.Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year—from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley—have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset,” says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University’s business school. “The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders”. Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP, Gener ally Accepted Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School. “Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue, not a technical one,” he says.The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore—and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.The current state of affairs may have been encouraged—though not justified—by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray. That may change fast: lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D.C. Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a dayearlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.36. The statement “It never rains but it pours” is used to introduce[A] the fierce business competition.[B] the feeble boss-board relations.[C] the threat from news reports.[D] the severity of data leakage.37. According to Paragraph 2, some organizations check their systems to find out[A] whether there is any weak point.[B] what sort of data has been stolen.[C] who is responsible for the leakage.[D] how the potential spies can be located.38. In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that[A] shareholders’ interests should be properly attended to.[B] information protection should be given due attention.[C] businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.[D] the market value of customer data should be emphasized.39. According to Paragraph 4, what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to[A] see the link between trust and data protection.[B] perceive the sensitivity of personal data.[C] realize the high cost of data restoration.[D] appreciate the economic value of trust.40. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that[A] data leakage is more severe in Europe.[B] FTC’s decision is essential to data security.[C] California takes the lead in security legislation.[D] legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A-G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)They should know how to deal with setbacks, stress and feelings of inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, ways to brainstorm and think critically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations.What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood? Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is more delicate. They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult (as naive or ill conceived as it may seem) while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all, these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. (46)Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (47) On the other, it links theseconcepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.(48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. (49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories. Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongstmany journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.Thesecan only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.Section III WritingPart A51. DirectionsWrite a letter to your university library, making suggestions for improving its service.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) support your view with an example/examples.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)。

Unit 1Unit 1.mp3Listen to three speakers talking about their childhood plete the following chart with the information you hear.ScriptChildhood Hobbies Do you remember your favourite hobbies when you were a child?What do those mean to you?Luther,Sarah,and William are discussing their childhood hobbies.Luther:My hobby is stamp collecting.I started at the age of six,and I ’ve beencollecting stamps ever since.Stamps are tiny but amazing.They're miniature works of art,covering just about every subject you can think of.Sometimes stamps are worth more as they get older,and I guess that's one of the reasons they are treasured by many collectors.Sarah:When I was a little girl,my friends were fond of dolls or cartoons,but I just loved yard work.My house had a big yard,which I regarded as my fantasy world.I helped my grandmother mow the lawn and spread fertilizer.Actually was a little bit lazy in my schoolwork but never in yard work.Some of my friends said it was an activity that only retired people took up.I didn't mind.I enjoyed making my yard beautiful and I enjoyed sweating after awhole day's work.It's good for my health.Maybe I ’ll spend most of my timein the yard after I retire.William:Transformers!Optimus Prime and Megatron!Those robots from the 1980s that would turn into cars and planes.That's why I became a mechanical designer.Few people can claim to be as big a fan of Transformers as I am.I have an entire room in my house dedicated to them,over 700Transformers from every generation,as well as many posters and tons of other collectible items.Transformer collecting is not just a hobby to me--they're a way of life!KeyUnit 2U ni t 2.m p 3Fly with International Airlines Fly away with us to your dream vacation place.Fly with International Airlines,and leave your worries behind.If you like mountain climbing,you can take our fabulous 2-week charter flight to NameHobbles The significance of thier hobblies Luther1)stamp collecting They are 2)miniature works of art on every possible subject.Sarah3)yard work She enjoys 4)making gardens beautiful.William 5)Transformer collecting It is 6)a way of life to him.Switzerland for only$850,including hotels and meals.Or perhaps you would rather relax on a beach in Bermuda,and enjoy swimming in the clear blue-green waters of the Atlantic.Our special price until June1st is only $579,for a marvellous9-day vacation in the sun.If you are adventurous,you can fly with International Airlines to the Amazon Jungle.South America is waiting for you.Our special excursion fare for a thrilling 3-week expedition along the Amazon River,complete with an experienced guide,is only$1,199,but hurry,this price can only be offered for a limited time.Don't miss a fantastic opportunity.The world is waiting for you.And the wild wonderful wings of International Airlines are waiting to welcome you aboard for an unforgettable vacation.Fly away with us.Fly away with International Airlines. Vacation places Activities Duration FareSwitzerland Mountain climbing two weeks$850,inclusive of hotels andmealsBermuda Relaxing&swimming nine days$579,before June1st Amazon Jungle expedition three weeks$1199,complete with anexperienced guideUnit3U ni t3.m p3Listen to a talk on education and decide whether the following statements are true(T)or false(F).We usually think that school is the only place where people get an education. However,what we get from school is just a small part of what we cation includes both formal learning at school and informal learning in society.So education is much broader than schooling.Education can take place anywhere,whether in the street or at a party.Likewise, educators can be anyone,ranging from an elderly woman in the neighbourhood to a young reporter on TV.The general patterns of teaching at school always remain relatively the same. Students arrive at school at the set time and take the assigned courses.The learning materials and the tests used at school are limited.We know what we can get from school education,but we can never give a full picture of what we can expect from education.F or instance,while travelling if you have a chat with a local shopkeeper, you may discover more about local culture.Education starts from the moment a person is born.It lasts for a life time and becomes part of his/her life.Key(F)1.We get most of our education at school.(T)cation can occur in a local shop when travelling.(T)3.Students at school usually use similar textbooks.(F)4.Only at school can you get new information and skills.(T)cation is always with us throughout our whole lives.Look at the diagram made by Daisy Kabagarama about the components of culture in her book,Breaking the Ice.Listen to the speaker's descriptions.Write down the key words in the blanks.The first letter of each word is already given.Components of Culture The term culture has been defined in many ways.Howard defines it as the customary manner in which human groups learn to organize their behaviour and thoughts.I define culture as the way of life of a group of people.In that way,culture is in essence the moulder of human behaviour of a certain group.Culture has several major components.The first important one is material possessions,which refer to objects like books or clothes.The non-material component can be illustrated by the following parts:values,norms,beliefs,emotions,attitudes,aspirations,laws,and symbols.The arrows in the figure point in both directions,suggesting that culture shapes these components.In turn,these aspects impact culture,which means culture is dynamic,always undergoing great changes.For example ,people who share the same level of material possessions may have different values or beliefs.People who have similar beliefs may change the ways to express emotions.From birth to death,people are faced with cultural messages and change in these components.Key2)Material possessionslaws attitudes emotionsListen to a speaker talking about her recent travels in West Africa and write down a short answer to each of the following questions.The Greatest Humanitarian CauseIn my recent travels to West Africa,I came to see how much in need so many people are in this part of the world.Infectious disease and poverty kill more people than those who die in the continuing bloody conflicts.We live in a world filed with conditions that cry out for others to help.What can you do in a world that needs such help?Serving and volunteering, whether in your community or in a developing country overseas,is a wonderful way to fill real human needs.Being involved in serving others and true humanitarian causes can offer you experience and contact with others that will help you through the rest of your life.The biggest benefit is that you have a direct impact on helping other human beings.We should remember that serving the needs of the despondent of this world is a very worthy cause.Doing good,one act at a time,one person at a time,is an important part of being a light in a world of darkness and preparing for a greater cause in the future.Key1.What are the West Africans suffering from?Infectious disease,poverty and continuing bloody conflicts.2.What can we do to fill real human needs?Serving and volunteering in our community or in a developing country overseas.3.What benefits can we enjoy from true humanitarian causes?Involvement in such causes offers us experience and contact with others,which will be beneficial throughout our life.4.Why is it a very worthy cause to serve the needs of the despondent of this world?Doing good for the despondent is like bringing light in a world of darkness and helps to prepare for greater causes in the future.Unit6U ni t6.m p3Listen to a speaker talking about the damage done by ice plete the following chart with the information you hear.Ice-Storm Numbers Tell Chilling TaleIn January1998,three successive storms dropped more than4inches of freezing rain in areas of New England and southern Canada.About100,00people had to take refuge in shelters,while the Red Cross raised more than$10million to help the victims.The ice brought down more than1,000power transmission towers and30,000 wooden utility poles.Nearly1.7million customers lost their electricity,in some areas for weeks.More than one-third of all farmland in the region was affected.Nearly 5.3million sugar-maple trees were in the path of the storm,and it may take 30to 40years for maple syrup production to return to normal.The hardest hit were dairy farmers,as nearly one-quarter of Canada's Cows were subjected to the storm.The ones that survived may never reach their previous level of production.Furthermore,2.5million gallons of milk,valued at more than $5million,had to be dumped because there was no electricity.KeyDamages Caused by Ice StormsUnit 7U ni t 7.m p 3Listen to a speaker talking about the facets of a person's physical appearance and his/her life.Then decide whether the following statements are true (T)or false (F).This is Charlotte.She was born just a few hours ago.Like most of us at birth,there's really nothing to her:a bit of fat,a little of sugar,a bit of protein;actually she's 75per cent water.She's really a collection of chemicals.And yet,she's the most complicated thing on Earth;and during her lifetime,she'll achieve the most amazing things.She'll eat for nearly three and a half years,consuming 7,300eggs and 160kilograms of chocolate.She'll crawl 150kilometers before she's two.From then on,she'll learn a new word every two hours for the next ten years.By the time she's ten,her heart will have beaten 368million times.She'll spend a litter over 12years watching TV and two and half years on the telephone.During her life,she'll fall in love twice.If she gets married,there's a 60%chance she'll stay married to the same person for the rest of her life.And her chance of becoming a celebrity is less than 0.01%.Key[F]1.Charlotte was a bit too fat when she was born.[T]2.Charlotte will crawl 150kilometers before she is two years old.[T]3.She'll learn a new word every two hours from age two to twelve.[F]4.According to the speaker,this little girl has the potential to accomplish great things in her life.[F]5.What the speaker says is an accurate forecast of an English woman's life AreasDamagesPeople ·About 100,000people had to live in shelter.·More than $10million was raised to help the victimsElectricity ·More than 1,000power transmission towers and 30,000utility poles fell.·Nearly 1.7million customers lost electricity.Crops ·More than 1/3of all farmland in the region was damaged.·Nearly 5.3million sugar-maple trees were hit.Dairy ·Nearly 1/4of Canada's cows were killed.·Nearly 2.5million gallons of milk had to be dumped.Unit1news-1.mp3Audio script&keyOutrageous shopping bills are a familiar nightmare for many compulsive shoppers.And contrary to the popular opinion,men1)suffer that nightmare nearly as often as women.A new survey finds that both2)genders are almost equally likely to suffer compulsive buying disorder,a condition marked by uncontrollable, unnecessary and3)unaffordable shopping sprees.Researchers used to estimate that between2and16percent of the US population suffered compulsive buying disorder,and that90percent of4)sufferers were female.But a2004telephone survey of more than2,500American adults found that6percent of women and about5.5percent of men are compulsive shoppers;that's5)more than1in20adults.The sexes do not shop at the same aisle sthough.Experts say that women are More likely to binge buy things like clothes or gifts for other people,while men tend to buy6)expensive electronics.This survey is the first to find7)such a high number of compulsive shoppers in the general population.Study authors hope that this finding can convince doctors of how many people are hurt by the disorder,so they can8)make finding a cure a priority.I'm Bill Blakemore,in New York.Unit2news-2.mp3Audio scriptTree-lighting CeremonyLast-minute rehearsals,and the final touches are taking place before tonight's tree-lighting ceremony in Rockefeller Centre.This year,the Norway spruce soars nearly9storeys and it is the centrepiece of Rockefeller Centre during the holidays.Hours before the televised tree-lighting ceremony begins,people from all around the country are starting to carve out a viewing spot.“It's a bit early,but I think it's worth it."“With what her friends told her from work,come early so we can get a good spot,so...”“It's great,it couldn't be any better."Debbie Moore travelled all the way from Dallas to see the tree light up in person.“It's been...one of my wife's longtime dreams to come and see this,so we finally made it happen.Wish we wouldn't have to stand here for several hours.”And when the switch is turned on,more than30,000lights carefully wrapped on the branches by crews over the past two weeks will signal the start of the holiday season.“Got a dazzling crystal star topper measures nearly10feet in diameter and is made up of25,000crystals.This year's Christmas tree comes from a home in Connecticut about60miles from the mid-town Manhattan spot where it now stands.In New York,Michelle Freads,NBC News.”keyTree-lighting CeremonyLocation:Rockefeller Centre,New YorkTime:right before the Christmas SeasonHeight of the tree:nearly9storeysAudience:people from all around the countryNumber of the lights on the tree:30,000Size of the star topper:nearly10feet in diameterMaterial of the star topper:crystalSource of the tree:a home in ConnecticutUnit3news-3.mp3Audio script&keyReporter:InVail,Arizona,a new school with a new idea:no textoks.While other students might be reading books,Empire students will read on theirlaptops.Jeremy Gypton,a history teacher at Empire High School in Vail,Arizona.Mr.Gypton,tell us about the assignment that you've alreadygiven,that mightotherwise have involved a textbook,but1)in this caseinvolves a computer.Mr.Gypton:Well,with the,with history I try to use as many primary source documents as possible.I actually just recently had my students,studying...my American History students,studying the French-IndianWar and its2)impact.And that sort of document is just not3)availablein a traditional textbook,I would have to say,Go online or go to a libraryand find a copy",whereas with the laptopsand with the4)resourcesthey're using,they have immediate access to it.Reporter:5)What's the point here?Is it to get to primary sources or is it to use a6)medium that youngsters today are more familiar with?How do you,how do you describe what you are doing?Mr.Gypton:When it comes to our,I guess,our7)reasoning,these are the students who've grown up with the computer,with the Internet,er,as,as kind oforganic to their environment.It's not an add-on,like it,like it was to me.And this is8)normal for them.And so,limiting them,by like sort of atrditional,maybe thousand-page texbook is,9)from their prspetive.Ithink a little bit abnormal,because they are used to being able to reachout,and view one topic from20diferent angles,as10)opposed to justthe one angle that a textbook would present.Reporter:Jeremy Gypton,thank you very much for taking with you.Mr.Gypton:Thanks so much for your time.Unit4news-4.mp3Audio script&keyBeijing Opera is largely seen as a dying art in China.Louisa Lim wants to introduce us to an unlikely new champion for Chinese opera.He's a British man who has1)devoted more than a decade to bringing Chinese opera to new audiences. Ghaffar:And I saw a Beijing Opera in London in1993.And that just shocked me.It really moved me.Louisa:Ghaffar Pourazar is British,born to Iranian Azeri parents.At the age of32,he gave up his life as a2)computer animator and enrolled in a Beijing Operaschool,drawn by the dificulty of mastering this art form.Ghaffar:And there is no other culture which has put that much3)discipline into training the perfect performer.That is what the Beijing Opera is about,theperfect performer.Louisa:On stage,the actors not only act,they sing and dance at the same time as performing4)heart-stopping feats of acrobatics and sword fighting.Oncethe show begins,it's clear that Pourazar has taken a Chinese classic andmade it his own.The cast is partly non-Chinese.And there's a lot of5)explanation in English.The story is the6)much-loved legend of the MonkeyKing,a mischievous monkey born from a stone,who learns7)supernaturalskills and uses them to8)challenge the emperor of heaven.Pourazar is themultilingual monkey.(Singing)Ghaffar:It's within the rules of the art form that you perform for that audience.What I have done is,by taking it to London,to change the spoken parts intoEnglish.And that's,9)that's within the rules of the opera.(Singing)Louisa:That even means adding a bit of comedy rap opera to the mix. (Singing)Louisa:And this hybrid bilingual opera10)wins good reviews from both Western and Chinese audience members.A Man:And that's really Chinese suf,11)expressing the.more acceptable way.Soit'n be more popular.Louisa:12)But the popularity of Beiing Opera is fading fast,with young Chinese audiences turning to karaoke,DVDs and the Internet.Much to Pourazar'ssorrow.Unit5news-5.mp3Audio scriptChristopher Reeve:1996Democratic National Convention Address Thank you very,very much.Well,I just have to start with a1)challenge to the President:Sir,I have seen your train go by,and I think I can2)beat it,I'll even give you a head start.And over the last few years we have heard a lot about something called“family values".And like many of you,I have struggled to3)figure out what that means.And since my accident,I've found a4)definition that seems to make sense.I think it means that we're all family.And that we all have value.Now,if that's true,if America really is a family,then we have to5)recognize that many members of our family are hurting.And just to take one aspect of it,one in five of us has some kind of6)disability.You may have an aunt with Parkinson's disease,a neighbour with a spinal cord injury,or a brother with AIDS,and if we're really7) committed to this idea of family,we've got to do something about it.Now frst of all,our nation cannot8)tolerate discrimination of any kind.And that's why the Americans with Disabilies Act is so important.It must be honoured everywhere.It is a Civil Rights Law9)that is tearing down barriers both in architecture and in attitude.Its purpose-its purpose is to give the disabled access not only to buildings but to every opportunity in society.Now,I strongly believe our nation must give its full support to the caregivers10) who are helping people with disabilities live independent lives.Unit6news-6.mp3Audio script&keyAcid RainDamage fom acid rain is1)widespread not just in eastern North America,but throughout Europe,Japan,China,and Southeast Asia.ls the rain that’s2)falling on your umbrella acidic?A listener's question on today's”Earth and Sky”.JB:This is“Earth and Sky”,with a qustion fom Sandra Renee of Olive Hil,Kentucky.She asks,”How do you know when it rains that it's not acid rain,and what3) exactly is acid rain?DB:Sandra,you need a pH meter4)to reliably measure the acidity of rain or snow.But in certain parts of the US—especially in the Northeast—you can probably5) assume that most rain will be at least somewhat acidic.Westerly winds move6) pollutants eastward,so the eastern US gets more acid rain.JB:Acid rain happens when airborne acids fall down to earth in rain.7)Electrical utility plants that burn fossil fuels emit chemicals into the atmosphere that8)react with water and other chemicals in the air to form sulfuric acid,nitric acid—the”acid”in acid rain.You don't have to live next door to a power plant9)to get showered by acid rain.These acid pollutants reach high into the atmosphere and can travel10)with wind currents for hundreds of kilometers.DB:The acids in acid rain are corrosive chemicals that11)leach nutrients from the soils slow the growth of trees,poison lakes and12)combine with other chemicals to form urban smog The simpest way to curtail acid rain is to use less enerey13) from fossil fuels.JB:Special thanks today to the Camille&Henry Dreyfus Foundation,a private foundation14)dedicated to advancing research and education in the chemical sciences.We're Block Byrd for“Earth and Sky".Unit7news-7.mp3Audio scriptI was lucky.I found what I loved to do early in life.Woz and I1)started Apple in my parents garage when I was20.We worked hard,and in ten years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a$2billion company with over2) 4.000employees.We had just released our finest creation—the Macintosh—a year earlier,and I had just turned30.Andthen I3)got fired.How can you get fired from a company you started?Well,as Apple grew we hired someone who I thought was very4)talented to run the company with me,and for the first year or so things wentwell.But then our5)visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a fallig-out.When we did,our Board of Directors6)sided with him.So at30I was out.I didn't see it then,but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me.The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the7)lightness of being a beginner again,less sure about everything.It freed me to enter one of the most8)creative periods of my life.During the next five years,I started a company named NeXT,another company named Pixar,and9)fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the world's first computer animated feature film,Toy Story, and is now10)the most successful animation studio in the world.In a remarkable turn of events,Apple bought NeXT,I returned to Apple,and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple's current renaissance.And Laurene and I have a wonderful family together.。

《研究生英语听说教程》基础级第三版词汇（1-6）Unit One1、filling 补牙填料2、Redoing 再补一下3、Sir Christopher Wren 克里斯托弗·雷恩爵士4、Sheldonian Theatre 谢尔登尼剧院5、Be chipped 有缺陷6、Leicester Poly 莱斯特·波利7、Parking ticket （给违反交通规则者的）传票8、Salmon 大马哈鱼9、Disc Jockey 无线电唱片音乐节目主持人10、Traffic warden 交通管理员Unit Two1、shoot 射门2、Bar 球门横梁3、Move 一次进攻，一次行动4、Jury 陪审团5、The accused 被告6、Napoleon 拿破仑7、Bargain 廉价物品8、Memorial纪念碑，纪念物9、Monarch 君主Unit Three1、keep-fit class 健美班2、Rusty 生锈的3、Fax 传真4、Broke 没钱了5、Peso 比索6、Fahrenheit 华氏7、Waterloo滑铁卢Unit Four1、shed 鹏，小屋2、Patch 一小块地3、Rhubarb大黄属植物4、Raspberry山莓5、Shrink缩水6、Watt瓦7、V ending-machine自动售货机Unit Five1、mint薄荷糖2、Pint品脱3、Bitter苦啤酒4、Plaice鲽5、squash围墙网球，壁球Unit Six1、dorm宿舍2、Academic学校的，学术的3、counsel建议，指导4、Multigenerational几代的5、multicultural多元文化的，含多种文化的6、fair集会，市场，博览会，展销会7、BBQ（户外）烧烤8、Thai 泰国的，泰国人9、Korean 朝鲜的，朝鲜人10、Native American 美洲印第安人11、Distance learning远程教育。

研究生英语听说教程(基础级_第四版)听力原文Unit OnePart III1.M: Do your students study Japanese?W: No, but all of them are learning English. In this school English is a compulsory subject.Q: Who do you think the woman probably is?2.M: What’s wrong with you computer?W: It doesn’t work. Can I leave it here? But, I need it tomorrow.Q: What is the man’s probable occupation?3.M: If you can make up your mind about the color, I can start to paintyour house tomorrow.W: Well, right now I like light blue for the wall, but I’ll let you know this afternoon for sure.Q: Who is the woman talking to?4.W: Good morning. Your passport, please. Do you have anything todeclare?M: Only these two cartons of cigarettes, a bottle of brandy and some silver jewelry. That’s all.Q: Who do you think the woman is?5.W: Hi, Mr. Wood. Is my prescription ready? My name is Anne Emmet.M: It’s right here. Just follow these directions, and take one pill right after each meal.Q: What’s the man’s occupation?6.W: Can you make me a table three feet high and four feet wide?M: Sure. How many drawers do you want?Q: What most probably is the man’s occupation?7.M: How long have you been here? What is your subject?W: Oh, I’m a freshman, and my major is chemistry.Q: Who are these two speakers likely to be?8.W: Now, sir. Just relax. I’m going to give you a little injection.M: It’s OK, Miss. I feel better now. The arm is in plaster.Q: What’s the woman’s occupation?9.W: The weather report says there will be sunshine tomorrow.M: Good. The wheat is ready to cut. I hope it can stay bright and sunny for a few more days so that we can complete the harvest.Q: What is the profession of the two speakers?10: M: I must say, Miss, the food was great and I’ve never had such good service.W: Well, thank you, sir. I’ll pass your compliments to the cook. And thank you too for the tip.Q: What is the woman’s occupation?Keys to Unit One:1.D2. C3. A4. B5. D6.C7. B8. A9.C 10. CUnit TwoPart III1.W: Would you like to see the menu, now?M: No, thanks. I already know what I’d like to order.Q: What is the relationship between these two people?2.W: I’m terribly sorry. I really don’t know what’s wrong.M: You were speeding. May I have your driver’s license?Q: What’s the relationship between the man and the woman?3.W: It’s always hard to get this car into first gear, and now somethingseems wrong with the brake.M: If you leave it with me, I’ll fix it for you this afternoon.Q: What’s the probable relationship between t he two speakers?4.M: Could you please tell me at which stop I should get off for the CityCouncil? Also, how much is the fare?W: Of course. You can get off at 72nd Street. I’ll tell you when we get there. The fare is fifty cents, just put it in the box.Q: What is the probable relationship between these two people?5.W: Excuse me. Which way is it to the police station? I want to reportthat I have lost my wallet.M: Go up the high street and you’ll see it on your left.Q: Who are these people?6.M: Well, where are we going today and what time will we be back atthe hotel?W: First I’ll take you to one of the historical sites in the oldest part of the town, and then we’ll go to the city park. We’ll be back about 12 o’clock.Q: What is most probably the relationship between the two speakers?7.M: When you saw the accident, did you ring us immediately?W: Yes. The first thing which struck me was to call the police.Q: From this conversation what is the probable relationship between the two speakers?8.M: I’d lik e to return this jacket. I bought it for my brother yesterday,but he doesn’t like the color.W: We can’t give you a refund, but you can exchange it.Q: What are the two speakers?9.W: I’d appreciate your professional opinion. Do you think that I shouldsue the company?M: Not really. I think we can settle this out of court.Q: What is the probable relationship between the two speakers?10.M: Now, what’ s the trouble, Mrs. Smith?W: I’ve been very dizzy lately and last night I had some chest pain.Q: What is the probable relationship between the two speakers?Keys to Unit Two:1.C2. B3. C4. B5. B6.C7. B8. C9.B 10. DUnit ThreePart III1.M: Can I help you, miss?W: Yes. I’d like you to fix my headlights. When I was driving on the highway last night, I couldn’t see a thing and almost hit a tree.Q: Where did this conversation most probably take place?2.W: The admission price to the gallery is ten dollars per person. I thinkthat’s prttey expensive for a single exhibi t.M: But if we have student cards, we can get in for two dollars.Q: Where is the conversation most probably taking place?3.M: How should I pay the fee for the first visit?W: No need now. J ust sign here and we’ll send you a bill later.Q: Where is this conversation probably taking place?4.M: There’s a limit of five books per person. You can’t keep themlonger than two weeks.W: All right. I’ll be certain to return them on time.Q: Where did this conversation probably take place?5.M: Wait a second. I like the sofa displayed in the window.W: I like it, too. Let’s go in and have a look.Q: Where is this conversation probably taking place?6.M: Do you want the same cut as the last time?W: The same cut on the top, but I’d like it to be longer over the ears and in the back.Q: Where does the conversation probably take place?7.W: Excuse me, sir. Visiting hours are over now. I’m afraid you mustleave, so your wife can get some rest.M: I’m sorry, nu r se. I didn’t hear the bell. I’m leaving right now.Q: Where did the conversation probably take place?8.M: Let’s have a picnic this Sunday. Do you like the beach, themountains, forests or where?W: Well, I don’t lkke sna around m y food and I certainly don’t like walking long. Let’s just go where most people have picnics.Q: Where might they decide to go for a picnic?9.M: I’m looking for canned apples and canned peaches. Can you tellme where to find them?W: Go down to the next aisle and you’ll see all the canned fruits thereon the shelves.Q: Where does this conversation take palce?10.M: I can rent you a pair of shese and you can pick the right weight ballfor yourself.W: Fine. I’ll take a size 5 in shoes, and this ball should be just right.Q: Where did this conversation take palce?Keys to Unit Three:1.B2. D3. B4. B5. B6. A7. B8. D9.C10. CUnit FourPart III1.M: I ran all the way to the bus stop, but the man at the ticket countertold me the bus left only 5 minutes ago.W: That’s too bad. Those buses leave only every 50 minutes.Q: How long does the man have to wait?2.M: How many years of science did you have in high school?W: I have only one year each of biology and chemistry.Q: How many science courses did the woman take in high school?3.M: I would like to cash this check for $20 small bils, please.W: Certainly, sir. Here you are: three fives and five ones.Q: How many bills did the customer receive?4.W: I was hoping to get some bread from the bakery before it closes.M: My watch says 6:50, so we have around forty mintes left to get there.Q: What time does the bakery close?5.M: These airm mail envelopes cost 50 cents a dozen.W: A couple of dozen should certainly do.Q: How many envelopes will the man and the woman buy?6.M: What time do you usually have breakfast?W: Around 7:00, but lately I’ve been having trouble getting up in the morning, so I’ve been eating breakfast at 8:00, 9:00, even as late as 10:00.Q: What time does she usually have breakfast?7.W: The shirt was a bargain. I got it for half the price.M: You mean you only paid $20 for it?Q: How much did the dshirt cost originally?8.W: How many students will take the exam?M: About 450, but only one third for them are able to pass the exam.Q: How many students can pass the exam?9.M: If Mr. and Mrs. Smith don’t come to the party, we’ll have 8.W: Let’s invite two more just in case.Q: If everyone comes, how many will join the party?10.M: Is everything ready? The meeting is supposed to start at two.W: I have five minutes to c lean the table. Afterwards we’ll hav efivemore minutes to arrange the chairs before the meeting begins.Q: What time is it now?Keys to Unit Four:1.C2. B3. B4. C5. D6. C7. A8. C9. A10. BUnit FivePart III1.M: I don’t like this novel very much.W: Neither do I.Q: What does the wman mean?2.W: I’m going to the post office, then to the bank, and after that I haveto prepare a presentation for my georgraphy seminar.M: I’d say you have a pretty busy mor ning.Q: What is the man suggesting about the woman?3.M: Would it be better to buy a monthly meal ticket, or pay for eachmeal separately?W: What difference does it make, the price per meal is the same either way.Q: What does the woman mean?4.W: Where can I have copies made for my application?M: Isn’t there a photocopy machine in the library?Q: What does the man imply?5.M: Mitchell is the most talented actor in our school’s DrammaSociety.W: Isn’t he, though?Q: What does the woman think about Mitchell?6.W: Mind if I borrow your physics notes for a while?M: Not at all.Q: What does the man mean?7.M: Do you think Professor Simpson will cancel class on account of thespecial conference?W: Not likely.Q: What does the woman mean?8.M: Do you mind if I turn the radio off?W: I’m in the middle of listening to a program.Q: What does the man mean?9.W: I wonder who’d be willing to take up the work.M: Well, you know more about it than anyone.Q: What does the man mean?10.W: I honestly don’t want to paint th e room this weekend.M: Neither do I, but I think we should get it over with.Q: What does the man suggest?Keys to Unit Five:1.B2. C3. B4. D5. D6. D7. C8. C9.C10. CUnit SixPart III1.W: I was surprised to see you and your family at the Shopping Mallyesterday.M: Our junior school was clsoed down because flu borke out.Q: Why could the man come to the Shopping Mall that day?2.W: Did you see the late movie on TV last night?M: No, I inteded to watch the football game, but slept through it.Q: Why did the man miss the TV program?3.W: Where’s that Italian restaurant that used to be here?M: It burned to the ground last December.Q: Whyu couldn’t the woman find the restaurant?4.W: I wonder why the electricity went out this morning.M: It happened because of an oversight on the part of the engineer.Q: Why did the lectricity go out?5.M: Did you sign up for a course that fits into your current schedule?W: Registration hasn’t star ted yet.Q: Why didn’t the woman sign up for a course?6.W: Susan still hasn’t gotten her research paper back.M: I know and she’s really burned up at the professor.Q: Why is Susan burned up?7.M: Sally, how are you getting along with the translation work?W: I have written and rewritten so much that I don’t know if I’ll ever get it finished.Q: How does Sally feel?8.W: Hello, this is the Lost and Found.M: My name is Joe Peterson and I left my coat in Mr. Johnson’s Political Science Class this morning. Do you have it?W: I’m sorry. It hasn’t been turned in yet.Q: What happened to Joe Peterson?9.W: I hear the old Delta Hotel has a new manager. Did you notice anychange when you stayed there last week?M: The food was better than the meals they used to serve and the rooms were surprisingly clean for the Delta, I thought.Q: How is the hotel now?10.A re you still teaching at the junior high school?M: Not since June. My brother and I went into business together as soon as he got out of the army.Q: What is the man doing now?Keys to Unit Six:1.D2. B3. A4. C5. C6. B7. D8. B9.D10. B。

U n i t O n ePart I Listening PracticeSection A Listening for GistTask 1hostess assistant guide Jockey warden driverTask 2, flight up wide, filling, chipped size, fit, stock , designed , products , radio line,no-parking , chef , parkSection B Plans for WeekendTask 3Section C Discussing Plans for the WeekendTask 4Section D Making ArrangementsTask 5Task 61.bring: records meet: bus stop2.bring: sandwiches, fishing rod and drinks meet: at theriver3.bring: white wine meet: at Pat’s house4.bring: dessert-chocolate cake and drinks meet: in front ofhis housePart III Listening Comprehension Test1-10: DCABD/CBACCUnit TwoPart I Listening PracticeSection A Guessing about the Situation and SpeakerTask 1Match Court Show Forecast Showroom Lesson (of London)Task 2Section B Looking for a FlatTask 3a flat. is going to rent flat. are friends or classmates. is a landlady.Task 41.34New Street in Kanden2.$75 including gas and electricitybedroom flat, central heating, small kitchen, bathroom, washing machine . Greeno’clock this afternoonSection C Discussing Plans for the WeekendTask 5ndlord and tenant.2.The man is talking about the house rules.3.She has agreed.Task 61.Don’t allow a cat to go upstairs.2.no smoking in a bedroom3.Don’t stick pictures with sellotape on the wall.4.Close the window when you go out.5.Don’t put the kettle on the chest of drawers.Section D Apartments for RentTask 7Thomas Street University AvenueTaft Road Metcalf StreetTask 8Street AvenueStreet ROADPart III Listening Comprehension Test1-10: CBCBB/CBCBDUnit ThreePart I Listening PracticeSection A Listening for Specific InformationTask 11.weight; 13 pounds2.car; 6503. a cash-card; 89764. a fax; 593381; code 4408655.6. a foreign-exchange counter; 410,000 peso (Exchange rate: 4,100 to 1)7.weather; 83 F8.Waterloo; 1815Task 21.On a diet and doing a keep-fit class.2.Rusty, expensive.3.Yes.4.He’ll contact him and talk about the new contract.5.Probably in a bank.6.For a holiday.7.Because Dave and Jane are there.8.Quiz.Section B Describing Different PeopleTask 3: female : maleAge: about 35 Age: an older man about seventy Height: about average Height: rather short, about five feet or five feet twoHair: long black Hair: Grey, large mustache Others: glasses, yellow flower Others: white flower in jacket: female : maleAge: quite young, about thirty Age: about forty-fiveHeight: really tall Height: very tallHair: blond Hair: very long, darkOthers: carrying red flowers Others: no flower; wearing a T-shirt saying“Bruce Springs is the Boss”Section C Taking a PhotoTask 4 a4 b5 c2 d6 e3 f1Task 56 4 2 3 1 5 photo, coin, stool, dial, background, flashSection D Apartments for RentTask 6express bag service Major cities 410 Buy a bag in advance.Call for a quick pick up. day service Within the city $8 They will go to you.road service Any town Depends on For larger packagesDistance and weightFor further details call:Ask: for the sales departmentPart III Listening Comprehension Test1-10: BDBBB/ABDCC。

研究生英语视听说教程单元1U n i t O n e Language and CulturePart 1 English and Its OriginTask 1Directions: Listen to the following passage about variations of English. You will hear it three times. During the first reading, you should listen carefully for a general idea of the whole passage. During the secondreading, you are required to fill in the missing information by either using the words you have justheard or writing down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read the thirdtime, you can check what you have written.In Great Britain at present the speech of educated persons is known as Received Standard English. A class dialect rather than a regional dialect, it is based on the type of speech cultivated at such schools as Eton and Harrow and at such of the older universities as (1) _________________________. Many English people who speak regional dialects in their childhood (2) ________________________________________________________while attending school and university. Its influence has become even stronger in recent years (3) ________________________________________________as the British Broadcasting Corp.An important development of English outside Great Britain occurred with the colonization of North America. American English may be considered to include the English spoken in Canada, although (4) ____________________________________________________________ andvocabulary. The most distinguishing differences between American English and British English are in pronunciation and vocabulary.(5)_____________________________________________________________ __________________________. Written American English also has a tendency to be more rigid in matters of grammar and syntax, (6) ____________________________________________________________________ __. Despite these differences, it is often difficult to determine—apart from context—whether serious literary works have been written in Great Britain or the U.S./Canada—or, for that matter, in Australia, New Zealand, or South Africa.Task 2Directions: Listen to the following passage the history of the English language. The passage will be read only once. After listening, decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. If false, give abrief explanation..1. Old English was mainly a mixture of some Germanic languages.2. Old English is more like modern French than modern German.3. The Normans brought many Latin words to the British Isles and added them to Old English.4. Many words from Scandinavian languages were also brought into Old English as a result of the settlement of Viking invaders in England.5. After England was conquered by the Normans, the upper class in England learned Norman French becauseEnglish was forbidden.6. The French-influenced language of England from about1100 to 1485 is now called Middle English7. By the end of the 1300’s, the French influence declined sharply in England because the Normans becameincreasingly distant from the English society.8. By 1485, the English language was spoken in many parts of the world as the English explored and colonizedsuch areas as Africa, Australia, India and North America.Task 3Directions: Listen to the following passage about characteristics of English. The passage will be read only once.After listening, choose the best answer from the four suggested choices marked A, B, C, and D to eachof the questions you hear.1. A. 60,000 B. 600,000 C. 6,000,000 D. 60,000,0002. A. Latin B. French C. German D. Italian3. A. Because many English words were borrowed from other languages.B. Because many English words were formed by combining other words.C. Because many English words are spelled similarly but pronounced differently, or vice versa.D.Because the pronunciation of some words remained the same, though their spellingchanged.4. A. Pronouns B. Nouns C. Verbs D. Adverbs5. A. They are used to express relationships between function words in a sentence.B.They are used to show the structural meanings of the sentence.C.They are used to carry the basic vocabulary meanings.D.They are used to indicate variations of words.6. A. One B. Two C. Three D. FourPart 2 Language and Language LearningTask 1Directions:You are going to hear a passage about American English spelling reform. The passage will be read twice. After listening, you are expected to complete the following sentences, based on what you haveheard.1.In addition to his well-known American Dictionary of the English Language published in1828,__________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________.2.Webster’s books sought to standardize spelling in the United States by________________________________________________________________ ____________________.3.The development of a specifically American variety of English ______________ ______________.4.Some of Webster’s most successful changes were spellings with or instead of our(honor, labor for theBritish honour, labour) and ______ __ ___________5.And other changes were spellings with an s instead of a c (defense, license for the British defence, licence);with a final ck instead of que(check, mask for the British cheque, masque); and ____________________________________________________________________ ___________________.6.Canadian spelling varies between the British and Americanforms, __________________________________________.Task 2Directions: You are going to hear a passage about development of language. The passage will be read only once.After listening, you are expected to answer the following questions as briefly as you can in your ownwords.1.How long has language probably existed?________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________2.According to the passage, how did language come into being?________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________3.What is the first real evidence of language?________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ /doc/631457930.html,nguages change. Please name one of the reasons why changes take place.________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________5.Do languages become better, worse or different?________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________6.Why do languages change even more slowly in modern industrial societies?________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ Task 3Directions: You are going to listen to a passage about learning a foreign language. The passage will be read only once. After listening, you are expected to choose the best answer from the four suggested choicesmarked A, B, C, and D to each of the questions you hear.1. A. Reasons for learning a foreign language.B. Skills in mastering a foreign language.C. The importance of age in language learning.D. Common issues involved in language learning.2. A. Two B. Three C. Four D. Five3. A. There are many important reasons for learning a foreign language.B. Foreign language can help add to your knowledge of your own language.C. Foreign language can help add to your knowledge of another language.D. Learning a foreign language helps you add to your general stock of information.4. A. He can speak and write.B. He can understand.C. He can read.D. He can make himself understood in speech and writing.5. A. Attitude of the person learning it.B. Motivation of the person learning it.C. Age of the person learning it.D. The way the person learns it.6. A. Before the age of 10.B. Around the age of 10.C. After the age of 10.D. At the age of 10.Part 3 Culture and CommunicationTask 1Directions: You are going to hear a passage about how cultures change. The passage will be read twice. While listening, you are expected to take down the main points of the passage according to the hintsprovided.All parts of a culture do not change at the same time.Sometimes,_________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ _______________ At other times, ______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ _______________Characteristics of cultural change include:Diffusion:__________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ _____ Acculturation: ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ _______________ Assimilation: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________Task 2Directions: You are going to hear a passage about communicative style in interpersonal situations. The passage will be read twice. After listening, you are expected to summarize orally what you have heard. Yoursummary should be based on the hints provided.1.Differences in communicative style of different nationalities.2.What communicative style refers to.3.The influence of culture on people’s use and understanding of communicative style.Task 3Directions: You are going to listen to a passage about American small talk. The passage will be read only once.After listening, you are expected to choose the best answer from the four suggested choices marked A,B, C, and D to each of the questions you hear.1. A. Controversial topics of American small talk.B. General topics of American small talk.C. Political topics of American small talk.D. Recreational topics of American small talk.2. A. Sports B. News itemsC. Physical surroundingsD. Family matters3. A. Their social lives B. Their recreational interestsC. Their teachers and classesD. Their favorite stars4. A. Because they are too formal topics which makeAmericans uncomfortable.B. Because they are controversial topics which often lead to arguments .C. Because they are intellectual topics in which not all the Americans are interested.D. Because they are not Americans' understandable topics.5. A. Because politics is the most appropriate topic for their discussion.B. Because they can learn a lot from their discussion of politics.C. Because politics has more to do with their lives and work.D. Because discussing politics is their favorite way to kill the time.6. A. Personal concerns.B. Social lives.C. Financial matters.D. Interpersonal relations.S S c c r r i i p p t t s s f f o o r r U U n n i i t t O O n n e ePart 1 English and Its OriginTask 1In Great Britain at present the speech of educated persons is known as Received Standard English. A class dialect rather than a regional dialect, it is based on the type of speech cultivated at such schools as Eton and Harrow and at such of the older universities as Oxford and Cambridge. Many English people who speak regional dialects in their childhood acquire Received Standard English while attending school and university. Its influence has become even stronger in recent years because of its use by such public media as the British Broadcasting Corp.An important development of English outside Great Britainoccurred with the colonization of North America. American English may be considered to include the English spoken in Canada, although the Canadian variety retains some features of British pronunciation, spelling, and vocabulary. The most distinguishing differences between American English and British English are in pronunciation and vocabulary. There are slighter differences in spelling, pitch, and stress as well. Written American English also has a tendency to be more rigid in matters of grammar and syntax, but at the same time appears to be more tolerant of the use of neologisms. Despite these differences, it is often difficult to determine—apart from context—whether serious literary works have been written in Great Britain or the U.S./Canada—or, for that matter, in Australia, New Zealand, or South Africa.Task 2The history of the English language can be divided into three main periods. The language of the first period, which began about 500 and ended about 1100, is called Old English. During the next period, from about 1100 to 1485, the people spoke Middle English. The language of the period from about 1485 to the present is known as Modern English.Old English was mainly a mixture of the Germanic languages of the Angles, Jutes, and Saxons. Old English resembles modern German more than it does modern English. The vocabulary of Old English was chiefly Germanic, though some words came from the language of the Celts. The Germanic people had learned some Latin words while they lived on the European continent. These people brought some of those words to the British Isles and added them to Old English. More Latin words were added during the 500's and the 600's, when Christianity spread in England.During the late 800's, Viking invaders from Denmark and Norway settled in northeast England. As a result, many words from Scandinavian languages became part of Old English. In 1066, England was conquered by the Normans, a people from the area in France that is now called Normandy. Their leader, William the Conqueror, became king of England. The Normans took control of all English institutions, including the government and the church.Most of the English people continued to speak English. However, many of the members of the upper class in England learned Norman French because they wanted influence and power. The use of French words eventually became fashionable in England. The English borrowed thousands of these words and made them part of their own language. The French-influenced language of England during this period is now called Middle English. The Normans intermarried with the English and, through the years, became increasingly distant--socially, economically, and culturally--from France. The Normans began to speak English in daily life. By the end of the 1300's, the French influence had declined sharply in England. English was used again in the courts and in business affairs, where French had replaced it.By about 1485, English had lost most of its Old English inflections, and its pronunciation and word order closely resembled those of today. During this period, the vocabulary of English expanded by borrowing words from many other languages. Beginning in the 1600's, the language spread throughout the world as the English explored and colonized Africa, Australia, India, and North America. Different dialects of the English language developed inthese areas.Task 3English language is the most widely spoken language in the world. It is used as either a primary or secondary language in many countries.English has a larger vocabulary than any other language. There are more than 600,000 words in the largest dictionaries of the English language.Some English words have been passed on from generation to generation expressing basic ideas and feelings. Later, many words were borrowed from other languages, including Arabic, French, German, Greek, Italian, Latin, and Spanish. For example, algebra is from Arabic, fashion from French, piano from Italian, and canyon from Spanish. A number of English words were formed by combining other words. Words can also be shortened to form new words.Pronunciation and spelling in English sometimes seem illogical or inconsistent. Many words are spelled similarly though pronounced differently. Examples include cough, though, and through. Other words, such as blue, crew, to, too, and shoe, have similar pronunciations but are spelled differently. Many of these variations show changes that occurred during the development of English. The spelling of some words remained the same through the centuries, though their pronunciation changed.Grammar is the set of principles used to create sentences. These principles define the elements used to assemble sentences and the relationships between the elements. The elements include parts of speech and inflections.Some modern scholars divide the parts of speech into two categories, content words and function words. Content words are the main parts of speech--nouns, verbs, adverbs, and adjectives--and carry the basic vocabulary meanings. Function words express relationships between content words in a sentence. They show the grammatical, or structural, meanings of the sentence and are also called structure classes. Function words include articles, prepositions, pronouns, and conjunctions.English has fewer inflections than most other European languages. An inflection is a variation of the form of a word that gives the word a different meaning or function. An English noun has only two inflections, the plural and the possessive. Inflections are used to change the tense and number of a verb or the case of a pronoun. Inflections can change adjectives to the comparative or the superlative--for example, big, bigger, biggest.Questions:1.According to the largest dictionaries, approximately how many words are there in the English language?2.Many English words were borrowed from other languages. From which language was the word Pianoborrowed ?3.Why do English pronunciation and spelling sometimes seem illogical or inconsistent?4.Which of the following parts of speech does not belong to the category of content words?5.What is the function of content words, according to this passage?6.How many inflections does an English noun have?Part 2 language And Language LearningTask 1American English spelling differs from British English spelling largely because of one man, American lexicographer Noah Webster. In addition to his well-known American Dictionary ofthe English Language published in1828, Webster published The American Spelling Book in 1783, with many subsequent editions. TheAmerican Spelling Book became one of the most widely used schoolbooks in American history. Webster’s books sought to standardize spelling in the United States by promoting the use of an American language that intentionally differed from British English. The development of a specifically American variety of English mirrored the new country’s separate political development. Some of Webster’s most successful chan ges were spellings with or instead of our (honor, labor for the British honour, labour) and with er instead of re (center, theater for the British centre, theatre). And other changes were spellings with an s instead of a c (defense, license for the British defence, licence); with a final ck instead of que (check, mask for the British cheque, masque); and without a final k (traffic, public, now also used in British English, for the older traffick, publick). Later spelling reform created a few other differences, such as program for British programme.Canadian spelling varies between the British and American forms, more British in eastern Canada and more American in western Canada.Task 2No one knows how language began. Because all people who are not disabled have the ability to speak, language has probably existed at least as long as the modern human species. Most scholars believe that language developed very slowly from sound, such as grunts, barks and hoots, made by prehuman creatures. According to this view, a simple system of vocal communication became more complex as the human brain and speech organs evolved. But no one knows when and how this process took place.In fact, there is no record of language for most of its existence. The first real evidence of language is writing. But scholars believe that writing did not appear until thousands of years after the origin of language. The earliest known written records are Sumerian word-pictures made about 3500B.C. and Egyptian hieroglyphics that date from about 3000 B. C.. Written Chinese dates from perhaps 1500B.C., Greek from about 1400B.C., and Latin from about 500 B.C..No one knows all the reasons why languages change, but they continue to do so as long as people speak them. In a few cases, the changes can be explained. For examples, words are added to a vocabulary to refer to new ideas or objects. Contacts between speakers of different languages may cause words from one language to enter into another language.Most language changes occur for unknown reasons. Languages do not become better or worse, only different. The change is very slow. Speakers of English may notice differences between how they and other English speakers talk and may also recognize certain changes in their own speech. But these differences do not make English speakers think that they are changing from one language to another. If present-day speakers of English try to read Old English, however, they find that it is as unlike modern English as are French or German. In modern industrial societies, language changes take place even more slowly. Educational systems and such centralized communication systems as radio and television promote the use of a standard form of a language. Under these conditions, a language is likely to remain more stable. However, language will probably never stop changing entirely.Task 3There are many important reasons for learning a foreign language. Among them are the following: (1) Learning a foreign language increases your range of communication. For example, if you speak only English, you can communicate with over 400 million other speakers. If you also learn Spanish, you could speak to any of the 371 million Spanish-speaking people in Latin America, Spain, and other parts of the world. (2) A foreign language can help you add to your knowledge of your own language. For example, by studying Latin, you can improve your understanding of many of the thousands of English words that have Latin root. (3) Learning a foreign language helps you add to your general stock of information. A foreign language can be a key that unlocks new fields of knowledge. If you learn German you will be able to read books that are written in German on almost any subject you may wish to study.Learning any language involves four skills: (1) speaking, (2) understanding, (3) reading, and (4) writing. If you understand a foreign language, and can make yourself understood in speech and writing, you have mastered it.No language is easy or difficult in itself. The ease or difficulty of any language depends on the age of the person learning it. Before the age of 10, all languages are equally easy when learned by the natural speaking method ( listening and imitating ). After 10, learning a language becomes more difficult. Therefore, it is desirable to learn foreign languages as early as possible. Some schools start foreign language instruction in kindergarten or in the primary grades.Questions:1.What does the passage mainly discuss?2.How many important reasons for learning a foreignlanguage does the passage list?3.What point does the author illustrate by the examp le “studying Latin”?4.According to the passage, what does it mean to say one has mastered a language?5.On what does the ease or difficulty of learning any language depend?6.At what age are all languages equally easy when learned by the natural speaking method?Part 3 Culture and CommunicationTask 1Every culture changes. But all parts of a culture do not change at the same time. Science and technology may sometimes change so rapidly that they lessen the importance of customs, ideas, and other nonmaterial parts of a culture. At other times, changes in ideas and social systems may occur before changes in technology. The failure of certain parts of a culture to keep up with other related parts is referred to as cultural lag. No society is so isolated that it does not come in contact with other societies. When contact occurs, societies borrow cultural traits from one another. As a result, cultural traits and patterns tend to spread from the society in which they originated. This spreading process is called diffusion. Corn growing, for example, began in what is now Mexico thousands of years ago and eventually spread throughout the world.Diffusion can occur without firsthand contact between cultures. Products or patterns may move from group A to group C through group B without any contact between group A and group C. Today, diffusion is rapid and widespread because many cultures of the world are linked through advanced means oftransportation and communication.When two cultures have continuous, firsthand contact with each other, the exchange of cultural traits is called acculturation. Acculturation has often occurred when one culture has colonized or conquered another, or as a result of trade. In addition to adopting each other's traits, the two cultures may blend traits. For example, if the people of the cultures speak different languages, they may develop a mixed language called pidgin in order to communicate. The cultures may also exchange or blend such traits as clothing, dances, music, recipes, and tools. Through acculturation, parts of the culture of one or both groups change, but the groups remain distinct. In this way, acculturation differs from assimilation. Through assimilation, one group becomes part of another group and loses its separate identity.Task 2Pushy Greeks. Shy Chinese. Opinionated Germans. Emotional Mexicans, Brazilians, and Italians. Cold British. Loud Africans. These are among the stereotypes or general ideas Americans have about some other nationalities. In part, these stereotypes arise from differences in what is call ed “communicative style.”When people talk to each other, they exhibit a communicative style that is strongly influenced by their culture.Communicative style refers to (1) the topics people prefer to discuss, (2) their favorite forms of interaction in conversation, (3) the depth to which they want to get involved with each other, (4) the communication channels (verbal or nonverbal) on which they rely, and (5) the level of meaning (“factual” vs. “emotional”) to which they are most attuned.Naturally, people prefer to use their own communicative style. Issues about communicative style rarely arise when twopeople from the same culture are together because their styles generally agree. Most people—including most Americans—are as unaware of their communicative style as they are of their basic values and assumptions. Foreigners who understand something about the Americans’ communicative style will be less likely to misinterpret or misjudge Americans than will foreigners who don’t know the common characteristi cs of interpersonal communication among Americans. They will also have a better understanding of some of the stereotypes Americans have about other nationality groups.Task 3When Americans first encounter another person, they engage in a kind of conversation they call "small talk." The most common topic of small talk is the weather; another very common topic is the speakers' current physical surroundings--the room or building they are in, the sidewalk where they are standing, or whatever is appropriate. Later, after the preliminaries, Americans may talk about past experiences they have both had, such as watching a particular TV program, going to New York, or eating at a particular restaurant.Beyond these very general topics of small topic, there is variation according to the life situation of the people involved and the setting in which the conversation is taking place. Students are likely to talk about their teachers and classes; if they are of the same sex, they are likely to discuss their social lives. Adults may discuss their jobs, recreational interests, houses, or family matters. Men are likely to talk about sports or cars. Housewives, whose numbers are steadily decreasing in American society, are likely to talk about their children, if they have any, or about household matters or personal care.。