CMB anisotropy deviations from Gaussianity due to non-linear gravity
- 格式:pdf
- 大小:187.91 KB
- 文档页数:6
人工智能是一门新兴的具有挑战力的学科。
自人工智能诞生以来,发展迅速,产生了许多分支。
诸如强化学习、模拟环境、智能硬件、机器学习等。
但是,在当前人工智能技术迅猛发展,为人们的生活带来许多便利。
下面是搜索整理的人工智能英文参考文献的分享,供大家借鉴参考。
人工智能英文参考文献一:[1]Lars Egevad,Peter Str?m,Kimmo Kartasalo,Henrik Olsson,Hemamali Samaratunga,Brett Delahunt,Martin Eklund. The utility of artificial intelligence in the assessment of prostate pathology[J]. Histopathology,2020,76(6).[2]Rudy van Belkom. The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Activities ofa Futurist[J]. World Futures Review,2020,12(2).[3]Reza Hafezi. How Artificial Intelligence Can Improve Understanding in Challenging Chaotic Environments[J]. World Futures Review,2020,12(2).[4]Alejandro Díaz-Domínguez. How Futures Studies and Foresight Could Address Ethical Dilemmas of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence[J]. World Futures Review,2020,12(2).[5]Russell T. Warne,Jared Z. Burton. Beliefs About Human Intelligence in a Sample of Teachers and Nonteachers[J]. Journal for the Education of the Gifted,2020,43(2).[6]Russell Belk,Mariam Humayun,Ahir Gopaldas. Artificial Life[J]. Journal of Macromarketing,2020,40(2).[7]Walter Kehl,Mike Jackson,Alessandro Fergnani. Natural Language Processing and Futures Studies[J]. World Futures Review,2020,12(2).[8]Anne Boysen. Mine the Gap: Augmenting Foresight Methodologies with Data Analytics[J]. World Futures Review,2020,12(2).[9]Marco Bevolo,Filiberto Amati. The Potential Role of AI in Anticipating Futures from a Design Process Perspective: From the Reflexive Description of “Design” to a Discussion of Influences by the Inclusion of AI in the Futures Research Process[J]. World Futures Review,2020,12(2).[10]Lan Xu,Paul Tu,Qian Tang,Dan Seli?teanu. Contract Design for Cloud Logistics (CL) Based on Blockchain Technology (BT)[J]. Complexity,2020,2020.[11]L. Grant,X. Xue,Z. Vajihi,A. Azuelos,S. Rosenthal,D. Hopkins,R. Aroutiunian,B. Unger,A. Guttman,M. Afilalo. LO32: Artificial intelligence to predict disposition to improve flow in the emergency department[J]. CJEM,2020,22(S1).[12]A. Kirubarajan,A. Taher,S. Khan,S. Masood. P071: Artificial intelligence in emergency medicine: A scoping review[J]. CJEM,2020,22(S1).[13]L. Grant,P. Joo,B. Eng,A. Carrington,M. Nemnom,V. Thiruganasambandamoorthy. LO22: Risk-stratification of emergency department syncope by artificial intelligence using machine learning: human, statistics or machine[J]. CJEM,2020,22(S1).[14]Riva Giuseppe,Riva Eleonora. OS for Ind Robots: Manufacturing Robots Get Smarter Thanks to Artificial Intelligence.[J]. Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking,2020,23(5).[15]Markus M. Obmann,Aurelio Cosentino,Joshy Cyriac,Verena Hofmann,Bram Stieltjes,Daniel T. Boll,Benjamin M. Yeh,Matthias R. Benz. Quantitative enhancement thresholds and machine learning algorithms for the evaluation of renal lesions using single-phase split-filter dual-energy CT[J]. Abdominal Radiology,2020,45(1).[16]Haytham H. Elmousalami,Mahmoud Elaskary. Drilling stuck pipe classification and mitigation in the Gulf of Suez oil fields using artificial intelligence[J]. Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology,2020,10(10).[17]Rüdiger Schulz-Wendtland,Karin Bock. Bildgebung in der Mammadiagnostik –Ein Ausblick <trans-title xml:lang="en">Imaging in breast diagnostics—an outlook [J]. Der Gyn?kologe,2020,53(6).</trans-title>[18]Nowakowski Piotr,Szwarc Krzysztof,Boryczka Urszula. Combining an artificial intelligence algorithm and a novel vehicle for sustainable e-waste collection[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2020,730.[19]Wang Huaizhi,Liu Yangyang,Zhou Bin,Li Canbing,Cao Guangzhong,Voropai Nikolai,Barakhtenko Evgeny. Taxonomy research of artificial intelligence for deterministic solar power forecasting[J]. Energy Conversion and Management,2020,214.[20]Kagemoto Hiroshi. Forecasting a water-surface wave train with artificial intelligence- A case study[J]. Ocean Engineering,2020,207.[21]Tomonori Aoki,Atsuo Yamada,Kazuharu Aoyama,Hiroaki Saito,Gota Fujisawa,Nariaki Odawara,Ryo Kondo,Akiyoshi Tsuboi,Rei Ishibashi,Ayako Nakada,Ryota Niikura,Mitsuhiro Fujishiro,Shiro Oka,Soichiro Ishihara,Tomoki Matsuda,Masato Nakahori,Shinji Tanaka,Kazuhiko Koike,Tomohiro Tada. Clinical usefulness of a deep learning‐based system as the first screening on small‐bowel capsule endoscopy reading[J]. Digestive Endoscopy,2020,32(4).[22]Masashi Fujii,Hajime Isomoto. Next generation of endoscopy: Harmony with artificial intelligence and robotic‐assisted devices[J]. Digestive Endoscopy,2020,32(4).[23]Roberto Verganti,Luca Vendraminelli,Marco Iansiti. Innovation and Design in the Age of Artificial Intelligence[J]. Journal of Product Innovation Management,2020,37(3).[24]Yuval Elbaz,David Furman,Maytal Caspary Toroker. Modeling Diffusion in Functional Materials: From Density Functional Theory to Artificial Intelligence[J]. Advanced Functional Materials,2020,30(18).[25]Dinesh Visva Gunasekeran,Tien Yin Wong. Artificial Intelligence in Ophthalmology in 2020: A Technology on the Cusp for Translation and Implementation[J]. Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology,2020,9(2).[26]Fu-Neng Jiang,Li-Jun Dai,Yong-Ding Wu,Sheng-Bang Yang,Yu-Xiang Liang,Xin Zhang,Cui-Yun Zou,Ren-Qiang He,Xiao-Ming Xu,Wei-De Zhong. The study of multiple diagnosis models of human prostate cancer based on Taylor database by artificial neural networks[J]. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association,2020,83(5).[27]Matheus Calil Faleiros,Marcello Henrique Nogueira-Barbosa,Vitor Faeda Dalto,JoséRaniery Ferreira Júnior,Ariane Priscilla Magalh?es Tenório,Rodrigo Luppino-Assad,Paulo Louzada-Junior,Rangaraj Mandayam Rangayyan,Paulo Mazzoncini de Azevedo-Marques. Machine learning techniques for computer-aided classification of active inflammatory sacroiliitis in magnetic resonance imaging[J]. Advances in Rheumatology,2020,60(1078).[28]Balamurugan Balakreshnan,Grant Richards,Gaurav Nanda,Huachao Mao,Ragu Athinarayanan,Joseph Zaccaria. PPE Compliance Detection using Artificial Intelligence in Learning Factories[J]. Procedia Manufacturing,2020,45.[29]M. Stévenin,V. Avisse,N. Ducarme,A. de Broca. Qui est responsable si un robot autonome vient à entra?ner un dommage ?[J]. Ethique et Santé,2020.[30]Fatemeh Barzegari Banadkooki,Mohammad Ehteram,Fatemeh Panahi,Saad Sh. Sammen,Faridah Binti Othman,Ahmed EL-Shafie. Estimation of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) using New Hybrid Machine Learning Models[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2020.[31]Adam J. Schwartz,Henry D. Clarke,Mark J. Spangehl,Joshua S. Bingham,DavidA. Etzioni,Matthew R. Neville. Can a Convolutional Neural Network Classify Knee Osteoarthritis on Plain Radiographs as Accurately as Fellowship-Trained Knee Arthroplasty Surgeons?[J]. The Journal of Arthroplasty,2020.[32]Ivana Nizetic Kosovic,Toni Mastelic,Damir Ivankovic. Using Artificial Intelligence on environmental data from Internet of Things for estimating solar radiation: Comprehensive analysis[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2020.[33]Lauren Fried,Andrea Tan,Shirin Bajaj,Tracey N. Liebman,David Polsky,Jennifer A. Stein. Technological advances for the detection of melanoma: Part I. Advances in diagnostic techniques[J]. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology,2020.[34]Mohammed Amoon,Torki Altameem,Ayman Altameem. Internet of things Sensor Assisted Security and Quality Analysis for Health Care Data Sets Using Artificial Intelligent Based Heuristic Health Management System[J]. Measurement,2020.[35]E. Lotan,C. Tschider,D.K. Sodickson,A. Caplan,M. Bruno,B. Zhang,Yvonne W. Lui. Medical Imaging and Privacy in the Era of Artificial Intelligence: Myth, Fallacy, and the Future[J]. Journal of the American College of Radiology,2020.[36]Fabien Lareyre,Cédric Adam,Marion Carrier,Juliette Raffort. Artificial Intelligence in Vascular Surgery: moving from Big Data to Smart Data[J]. Annals of Vascular Surgery,2020.[37]Ilesanmi Daniyan,Khumbulani Mpofu,Moses Oyesola,Boitumelo Ramatsetse,Adefemi Adeodu. Artificial intelligence for predictive maintenance in the railcar learning factories[J]. Procedia Manufacturing,2020,45.[38]Janet L. McCauley,Anthony E. Swartz. Reframing Telehealth[J]. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America,2020.[39]Jean-Emmanuel Bibault,Lei Xing. Screening for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with artificial intelligence[J]. The Lancet Digital Health,2020,2(5).[40]Andrea Laghi. Cautions about radiologic diagnosis of COVID-19 infection driven by artificial intelligence[J]. The Lancet Digital Health,2020,2(5).人工智能英文参考文献二:[41]K. Orhan,I. S. Bayrakdar,M. Ezhov,A. Kravtsov,T. ?zyürek. Evaluation of artificial intelligence for detecting periapical pathosis on cone‐beam computed tomography scans[J]. International Endodontic Journal,2020,53(5).[42]Avila A M,Mezi? I. Data-driven analysis and forecasting of highway traffic dynamics.[J]. Nature communications,2020,11(1).[43]Neri Emanuele,Miele Vittorio,Coppola Francesca,Grassi Roberto. Use of CT andartificial intelligence in suspected or COVID-19 positive patients: statement of the Italian Society of Medical and Interventional Radiology.[J]. La Radiologia medica,2020.[44]Tau Noam,Stundzia Audrius,Yasufuku Kazuhiro,Hussey Douglas,Metser Ur. Convolutional Neural Networks in Predicting Nodal and Distant Metastatic Potential of Newly Diagnosed Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer on FDG PET Images.[J]. AJR. American journal of roentgenology,2020.[45]Coppola Francesca,Faggioni Lorenzo,Regge Daniele,Giovagnoni Andrea,Golfieri Rita,Bibbolino Corrado,Miele Vittorio,Neri Emanuele,Grassi Roberto. Artificial intelligence: radiologists' expectations and opinions gleaned from a nationwide online survey.[J]. La Radiologia medica,2020.[46]?. ? ? ? ? [J]. ,2020,25(4).[47]Savage Rock H,van Assen Marly,Martin Simon S,Sahbaee Pooyan,Griffith Lewis P,Giovagnoli Dante,Sperl Jonathan I,Hopfgartner Christian,K?rgel Rainer,Schoepf U Joseph. Utilizing Artificial Intelligence to Determine Bone Mineral Density Via Chest Computed Tomography.[J]. Journal of thoracic imaging,2020,35 Suppl 1.[48]Brzezicki Maksymilian A,Bridger Nicholas E,Kobeti? Matthew D,Ostrowski Maciej,Grabowski Waldemar,Gill Simran S,Neumann Sandra. Artificial intelligence outperforms human students in conducting neurosurgical audits.[J]. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery,2020,192.[49]Lockhart Mark E,Smith Andrew D. Fatty Liver Disease: Artificial Intelligence Takes on the Challenge.[J]. Radiology,2020,295(2).[50]Wood Edward H,Korot Edward,Storey Philip P,Muscat Stephanie,Williams George A,Drenser Kimberly A. The retina revolution: signaling pathway therapies, genetic therapies, mitochondrial therapies, artificial intelligence.[J]. Current opinion in ophthalmology,2020,31(3).[51]Ho Dean,Quake Stephen R,McCabe Edward R B,Chng Wee Joo,Chow Edward K,Ding Xianting,Gelb Bruce D,Ginsburg Geoffrey S,Hassenstab Jason,Ho Chih-Ming,Mobley William C,Nolan Garry P,Rosen Steven T,Tan Patrick,Yen Yun,Zarrinpar Ali. Enabling Technologies for Personalized and Precision Medicine.[J]. Trends in biotechnology,2020,38(5).[52]Fischer Andreas M,Varga-Szemes Akos,van Assen Marly,Griffith L Parkwood,Sahbaee Pooyan,Sperl Jonathan I,Nance John W,Schoepf U Joseph. Comparison of Artificial Intelligence-Based Fully Automatic Chest CT Emphysema Quantification to Pulmonary Function Testing.[J]. AJR. American journal ofroentgenology,2020,214(5).[53]Moore William,Ko Jane,Gozansky Elliott. Artificial Intelligence Pertaining to Cardiothoracic Imaging and Patient Care: Beyond Image Interpretation.[J]. Journal of thoracic imaging,2020,35(3).[54]Hwang Eui Jin,Park Chang Min. Clinical Implementation of Deep Learning in Thoracic Radiology: Potential Applications and Challenges.[J]. Korean journal of radiology,2020,21(5).[55]Mateen Bilal A,David Anna L,Denaxas Spiros. Electronic Health Records to Predict Gestational Diabetes Risk.[J]. Trends in pharmacological sciences,2020,41(5).[56]Yao Xiang,Mao Ling,Lv Shunli,Ren Zhenghong,Li Wentao,Ren Ke. CT radiomics features as a diagnostic tool for classifying basal ganglia infarction onset time.[J]. Journal of the neurological sciences,2020,412.[57]van Assen Marly,Banerjee Imon,De Cecco Carlo N. Beyond the Artificial Intelligence Hype: What Lies Behind the Algorithms and What We Can Achieve.[J]. Journal of thoracic imaging,2020,35 Suppl 1.[58]Guzik Tomasz J,Fuster Valentin. Leaders in Cardiovascular Research: Valentin Fuster.[J]. Cardiovascular research,2020,116(6).[59]Fischer Andreas M,Eid Marwen,De Cecco Carlo N,Gulsun Mehmet A,van Assen Marly,Nance John W,Sahbaee Pooyan,De Santis Domenico,Bauer Maximilian J,Jacobs Brian E,Varga-Szemes Akos,Kabakus Ismail M,Sharma Puneet,Jackson Logan J,Schoepf U Joseph. Accuracy of an Artificial Intelligence Deep Learning Algorithm Implementing a Recurrent Neural Network With Long Short-term Memory for the Automated Detection of Calcified Plaques From Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography.[J]. Journal of thoracic imaging,2020,35 Suppl 1.[60]Ghosh Adarsh,Kandasamy Devasenathipathy. Interpretable Artificial Intelligence: Why and When.[J]. AJR. American journal of roentgenology,2020,214(5).[61]M.Rosario González-Rodríguez,M.Carmen Díaz-Fernández,Carmen Pacheco Gómez. Facial-expression recognition: An emergent approach to the measurement of tourist satisfaction through emotions[J]. Telematics and Informatics,2020,51.[62]Ru-Xi Ding,Iván Palomares,Xueqing Wang,Guo-Rui Yang,Bingsheng Liu,Yucheng Dong,Enrique Herrera-Viedma,Francisco Herrera. Large-Scale decision-making: Characterization, taxonomy, challenges and future directions from an Artificial Intelligence and applications perspective[J]. Information Fusion,2020,59.[63]Abdulrhman H. Al-Jebrni,Brendan Chwyl,Xiao Yu Wang,Alexander Wong,Bechara J. Saab. AI-enabled remote and objective quantification of stress at scale[J]. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control,2020,59.[64]Gillian Thomas,Elizabeth Eisenhauer,Robert G. Bristow,Cai Grau,Coen Hurkmans,Piet Ost,Matthias Guckenberger,Eric Deutsch,Denis Lacombe,Damien C. Weber. The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer, State of Science in radiation oncology and priorities for clinical trials meeting report[J]. European Journal of Cancer,2020,131.[65]Muhammad Asif. Are QM models aligned with Industry 4.0? A perspective on current practices[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2020,258.[66]Siva Teja Kakileti,Himanshu J. Madhu,Geetha Manjunath,Leonard Wee,Andre Dekker,Sudhakar Sampangi. Personalized risk prediction for breast cancer pre-screening using artificial intelligence and thermal radiomics[J]. Artificial Intelligence In Medicine,2020,105.[67]. Evaluation of Payer Budget Impact Associated with the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Vitro Diagnostic, Kidneyintelx, to Modify DKD Progression:[J]. American Journal of Kidney Diseases,2020,75(5).[68]Rohit Nishant,Mike Kennedy,Jacqueline Corbett. Artificial intelligence for sustainability: Challenges, opportunities, and a research agenda[J]. International Journal of Information Management,2020,53.[69]Hoang Nguyen,Xuan-Nam Bui. Soft computing models for predicting blast-induced air over-pressure: A novel artificial intelligence approach[J]. Applied Soft Computing Journal,2020,92.[70]Benjamin S. Hopkins,Aditya Mazmudar,Conor Driscoll,Mark Svet,Jack Goergen,Max Kelsten,Nathan A. Shlobin,Kartik Kesavabhotla,Zachary A Smith,Nader S Dahdaleh. Using artificial intelligence (AI) to predict postoperative surgical site infection: A retrospective cohort of 4046 posterior spinal fusions[J]. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery,2020,192.[71]Mei Yang,Runze Zhou,Xiangjun Qiu,Xiangfei Feng,Jian Sun,Qunshan Wang,Qiufen Lu,Pengpai Zhang,Bo Liu,Wei Li,Mu Chen,Yan Zhao,Binfeng Mo,Xin Zhou,Xi Zhang,Yingxue Hua,Jin Guo,Fangfang Bi,Yajun Cao,Feng Ling,Shengming Shi,Yi-Gang Li. Artificial intelligence-assisted analysis on the association between exposure to ambient fine particulate matter and incidence of arrhythmias in outpatients of Shanghai community hospitals[J]. Environment International,2020,139.[72]Fatemehalsadat Madaeni,Rachid Lhissou,Karem Chokmani,Sebastien Raymond,Yves Gauthier. Ice jam formation, breakup and prediction methods based on hydroclimatic data using artificial intelligence: A review[J]. Cold Regions Science and Technology,2020,174.[73]Steve Chukwuebuka Arum,David Grace,Paul Daniel Mitchell. A review of wireless communication using high-altitude platforms for extended coverage and capacity[J]. Computer Communications,2020,157.[74]Yong-Hong Kuo,Nicholas B. Chan,Janny M.Y. Leung,Helen Meng,Anthony Man-Cho So,Kelvin K.F. Tsoi,Colin A. Graham. An Integrated Approach of Machine Learning and Systems Thinking for Waiting Time Prediction in an Emergency Department[J]. International Journal of Medical Informatics,2020,139.[75]Matteo Terzi,Gian Antonio Susto,Pratik Chaudhari. Directional adversarial training for cost sensitive deep learning classification applications[J]. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence,2020,91.[76]Arman Kilic. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Cardiovascular Health Care[J]. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery,2020,109(5).[77]Hossein Azarmdel,Ahmad Jahanbakhshi,Seyed Saeid Mohtasebi,Alfredo Rosado Mu?oz. Evaluation of image processing technique as an expert system in mulberry fruit grading based on ripeness level using artificial neural networks (ANNs) and support vector machine (SVM)[J]. Postharvest Biology and Technology,2020,166.[78]Wafaa Wardah,Abdollah Dehzangi,Ghazaleh Taherzadeh,Mahmood A. Rashid,M.G.M. Khan,Tatsuhiko Tsunoda,Alok Sharma. Predicting protein-peptide binding sites with a deep convolutional neural network[J]. Journal of Theoretical Biology,2020,496.[79]Francisco F.X. Vasconcelos,Róger M. Sarmento,Pedro P. Rebou?as Filho,Victor Hugo C. de Albuquerque. Artificial intelligence techniques empowered edge-cloud architecture for brain CT image analysis[J]. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence,2020,91.[80]Masaaki Konishi. Bioethanol production estimated from volatile compositions in hydrolysates of lignocellulosic biomass by deep learning[J]. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering,2020,129(6).人工智能英文参考文献三:[81]J. Kwon,K. Kim. Artificial Intelligence for Early Prediction of Pulmonary Hypertension Using Electrocardiography[J]. Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation,2020,39(4).[82]C. Maathuis,W. Pieters,J. van den Berg. Decision support model for effects estimation and proportionality assessment for targeting in cyber operations[J]. Defence Technology,2020.[83]Samer Ellahham. Artificial Intelligence in Diabetes Care[J]. The American Journal of Medicine,2020.[84]Yi-Ting Hsieh,Lee-Ming Chuang,Yi-Der Jiang,Tien-Jyun Chang,Chung-May Yang,Chang-Hao Yang,Li-Wei Chan,Tzu-Yun Kao,Ta-Ching Chen,Hsuan-Chieh Lin,Chin-Han Tsai,Mingke Chen. Application of deep learning image assessment software VeriSee? for diabetic retinopathy screening[J]. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association,2020.[85]Emre ARTUN,Burak KULGA. Selection of candidate wells for re-fracturing in tight gas sand reservoirs using fuzzy inference[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development Online,2020,47(2).[86]Alberto Arenal,Cristina Armu?a,Claudio Feijoo,Sergio Ramos,Zimu Xu,Ana Moreno. Innovation ecosystems theory revisited: The case of artificial intelligence in China[J]. Telecommunications Policy,2020.[87]T. Som,M. Dwivedi,C. Dubey,A. Sharma. Parametric Studies on Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Battery SOC Management and Optimization of Renewable Power[J]. Procedia Computer Science,2020,167.[88]Bushra Kidwai,Nadesh RK. Design and Development of Diagnostic Chabot for supporting Primary Health Care Systems[J]. Procedia Computer Science,2020,167.[89]Asl? Bozda?,Ye?im Dokuz,?znur Begüm G?k?ek. Spatial prediction of PM 10 concentration using machine learning algorithms in Ankara, Turkey[J]. Environmental Pollution,2020.[90]K.P. Smith,J.E. Kirby. Image analysis and artificial intelligence in infectious disease diagnostics[J]. Clinical Microbiology and Infection,2020.[91]Alklih Mohamad YOUSEF,Ghahfarokhi Payam KAVOUSI,Marwan ALNUAIMI,Yara ALATRACH. Predictive data analytics application for enhanced oil recovery in a mature field in the Middle East[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development Online,2020,47(2).[92]Omer F. Ahmad,Danail Stoyanov,Laurence B. Lovat. Barriers and pitfalls for artificial intelligence in gastroenterology: Ethical and regulatory issues[J]. Techniques and Innovations in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy,2020,22(2).[93]Sanne A. Hoogenboom,Ulas Bagci,Michael B. Wallace. Artificial intelligence in gastroenterology. The current state of play and the potential. How will it affect our practice and when?[J]. Techniques and Innovations in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy,2020,22(2).[94]Douglas K. Rex. Can we do resect and discard with artificial intelligence-assisted colon polyp “optical biopsy?”[J]. Techniques and Innovations in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy,2020,22(2).[95]Neal Shahidi,Michael J. Bourke. Can artificial intelligence accurately diagnose endoscopically curable gastrointestinal cancers?[J]. Techniques and Innovations in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy,2020,22(2).[96]Michael Byrne. Artificial intelligence in gastroenterology[J]. Techniques and Innovations in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy,2020,22(2).[97]Piet C. de Groen. Using artificial intelligence to improve adequacy of inspection in gastrointestinal endoscopy[J]. Techniques and Innovations in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy,2020,22(2).[98]Robin Zachariah,Andrew Ninh,William Karnes. Artificial intelligence for colon polyp detection: Why should we embrace this?[J]. Techniques and Innovations in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy,2020,22(2).[99]Alexandra T. Greenhill,Bethany R. Edmunds. A primer of artificial intelligence in medicine[J]. Techniques and Innovations in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy,2020,22(2).[100]Tomohiro Tada,Toshiaki Hirasawa,Toshiyuki Yoshio. The role for artificial intelligence in evaluation of upper GI cancer[J]. Techniques and Innovations in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy,2020,22(2).[101]Yahui Jiang,Meng Yang,Shuhao Wang,Xiangchun Li,Yan Sun. Emerging role of deep learning‐based artificial intelligence in tumor pathology[J]. Cancer Communications,2020,40(4).[102]Kristopher D. Knott,Andreas Seraphim,Joao B. Augusto,Hui Xue,Liza Chacko,Nay Aung,Steffen E. Petersen,Jackie A. Cooper,Charlotte Manisty,Anish N. Bhuva,Tushar Kotecha,Christos V. Bourantas,Rhodri H. Davies,Louise A.E. Brown,Sven Plein,Marianna Fontana,Peter Kellman,James C. Moon. The Prognostic Significance of Quantitative Myocardial Perfusion: An Artificial Intelligence–Based Approach Using Perfusion Mapping[J]. Circulation,2020,141(16).[103]Muhammad Asad,Ahmed Moustafa,Takayuki Ito. FedOpt: Towards Communication Efficiency and Privacy Preservation in Federated Learning[J]. Applied Sciences,2020,10(8).[104]Wu Wenzhi,Zhang Yan,Wang Pu,Zhang Li,Wang Guixiang,Lei Guanghui,Xiao Qiang,Cao Xiaochen,Bian Yueran,Xie Simiao,Huang Fei,Luo Na,Zhang Jingyuan,Luo Mingyan. Psychological stress of medical staffs during outbreak of COVID-19 and adjustment strategy.[J]. Journal of medical virology,2020.[105]. Eyenuk Fulfills Contract for Artificial Intelligence Grading of Retinal Images[J]. Telecomworldwire,2020.[106]Kim Tae Woo,Duhachek Adam. Artificial Intelligence and Persuasion: A Construal-Level Account.[J]. Psychological science,2020,31(4).[107]McCall Becky. COVID-19 and artificial intelligence: protecting health-care workers and curbing the spread.[J]. The Lancet. Digital health,2020,2(4).[108]Alca?iz Mariano,Chicchi Giglioli Irene A,Sirera Marian,Minissi Eleonora,Abad Luis. [Autism spectrum disorder biomarkers based on biosignals, virtual reality and artificial intelligence].[J]. Medicina,2020,80 Suppl 2.[109]Cong Lei,Feng Wanbing,Yao Zhigang,Zhou Xiaoming,Xiao Wei. Deep Learning Model as a New Trend in Computer-aided Diagnosis of Tumor Pathology for Lung Cancer.[J]. Journal of Cancer,2020,11(12).[110]Wang Fengdan,Gu Xiao,Chen Shi,Liu Yongliang,Shen Qing,Pan Hui,Shi Lei,Jin Zhengyu. Artificial intelligence system can achieve comparable results to experts for bone age assessment of Chinese children with abnormal growth and development.[J]. PeerJ,2020,8.[111]Hu Wenmo,Yang Huayu,Xu Haifeng,Mao Yilei. Radiomics based on artificial intelligence in liver diseases: where we are?[J]. Gastroenterology report,2020,8(2).[112]Batayneh Wafa,Abdulhay Enas,Alothman Mohammad. Prediction of the performance of artificial neural networks in mapping sEMG to finger joint angles via signal pre-investigation techniques.[J]. Heliyon,2020,6(4).[113]Aydin Emrah,Türkmen ?nan Utku,Namli G?zde,?ztürk ?i?dem,Esen Ay?e B,Eray Y Nur,Ero?lu Egemen,Akova Fatih. A novel and simple machine learning algorithm for preoperative diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children.[J]. Pediatric surgery international,2020.[114]Ellahham Samer. Artificial Intelligence in Diabetes Care.[J]. The Americanjournal of medicine,2020.[115]David J. Winkel,Thomas J. Weikert,Hanns-Christian Breit,Guillaume Chabin,Eli Gibson,Tobias J. Heye,Dorin Comaniciu,Daniel T. Boll. Validation of a fully automated liver segmentation algorithm using multi-scale deep reinforcement learning and comparison versus manual segmentation[J]. European Journal of Radiology,2020,126.[116]Binjie Fu,Guoshu Wang,Mingyue Wu,Wangjia Li,Yineng Zheng,Zhigang Chu,Fajin Lv. Influence of CT effective dose and convolution kernel on the detection of pulmonary nodules in different artificial intelligence software systems: A phantom study[J]. European Journal of Radiology,2020,126.[117]Georgios N. Kouziokas. A new W-SVM kernel combining PSO-neural network transformed vector and Bayesian optimized SVM in GDP forecasting[J]. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence,2020,92.[118]Qingsong Ruan,Zilin Wang,Yaping Zhou,Dayong Lv. A new investor sentiment indicator ( ISI ) based on artificial intelligence: A powerful return predictor in China[J]. Economic Modelling,2020,88.[119]Mohamed Abdel-Basset,Weiping Ding,Laila Abdel-Fatah. The fusion of Internet of Intelligent Things (IoIT) in remote diagnosis of obstructive Sleep Apnea: A survey and a new model[J]. Information Fusion,2020,61.[120]Federico Caobelli. Artificial intelligence in medical imaging: Game over for radiologists?[J]. European Journal of Radiology,2020,126.以上就是关于人工智能参考文献的分享,希望对你有所帮助。
小学上册英语第3单元测验卷(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题,每小题1分,共100分.每小题不选、错误,均不给分)1.My ________ (玩具名称) is a great tool for learning.2.He is my _____ (friend).3.What is the capital of Azerbaijan?A. BakuB. GanjaC. SumqayitD. Mingachevir答案:a4.What is the name of the famous American holiday celebrated in December?A. ChristmasB. ThanksgivingC. New Year'sD. Independence Day答案: A5.The __________ (历史的传承) carries forward wisdom.6.I want to ______ (visit) my cousin.7.What is the main ingredient in bread?A. RiceB. WheatC. CornD. Oats答案:b8.My friend is a great __________ (听众).9.Road connected China with _______. (欧洲) The Silk10.We can _______ (一起) play chess.11.What is the opposite of "empty"?A. FullB. LightC. WetD. Dirty答案:A Full12.I think that every person has the potential to be __________.13.The clouds are ________ (白色).14.The main component of lipids is ______.15.War was a period of tension between the ________ (美国和苏联). The Cold16.How many legs does a spider have?A. 6B. 8C. 4D. 10答案:B 817.In _____ (意大利), you can explore ancient ruins.18.My ________ (玩具名称) helps me learn about different places.19.The rabbit is ________ in the grass.20.How do you say "thank you" in English?A. SorryB. PleaseC. Thank youD. Hello答案:C21.The ______ (狮子) is known for its roar.22.The ______ thrives in tropical climates.23.The cat is _____ on the couch. (lying)24.The chemical symbol for osmium is __________.25.Chemical reactions can be classified as ______ or physical changes.26.What do you call a story that is true?A. FictionB. Non-fictionC. DramaD. Fantasy答案:B27.The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand sparked ________ (第一次世界大战).28.The ____ is a friendly pet that enjoys playing fetch.29.I help my dad with __________. (清理)30.The ____ has soft feathers and likes to perch.31.I enjoy having _________ (玩具聚会) where we showcase our favorite toys.32.The kids are ________ hide and seek.33.The __________ (历史的广度) encompasses diversity.34.The __________ is a major factor in soil composition.36.The process of liquid turning into vapor is called _______.37.The ______ helps us learn about social entrepreneurship.38.The car is parked _____ (in front/behind) the house.39.The ______ teaches us about nature.40.Which animal can live both in water and on land?A. FishB. DogC. FrogD. Cat答案:C41.The weather is _____ (sunny/cloudy) today.42.What is the main ingredient in tofu?A. SoybeansB. RiceC. WheatD. Corn答案:A43.What is the main ingredient in potato chips?A. CornB. WheatC. PotatoesD. Rice答案: C44.She is my _____ (好朋友) from school.45.The chemical symbol for iodine is _____.46.My brother is a _____ (学生) who loves geography.47.Chemical changes may involve the formation of a _____.48.What do you call the time when the sun goes down?A. SunriseB. DayC. SunsetD. Noon答案:C49.The cat's purring is very _______.50.We have a ______ (有趣的) project about space.51.I enjoy _______ (hiking) in the woods.52.The sun is _____ (shining/raining) today.53.My sister has a pet ______ (鹦鹉) that talks.54.The city of Cairo is located near the _______.56.Which of these animals is a reptile?A. FishB. BirdC. SnakeD. Elephant答案:C Snake57.Planting cover crops can improve ______ (土壤健康).58.I like to play ______ (board games) with my family.59. A chemical change produces new ______.60.What is 3 × 4?A. 10B. 12C. 14D. 16答案:B61.My dad is a _______ (工程师).62.The fish are swimming in the ___ (tank/aquarium).63.What is the shape of a ball?A. SquareB. CircleC. TriangleD. Rectangle答案:B Circle64.What is the term for a group of fish?A. SchoolB. PackC. FlockD. Colony答案:A65.The ancient Greeks used _____ to explain natural phenomena.66.I enjoy ______ at the beach.67.The stars are ___ (fading/shining) brightly.68.What is the term for a baby horse?A. CalfB. FoalC. KidD. Lamb答案:B.Foal69.What is the name of the famous island in the Pacific Ocean?A. Bora BoraB. FijiC. TahitiD. All of the above答案: D. All of the above70. A __________ is a mixture where particles do not settle.71.What is the main ingredient in soup?A. WaterB. SaltC. SugarD. Oil答案: A72.I like to go to the beach and collect ________ (贝壳). Each one is unique and________ (美丽).73.My __________ (玩具名) is very __________ (形容词) and fun to use.74.The clock _____ ticks loudly. (always)75.My dad loves __________ (培养兴趣).76.What is the name of the famous tower in Paris?A. AcropolisB. Eiffel TowerC. Leaning Tower of PisaD. Big Ben答案:B77.The flamingo stands on one _________. (腿)78.The theme park is very _______ (exciting).79. A telescope helps us to observe ______.80.What is the process of photosynthesis?A. Plants making foodB. Animals eating plantsC. Water evaporatingD. Seeds germinating答案:A81.The _______ (The Age of Enlightenment) emphasized reason and individual rights.82. A __________ is a large area characterized by its climate.83.The tortoise hides in its _______ (壳).84.My dad is a __________ (专业顾问).85.What is the name of the famous toy in "Toy Story"?A. Buzz LightyearB. WoodyC. RexD. Jessie答案:B86.I love to play games with my __________. (弟弟)87.The _____ can be used to navigate at sea.88.I enjoy ______ (playing) video games.89.What color do you get when you mix red and white?A. PinkB. PurpleC. BrownD. Blue答案:A90. A ______ (蜜蜂) collects nectar from flowers.91.An atom is stable when its outer shell is ______.92.My aunt loves __________ (读书).93. A ________ (沙地) is often found in deserts.94.The capital of Samoa is __________.95.中国的四大发明包括________ (papermaking) 和火药。
As an English teacher with a French twist,Im delighted to help you craft an essay about your favorite food and how you like it prepared.Lets dive into the details and create an engaging narrative that showcases your culinary preferences.Title:My Favorite Culinary CreationIntroduction:The world of gastronomy is as vast as it is diverse,with each culture offering a unique palette of flavors and techniques.Among the myriad of dishes that tantalize the taste buds, there is one particular preparation that has captured my heart and palate.It is not just about the ingredients,but the method of preparation that elevates the dish to a culinary masterpiece.Body:1.The Dish:The dish that I hold in the highest regard is a classic example of simplicity meeting sophistication.It is a dish that can be found in various forms across the globe,yet each rendition carries the signature touch of its origin.This dish is none other than the humble yet versatile pasta.2.The Preparation:My love for pasta is not just about the noodles themselves,but the way they are cooked and the sauce that accompanies them.I prefer my pasta to be cooked al dente,a term that refers to the perfect balance between firmness and tenderness.This ensures that each strand of pasta retains its structural integrity,allowing it to hold the sauce without becoming mushy.3.The Sauce:The sauce is the soul of the dish,and I have a particular penchant for a rich and creamy tomatobased sauce.The process begins with sautéing finely chopped garlic and onions in olive oil,which infuses the oil with a robust flavor.This is followed by the addition of ripe tomatoes,which are simmered until they release their natural sweetness.The key to a great sauce is the slow and patient reduction,which concentrates the flavors and creates a velvety texture.4.The Finishing Touches:Once the pasta is cooked to perfection and the sauce has reached its peak,it is time tocombine the two.The pasta is drained and then tossed in the sauce,ensuring that each strand is coated evenly.A generous grating of Parmesan cheese is added,along with a sprinkle of fresh basil leaves.The final touch is a drizzle of extra virgin olive oil,which adds a layer of complexity and richness to the dish.Conclusion:Food is more than just sustenance it is an experience that engages all the senses.My favorite dish,prepared in this particular way,is a testament to the power of culinary artistry.It is a dish that not only satisfies the palate but also evokes a sense of comfort and familiarity.As I savor each bite,I am reminded of the joy that comes from sharing a meal with loved ones and the simple pleasures that life has to offer.Remember,the key to a compelling essay is to engage the reader with vivid descriptions and a personal touch.By sharing your love for this dish and the meticulous process of its preparation,you invite the reader to experience the dish through your eyes.Bon appétit!。
小学上册英语第二单元综合卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题,每小题1分,共100分.每小题不选、错误,均不给分)1.What is the capital of Sweden?A. OsloB. CopenhagenC. StockholmD. HelsinkiC Stockholm2.What is the name of the famous painting by Vincent van Gogh?A. The Last SupperB. Starry NightC. Mona LisaD. The ScreamB3.What is the main language spoken in Spain?A. PortugueseB. SpanishC. CatalanD. ItalianB4.How many legs does a butterfly have?A. FourB. FiveC. SixD. Eight5.The ________ was a famous explorer who mapped the seas.6.The chemical formula for ammonium phosphate is _____.7.What is the name of the famous mountain in Oceania?A. Mount CookB. Mount KosciuszkoC. Mount TaranakiD. All of the above8.I love to collect ______ (邮票) from different countries. They are very ______ (特别).9.The _______ (猴子) can climb very well.10. A parakeet can be taught to ______ (说话).11.The hen lays _______ (蛋) every day.12.My favorite _________ (玩具) teaches me about science.14.Bears hibernate during the _______ (冬天).15. A crab scuttles sideways on the _______ looking for food.16.I love to ______ (与家人一起) visit new places.17. A ____(sustainable fisheries management) preserves fish populations.18.What do we call a person who acts in a play?A. ActorB. DirectorC. ProducerD. Writer19.I want to learn how to ________ (制作手工艺品).20.Which animal says "meow"?A. DogB. CatC. CowD. SheepB21.What do you call a book for children?A. NovelB. Picture bookC. EncyclopediaD. TextbookB22.What do we call the process of a caterpillar turning into a butterfly?A. EvolutionB. MetamorphosisC. DevelopmentD. TransformationB23.The _____ (毛绒玩具) is very soft.24.What is the capital of Egypt?A. CairoB. AlexandriaC. LuxorD. Giza25.What is the name of the fictional character who travels to Wonderland?A. AliceB. DorothyC. WendyD. Lucy26.What is the capital of Italy?A. RomeB. FlorenceC. MilanD. Venice27.The __________ (历史的理解过程) involves critical thinking.28.My brother loves to participate in __________ (竞赛).29.The chemical formula for osmium tetroxide is _______.30.We planted ________ along the fence.32.I have a ________ in my backpack.33.The _____ (car/bike) is red.34.The ocean is very _______ (广阔的).35.The _______ (Socrates) is considered one of the founders of Western philosophy.36. A ____ is a small animal that enjoys chasing after butterflies.37.The classroom is ______ with posters. (decorated)38.__________ are used in the production of cosmetics.39.The process of boiling occurs when a liquid reaches its _______ point.40.The garden has many _____ (flowers/plants).41. A satellite helps us communicate over ______ distances.42. A catalyst speeds up a __________ (反应) without being consumed.43.Newton's first law is about inertia and ______.44.Shadows are formed when light is ______ (blocked).45.What is the capital of the Bahamas?A. NassauB. FreeportC. Marsh HarbourD. George TownA46.What is the name of the largest bird?A. PenguinB. EagleC. OstrichD. Sparrow47.The ______ (植物研究) helps us understand ecosystems.48.My pet _____ loves to cuddle and play.49.What do we wear on our feet?A. HatB. SocksC. GlovesD. ScarfB50.What is the capital city of Saudi Arabia?A. RiyadhB. JeddahC. MeccaD. MedinaA51.The __________ (植物的适应) mechanisms are amazing to observe.52.The ice cream is ________ and cold.53.The higher you go, the _______ the air pressure.54.The signing of the Treaty of Versailles ended ________ (第一次世界大战).55.Vinegar is an example of an _______.56.I can ___ (catch) a ball easily.57.The process of a solid turning directly into a gas is called __________.58.The ______ shares knowledge about wildlife.59.What is the opposite of "big"?A. SmallB. LargeC. TallD. HugeA60.How many days are in February during a leap year?A. 28B. 29C. 30D. 31B61.How many continents are there on Earth?A. 5B. 6C. 7D. 8C62.What do we call a small insect that can fly?A. ButterflyB. BeeC. AntD. Ladybug63.What is the largest organ in the human body?A. HeartB. LiverC. SkinD. Brain64.Which insect makes honey?A. AntB. ButterflyC. BeeD. FlyC65.The sun rises in the _______.66.On my birthday, everyone calls me __. (在我的生日那天,每个人都叫我。
小学上册英语第一单元全练全测(含答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题,每小题1分,共100分.每小题不选、错误,均不给分)1.Galaxies can collide and merge with ______.2.The scientific study of matter and its changes is called _______.3.What is the name of the famous mountain range in Europe?A. RockiesB. HimalayasC. AlpsD. Andes4.An endothermic reaction requires _____ from its surroundings.5.What do we call a shape with four equal sides?A. RectangleB. SquareC. TriangleD. Pentagon答案:B6.His favorite sport is ________.7.I like to help my dad in the ____.8.The _______ of an object can affect its movement.9.My teacher helps me with ____.10.Which of these colors is made by mixing blue and yellow?A. RedB. GreenC. PurpleD. Orange答案:B11. A _____ (植物网络) can connect enthusiasts globally.12.An ecosystem includes living and non-living ______.13.I enjoy playing with my ______ (玩具车) in the living room. It goes ______ (快).14. A pendulum swings back and ______ (forth).15.Which language is spoken in Brazil?A. SpanishB. PortugueseC. FrenchD. Italian答案:B16.The garden is ________ (美丽).17.中国的________ (legends) 经常包含神话与历史交织的故事。
小学下册英语第三单元测验试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有50小题,每小题1分,共100分.每小题不选、错误,均不给分)1 A reaction that produces light is called a ______ reaction.2 The ________ (叶子) turn yellow and fall in autumn.3 George Washington was the first __________ of the United States. (总统)4 When a solid becomes a gas without turning into a liquid, it is called _______. (升华)5 How many days are in a week?A. 5B. 6C. 7D. 8答案:C6 What do you call a large body of salt water?A. RiverB. LakeC. OceanD. Pond答案: C7 The chemical formula for manganese sulfate is _____.8 The __________ (文化差异) can enrich social interactions.9 The atomic mass of an element is the average mass of its _____.10 What is the fastest land animal?A. LionB. GazelleC. CheetahD. Horse答案:C11 What is the currency used in the United States?a. Eurob. Yenc. Dollard. Pound答案:c12 My __________ (玩具名) can __________ (动词) and make me laugh!13 The chemical formula for potassium chloride is _______.14 What do we call a person who travels in space?A. PilotB. AstronautC. ScientistD. Engineer答案: B15 Insects can harm __________ (植物).16 The ________ (绿色空间) enhances urban areas.17 The __________ (新技术) aids in geography studies.18 A horse is a majestic _______ that gallops.19 What is 20 5?A. 10B. 15C. 20D. 25答案:B20 She is a historian, ______ (她是一名历史学家), preserving important stories.21 I like to play with my toy ________.22 What do we call the process of breathing?A. InhalingB. ExhalingC. RespirationD. All of the above23 What is the main gas in the air we breathe?A. OxygenB. NitrogenC. Carbon dioxideD. Helium答案:B24 What is the main purpose of a bridge?A. To connect two sidesB. To support vehiclesC. To provide a viewD. To carry water答案: A25 My friend is my best _______ who listens to my thoughts and feelings.26 What is the main source of energy for the Earth?A. The MoonB. The SunC. StarsD. Wind27 My sister is a ______. She enjoys doing crafts.28 A solution that has a high concentration of solute is called a _______ solution.29 A _______ (小海星) has five arms and lives in the sea.30 The teacher is _____ (kind/mean) to us.31 The _____ of a star is determined by its size and temperature.32 Which animal is known for its ability to fly?A. ElephantB. FishC. BirdD. Lion33 The chemical symbol for cerium is _______.34 I see a deer in the ___. (forest)35 Certain plants can ______ (影响) local wildlife.36 In spring, the trees are full of ______ (叶子). They look ______ (绿色).37 What do you call the main character in a movie?A. ActorB. DirectorC. ProtagonistD. Screenwriter38 What is the past tense of 'run'?A. RanB. RunnedC. RunningD. Runs答案:A39 The chemical structure of DNA contains ______.40 A _______ can help to measure the intensity of sound in different environments.41 Which of these is a primary color?A. PurpleB. OrangeC. BlueD. Brown42 Sugar dissolves in ______.43 The ____ is a significant animal in many cultures and stories.44 The boiling point of water is ______ degrees Celsius.45 The frog croaks by the ______ (池塘). It is looking for a ______ (伙伴).46 My sister enjoys __________ (游览博物馆).47 The _____ (丰收) time is exciting for farmers.48 The first person to successfully climb Mount Everest was _______. (希拉里)49 The chemical name for HO is _______.50 __________ are important for maintaining biodiversity.51 The capital city of Argentina is __________.52 The ________ (土地利用) is important for agriculture.53 The __________ is known for its artistic heritage.54 I can ______ (保持) a detailed journal.55 The cat loves to explore the _____ backyard.56 The _____ (sandal) is comfortable.57 She is ___ (running/jumping) in the field.58 The solid formed from a chemical reaction is called a ______.59 My ________ (玩具名称) is a fun way to practice sharing.60 I like to write ______ (故事) about my adventures and experiences.61 My hamster likes to _______ (跑轮) in its cage.62 My dog likes to bark at passing ______ (汽车).63 They are _____ (climbing) the hill.64 What do we use to write on paper?A. BrushB. PencilC. ScissorsD. Eraser65 A cow's role on the farm is primarily for ________________ (生产牛奶).66 The Earth's crust is constantly being ______ and recycled.67 Many cultures use ______ for decoration during festivals. (许多文化在节日期间使用花卉装饰。
小学上册英语第6单元期末试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题,每小题1分,共100分.每小题不选、错误,均不给分)1.She is a great ________.2.I have a good _____ (同学).3.The ostrich is the world's largest ______ (鸟).4.I have a pet ______ (小猫) named Bella. She is very ______ (活泼).5.ed their ______ (皮肤). Snakes s6.The ________ (feedback) helps us improve.7.The ______ (植物的栖息地) is crucial for their survival.8.What do we call the imaginary line that divides the Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres?A. EquatorB. Prime MeridianC. Tropic of CancerD. Tropic of CapricornA9.I have a toy _______ that can shake its head.10.Mount Everest is the highest ________ (山) in the world.11.We have a ______ (丰富的) educational system.12.He is a _____ (商人) who sells products online.13.I collect _______ (名词) as a hobby. Each item has its own _______ (故事).14.The __________ is a historical site in Turkey. (特洛伊)15.My uncle is a big __________ of sports. (爱好者)16.What is the name of the popular game played with cards?A. ChessB. PokerC. ScrabbleD. Monopoly17.Substances that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed are called ________.18.Which fruit is yellow and curved?A. AppleB. BananaC. OrangeD. GrapeB19.We have a ________ (meeting) after school.20. A solid has a _______ shape and volume.21.My family is going to _______ (travel/stay) at home this weekend.22.The main gas released during respiration is _______.23.What is the smallest continent?A. AfricaB. AsiaC. AustraliaD. Europe24.What do you call the process of photosynthesis?A. Production of foodB. Growth of plantsC. Absorption of sunlightD. All of the aboveD25.What is the color of the sky?A. GreenB. BlueC. RedD. YellowB26. A chemical change is often indicated by a _____ in color.27.An earthquake can cause the ground to ______ violently.28.The _______ (狗) barks at strangers.29.I like to play ______ games.30.The armadillo can curl into a ______ (球).31. A pelican has a large ________________ (喙).32.Which fruit is yellow and curved?A. AppleB. BananaC. CherryD. Grape33.What is the name of the famous American singer known for her role in "A Star Is Born"?A. Barbra StreisandB. Lady GagaC. AdeleD. Whitney HoustonB34.The ________ was a famous document that shaped law and governance.35.I enjoy ________ (参加) art classes.36.What is the first month of the year?A. DecemberB. JanuaryC. FebruaryD. MarchB37.urban sprawl) refers to uncontrolled expansion of cities. The ____38.What do you call a baby walrus?A. CalfB. PupC. KitD. Cub39.I love _______ (去博物馆).40.What is the capital of Greece?A. AthensB. RomeC. CairoD. IstanbulA41. A ________ (浮萍) grows on water surfaces.42.What is the name of the famous tree in the Bible?A. Fig TreeB. Olive TreeC. Tree of KnowledgeD. Cedar Tree43.What is the currency used in the United States?A. EuroB. DollarC. YenD. PoundB44.Which of these is a mode of transportation?A. PencilB. BicycleC. BookD. Chair45.What is the main language spoken in Spain?A. FrenchB. ItalianC. SpanishD. Portuguese46.I often help my __________ with cooking. (妈妈)47.The rain makes everything _____ (wet/dry).48.What is the value of 3 + 3 × 3?A. 9B. 12C. 15D. 18B49.She is ______ a picture for her mom. (drawing)50.What do we call the study of living things?A. ChemistryB. BiologyC. PhysicsD. Geography51. A ____ is a gentle giant that loves to eat hay.52. A curious ___ (小鸽子) pecks at crumbs.53. A _____ is a natural elevation of the Earth's surface.54.My sister loves __________ (参与社区服务).55. (Holocaust) was a tragic event in World War II. The ____56.What is the main ingredient in chocolate?A. SugarB. CocoaC. MilkD. Vanilla57.Soil is composed of minerals, organic matter, air, and __________.58.The chemical symbol for mercury is ________.59.What is the name of the famous American holiday celebrated on the last Monday of May?A. Memorial DayB. Labor DayC. ThanksgivingD. Independence DayA60.The _______ (小鳗鱼) slithers through the water.61.What is the opposite of near?A. FarB. CloseC. AdjacentD. Nearby62.Which animal has a pouch to carry its young?A. ElephantB. KangarooC. LionD. MonkeyB63.What is the opposite of ‘cold’?A. WarmB. HotC. CoolD. Chilly64.He is ________ a letter.65.The chemical symbol for thallium is _______.66. A ____ can swim and has webbed feet.67.What is the value of 6 1 × 5?A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 4A68.Which of these is a farm animal?A. DogB. CowC. EagleD. Cat69.The __________ (历史的延续) defines narrative.70.What is the capital of Sweden?A. StockholmB. OsloC. HelsinkiD. ReykjavikA71.The ________ (analysis) informs decisions.72. A cat loves to chase _______ (小虫)。
小学上册英语第3单元真题(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题,每小题1分,共100分.每小题不选、错误,均不给分)1.The chemical symbol for manganese is ____.2.My sister has a pet ____ (rabbit) named Fluffy.3.The _____ (ocean) is vast.4.I think learning about different cultures expands our __________.5. A _______ can measure the temperature of water in a container.6.My friend is a big __________ of literature. (爱好者)7.I like to _______ (整理) my room every week.8.Galaxies can be spiral, elliptical, or ______.9.My mom is my __________. (英雄)10.The _____ (forest/park) is quiet.11.contribution agreement) defines roles and responsibilities. The ____12._____ (biodiversity) is important for a healthy ecosystem.13.The ______ studies the stars and planets.14. A __________ is a significant site for conservation efforts.15.My favorite animal at the zoo is ______.16.The process of mashing grains in brewing beer is called ______.17.I have a ______ in my backpack.18.The __________ (历史的展望) can inspire hope.19.Planting _____ (本地树种) contributes to ecological stability.20. (Democratic) Republic of Congo was formerly known as Zaire. The ____21.I can tell jokes with my toy ________ (玩具名称).22.I can draw with my toy ________ (玩具名称).23.The __________ (历史的参与感) strengthens community ties.24.How many letters are in the word 'elephant'?A. 6B. 7C. 8D. 9答案:B25.How many days are in a week?A. FiveB. SixC. SevenD. Eight答案:C26.The capital of Mexico is _____ (69).27.The soup is _____ (hot/cold).28.I love to collect ______ (邮票) from different countries.29. A solution that contains dissolved ions is called a _______.30.The _______ (Vietnam War) involved North and South Vietnam with US involvement.31.I enjoy _____ (散步) in the park.32.The country famous for its long coastline is ________ (澳大利亚).33.We have a ______ (特别的) day planned for school.34. A ________ can fly high in the sky.35.My favorite holiday is ______ (春节) because we celebrate with family and have delicious ______ (食物).36.Chemical bonds are formed when atoms _____ electrons.37.The kids are _____ to music. (listening)38.What is the name of the famous American singer known for "Jolene"?A. Reba McEntireB. Dolly PartonC. Carrie UnderwoodD. Miranda Lambert答案:B39.I like to _______ (写日记).40.The _____ (植物生长条件) should be tailored to specific needs.41.The capital city of Palau is __________.42.I love learning about space. One interesting fact is __________.43. A __________ is a large natural elevation of the Earth's surface.44.I can ______ (灵活应变) to new challenges.45.I enjoy _______ (做饭) for my family.46. A chemical reaction that occurs spontaneously is called a ______ reaction.47.Recognizing the signs of a healthy plant can lead to better ______ practices. (识别健康植物的迹象可以促进更好的园艺实践。
大学英语推荐信范文(10篇)(经典版)编制人:__________________审核人:__________________审批人:__________________编制单位:__________________编制时间:____年____月____日序言下载提示:该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的,希望大家下载后,能够帮助大家解决实际问题。
文档下载后可定制修改,请根据实际需要进行调整和使用,谢谢!并且,本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文,如工作总结、工作计划、合同协议、条据文书、策划方案、句子大全、作文大全、诗词歌赋、教案资料、其他范文等等,想了解不同范文格式和写法,敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!Moreover, our store provides various types of classic sample essays for everyone, such as work summaries, work plans, contract agreements, doctrinal documents, planning plans, complete sentences, complete compositions, poems, songs, teaching materials, and other sample essays. If you want to learn about different sample formats and writing methods, please stay tuned!大学英语推荐信范文(10篇)大学英语推荐信范文第1篇To Whom It May Concern:It is my great pleasure to recommend Miss XXX to you, as she was one of my finest students in our department.Miss XXX began attending my English classes in the Department of International Trade University in 19XX and graduated in spring of 19XX.Though it has been over eight years since I last saw her, the deep impression she made on me has not faded in the least.She is very intelligent, honest,creative,articulate,adaptive person.Her high academic achievement speaks for itself: she consistently scored in the top 5% in class.I am certain that Miss XXX would make great contributions to your company,and I strongly recommend her for the position.Please do not hesitate to inquire further if I can be of help to you.Sincerely,XXX大学英语推荐信范文第2篇Dear Mr.Smith,I take great pleasure to introduce one of my students, KateLawrence to you.She is going to pursue her further education as a postgraduate in September this year.Now, I recommend her to do an internship in your company.In the last four years, she studied hard and got eXcellent grads in eXams.Besides, as the main membership of student union, she develops strongly comprehensive ability to deal with various situations calmly.In addition,she has a very pleasant and favorable personality that helps her building good relationships with other.I strongly recommend this promising young lady without any reservation.Will you please consider my recommendation and offer her a position in your company?Your favorable consideration and assistance to her would be appreciated.Sincerely yours,David Brow大学英语推荐信范文第3篇Dear Professor,My name is XXX, a candidate of XXX(university).I got your email address from the web and I am very interested in your research field.This message is to ask for the information of the and Postdoctoral program of your group.I have published 5 papers(see the attachment for my paper list written by LateX convention)since 1996,including different topics: Controlling Chaos,Dynamics,and Bio-membranes.The two papers of Bio-membrane were both finished in this year, one is to discuss the pattern formation of periodic square teXture(egg-arton)in Lipid bilayers; the other is to discuss the CompleX vesicle under the framework of the spontaneous rvature energy model.I am also interested in Polymer dynamics, DNA structure transition and have read many related papers.In fact, I have started to do some calculations in this field.Would you please to consider my application to join your group, especially as a graduate student under your guidance? The reasons I want to obtain my there are: (1).A obtained in such a famous University will be helpful to get a good research position when I come back;(2).I want to be educated at a high level since my dream is to be a successful researcher in the future.Looking to your message.Best regards!Yours, XXXRe: You paper XXX大学英语推荐信范文第4篇President of Tongji University Jan.28,20XXDear Sir or Madam,I am a girl of seventeen.What Id like to say first of all is that I have beenlonging to be admitted into Tongji University since my childhood, for it is the bestuniversity in which one can study ve been interested in science and engineering, especially architecture since Iwas about five.I began learning painting at ten,and Ive visited many beautifulcities including Beijing and Qingdao to see the typical ancient or western one of the fans of Bei Yuming (贝聿铭), I appreciate his famous designs andvisited his latest works, Suzhou Museum.My ambition is to become an architectlike him.To realize my dream, I study hard and all my eXamination records areamong the best.Ive got some prizes in my hobbies, watercolor painting andswimming, and as an athlete, Im healthy enough to face the toughest task in theuniversity.Surely I am among the best candidates,and I hope you will be so kind as toconsider my application.Thanks,YourstrulyHuang Lei(192 words)when youre young,everything feels like the end of the world.its not.its just the beginning.you might have to meet a few more jerks.but one day you are going to meet a boy who treats you the way that you deserve to be treated, like the sun rises and sets with you.大学英语推荐信范文第5篇To Whom it may Concern:In my capacity as a professor of am pleased to have this opportunity to write a letter of recommendation to support his application for your scholarship.Since his enrollment into our department,Chen has embodied the fine character of strong inquisition and industriousness in learning, which has gained him significant academic success during his college years.I am aware of his distinctive academic performance as reflected in his transcripts.He maintains a very high GPA through the past 3 years,ranking first in the grade and winning scholarships of the department almost every year .In the senior Independent Research course, Chen impressed me with his reasoning ability and unwavering perseverance.He looked for a large amount of literatures from libraries andnetworks for a more in-depth research and the beginning of the project,Chen demonstrated his understanding of the new theories and his eXactitude of procedures.This could be only done due to his strong logical ability, which facilitate to define his research objective and make the plan.From this project, Chen showed his ability to do independent research and to solve problems.With his eXcellent logical reasoning and hardworking personality, I am sure that can meet the challenge of his master program.Therefore, I strongly recommend him, a student with a great potentialand I firmly believe that he can be a great asset to your company.Sincerely yours,Professor of Optoelectronic InformationUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu, 64, China大学英语推荐信范文第6篇To: Professor SasakiXXXX requested a letter of recommendation from me to support her application for studying at your university.I’m the dean of institute.I am pleased to comply with her request.Three years ago, because of the high scores in the CollegeEntrance EXamination Miss XXX went to our university and became my student.In my contact with her during three years.I was deeply impressed by Miss XXX’s performance.During these three years she took part in a lot of activities didn’t distract her study.Got the scholarships and helped the instructor to manage the class as a leader.Thus I confirmed that she is a diligent student.Besides all above,I may also say he was a well-rounded.He has many good guarantees for her future success.I feel that Miss XXX is a student of great potential.Knowing that she is planning to further her studies in Japan, I am very pleased to recommend her to your university and I sincerely hope that you will accept her application.Signature_________Position_________Date___________大学英语推荐信范文第7篇Dear sir:It is my pleasure to recommend mr.XXX for his application to work in your has been an english teacher in my school (new generation foreign language school)since september XXX.His major responsibilities include information collecting,analyzing, teaching and is an enthusiastic and progressiveyoung man with eXtremely high potentiality.He often participated in eXtracurricular activities contributing a great deal to is not only quick at learning and good at solving difficult teaching problems, but also with a logical mind that enables him to effectively analyze the work handed to him was completed satisfactorily.Actually, he is so reliable that i assign him with heavy responsibilities.With his help, I have been able to spend more time in making student’s eXcellent english speaking really consider myself very fortunate to have such a capable am certain his diligence,coupled with a good competence and pleasant personality, will assure him of big achievements for your school.I strongly recommend this promising young man without any reservation and your favorable consideration and assistance to him will be very much appreciated.Sncerely yoursXXX大学英语推荐信范文第8篇Dear Professor XXX:Thank you very much for your kind reply.I am sorry that during the summer vacation I cannot read and reply your emailin time.As stated in my first letter, my desired entrance date is in Fall of 20XX.And I would like to provide my test scores.My TOEFL test score is 647 (Oct.1997)with a TWE score of .My GRE test score is 2340 (Oct.1996, V770 M800 A770).My GRE Subject score is 920 (Oct.1998, Physics).And I will take the TSE test in the coming August.And my undergraduate and graduate GPA are both about in , about top 10%-20% in my class.I wish to make a note that during my undergraduate study I was quite young, and during my graduate study I take many efforts to study the basic courses in Physics by myself, which may be the reason my GPAs are not in the top 5%.But now I believe that I have been quite familiar in the knowledges of Physics,both the courses and the researches.So I hope that my test scores and grades are acceptable to Priceton with financial supports.As to the research, I am very glad to learn the research background you provided in your letter.I am quite familiar with the works of X.Blase published in PRL and APL.I also know that J-C Charlier is a famous specialist in this field.So perhaps I could do theoretical research works in your group.Also, I am very glad to know that you have the needed main instrumentsfor carbon nanotubes in your group, so that both theoretical and eXperimental works can be done.I am puzzled at the "MRS meeting in Boston" you mentioned in your letter.What is the full-name of MRS? Is it a meeting specialized in nano-systems? I do research works on carbon nanotubes almost totally by myself,and perhaps are not familiar with such fiXed terms.Would you please eXplain the contents of this meeting? Thanks.And you mentioned that your latest publications will come out in neXt months in PRL.Would you please send me the page number of this paper in PRL, and if possible, the full teXt of this paper? The journal PRL reaches to China very late, usually several months to half a year after published, and I dont have the account to find the full-teXts of PRL on-line.I am looking forward to receiving your warmhearted reply.Thanks.Yours sincerelyXXX大学英语推荐信范文第9篇To Whom It May Concern,I am writing this letter to support the admission of Mr.XXXX to your school.I have taught him software engineeringeconomics.As the dean of software college of XXXX University,I have interacted with thousands of young people, but XXXX has been long impressed me by his diligence,work ethic,creativity and intelligence.I strongly recommend him for your postgraduate program.In my class, he showed great interest in learning.He performed much more actively and thoughtfully than other students.He had a great ability to carry out work in a logical inductive way, progressing one stage to the neXt in a logical cohesive manner.Sometimes, he could surprise me with some novel ideas of his own.In my opinion,WEi is truly an intelligent student with much potential.Comparing with his eXcellent performance in academic, I tend to elaborate emphatically one direct contact with him about dormitory security of our school.XXXX is living in Block6 of our school, whose theft cases are the most serious.it hasa very big visitors flow rate and two gates.It is very easy for thieves to enter students’ rooms and steal things.XXXX had ever put forward this question to me and asked me to pay close attention to dormitory security.At that time, I haven’t noticed the seriousness of this question, but after I received some reports of students who lost their computers, I start torealize my fault.At this time, XXXX came to me again and recommended his internship company to me.He told me after working in this company, he thought it is a good company and has good reputation.We can ask them to install cameras in our apartment buildings.After his assistance, our school signed a contract with Tyco.Form this thing, he impressed me with his good communication and sales skills.It seems to me he is very potential for further study and research in marketing.Mr.XXXX is a good student with positive thoughts as well as good thinking and lively personality.He is always ready to help others and gets along well with people.I consider it is a wise decision of him to pursue advanced education in your university.Without any doubt, he will complete his course successfully in your university.Should you require further information, please do not hesitate to contact me.Sincerely yours,Name: XXXXTitle: PhDPosition: Dean of Software College of XXXX University,Tel:Email:Address:大学英语推荐信范文第10篇President of Tongji University Jan.28,20XXDear Sir or Madam,I am a girl of seventeen.What Id like to say first of all is that I have beenlonging to be admitted into Tongji University since my childhood, for it is the bestuniversity in which one can study ve been interested in science and engineering, especially architecture since Iwas about five.I began learning painting at ten,and Ive visited many beautifulcities including Beijing and Qingdao to see the typical ancient or western one of the fans of Bei Yuming (贝聿铭), I appreciate his famous designs andvisited his latest works, Suzhou Museum.My ambition is to become an architectlike him.To realize my dream, I study hard and all my eXamination records areamong the best.Ive got some prizes in my hobbies, watercolor painting andswimming, and as an athlete, Im healthy enough to face the toughest task in theuniversity.Surely I am among the best candidates,and I hope you will be so kind as toconsider my application.Thanks,Yours trulyHuang Lei(192 words)when youre young,everything feels like the end of the world.its not.its just the beginning.you might have to meet afew more jerks.but one day you are going to meet a boy who treats you the way that you deserve to be treated, like the sun rises and sets with you.。
小学上册英语第2单元测验试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题,每小题1分,共100分.每小题不选、错误,均不给分)1.My _______ (猫) enjoys chasing after toys.2.The bear searches for food in the _____.3. A star's brightness is measured in _____.4.I enjoy ______ (painting) pictures.5.The __________ (历史的多元性) enrich dialogue.6.My dad is a great __________ (听众) when I talk.7.What is the name of the famous festival celebrated in Mexico?A. Day of the DeadB. Cinco de MayoC. Independence DayD. Thanksgiving8. A kangaroo can jump very ______ (高).9. A _______ is a type of bond formed by the attraction between oppositely charged ions.10. A ________ (社区花园) fosters cooperation.11.I believe that sharing is caring. I like to share __________ with my friends.12.What is the capital of Mongolia?A. UlaanbaatarB. ErdenetC. DarkhanD. Choibalsan13.What do you call the person who teaches you in school?A. DoctorB. TeacherC. FarmerD. Engineer答案:B14.My sister is good at playing ____ (board games).15.The capital of Jamaica is ________ (金斯顿).16.What do we call a scientist who studies plants?A. BotanistB. ZoologistC. EcologistD. Geologist答案:A17.The tortoise's shell protects it from ______ (捕食者).18.What do we call a story with a moral lesson, often featuring animals?A. FableB. MythC. TaleD. Novel答案:A19.What is the opposite of 'happy'?A. JoyfulB. SadC. ExcitedD. Angry答案:B20.What do you call a person who travels in space?A. AstronautB. PilotC. ScientistD. Explorer答案:A21.I love my _____ (玩具车) collection.22.The main role of enzymes in the body is to act as ______.23.What is your name in English?A. NameB. TitleC. IdentityD. Label24.What color do you get when you mix blue and yellow?A. GreenB. OrangeC. PurpleD. Brown答案:A25.What is the name of the famous musician known for his "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band"?A. Elvis PresleyB. The BeatlesC. Michael JacksonD. Bob Dylan答案:B26.The main product of combustion is _______.27. (Norse) mythology features gods like Odin and Thor. The ____28.What is the capital of Brazil?A. Rio de JaneiroB. BrasíliaC. São PauloD. Salvador答案:B29.I like to play with my ______ (玩具车) in the living room. It goes ______ (快).30. A ______ is an animal that has feathers.31.What is the shape of a ball?A. SquareB. TriangleC. CircleD. Rectangle答案:C32.The __________ (种植者) carefully watered the seedlings.33.My uncle tells the best __________ (笑话).34.The country known for its coffee is ________ (巴西).35.The _____ (植物发展战略) can lead to sustainable practices.36.The stars are _____ (twinkling/shining) in the sky.37.The _____ (花色) varies depending on the species.38.We have a ______ (快乐的) family gathering every month.39.I hope to one day see the ________ (大堡礁).40.We are going to the ______ (mall) tomorrow.41.The weather is ___ (nice) today.42.What is the name of the place where we watch movies?A. TheaterB. MuseumC. GalleryD. Library答案:A43. A _______ is a substance that donates protons in a reaction.44.My favorite subject is ________ (science).45. A solution that can dissolve more solute is called a _______ solution.46.She is wearing a fancy ___. (dress)47.The Earth's surface is made up of various ______.48.The main gas produced during fermentation is _______.49.Martin Luther King Jr. fought for __________ (平等权利) for African Americans.50.My grandmother tells the best __________ (故事).51.The ________ (植物健康) is monitored closely.52.The _____ (飞机) flies high.53.The ancient Romans were skilled in _____ and law.54.________ (植物可持续性) is vital for future.55.The __________ is an area of high elevation. (高原)56.The chemical symbol for manganese is ______.57.The __________ (历史的影响力) can shift over time.58.What do we call the frozen form of water?A. SteamB. IceC. LiquidD. Gas答案:B59.The invention of the microscope advanced the field of _____.60.How many constellations are officially recognized by astronomers?A. 48B. 88C. 100D. 12061.The ice cream is _____ (melting/frozen).62.The ________ was a major conflict fought in the 20th century.63.What do you call a baby elephant?A. CalfB. CubC. PupD. Kid64. (Titanic) sank in 1912 after hitting an iceberg. The ____65.I can ______ (担任) a leadership role.66.The ________ was a significant period in the history of Russia.67.Baking soda is a ______ used in cooking.68.The _______ (The Holocaust) resulted in the genocide of millions during WWII.69.My ________ (玩具名称) is a fun way to express my thoughts.70.The main source of protein is _____.71.I enjoy baking ______ (蛋糕) for my friends’ birthdays.72. A ______ (蜜蜂) is essential for pollination.73.The __________ (历史的旅程) is ongoing.74.We will go ______ to see the fireworks. (outside)75.What do you call an animal that only eats plants?A. CarnivoreB. OmnivoreC. HerbivoreD. Insectivore答案:C76.The frog's skin can absorb ______ (水).77. A strong base can cause chemical ______.78.I want to _____ (visit) the zoo.79.What is the name of the famous painting by Leonardo da Vinci?A. The Starry NightB. The Mona LisaC. The Last SupperD. The Scream80. (Medieval) Church played a significant role in European life. The ____81.Galaxies can collide and form larger ______.82.The _____ (children/adults) are playing outside.83.The cake is ________ chocolate.84.Do you like _______ (冰淇淋)?85.What do you call the main character in a story?A. ProtagonistB. AntagonistC. Supporting CharacterD. Narrator答案:A86.What is the capital of South Korea?A. SeoulB. BusanC. IncheonD. Daegu答案:A87. A ____ is known for its hopping abilities.88. A beam of light can be ______ by a mirror.89.The jellyfish has a _______ (透明) body.90. A dragonfly is known for its ______ flying ability.91.The visible spectrum of light can be separated using a ______.92.The capybara is a social ________________ (动物).93.How many bones are there in the adult human body?A. 206B. 210C. 202D. 200答案:A94.What do you call the time it takes for the Earth to rotate once on its axis?A. MonthB. YearC. DayD. Hour95.Many galaxies are moving away from us, suggesting the universe is ______.96.What is the name of the longest river in the world?A. AmazonB. NileC. YangtzeD. Mississippi97.The _____ (藤蔓) grows on the fence.98.I think that connecting with nature helps us appreciate its __________.99.The ______ of an element is determined by the number of protons.100.What do we call the seasons that occur after summer?A. WinterB. SpringC. FallD. Autumn答案:C。
a r X i v :a s t r o -p h /0110664v 1 30 O c t 2001Mon.Not.R.Astron.Soc.000,000–000(0000)Printed 1February 2008(MN L A T E X style file v1.4)CMB anisotropy:deviations from Gaussianity due tonon-linear gravityA.M.Aliaga 1,V.Quilis 2,J.V.Arnau 3&D.S´a ez 1,41Departamento de Astronom´ıa y Astrof´ısica,Universidad de Valencia.46100Burjassot,Valencia,Spain2Department of Physics,Durham University,South Road,Durham,DH13LE,UK3Departamento de Matem´a tica Aplicada,Universidad de Valencia.46100Burjassot,Valencia,Spain 4email:diego.saez@uv.es1February 2008ABSTRACTNon-linear evolution of cosmological energy density fluctuations triggers deviations from Gaussianity in the temperature distribution of the cosmic microwave background.A method to estimate these deviations is proposed.N-body simulations –in a ΛCDM cosmology –are used to simulate the strongly non-linear evolution of cosmological structures.It is proved that these simulations can be combined with the potential approximation to calculate the statistical moments of the CMB anisotropies produced by non-linear gravity.Some of these moments are computed and the resulting values are different from those corresponding to Gaussianity.Key words:cosmic microwave background—cosmology:theory—large-scale struc-ture of the universe.1INTRODUCTIONMany experiments have been designed to analyze the Cos-mic Microwave Background (CMB)anisotropy.The signal to be detected is the superposition of various components.In the inflationary models considered here,the components generated during linear evolution (Sachs-Wolfe,Doppler,and so on)are dominant and Gaussian;nevertheless,there are subdominant non Gaussian components as those due to non-linear gravity (Rees-Sciama),lens distortions,and contaminant foregrounds.The characterization of all these subdominant components,including deviations with respect to Gaussianity,is necessary for data analysis in experiments as MAP and PLANCK.The Rees-Sciama effect was stud-ied,using N-body simulations,by Seljak (1996)and Tuluie,Laguna &Anninos (1996);nevertheless,deviations with re-spect to Gaussianity were not considered at all by these authors.The third order moment of the Rees-Sciama effect was estimated,using second order perturbation theory (not a fully non-linear method describing strongly non-linear evo-lution),by Mollerach et al.(1995)and Munshi,Souradeep &Starobinski (1995).Here,we are mainly concerned with the deviations with respect to Gaussianity produced by fully non-linear gravity (Rees-Sciama effect).A new general nu-merical method specially designed to estimate these devia-tions is proposed.It is based on N-body ing this method,some statistical moments are estimated for the first time.Quantities Ωand Ωm are defined as follows:Ω=Ωb +Ωd +ΩΛand Ωm =Ωb +Ωd ,where Ωb ,Ωd and ΩΛstand for the density parameters corresponding to baryons,dark matter,and vacuum,respectively.Quantity h is the reduced Hubble constant.We work in the framework of a standard inflationary (flat)model with cold dark matter,having h =0.65,Ωb =0.05,Ωd =0.25,and ΩΛ=0.7.The power spectrum has been normalized with σ8=0.93accord-ing with Eke et al.(1996),who estimated σ8to get cluster abundances compatible with observations.In such a model,scalar energy density fluctuations are initially Gaussian,and they remain Gaussian during linear evolution;nevertheless,deviations with respect to Gaussianity arise in the non-linear evolution (where Fourier modes mix).In this paper,we are concerned with the CMB temper-ature distribution.This field can be developed in spherical harmonics (∆T /T = ∞ℓ=0 +ℓm =−ℓa ℓm Y ℓm).Taking into account the cosmological principle,the CMB temperature is assumed to be a realization of a homogeneous and isotropic statistical field and,as a consequence of this assumption,the m dependence of the bispectrum has –in terms of the Wigner-3j symbols–the well known form : a ℓ1m 1a ℓ2m 2a ℓ3m 3 =B ℓ1ℓ2ℓ3ℓ1ℓ2ℓ3m 1m 2m 3.(1)On account of this formula,we can take m 1=m 2=m 3=0to compute B ℓ1ℓ2ℓ3and,then,Eq.(1)allows us to calculate a ℓ1m 1a ℓ2m 2a ℓ3m 3 for other m values.The m dependence of the trispectrum is given explicitly by Hu (2001).2Aliaga et al.If non-linear evolution is not considered at all,namely, under the assumption that the CMB anisotropy is only pro-duced by linear inflationaryfluctuations(which are Gaus-sian as a result of the generation mechanism),the aℓm co-efficients appear to be statistically independent Gaussian quantities with zero means and variances |aℓm|2 =Cℓ. In this situation(see Grishchuk&Martin1997),all the odd moments(mean,bispectrum,and so on)vanish,the spec-trum is given by aℓ1m1aℓ2m2=Cℓ1δℓ1ℓ2δm1,−m2,and thehigher order even moments can be written as functions of the Cℓquantities,in particular,the relation |aℓm|4 =3C2ℓis satisfied.In order to test that non-Gaussianity develops during non-linear evolution,deviations with respect to this relation and also with respect to a vanishing bispectrum are investigated.Along this paper,units are chosen in such a way that the speed of light is c=1and,whatever quantity”A”may be,ALand A0stand for the A values on the last scattering surface and at present time,respectively.2ANGULAR SCALES,BOXES,ANDRESOLUTIONWe focus our attention on the anisotropy generated while the CMB photons move through the gravitationalfield pro-duced by non-linear cosmological structures.It is worthwhile to distinguish two types of these structures:(1)mildly non-linear structures having spatial scales larger than those of the clusters(superclusters,voids,Great Attractor-like struc-tures),and(2)strongly non-linear structures with spatial scales either smaller or equal to those of the clusters.In case (1),computations can be performed by using second order perturbation theory as in Mollerach et al.1995and Munshi, Souradeep&Starobinski1995or,perhaps,the Zel’dovich approach and its generalizations;nevertheless,case(2)re-quires numerical computations based on N-body schemes. We focus our attention on strongly non-linear structures as clusters,which could produce significant deviations from gaussianity,in particular,during the process of violent re-laxation.These structures started to be non-linear(to un-dergone violent relaxation)at low redshifts of about z≤30 (z≤3).In ourflatΛCDM model,the potential approximation (Mart´ınez-Gonz´a lez,Sanz&Silk1990,1994;Sanz et al. 1996),can be used to get the following basic equation:∆T3φL− n· vL−2 t o t L ∇φ·d x,(2)and∆φ=4πGδa2ρB,(3) where∆TT I≃−2 t o t50 ∇φ·d x≃2 t o t50∂φ( x,t)∂r∝M(r)CMB anisotropy:Non-Gaussianity3Figure 1.ℓscale of the non-linear gravitational anisotropy pro-duced by non-linear structures as a function of their redshifts z .Four values of the present scale ξ–defined in the text–are con-sidered.subtended by the distance ξ/(1+z )h Mpc placed at redshift z is ∆θ=ξ[Ωm 0(1+η)3+ΩΛ]1/2;(6)using these formulae,we have calculated the ℓvalue corre-sponding to the angular scale ∆θ(ℓ=π/∆θ)as a func-tion of z .The results are displayed in Fig.1for ξ=20(solid line),ξ=30(dotted line),ξ=40(dashed line),and ξ=50(dashed-dotted line).In this Figure we see that,from z ∼0.5to z ∼5,where clusters undergo violent relaxation and the non-linear gravitational anisotropy should be mainly produced,the ℓvalues range in the interval (100,800).For z <0.5,clusters have relaxed and,for z >5,they are at the first stages of their non-linear evolution.For the sake of briefness and clearness,only the scale ℓ=400(with m =0)has been considered in our calcu-lations.Let us now justify this choice taking into account Fig.1.The method proposed in this paper might be sen-sitive to both the degree of non-linearity and the speed of the φevolution.Strong non-linearities and large values of ∂φ/∂t (violent relaxation)could lead to numerical problems.Non-linearity requires good spatial resolution in the N-body simulation,and fast φevolution requires appropriate time steps in both the N-body simulation,and the numerical in-tegrations along the line of sight (see below).Fig.1shows that non-linear clusters of different sizes located between redshifts 0.5and 5(some of them undergoing violent re-laxation)are contributing to ℓ=400,whereas only small clusters located at z ∼5(well before violent relaxation)are contributing to ℓ=800;therefore,ℓ=400seems to be a good choice in order to test our method taking into account both non-linear evolution and violent relaxation.Moreover,in the model under consideration,the first acoustic peak is located at ℓ=200and,around ℓ=400,there is a minimum of the linear dominant Gaussian effects.Cluster evolution is simulated in boxes having –at present time–128Mpc per edge with a resolution of ∼1Mpc.This choice is a balance between the need of having a reasonable number of clusters inside the box (order ten)and the need of following the non-linear evolution of the gravi-tational potential.The minimum scale we resolve,∼1Mpc,is typically of the order of the cluster virial radius and,con-sequently,non-linear enough.The fine structure within the core cluster is not resolved,but it does not seem to be nec-essary because the effect under consideration is produced by the gravitational potential,which smoothes all the substruc-ture on the scales we are interested in.The effects produced by substructures (ξ<<20and strong clustering)should ap-pear on angular scales corresponding to ℓ>>400,for which more resolution would be necessary.N-body simulations are performed by using a standard particle-mesh code (Hockney &Eastwood 1988),which was used,tested,and described in more detail by Quilis,Iba˜n ez &S´a ez (1998).We are interested in non-Gaussianity and,consequently,our goal is not the computation of the angular power spec-trum (C ℓcoefficients)corresponding to the third term of Eq.(2).This spectrum was given by Seljak (1996)for the Rees-Sciama effect,and by Fullana &S´a ez (2000)for the Integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect.We are looking for the bis-pectrum,trispectrum and so on.This fact facilitates our implementation of N-body simulations.In the case ℓ=400,according to Fig.1,cluster-like structures (ξ<40)are con-tributing to the Rees-Sciama effect inside the redshift inter-val (0.5,5),whereas structures as superclusters,the Great Attractor,and so on (ξ>50),are contributing for z >10,just when they were almost linear objects;hence,these structures can only produce a very small almost Gaussian In-tegrated effect for ℓ=400(see Fullana &S´a ez 2000),and no important deviation from Gaussianity are expected;hence,even if we partially include superclusters and larger struc-tures (small box size),we can get very accurate estimations of the deviations with respect to Gaussianity (associated to strong non-linearity).Since we are mainly interested in the evolution of the gravitational potential of clusters and substructures and,moreover,the chosen box is much larger than the size of the region where the potential of standard clusters is signifi-cant,the Fourier transform can be performed in our box (as it is done in next Section);namely,no important artifacts are expected as a result of the periodicity of an universe filled by boxes identical to the chosen one.3DEPARTURES FROM GAUSSIANITYThe basic equations necessary for the numerical computa-tion of the bispectrum and other statistical moments are first derived using the potential approximation and,then,a numerical method for the implementation of these equations –based on N-body simulations–is described and applied.At present time,the observer is assumed to be located at a certain point with comoving spatial coordinates x i P.The equations of the null geodesic passing by point x iP are:4Aliaga et al.x i =x i P+λ(a )n i ,(7)where the function λ(a )can be written as follows:λ(a )=κ(a )H −10,(8)with κ(a )=1adbTI( x P , n )=∆( x P , n )=−2t ot 50( ∇φ· n )˙λ(a )dt ,(10)where the dot stands for a time derivative with respect to the cosmological time t.The following Fourier expansion φ( x ,t )=1(2π)3/2t ot 50˙λ(t )dtd 3ke −i k · x P φ k(t )( k · n )e −iλ(t )( k · n ),(12)where k is the comoving ing:(i)Equation(12),(ii)the expansion in spherical harmonics ∆( x P , n )=∞ℓ=0+ℓ m =−ℓa ℓm ( x P )Y ℓm ( n ),(13)(iii)the identity( k · n )e −iλ(t )( k · n )=4πk∞ℓ=0i ℓ+1j ′ℓ(λk )+ℓm =−ℓY ℓm ( n )Y ℓm ( k/k ),(14)where j ′ℓ(x )=(d/dx )j ℓ(x ),(iv)the orthonormality relation for the spherical harmonics and (v)the Fourier counter-part of Eq.(3),which reads φ k =−(Dδ k )/(ak 2),where D =3(2π)3/2i ℓd 3ke −ik · x P k −2Y ℓm ( k/k )F ℓ( k )(15)where F ℓ( k )=w ow 50f ( k,w )j ′ℓ(w )dw ,(16)w =kλ(a ),and f ( k,w )denotes the function a −1δ k (a )writ-ten in terms of the variable w .Eqs.(15)and (16)have beenobtained using the Fourier transform in all the space,we have not introduced either boxes or N-body simulations yet.These elements will be only required in order to numerically solve the basic equations (15)and (16).Evidently,equation (15)can be seen as a Fourier trans-form from the k momentum space to the x P physical space,and the function to be transformed depends onfunctionFigure 2.Function G (z )=f ( k 0,w (z ))(see text)for an certainnode k 0of the computational box.Each point corresponds to a time step of the N-body simulation.F ℓ( k )given by Eq.(16)and other well known functions.In the physical space,each point is the position of a CMB observer who expand the temperature contrast in spherical harmonics to get the coefficients a ℓm ( x P ).From a mathe-matical point of view (to numerically compute a ℓm ( x P )),we can introduce an appropriate box in physical space with a large enough size (periodic universe).There is another box in momentum space associated to our x P box.In each nodeof the k box,the function δ k (a )must be evaluated a certain number of times to perform the time integral involved in Eq.(16).As it is shown below,this integral can be performed using only the δ k (a )values calculated at each time step by the N-body simulation (see below for details).According to our arguments in Section 2,boxes of 128Mpc size contain-ing 1283observers are appropriate because (a)the resulting function δ k (a )has all the necessary information about non-linearity and (b)periodicity is not expected to be relevant.Quantities a ℓm ( x P )are evaluated on the nodes, x P ,of the assumed 3D grid as follows:(i)At each time step,t i ,of the N-body simulations (see above),quantity δ k (a )is cal-culated on the nodes of our 1283cubic grid (in momentum space).At a given time t i ,only the quantities f ( k,w i −1)and f ( k,w i )are stored,(ii)the integral in Eq.(16)is solved for every node and in each time interval [t i −1,t i ]as it is de-scribed below and,then,results from all the time intervals are added to obtain F ℓ( k ).It has been verified that,inside any of the intervals (t i −1,t i ),function f i ( k,w )can be very well approximated by a straight line and,as a consequence of this fact,the integral in Eq.(16)can be analytically calcu-lated between t i −1and t i .The linearity of f i ( k,w )is due to the fact that the time step of the N-body simulation is short enough;in order to display this linearity,we present Fig.2,which shows function G (z )=f ( k 0,w (z ))for a particular node k 0.Each point is a time step in the N-body simula-tion and the linear behaviour between contiguous points is evident.The same has been verified for many nodes.FromCMB anisotropy:Non-Gaussianity5Fig.2it follows that function f i( k,w)also has a linear be-haviour between more separated points,this fact could be used in future to reduce CPU time;nevertheless,in this pa-per,linearization is assumed between neighbouring points. The equation of the line joining two neighbouring pointsf i( k,w)=wb i( k)+c i( k)(17) involves two coefficients to be computed from the two stored values f( k,w i−1)and f( k,w i).Then,using Eq(17),the value of the integral(16)can be analytically found in any interval[t i−1,t i],the result isFℓ( k)=i w i b i( k)+c i( k) jℓ(w i)− w i−1b i( k)+c i( k) jℓ(w i−1)−b i( k) w i w i−1jℓ(w)dw;(18)it is noticeable that this formula only involves:the coeffi-cients appearing in Eq.(17),the spherical bessel functions, and the integral of these functions appearing in the last term,and(iii)after computing Fℓ( k),Eq.(15)–a Fourier transform–is used to obtain aℓm( xP)on the1283nodes of the xPgrid.Thus,the expansion in spherical harmonics of the CMB temperature contrasts corresponding to1283ob-servers is obtained and,afterwards,these data are used to perform averages.Taking into account that a400,0is real,we calculate the i-averages M i400= a400,0 ,C i400= a2400,0 ,B i400= a3400,0 , and K i400= a4400,0 over the1283nodes of the i-th simu-lation.Since these averages have been performed on a lim-ited sample of rather close observers located in a particular region of the universe(nodes in our grid),they appear to change from simulation to simulation.In order to calculate the statistical moments of the CMB,the simulations must be repeated a large enough number of times(to have a big enough sample of CMB observers located in independent regions).Then,the i-averages corresponding to n different simulations(i=1,2,...,n)must be averaged again to get the quantities M n400,C n400,B n400,and K n400,which must tend to the required CMB moments M400,C400,B400,and K400, respectively,as n tends to infinity.4DISCUSSION AND RESULTSIn this paper,a new method has been designed with the es-sential aim of calculating deviations from Gaussianity due to the Rees-Sciama effect.Our method is different from other ones previously used to estimate deviations from Gaussian-ity due to weak lensing.According to White&Hu(2001), there are too much scales contributing to lensing and sim-ulating the full range of scales implied is currently a practi-cal impossibility;sophisticated techniques as”special projec-tions”(Jain,Seljak&White2000)or”tiling”(White&Hu 2001)have been designed to circumvent the problem;never-theless,we are not considering lensing here and,as discussed in Section2,the estimate of the deviations with respect to Gaussianity produced by the Rees-Sciama effect only re-quires simulations involving a moderated range of scales, which can be performed(see Section2).In addition,in the Rees-Sciama case,some analytical calculations(Section3)have given formulae to simultaneously calculate the aℓm( xP) quantities of many observers,from which,the successive sta-tistical moments are calculated by performing appropriate averages.Condition(17)plays a fundamental role in our numer-ical method.It leads to Eq.(18),which allows us to com-pute Fℓ( k)using a few stored data from the N-body simu-lation and the spherical Bessel function jℓ.This computa-tion of Fℓ( k)is much faster than any other procedure based on the direct numerical calculation of the integral in Eq.(16).In spite of this fact,the quantities involved in Eq.(18) are(in this paper)evaluated step by step at each node of the computational grid and,consequently,the calculation of aℓm( xP)–although feasible in modern computers–has not a low computational cost.It is worthwhile to remark that, once the quantities aℓm( xP)have been calculated,we can obtain,not only one,but many different moments of the temperature distribution with very small effort(by comput-ing the necessary averages on nodes and realizations).With the essential aim offinding non-Gaussian features and proving that the proposed method works,we have only considered the caseℓ=400,m=0.For very differentℓvalues computations would be similar,but the range of spa-tial scales,the box,and the resolution should be chosen again taking into account Fig.1.The larger theℓvalue, the greater the necessary resolution.More systematic esti-mations for otherℓvalues–computationally expensive–are in progress.According to some comments in Section1,the m dependence can be obtained from the results of the m=0 case.We have performed90simulations,in which,the value of|M i400|is typically a few times10−19,whereas about70% (25%)of the absolute values of a400,0are of the order of10−9 (10−10).This means that–after ensuring the required nu-merical precision–the positive and negative values of a400,0 strongly cancel among them to give a|M i400|value as small as reported above.On the contrary,the positive and negative values of a3400,0(most of them with an absolute value between orders10−27and10−30)do not undergo such a strong cancellation,and a significant bispectrum appears (see below).Quantities C n400,B n400,and K n400,are displayed in Fig. 3(in terms of the variable n,from n=3to n=90). As the number of simulations n increases,the values of these quantities should approach the cosmological limit val-ues C400,B400,and K400,respectively.Of course,the three curves in this panel seem to approach constant values as n increases.In order to perform a quantitative study of this behaviour,we have considered the n-interval[20,90],in which all the curves of Fig.3seem to approach their limits and,in this interval,we have computed the means and vari-ances of the above n-quantities.Thus,we have found that, within2σconfidence level,the following relations are satis-fied:C400×1018=1.04±0.05,B400×1029=−4.32±0.27, K400×1036=2.45±0.26.The mean and variance(from n=20to n=90)of the quantityΓn400=3(C n400)2/K n400 lead to the following relationΓ400=1.34±0.09,which is valid within2σconfidence level;therefore,forℓ=400and m=0,a non-vanishing component of the bispectrum and a non-Gaussian value of the ratioΓ400have been found.It is noticeable the fact that quantities C n400,B n400,and K n400 really converge as n increases.There are no uncontrolled er-6Aliaga etal.Figure 3.Quantities C n 400×1018,B n 400×1029,and K n 400×1036vs.the number of simulations n .rors producing strong oscillations and avoiding convergence,this verification can be seen as a severe test which has been successfully passed by the proposed computational method.The Rees-Sciama effect was studied by Seljak (1996)in the standard CDM model (Λ=0).Four cases correspond-ing to different values of the parameters σ8and Ωm 0h 2were considered by this author,who obtained C 400values between 10−17and 10−18corresponding to a signal,(∆T /T )rms ,be-tween 10−6and 10−7.Although we have not computed all the C ℓquantities,the resulting C 400is comparable to the minimum values obtained by Seljak;hence,the non-linear gravitational effect should be of the order of 10−7,which is below the observational sensitivities of current and planned experiments.The model of structure formation assumed here is sug-gested by far supernovae and recent CMB observations.However,other models cannot be ruled out yet.Regard-less the structure formation model,our method is ready to do estimations.In any case,our results are challenging to understand the data in forthcoming CMB experiments ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .This work has been partially supported by the Spanish MCyT (project AYA2000-2045).One of us (VQ)is Marie Curie Research Fellow from the EU (grant HPMF-CT-1999-00052).Calculations were car-ried out on a SGI Origin 2000s at the Centro de Inform´a tica de la Universitat de Val`e ncia.REFERENCESEke V.,Cole S.,Frenk C.S.,1996,MNRAS,282,263Fullana M.J.,S´a ez D.,2000,New Astronomy,5,109Grishchuck L.P.,Martin J.,1997,Phys.Rev.,56D,1924Hockney R.W.,Eastwood J.W.,1988,Computer Simula-tions Using Particles (Bristol:IOP Publishings)Hu W.,The Angular Trispectrum of the CMB,astro-ph/0105117Jain B.,Seljak U.,White S.,2000,ApJ,530,547Mart´ınez-Gonz´a lez E.,Sanz J.L.,Silk J.,1990,ApJ,355,L5Mart´ınez-Gonz´a lez E.,Sanz J.L.,Silk J.,1994,ApJ,436,1Mollerach S.,Gangui A.,Lucchin F.,Matarrese S.,1995,ApJ,453,1Munshi D.,Souradeep T.,Starobinski A.A.,1995,ApJ,454,552Quilis V.,Ib´a ˜n ez J.M.,S´a ez D.,1998,ApJ,502,518Sanz J.L.,Mart´ınez-Gonz´a lez, E.,Cay´o n L.,Silk J.L.,Sugiyama N.,1996,ApJ,467,485Seljak U.,1996,ApJ,460,549Tuluie R.,Laguna P.,Anninos P.,1996,ApJ,463,15White M.,Hu W.,2000,ApJ,537,1。