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文学评论·外国文学英美文学中女性主义及其影响苏华 郑州师范学院摘 要：女性角色在英美文学中有各种鲜明的特征展现，而女性主义也在西方文学的整个发展过程中发挥着重要的影响，一些极具代表性的文学作品中都充分地展示了女性主义的个性化色彩。
而对于英国和美国，其女性主义的表达侧重各有不同，这与它们文化、历史和社会环境有着直接的影响。
英国是一个注重传统和礼仪的国家，文学作品对于女性形象的塑造更突出庄重典雅等特征，而美国则是一个典型的移民国家，女性主义的发展与整个黑人解放运动相契合，显示出更多的开放性和包容性。
本文对英国和美国文学中的女性主义进行了深入的探讨和分析，并就其实际的影响进行研究，最后得出结论，有一定的借鉴意义和参考价值。
关键词：英美文学；女性主义；影响[中图分类号]：I106 [文献标识码]：A[文章编号]：1002-2139(2018)-15-151-01女性主义是文学作品中靓丽的一道风景线，对于整个文学发展有着重要的影响。
对于以英美为代表的西方国家来说，深受人文主义的民主思想影响，文学发展的过程伴随着人权运动的发展历程。
对女性角色的定义和诠释，一直处于文学的重要位置，并发挥着举足轻重的影响。
我们看西方的文学作品，女性主义的内容随处可见，而各个国家对于这个问题和概念的理解也大相径庭。
对文学中女性主义内容进行深入细致的分析和研究，有利于了解和理解各个国家在社会和文化方面的差异性和共性，也是文学研究不可或缺的重要领域。
1. 英国女性主义文学对于英国文学来说，女性主义最突出表达的内容就是对女性传统形象的变化，以变化来衬托女性主义的新情况和新发展。
早期的一些以女性主义为主要创作背景的作家细致描述了当时的英国社会中一系列对女性来说不平等的问题和现象，以此来揭露女性实际生活中承受的一些压迫以及歧视，通过这些揭露以唤醒女性形成独立的自我意识，并致力于打破男性社会的统治的束缚，进而取得公正平等的个人权利。
【英语作文】关于美国女性的投票选举美国女性的投票选举投票是民主国家中最基本的权利和责任之一。
在美国历史上，女性的投票权一直备受争议和限制。
直到1920年，美国女性才首次获得全国范围内的投票权。
这一历史事件对于美国社会和政治产生了深远的影响，并为女性平等权益的争取奠定了基础。
19世纪末20世纪初，美国的妇女社会运动逐渐兴起，许多活动家开始呼吁赋予女性参政权。
这一运动遭到了当时社会和政治界的强烈反对。
一些人认为，女性只应专注于家庭和子女的抚养，而不应干涉政治事务。
一些男性担心女性获得投票权会动摇社会的稳定和传统的权力结构。
这些反对声音并没有阻止女权活动家们继续争取投票权。
通过组织示威游行、发表演讲、写文章等形式，她们不断地向公众传递平等投票的重要性。
这些活动不仅提高了公众对女性权益的关注，也为妇女争取平等权益奠定了基础。
直到1916年，部分州已经开始允许女性在地方选举中进行投票。
这一胜利为全国范围的投票权争取提供了重要的支持。
最终，1920年，美国通过了第19修正案，禁止以性别为基础限制公民的选举权。
这一成就对于美国的女性是一次重大胜利，也为其他国家争取妇女参政权提供了重要的榜样。
美国女性获得投票权后，对于国家的政治发展产生了积极的影响。
女性选民的加入使政治参与率大幅提高，为政治生态带来了全新的动力。
女性选民表达的意愿和需求不同于男性，她们更加关注和推动妇女权益、社会公正和家庭福利等议题。
她们的选票可以对政治决策产生积极的倾向性，使政府更加关注和解决与妇女有关的问题。
女性选举代表的增多也给女性权益争取带来了新的机遇。
自从女性获得投票权以来，美国国会和各级政府中的女性代表数量逐渐增加。
这些女性代表在政府内部为改善妇女权益进行了坚定的斗争，推动了包括妇女权益保护法的制定。
她们的存在和发声使得妇女权益成为政府议程上的重要部分。
尽管美国女性已经获得了投票权，但在深层次的性别不平等问题上仍然存在挑战。
工资差距、职业机会不平等和家庭责任不公等问题仍然困扰着许多美国女性。
英美女性文学概述摘要：“女性文学”是由女性作为写作主体的，并以与世抗辩作为写作姿态的一种文学形态。
随着女权运动的发展，它对西方各国的女性文学都产生了深远的影响。
西方女性文学的发展证明了女性社会地位的改变可以使女性对人类社会做出难以估量的贡献；它也证明了从这个世界另一半人类的视角看过去，世界则是别一样的天地。
本文着重分析了英美两国女性文学的发展历程。
关键词：女权运动；女性主义；英国女性文学；美国女性文学；女性文学是由女性作为写作主体的，以鲜明的女性意识观和表现女性生存本相，它改变了女性作家及其文本在文学传统中的“次”类位置，即对主流文化、主流意识形态既介入又疏离，体现着一种批判性的精神立场女性文学木质上是一种挑战性的文学行为。
本文将从英美文学两个方面对女性文学进行梳理。
一，女性文学溯源英国女性文学的源头可以追溯到中世纪和文艺复兴时期，英国中世纪留下笔墨的仅有三位女性:女修道士朱丽安(Julian,1342-1416)；献身基督教的玛格丽·坎朴(Margery Kempe ,1373-1438)；以及生平事迹不详的朱丽安娜，伯纳斯(Juliana Berners，1388-?)。
文艺复兴时代英国女王伊莉莎白一世；玛丽锡德尼·赫伯特——著名诗人菲里浦·锡德尼·赫伯特的妹妹；英国第一位出版诗集的女性伊莎白拉·惠特尼((lsabellaWhitney,1567-1573)；第一位从女性角度改写圣经中人类堕落故事的艾米丽亚·兰叶(AemilaLanyer, 1569-1645)；伊莉莎自时代最多产的女作家伊莉莎白斯·凯丽((Elizabeth Cary, 1585-1639)。
这些女性作者都与王室宫廷和教会有密切的关系，但依稀能感受到女性对平等权利的渴望，如朱丽安将基督定义为母亲，赫伯特将伊莉莎白女王比作上帝。
虽然，中世纪及文艺复兴时期英国已有些许女性开始写作，但女性的自我意识还很模糊。
山西师范大学本科毕业论文二十世纪美国妇女的社会地位张婧姓名系院外国语学院业专英语双学位0702班级班号学0619010219指导教师楠李答辩日期成绩内容摘要妇女在社会中扮演着十分重要的角色，但是由于各方面的原因，妇女的社会地位与其重要性却不对等。
作为一个移民国家，美国妇女由白人、黑人和华裔妇女组成。
鉴于美国这一国家自身的独特性，关于美国妇女的社会地位问题一直以来都是学者们研究的重点，尤其是二十世纪。
这一时期，美国社会发生了巨大的变化。
美国妇女的社会地位也随之发生了很大的变化。
这两种变化交互影响：社会的变化为妇女社会地位的改善创造了条件，反过来，妇女社会地位的改善有促进了社会的进步。
总体上来说，虽然期间有一些波折，但是二十世纪美国妇女的社会地位主要呈现一种上升的趋势。
本文主要是通过一些重要的数据对比和重大事件，从经济，高等教育和政治三方面研究妇女社会地位的提高，描述这种变化的表现，分析造成这种变化的原因，以及妇女社会地位改变对美国社会的影响，最后，呼吁人们为改善妇女的社会地位创造条件。
关键词：妇女社会地位；工作机会；高等教育；平等；政治参与AbstractWomen play an important role in the society, but for all kinds of reasons, their social status is out of proportion with their importance. As an immigrated country, the Americanwomen were mainly composed of the whites, the blacks and the Chinese women. Since theUnited States of America is distinct as an independent nation, the American women's social status has always been an important problem for researchers. The American societyth century. So did the American women's social status. witnessed a lot of changes in the 20These two changes also had an effect on each other: the social transitions provided someconditions for the improvement of the American women's social status, in reverse, theirstatus' improvement also promoted the social progress. In summary, although there wereth century, the American women's some setbacks during the 20social status presented anincreasing tendency.This paper mainly discussed the improvement of the American women's social status from the perspectives of economy, higher education and politics by comparing some important figures and significant events while describing the manifestations of the shifts.The paper studied the factors which had caused these shifts and these shifts' influence toAmerican society as well. At last, the author called on people to create someconditions toimprove women's social status.Key words: women's social status; employment opportunity; higher education; equity;political participationContents1.…………1. Introduction……………………………………………………th...1…………………………………century1.1 The American society in the 20……………..2social status American women's 1.2 The factors that influenced the...32. American Women's Economic Status……………………………………………………………..32.1 The American women's employment opportunity……………………………………….52.2 The working women's role in family.7………………………3. American Women's Status inHigher Education..7…………………………3.1 American women as students in higher education ..8…………………3.2 American women as faculty members in higher education ......................................................94. American Women's PoliticalStatu s....……………………………………….94.1 American women's effects in politics10…………………………………cipation4.2 American women's political parti………………………………………………………………5. Conclusion..12ReferencesAcknowledgementsThe American Women's Social Statusth in the 20 Century1.IntroductionWomen play a vital part both in family and social life, but their importance and value are always overlooked by the people and the society. So do the American women. For along time, the American women's social status was dramatically out of proportion withtheir importance. They suffered from the social prejudice and bias which providedthemwith only limited rights. This kind of unequal situation had not been greatly improved untilth century.the 20th century The American society in the 201.1th century had witnessed unprecedented changes The 20in the American society andthe American women's life.The development of industry which was known as the Industrial Revolution changed th century. As a result in the 20of the American the American society significantly Industrial Revolution, the labor market was greatly enlarged. Under the circumstances,only men couldn't meet the enlarging labor needs. This provided an employment opportunity for women to work outside the home. Especially in 1939, the Second WorldWar broke out. Almost all male workers were asked to join in the army. Women were encouraged to work in factories due to the severe labor shortages. Even though they returned home after the war, women still made a great contribution to American societyduring the war time. Besides, with the development of science and technology, many greatinventions were invented. These inventions such as tractors, mechanical cotton pickers,vacuum cleaners, washing machines affected not only the industry production but also thefamily life. Owing to these great inventions; women could free themselves from the heavyhousework and had more extra time to work outside their families. At the same time, manyregulations and laws about improving women's social status were proposed and put intoeffect. For example, the President John F. Kennedy organized an Advisory Commission onthe Status of Women to make some public policies which were of benefit to women (Conway, 1995:6). In the 1960s, in particular, the feminism movement gathered strength.And the total number of women organizations was increased drastically as well. These organizations were aimed at fighting for women's legal rights and improving women's social status. They also provided a stage for women to start a new life.All these social transitions contributed to the improvement of the American women's social status.1.2 The factors that influenced the American women's social statusThere were many factors that influenced the American women's social status in theth century. All these factors were not isolated; they were closely connected with each 20other. Based on the essence and category of the factors, we can classify these factors intotwo categories: the internal factors and the external factors.The internal factors were the arouse of women's self-consciousness and the desire for self-fulfillment. Women were not satisfy with their current conditions in the society, theybegan to place a great emphasis on achieving personal satisfaction and individual growthand struggled to fight for their own rights and benefits. Not only did they campaign womenmovement, they also established and developed lots of women organizations, for example,the National Organization for Women, General federation of Women's Club, the League ofWomen V oters (Rix, 1987: 29), to improve their social status. The movement and the organizations strengthened the American women's collective consciousness and encouraged them to work together to fight for their social status. They realizedself-valueand achieved accomplishments through the movement as well.th century, the In the 20of The external factors were the transitions the society. American society experienced the Great Depression, the World War Ⅱ, and the economicboom after the war. All these changes made it possible for women to step out of the domestic sphere and offered an opportunity to broaden their horizons. It is needless to saythat the American industrialization also played a key role in liberating women from thetraditional roles as full-time housewives. Furthermore, some great inventions such astractors, mechanical cotton pickers, vacuum cleaners, washing machines and the like solargely reduced the time which women devoted to housework that they had more sparetime to do what they favored. They participated in some voluntary associations: temperance societies, charitable associations, settlement houses and so on (Rix, 1987:39).In these associations, they realized their own value. They were not content with their current situations in the society. They wanted to improve their social status, they'd like towork outside the family, have access to higher education and take part in the political activities and what not. In addition, the legal guarantee such as the enforcements of theEqual Pay Act of 1963, Economic Equity Act, Higher Education Act, the Women's Educational Equal Act of 1974, Title Ⅶof the Civil Rights Act of 1964(Conway, 1995:6),and all played an important part in improving the women's social status ,too.All these factors caused the American women strive to improve their social status in th century.the 202.American Women's Economic Status2.1 The American women's employment opportunityThe American women's employment opportunity can be discussed from two aspects: the number of working women, the job they did and the pay they earned.For a long period, women were not allowed to work outside the home. Even if they could work outside the family, they just did some jobs which didn't need too many skills inlimited fields. They were denied access to many kinds of jobs. Their working choices wereoften confined to nurses, teachers, social workers or most commonly, domestic services.Only a few worked as the clerks in offices. What's more, women's work outside the homewas temporary, always ending with their marriages (Rix, 1987:41-42). In brief, their workoutside the families was not encouraged.th century, especially after the World War Ⅱ, because of the severe laborthe In 20shortages and some cultural and legal obstructions to the employment of the marriedwomen were eliminated, women were encouraged to work outside the home. On one hand,the number of working women increased significantly; on the other hand, a good manywomen's work shifted from farm, domestic and service work to skilled industrial jobswhich was previously closed to them and only opened to men (Rix, 1987:49). Even thoughthey returned home after the war, their devotions to the American society and economywere of great importance. And of course, this also paved the way for women to work outside the family. Since then, in several states, for example, major labor unions and stateslegislatures adopted the equal-pay-for-equal-work standard (Rix, 1987:51) .It was estimated that by 1980s, more than half of adult women worked outside the domestic th sphere, and by 1990s, the figure reached almost 60 percent. While in the middle ofthe 20century, there were less than 20 percent working women (Conway, 1995:4). From thesefigures, we can see that there had been an increasing number of women working outsideth century. the home and the ratio of working women had steadily increased in the 20 The increased proportion of women in the labor market aroused the concern of inequities in pay and employment opportunity and their status in the workplace (Conway,th 20half of the for equal-pay-for equal-work. In the early 1995:61).They started to ask century, women were only admitted to some less skilled jobs, such as clerical jobs, salesjobs, nursing and teaching and all that sort of thing. The higher paying or professional andmanagerial positions were only admitted to men workers (Conway, 1995:61). In the latterth century, with the implementation of the Title Ⅸlegislation and Title Ⅶhalf of the 20 ofthe Civil Rights Act in 1964, discriminations against women pursing advanced professionssuch as law, medicine, management, bank and so forth were abolished step by step. Women's proportion in the managerial and professional occupations had increased. But itwas an undeniable fact that although women had taken a footstep towards the formerlyman-dominated professions, they were less likely to be advanced to a higher position. Forone thing, from government civil service to university faculties, private companies andbanks, women were underrepresented at the top, however, overrepresented at the bottom,when compared with men (Rix, 1987:123). What they did was more auxiliary than specialized. For another, because they were considered as the primary care providers forboth children and elderly parents, it was impossible for women to be employed asfull-timeemployers. Women's average working time was less than men's. And also, the proportionsbetween men and women who worked in the formerly male-dominated professionswereunbalanced. Women only accounted for a small proportion.The wage-gap can not be overlooked, either. In the past, women's average earnings were substantially fewer than that of men. This was in part because that women's workwas less skilled than men's and their working time was also less than that of men. But when women worked in the male-dominated occupations, they still earned less than theirmen counterparts who did the same jobs. The situation was not improved until the passageof the Equal Pay Act of 1963 and the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Conway,1995:63). This was a small but very significant step toward requiring equity between menand women in employment. Since the passage of the two acts, there have been supports oflegislative regulations for eliminating sex differences on wages. Ever since, the disparitiesbetween the earnings of men and women have been declining. But the laws' implementations were not the sole reason that narrowed the pay gap. There were other reasons that caused the pay-gap between men and women narrowing. For example, theydid more skilled jobs than before. More women were employed in the higher-paying professional, managerial, technical occupations. Furthermore, women worked more continuously than in the past (Conway, 1995:66). All these leaded to the narrowing of thepay-gap based on sexes.Although the wage-gap between male and female has been declining since the 1980s,the differences still existed. In order to get rid of the disparities on wages thoroughly, moreefforts and actions should be taken. Improving the women's access not only tomale-dominated but also to the higher-paying occupations and establishing comparableequal compensation in female-dominated professions were important ways to reduce thepay gap (Rix, 1987:126). What's more, the equal employment opportunity especially in thehigher-paying jobs between men and women was a more effective way to bridge the wage-gap and gain the real equality.2.2 The working women's role in familyThe working women played an increasingly important role in both economy andth century.family life in the 20Generally speaking, people always thought that men's earnings were the main financial resources in the families while working women's income was secondary to men'sand even non-essential. Women's work was not worthy of any monetary reward comparingto that of men. And women were not financially responsible for their family (Rix, 1987:103). What's worse, women's jobs had always been undervalued and ignored sincetheir work was paid fewer than men's work and they were not seen as important economicproviders as men.th century, with the development of the society and the economy, aHowever, in the 20majority of women began to combine family life with work outside the home. Althoughwomen, on average, earned less than men, their contribution to the economic resources ofthe family was significant and could not be ignored any more. For example, in husband-wife families, a wife's earnings made a significant difference on the family livingstandards. Their family would be able to live a better life than the family with only a husband worked outside the home to support the whole family. The financial status of thattime's husband-wife families was also closely relevant to women's earnings. In a single-parent family, mother's income was more important because the mother's wage wasthe only economic resources. Without the mother's income, they even could not make aliving. In summary, the working women's income played a critical part in family life. Andalso, the working women lessened their dependency on men, they were financially independent.In addition, women and men all worked outside the home to support the family, but women still had to bear the most responsibility of housework. The shift of women to paidemployment didn't mean a reduce in the number of hours most women spent in the household. They not only had to work outside the home to support the family but also theyhad to do most or even all of the housework such as cleaning, cooking, shopping, childcaring and so on after they returned home from workplace while men didn't (Conway,1995:80). Women devoted more total hours to the family economy than they didbefore the changes.th century as well. By 1960s,The working women gained more rights in family in the 20married women had the rights to deal with property. They acquired the right to own andcontrol the property they brought to the marriage and that which they acquired during themarriage while in the past the family property was controlled by men. Women were alsoentitled the right to decide the residents and equal guardian rights over the children. Moreover, it was a tradition that a woman should adopt the surname of her husband aftermarriage. But since then, the married women could keep their own name without adoptingtheir husband's surname (何家弘, 2001:248-249). All these were progresses which the th century. To some extent, the American women's statuAmerican women made in the 20sth century. in economy was upgraded in the 203.American Women's Status in Higher EducationSince both the individual and society attached great importance to education opportunity, the higher educational right was also one of the most important areas in whichwomen struggled for equal opportunity all around the time. The more education a womanreceived, the more likely she was to be employed or promoted.The American women's status in higher education can be analyzed from two aspects: women as students and women as faculty members (Conway, 1995:21).3.1 American women as students in higher educationIn American, for a long run, most women were excluded from the higher education. Only a small number of women had access to colleges and universities. In the earlyth century, on average, there were only about 40 20beginning of the percent of women students in higher education (Rix, 1987:240). The unequal situation hadn't been improveduntil the Title Ⅶof the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which was amended in 1972. Since then,more and more women had been allowed to higher education. In 1979, the number of women students was first exceeded the number of men students in the college enrollment.The percentage of college women students increased continuously. By 1990s, more thanhalf of women went into colleges and universities for further studies. Not all students inhigher education could earn degrees, however, women's proportion of earning degrees atevery level of higher education were increasing all the time. In 1974, women were awarded45 percent of all bachelors' degrees; in 1982, the figure reached 51 percent (Conway, 1995:24). And the percentage of women who received masters' and doctorates' degreeswas also increased. By 1990s, there were about half of women earned master's degreeswhile there were less than 35 percent in the 1960s. The proportion of doctorates earned bywomen also jumped from 16 percent of all doctorates awarded in 1972 to 35.4 percent ofthe total awarded in 1986. The proportion was still keeping increasing (Rix,1987:242).Women were making a slow but very steady strides at the higher educationallevel.Apart from the mentioned above，women's study fields were also amplified. For example, in the past, women were refused to study in military colleges for many years. In1976, military universities began to recruit women students as a consequence of the Congressional legislation. In the middle of the 1990s, there were nearly 13 percent of women students in military colleges. And the number of women who majored in fieldssuch as business, law, medicine which were traditionally thought of as the domain of menwas also increased significantly, though the proportion was very small (刘永涛, 2001:244).It was a step that had broad implications for the eliminations of the gender discriminationin the society as a whole, where the attitudes about the role of women and their relationships to society were developed and reinforced gradually. It was a success womenachieved in higher education.3.2 American women as faculty members in higher educationAs for women as faculty members in higher educational institutions, they also sufferedfrom unequal treatment. Not only did the average salaries of female faculty members wereless than those of male counterparts, but also the women faculty members were less likelyto be in leading positions such as department chiefs, deans and collegepresidents(Conway,1995:21).Usually the higher the rank is, the fewer the women there are. Women were always at the foot of the academic pyramids.It was after the passage of the landmark legislation known as Title Ⅸin 1972 that thepercentage of women in positions of authority and management in higher education beganto increase (Conway, 1995:21). There was a report that of the more than 400,000full-timefaculty members on college and university in the autumn of 1983, women accounted for27.3 percent, only increasing by 5 percent compared with 1972 (Rix, 1987:240). Because alarge proportion of women were promoted to professors in the 1940s, and they retired inthe 1980s, whereas newly employed women were not moving as quickly as men into higher faculty position; this caused a slow growth in the increase of women as full professors in the 1980s. In 1972, women constituted 9.8 percent of all full professors, while the figure had risen only to 10.7 percent by 1983. In addition, women's proportionamong senior administrators also had increased, although the increase was dismally small,from 0.6 percent in 1975 to 1.1 percent in 1983 (Rix, 1987:240). It was a progress compared with the past. To some extent, the small increase in the number of women holding executive positions in the educational establishment resulted in a lessening of institutional discrimination against women.th century, women had made 20end of the many achievements inIn a word, by thehigher education both as students and faculty members. Although women had made stridesin the efforts to eliminate gender discrimination in higher education, the tasks were far from completion. There was still a long way to go in some fields, in particular, women'sappointments to administrative-level positions in higher education.American Women's Political Status4.4.1 American women's effects in politicsSince the establishment of the United States of America, women had been precludedfrom the process of the public policy, though they accounted for a large number in the totalpopulation. Their ideas were always neglected. But with the social development, the American women also wanted a voice in the politics. And their effects in politics becameevident gradually.In the 1920s, the American women gained the suffrage right. It was a remarkable event. Since then, they had a great influence on the politics. For instance, because womenvoters outnumbered the men voters, for the reason, the views women hold on political views cannot be ignored by candidates for public offices. If the candidate wanted to winthe election, he couldn't neglect the women voters' anticipation. Once the candidates overlooked the women voters' voice, unexpected voting patterns and results would appear(Rix, 1987:181). And when the elected politicians were proved to be corrupted, womenmust vote them out by using their political rights.Women showed more sensible than perceptual in politics. Women were more likely than men to support candidates whom they perceive to be liberal. Liberal women officeholders might possibly be more supportive of policies that would enhance their statusfor women, while conservative women might be less likely to offer their encouragementand their votes. Once women voters were aware of this kind of situation, they were morelikely to support politically liberal men than their conservative female opponents (Rix, 1987:179-180). They considered suffrage right as a efficient and effective way to improvetheir status and get more opportunities.In order to increase the number of low-income women registering to vote, almost onehundred women's groups worked as a whole in the 1984 Women's V ote Project. And finally they succeeded. They not only fought for legislation, they also monitored the implementations of laws. By careful monitoring the implementation process of the lawsand regulations, in particular, the development of regulatory guidelines to carry out the law,the American women realized the greatest benefits from Title Ⅸ(Rix, 1987: 29). TheAmerican women began to exerted more effects on public legislations.th the 20effect on politics in American Whatever to say, the women posed more century than in the past.4.2 American women's political participationTraditionally, the political affairs have always been considered as men's patent and it was of no business with women. Women had rarely political rights. Even the First Ladies,Abigail Adams and Dolly Madison, playing important roles in their husbands' careers, didhelp to their husbands behind the scenes(徐鸿雁, 2006:51). They never touched the political affairs directly.With the development of the women's liberation movement and the feminism movement, the situation was changed. More and more women began to take interested inpolitics and set foot in politics in public. For instance, after the World WarⅡ, theAmerican women gradually realized the fact that political participation was a fundamentaland indispensable way to improve their social status in American society. Only when theytook part in the political affairs positively did the can have equal rights with men in education, economy, health, employment and so on. Their political participation consciousness and ideas were enhanced. Particularly, in the 1980s, the American womentook participate in the politics actively. Not only did their voting passion rose dramatically,they also brought their own political initiative into full play. According to the New YorkTimes, 53 percent of voters in the presidents' election campaigns in 1980 were women voters. The number of women voters who registered and voted firstly surpassed the number of men electors (Rix, 1987:174). The women voters devoted themselves to nearlyall kinds of election campaigns, such as the Congressional election, government officialelection, the mayor and the governor election. In 1984, Geraldine Ferraro voted for theAmerican vice president. Though it was a failure, it was a landmark achievement in women's political participation. On one hand, this event greatly encouraged American women's confidence in taking part in the national affairs. On the other hand, it changedpeople's bias about women's stereotyping images (李秋金, 2008:140). Since then, an increasing number of women dedicated themselves to the political activities and were enthusiastic about politics. As to the First Ladies, taking Eleanor Roosevelt andHillaryClinton for example, they stepped out of the scenes and took part in the political affairsdirectly and publicly. They made remarkable influence on public policies(徐鸿雁, 2006:52). The two First Ladies developed their careers in the course of helping their husbands.The increase in the number of women holding public office was becoming significant,especially in county and municipal governments. In the decades prior to 1984, the numberof women holding county office grew from 3 percent of elected officials to 8 percent. Andby 1985, four of the 100 largest cities in the United States had women mayors (Rix, 1987:178). Though these figures did not reflect the proportion of American women adultsin the government offices, they certainly reflected the fact that more and more women began to participate in the politics actively.In addition, the number of women who hold the position of Congresswomen and government officials in federal and state governments has been increasing dramaticallysince 1980 (李秋金, 2008:140). Even the proportion of women in American Congress wasstill very small; the number had increased in an immeasurable speed.th century.In a word, the American women made a great progress in politics in the 20Their political status had largely improved. They used their political rights to fight for other rights in economy, education and so on. Their political participation made contributions to the formulation of public policies as well. It promoted the social equity.5.Conclusionth century 20in the was , although the American women's social status In conclusionstill lower than that of the American men; their social status had improved a lot than in thepast. There was no doubt that the American women's status in economy, higher education,and politics had been dramatically improved. By women's own efforts and conveniencesocial conditions, they had won economic independent to some degrees, had more accessto higher education and political affairs. They played an increasingly important role in。
女权主义理论论文：女权主义理论在中国的发展摘要：中国女权主义理论引入伴随着演绎变化，体现在不断融入本土文化因素，结合历史背景，逐步形成中国自己的女权主义理论，而理论的应用包括女权主义批评与创作，理论为批评提供一种话语的可能性，现实的批评实践，才能使这种话语按照自己的方式运作起来，创作出属于自己的作品。
关键词：女权主义理论；理论接受与新变；女权主义批评；女性写作女权主义理论是一种政治性的文学理论，这已经是共识。
其政治性一方面表现在它与女权运动的密切关系上，即它的实践性上，一方面表现在它的理论方法上：女权主义理论，尤其是其中的英美学派，特别注重对文学进行社会历史分析，致力于从文学文本中揭示出性别压迫的真相，即便是更注重对文学创作的语言本体进行研究的法国学派，也是将女性写作当作一种颠覆性的、抗拒旧有文化和政治秩序来看待。
[1]一、中国对西方女权主义理论的接受与新变（一）女权主义理论的最初接受"feminism"一词，最初被翻译为女权主义，原因是这一理论的诞生与西方白人妇女努力争取政治、经济、教育等方面的平等权利密切相关，"女权"所涉及的内容带有浓郁的政治色彩。
中国虽然也以政治话语占主导，意识形态受政治指导，但中国的解放针对的是全社会而非女性，女性解放蕴涵于社会的解放之中，女性意识被社会、政治所压抑，没有受到特别的关注，相应的女性也就没有自己的话语权，没有强烈的争权意识，在倡导男女平等的大环境下趋于沉默，保持与男性不树敌的态度。
因此，西方女权主义理论在传入的过程中，"权"的意识逐渐淡化，在中国女性受到特殊保护的同时又受到深重的压迫，许多女作家不愿意承认自己是女权主义者，或者是以温和的态度学习理论，有意远离政治，女权意味着对男权为中心的社会秩序的对抗，与整个传统文化为敌，并且依靠单枪匹马的力量撼动传统文化的根基无异于杯水车薪，没有全社会观念的转变，要建立自己的话语权似乎不可能。
文学专业优秀毕业论文范本女性主义文学在当代社会的意义与反思在当代社会中，女性主义文学的出现和发展具有重要的意义和深远的影响。
它不仅为女性争取平等权益发出了声音，也对社会进行了深刻的反思，探索了女性在社会和文学领域的地位和角色。
本文将从女性主义文学的概念、发展历程、当代社会中的意义和反思等方面进行探讨和分析。
一、女性主义文学的概念和发展女性主义文学是指以女性为创作主体，剖析女性角色和性别问题的文学创作体裁。
它通过反映女性的生存状态和社会地位，展现女性的独特视角和价值，呼唤女性权益的平等与尊重，同时对男权主义和性别歧视进行批判，进而推动社会进步。
女性主义文学在发展历程中经历了几个重要阶段。
首先是第一波女性主义文学运动，起源于19世纪末，主要关注妇女权利和平等。
随后是第二波女性主义文学运动，兴起于20世纪60年代，关注妇女解放和性别问题。
另外，还有一些后续的发展如第三波女性主义文学运动，强调多元性别和跨性别议题。
二、女性主义文学在当代社会的意义女性主义文学在当代社会中具有重要的意义和特殊价值。
首先，女性主义文学为女性赋予了发声的权利和平等的话语空间。
它重视女性的独立性和自主性，挑战传统的女性角色刻板印象和性别歧视。
通过作品的创作和传播，女性主义文学为广大女性提供了表达自己心声的平台，引起了对女性权益的更多关注和讨论。
其次，女性主义文学打破了传统文学中的障碍和束缚。
它探索和塑造了独立思考、自由追求的女性形象，突破了传统文学对女性角色的限制。
女性主义文学的出现开创了一种新的文学风格和主题，使得文学创作更加多元化和包容性。
此外，女性主义文学对于社会意识和观念的影响也是不可忽视的。
通过揭示性别歧视、女性压迫等社会现象，女性主义文学唤起了社会的关注，促使人们对性别平等和女性权益进行反思和探讨。
它激发了女性群体的自尊和自信，同时也改变了社会公众对女性的认知和态度。
三、女性主义文学中的反思女性主义文学在当代社会的发展中，也存在一些问题和反思的方面。
美国文学学期论文参考范文美国文学的历史虽然不长,但却发展得非常迅速,也涌现出许多杰出的作家,因此美国文学发展中的每个阶段都留下了不少传世经典之作。
下文是店铺为大家搜集整理的关于美国文学学期论文参考范文的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!美国文学学期论文参考范文篇1浅论当代美国女性文学的特点一、前言美国作为发展速度最快的发达国家，除了在经济、科技和军事领域有突出的建树，在文学领域也取得了不俗的成绩。
考虑到美国属于移民国家的特性，在多文化交流和冲突下，美国女性文学取得了快速的发展，并涌现出一大批风格独特、独树一帜的女性作家，所创作的作品也在美国本土以及世界范围内广为流传。
从美国女性文学的发展来看，美国女性文学的大发展，是文化交流的结果，也是移民文化与美国本土文化相结合后诞生的又一种新文化。
所以，对当地美国女性文学的特点进行分析，有助于了解美国女性文学中所倡导的价值观，对于了解美国文化很有必要。
二、当代美国女性文学的分类经过了解发现，当代美国女性文学取得突出成就的作家，都是具有移民背景的女性作家，按照移民背景分类，当代美国女性文学主要可以分成以下几类：1、亚裔作家创作的美国女性文学。
在美国女性文学的创作队伍中，亚裔作家是重要的创作力量，其中华裔作家更是以独特的视角及东方文化的魅力，提高了女性文学的创作质量，使美国女性文学在整体水平上有较大的提升。
目前亚裔作家最杰出的要属华裔获奖作家汤婷婷、唐恩美和印度裔女作家巴拉蒂·玛克姬等人。
这几位知名作家创作的作品不但在美国文学史上获得了重要奖项，同时推动了美国文学的快速发展，使美国文学更加多元化。
2、黑人女作家创作的美国女性文学。
从美国女性文学的发展史上看，黑人女作家是重要的创作力量。
基于美国种族歧视的社会背景，黑人女作家的数量较少，并且创作的作品主要以关注美国文化发展和种族歧视有关，同时也细致的刻画了美国社会黑人群体生活的人生百态，对研究美国黑人发展史和美国文化具有积极的借鉴意义。
