U21-L1 Super Athletes精学笔记

大学体验英语综合教程2unit4笔记Unit 4 Calamities and rescues△board,on board,go on board1)Passengers checked their baggage before boarding the plane.2)Many of tourists on board had begun bargaining with the tradesman.3)The hijackers kept the pilot on board the plane as hostage(人质).4)We went on board Sabena yesterday morning.我们昨天早上登上Sabena号。

△championship n.1.冠军称号2.(pl)锦标赛1)What team did the woman's team championship go to?哪个队获得女子团体体赛冠军？2)The world men's basketball championships 世界男篮锦标赛3)The world singles figure skating championships 世界花样滑冰个人锦标赛△beamVt.vi.smile brightly and happilyN.(日光、灯光等)(一)道、束、柱[比喻]喜悦、笑颜1.beam of sunlight fell on the wall through the window2.Her face beaned with joy.喜形于色3.He beamed his approval of the new idea.4.He beamed on his visitors.△laugh出声(大)笑Smile微笑Giggle女人，孩子Beam书面，喜形于色△bound:adj.1.(~for) going to or intending to go to2.(~to do sth)certain to do sth1)The weather is bound to get better tomorrow.2)Where are you bound for?3)He was said to be bright at school and was almost certainly bound for university.4)There are bound to be times when he or she will encounter difficulties and problems.△distress n.1)危难The life boat went out to a ship in distress.2)穷苦(困) They did what they could to reduce distress among the poor.3)忧虑Two in distress make sorrow less.The mother was in great distress when her baby became ill.△approach vt.1)靠近，接近2)动手处理N.1)途径，方法2)接近1)The winter vacation is approaching.2)The lion's approach drove away the small animals.3)The best approach to learning a foreign language is the study of the spoken language.4)It might be possible to approach the problem in a different way.△collide: 1)crash together with violent impact碰撞2) be or come into conflict砥触，冲突1)If the aims of two countries collide，there may be a war.2) As the bus turned the corner, it collided with a van.3)They were on their way to the airport when their car was involved in a collision with a truck.△rear1) v.(1) (~ up) (of a horse, etc) raise itself on its legs(2) raise esp. one’s head(3) bring up (children)2) n.后部, 尾部, 后方the back part of somethingbring up the rear站在队尾；落在最后；殿后1)The engine of this bus is in the rear.2) Move to the rear of the bus. There are plenty of rear seats.3)We plead for an opportunity to live in decent houses and localities, for a chance to rear the children in physical and moral cleanliness.我们要求有机会住于象样的住房和地区，要求有机会在身心健康的环境中养育我们的孩子。

21世纪大学英语读写教程修订版unit1笔记1. Language Points1.Brains aren’t the only answer.brains — intelligence or the ability to learn and understand things quickly, to solve problems and to make good decisions.Examples:1) Tom’s got brains but is too lazy to use them (=he’s clever but doesn’t use his advantage).2) I hope the baby has his mother’s brains(=intelligence) and his father’s good looks.2. The most gifted students do not necessarily perform best in exams.—It’s not always true that the most gifted students do best in exams.A. necessarily —It is often used in negatives to mean “in every case” .Examples:1) Books are not necessarily the best teacher—sometimes we learn more from our experiences．2) The fact that something is cheap doesn’t necessarily mean it’s of low quality.★ If we reply “Not necessarily”，we mean that what has just been said or suggested may not be true．Example:A: We’ll need to employ another teacher, then.B: Not necessarily.B. perform— do (a job)；complete (a task)Examples:1) Computers can perform many different tasks．2) The firefighters performed outstanding acts of bravery in the September 11 attack．◆ perform well／badly／poorly — work well／badly／poorly;achieve a good／poor result3. make the most of (sth./sb.)— to gain the greatest possible advantage from something Examples:1) The young lady has learned to make the most of every opportunity offered to her.2) One secret of A students is to make the most of the university library.3) We've only got one day in Paris, so we'd better make the most of it.★ make the most of sth. = make the most out of sth.4. count for much／little／nothing— be of much／little／no worth or importanceExamples:1) He knows only one side of the story and therefore his opinion counts for very little.2) A man with no sense of responsibility does not count for anything.3) His promises don't count for much.4) His overseas results count for nothing.5. Hard work isn’t th e whole story either.— Hard work is not enough to explain everything either.A. not the whole story / only part of the story — not enough for a situation to be fully understoodExample:1) It’s true that I don’t like my boss, but that is not the whole story／only part of the story. I quit because I’ve found a better job.2) Quarrelling every day is not the whole story／only part of the story of the couple’s separation. The most important reason is that they don’t love each other any longer.B. Some other usages of “story”:Examples:1)Well. I’ve never cheated in exams, though I know people who have, but that’s another story. (That’s something I’m not going to talk about.)2) Where they live, the climate is fairly dry, but a little further north it's a different story. (The situation is different.)3) People come and people go. It's the same old story. (It happens again and again.)6. put in— spend, pass (a specified amount of time, etc.)Examples:1) I hurried to the library, only to find that there was still an hour to put in before it opened.2) He worked like a slave putting in fifteen hours of work daily.3) On weekend, I sometimes enjoy putting in a pleasant afternoon in the public library.7. concentrateA) — [intransitive] to think very carefully about something that you are doingExamples:1) Sally tried to concentrate on her studies in spite of thenoise.2) It’s said that yoga can help you concentrate better.3) Now please concentrate.4) Adrian was finding it difficult to concentrate.B) —[intransitive and transitive] to be present in large numbers or amounts somewhere, or to cause people or things to be present in large numbers or amounts somewhere Examples:1) Italian industry is concentrated mainly in the north.2) Construction of the aircraft is being concentrated at Prestwick.3) Women concentrate in a small number of occupations.8. Once the books are opened, phone calls go unanswered, TV unwatched and newspapers unread.—Once they open their books, they would not answer phone calls, nor watch TV or read newspapers.Examples:1) The baby’s cry went unheard. (Nobody heard the baby’s cry.)2) Some guests at the party went unattended. (Nobody attended them.)3) All the books on the table went untouched. (Nobody touched the books.)9. focus—direct one’s attention, etc. on sth.Examples:1) Today’s topic focused on Chinese festivals.2) Their search effort focused on the development of a new chemical.◆ ‘‘Focus’’ is similar to “concentrate” in the sense ofdirecting one’s attention on sth. However, “focus” can also mean “adjust a lens, or the eyes, so that the image that passes through them is sharp and clear.”Examples:1) She turned the camera and focused on Martin's face.2) His eyes were focused straight ahead.10. stick (stuck, stuck)— attach (sth.) to (sth. else) or on (a surface)Examples:1) Can you stick the two pages together?2) Susan stuck an important message on the bulletin board.stick to — keep to, refuse to leave or changeExamples:1) In spite of the difficulties, the government sticks to the present policy.2) Make sure to stick to the point when making a presentation in front of the class.3) He is a man of principle — he always sticks to his principles.11. bathroom— a room with a bath in it, usu. also containing a lavatory，wash basin, etc.In British English the toilet in private houses is called the lavatory, toilet, WC (dated), or 100 (informal). In public places it is called the Gents / the Ladies or public conveniences. In American English it is called the lavatory, toilet or bathroom in private houses and the washroom or restroom in public places.“Restroom” is sometimes misunderstood by some Chinese learners as a room where people sit and relax, while the proper word for that meaning should be “lounge”.12. get one’s hands on— get hold of (sth. or sb. ), esp. violently; seizeExamples:1) The hungry boy ate up everything he could get his hands on from the refrigerator.2) The woman smashed every plate she could get her hands on in a terrible fight with her husband.3) The book was sold out, and the girl had to go downtown to finally get her hands on a copy .13. essential— (1) n. (usu. pl.) sth．that is necessary or very important Examples:1) This book includes all the essentials for camping in the wilderness .2) “Mom, don’t you know a mobile phone and MP3 are absolute essentials for a young man of my age?”— (2) a. (to, for) necessary, centralExamples:1) Vegetables are essential to our health .2) Political stability is essential for economic development.14. cut down on— reduceExamples:1) The already skinny girl declared she would cut down on food so as to lose weight .2) The doctor urged the patient to cut down on smoking and drinking .3) There is talk that they are going to cut down on government spending .15. write up— write (again) in a neat and complete formExamples:1) The results of the experiment were written up into a report .2) His secretary always writes up the notes of a speech for him .3) It took the student reporter a whole week to write up a story to the satisfaction of the newspaper editor .In some phrases, the adverb “up” carries the meaning of “to an end or a state of completion; completely”.Examples:1) We used up our petrol halfway on the journey and could not find a gas station nearby .2) The fire burnt up all our furniture .3) When are you going to pay up the money you owe me?16. Meet the deadline— finish the task before the date or time it must be finished◆ “Meet the deadline” is a common collocation. Similarly, if you haven’t met the deadline, then you have missed the deadline.◆ 17. work／do wonders (in)◆ — bring unexpectedly good results◆Examples:1) There’s no way I can meet the deadline.2) I’m afraid you’ve missed the deadline, so your application cannot be considered.Examples:1) A few words of encouragement can work wonders in me when I’m not very confident.2) The old lady was so difficult to please，but the girl has worked wonders in her.3) The student tried the new approach, and to his amazement, itworked wonders!18. relevant (ant. irrelevant)—directly connected with the subject or problem being discussed or consideredExamples:1) I’m searching the net for some relevant information about my thesis.2) It’s irrelevant to our discussion? No, I think it’s highly relevant to what we are discussing!19. rather than◆ This expression is normally used in“parallel” structures：for example with two adjectives，adverbials，nouns, infinitives or -ing forms.Examples:1) The color seems green rather than blue.2) I’d prefer to go in August rather than in July.3) Why don’t you wear the black shoes rather than the brown ones?4) I’ll help you rather than sit and watch you struggle.5) He always prefers starting early rather than leaving everything to the last minute．When the main clause has a to-infinitive, rather than is usually followed by an infinitive without to. An -ing form is also possible, especially at the beginning of a sentence.Examples:1) I’d like to stay at home this evening rather than go／going out .2) Rather than using the last of his cash, Tom decided to writea check.20. put away— put in the usual place of storage, put or store (sth.) in its proper placeExamples:1) The spoilt kid never put his toys away.2) Please put the newspaper away on the shelf when you finish reading.3) The business correspondence was all put away in numbered files.21. approach n. / v.A) n. — way of dealing with a particular problemExamples:1) We need a new approach to this problem.2) Do you believe that the best approach for a language learner is the study of the spoken language?B) v. — to move towards or nearer to someone or somethingExamples:1) As I approached the house, I noticed a light on upstairs.2) She heard footsteps approaching.Grammar focus1. go + (un) p.p.Examples:a. Phone calls go unanswered.— Phone calls are unanswered.b. They never solved the problem．—Problem went unsolved．c. Police failed to identify the owner of the black car. — The owner went unidentified.2. used to + infinitive“used to + infinitive” refers to a past habit or state，while“get used to + n／-ing” means “become used to”Examples:a. Where did you use to live?I used to live with my family．How about now?I have got used to sharing a dormitory room with several others.b. How did people use to keep food?People used to keep food by salting it．How about now?Nowadays more and more people have got used to keeping their food inthe refrigerator.。

U1 para 11-13U2 para 6-7，10U4 para 3, 11U6 para 10，12-14Unit 1 Section AAn impressive English lesson11 Perhaps, language should be looked upon as a road map and a valuable possession: often study the road map (check grammar) and tune up the car engine (adjust vocabulary). Learning grammar and a good vocabulary is just like driving with a road map in a well-conditioned car.12 The road map provides the framework and guidance you need for your trip, but it won't tell you exactly what trees or flowers you will see, what kind of people you will encounter, or what types of feelings you will be experiencing on your journey. Here, the vocabulary makes the journey's true colors come alive! A good vocabulary enables you to enjoy whatever you see as you drive along. Equipped with grammar and a good vocabulary, you have flexibility and excellent control. While the road map guides your journey to your destination, an excellent vehicle helps you to fully enjoy all of the sights, sounds and experiences along the way.13 Effective, precise, and beneficial communication depends upon grammar and a good vocabulary, the two essential assets for students, but they are not being taught in schools. Translation一堂难忘的英语课11 也许，语言应该被看成是一张路线图和一件珍品：我们要常常查看路线图（核对语法）和调整汽车的引擎（调节词汇）。

Unit 1 A puma at largePart 1 Words and ExpressionsPumaFelidae lion: *puma, cougar[ˈfi:lidi:]Panther: *leopardTiger: *jaguar* Puma彪马全球著名运动时尚品牌jaguar 捷豹全球顶级奢侈品品牌A leopard can never change its spots.1.at large:a. 逃遁的，没有被控制的。

e.g. 杀害3人的凶手还在逃逸中。

(定从）The murderer who killed three men is still at large .The escaping (escape) prisoners are still at large.b. 详细地(in detail)They talked about this issue at large.他们在详细地讨论这个话题。

c. 总体来讲（as a whole）The people at large support the policy of the open door.__总体来说，大多数人还是支持门户开放政策的。

_2.zoo: 联想词：safari / game park: 野生动物园e.g. Shanghai Wild Animal Park 上海野生动物园Safari Park Shenzhen 深圳野生动物园3.spot v. 看出，发现(尤指在难以看到的环境中)e.g. I spotted my father from the crowd. 我在人群中看到了我的父亲。

高个子的人容易从人群中被看到。

A tall man is easy to spot in the crowd.Zhang ZiYi was spotted by a paparazi at the Sun Valley Resort with her billionaire boyfriend Vivi Neco._章子怡和她那亿万富翁的男友Vivi Neco在太阳谷度假村时被狗仔队拍到。

大学英语综合教程笔记→●符号说明：=引出解释/词义相同,[]表示用法相同,批注表示待确认,~加粗表示一个词系的词,荧光,数字表示页码.● 2●Shape = to have great influence on sb;determinethe nature of sth. e.g.1.These events helped to shape her future career.这些事情对她的未来事业产生重大影响.e.g.2.Her attitudes were shaped partly by her early experiences.她的想法一定程度上由她的早期经历决定.●一定程度上：partly, to an extent, to some extent, tosome degree●conform 与……一致● 3●off and on=from time to time=sometimes断断续续地,有时e.g.It has been raining on and off for a week, that's why the clothes feel damp<潮湿的〕.●Belleville=a city in a coal mining region,has diverseindustry.●possibility=likelihood e.g.They haven't arrived yet.There's the possibility that they've taken the wrongroad.●take hold=bee established生根,确立e.g.Old habitsdie hard. 〔很难摆脱〕That's why you should stop smoking before the habit takes hold.●bored get/be bored by sth; grow bored witha crashing bore/a frightful bore/an insufferablebore/an utter bore讨厌之极的人/事●Assignment=a piece of work given to a particularperson〔分配的〕工作,任务,作业~assign assign sth to sb=assign sb sth [give] e.g. Some work to do on holiday was assigned.●turn out = <1> e out or gather as for a meeting,public event, etc. e.g.1.A large group of protester<抗议者〕have turned out. e.g.2.Crowd turned out for the procession. <2> prove e.g. The plan turned out a failure/success. <3>shut off turn out the light <4>produce e.g. The school has turned out some great scholars.●agony=painful●anticipate+gerund〔动名词〕/that e.g.1. Theyanticipate that deaths from AIDS will have doubled by 2005. e.g.2. We anticipate running into problemsin carrying out the medical welfare reform.<医改>e.g.3. We anticipate hearing from you.●cheerless ~cheering欢呼~cheerful~cheerleader拉拉队长●That most tedious of subjects=the most tedioussubject of all subjects.●Have a reputation for 因……●be able to do,have the ability to do <=> be capable of●Inspire sb to do an inspired guess凭灵感做出的猜测 e.g.1.Martin Luther King Jr's speeches inspired people to fight for equal treatment of African Americans. e.g.2.The last leaf on the tree that never fell off inspired the dying patient with the will to live on. ~inspiration+to do e.g.Her work shows real inspiration.●Rigid=fixed in behavior, views or methods; stricte.g.If he had been a little less rigid about things, hisdaughter would not have left home at such a young age.●Hopeless be hopeless at对……一窍不通a hopelessly ill patient绝症●Be/go out of date/old fashioned<=>befashionable/up to date bring sth up to date ●Prim=stiffly <too> formal or correct in behaviorand showing a dislike of anything rude and improper. A prim dress端庄prim appearance prim and proper[negative]过于古板和认真●Severe=1朴素的:Hemingway is known for his severewriting style.Only those who have undergone severe training can be accepted into the air force. 3 剧烈的e.g. The severe chest pain experienced by the Vice-president proved to be a heart attack.●Glasses=spectacles, contact lens●Wavy 卷曲的有波纹的●He wore prim suits with neckties set primly againstthe collar buttons of his white shirts.●ic滑稽的●tackle e.g. The question set by the teacher was sodifficult that pupils did not know how to tackle it.●Distribute=divide and give out among people,词根}tributee.g. films tribute<n.>/dedicated to the national day;pay tribute to [contribute, attribute to把..归因于]●Simple-minded=showing very little intelligencenarrow/open-minded; high-minded思想高尚;strong-minded意志坚强●Due e.g.1. The book is due to publish in Nov. e.g.2.The train is due in 15 minutes.●Face up to e.g. Now that your daughter was born,you’ll have to face up to the responsibilities of being a father.● A sequence of一连串相关事物a sequence of dancemovements●Image an image ambassador of..[product]●In my mind’s eye~ mental images 脑海●定语后置e.g.1. A list has been drawn up of words wehave learned so far. E.g.2. All is not gold that glitters<闪闪发光>.●Scanner扫描仪●Spaghetti-not taste pulpy <多汁的> poke戳scoop舀prong叉子的尖头●Recall +n/gerund/that clause e.g.1.I don’t recallever meeting her. E.g.2.She recalled that she had to see the doctor again that afternoon. Remind sb. Of doing/to do/that clause●Drive sth home将…讲透彻●Argument ∶get into/break off<中止>/terminate〔结束〕/settle<解决>/put forward; offer<提出论点>/confute<驳倒>an argument●Awake The letters awoke old fears.●Violate=act against e.g. Speeding downtown areasviolates traffic regulations.<=>violet紫罗兰violent 剧烈的● A failing/passing grade●Respectable=1 值得尊敬的:a respectablecouple⇔respectful尊敬的: talk to him at a respectful distance 2 decent/proper合乎礼仪的,礼貌的●poser作曲家●The graded papers⇔the corrected papers●Report to sb for sth: I was ordered to report fortraining to the artillery officers.●Discipline: tighten discipline加强纪律；keepdiscipline维持纪律learn discipline● 4●Speak/talk/say/laugh out loud●Contempt 轻视,轻蔑●Ridicule=making or being made fun of. 1 Incontempt of对……不屑一顾Do sth in contempt of heaven and hell天不怕,地不怕 2 to hold sb up to ridicule嘲笑●Hold back =1 to prevent the expression of feelings,tears, etc. e.g. Johnny cried bitterly in the classroom, not even attempting to hold back the tears. 2 make sb/sth stop moving forward e.g.The en built banks<堤〕of earth to hold back the rising flood water. 3 to prevent the development of e.g.You could bee a good musician, but your lack of practise is holding you back. 4 keep secret. e.g.Tell me about it, don't hold anything back.●Be pure delight at●Power=the faculty<能力,技能,功能〕of the body ormind e.g.1 We'll have to use all of our powers of persuasion. e.g.2 He has lost the power of speech.失去说话能力●Career, profession, trade●At the eleventh hour●As it were=so to speak=as one might say●Put the final seal on my happiness. definite. A sealof approval e.g.This project needs the government's seal of approval.正式批准.e.g.2 A last-minute goal set/put the seal on Tottenham's victory. e.g.3 This award has set a seal on the successful stage career. BOOK 2U1®Raining reflects on a visit to China.Reflect=think,consider. e.g. When we feel sorry for ourselves,we should reflect that there are others less fortunate than we are.Reflect on/upon=think deeply about. e.g. I must reflect on how to answer the question. Please reflect on your action/ behavior.反省Reflect well/badly on证明在某方面表现好/差e.g.This scandal reflected badly on this party as a whole.丑闻对该党整体影响不好Bad manners often reflect on one's parents.粗鲁举止让父母丢脸®thoughtCan you read her thoughts?=can you guess what sheis thinking about?Don't keep your thoughts to yourself.不要闷在心里. That woman has not got a thought in her head.没脑子Thoughts [pl.]=ideas. e.g. My thoughts on this issue ®the bustling eastern Chinese cityBustling=busy,full of noise/activities e.g. A bustling trade town.贸易兴隆的小镇Bustle vt/vi-in/transitive e.g. You have to bustle your roommate to school.催促bustle with e.g. The office bustled with people and activity.办公室挤满了人,十分忙碌.®arts=the arts=the fine arts=art文科An arts degree文科学位工engineering理science®elementary school入门的《=》primary school初等的,小学年龄的grade school grandma school®the most telling lessons=1 impressive=have a noticeable effectTelling argument 有力的论据2 流露感情的a telling smile/remark®be attached to=对..产生依恋,留恋,爱慕e.g.I've never seen 2 people so attached to each other.We've been so much attached to this campus that we don't want to move.Do you have a strong attachment to your family?<=>affiliated hospital/school附属医院®blockMy nose is blocked.鼻塞block the traffic妨碍交通Your stubborn attitude is a block to the progress.强硬的A block of marvel一块大理石®positionDon't position yourself too close to the fire.Be in a/no position to do由于某些条件〔不〕可能……In/out of position Be in position, players.各就各位Put oneself in sb's< sb else's> position设身处地地着想®vigorYou are in your prime and full of vigor.年富力强,精力旺盛.EnergeticallyMusic of tremendous vigor极大的,绝妙的®tender=1 young, easy damaged or hurt.e.g. Tender plants at/of a tender agetender foot.[pl. Tender foots]=inexperienced2 gentle, loving, 关心,爱护a tender parent慈母/父Be tender to/ towards..A tender smile温柔A tender glance含情脉脉地®not in the least=not at all®botherHe didn't even bother to say thank you.费心.他连谢谢都不说一声.Rudeness bothers me.讨厌粗鲁表现..操心e.g. I've grown up so don't bother your head about me. Can't be bothered 不愿出力/找麻烦e.g.He behaved as if he couldn't be bothered.time.让人不痛快®bang=strike violently, to make a loud voice e.g. Strike with a fist拳头Bang goes sth破灭 e.g. Bang goes his hope of promotion.提拔The idea hit him with a bang.突然产生的主意®find its way into the slot=reach the destination®initial. n.首写字母Please sign your initials here.a. The first/beginningInitiative n.On one's own initiative主动,自发Take the initiative in倡导,发起.....v.开始实施®Any Chinese staff member nearby would e over to watch him and, noting his lack of initial success, attempt to assist. =noticing/observing®hold onto one's hand=not let go of抓住,握住Hold onto your hat while walking on such a windy day. [Rock climbing] Hold onto the rock to stop yourself slipping.®expectantly=hopefullyShe's expecting a child=pregnantAn expectant mother/father孕妇/准爸爸Turn expectant eyes on sb.投以期待目光®await =wait for®on occasion=now and then=sometimes<=>on the occasion在..场合/情况下®neglect清楚的、可以做到的事,没有做®incident-indicate things in international politicse.g. The 911 incident was not an accident.Ordinary incident of daily life日常事务®be <ir>relevant to 介词Relevance bear/have relevance to®冒号表示后文为对前文进一步解释®shed/cast/throw <new> light on=to help explain/understandShed new light on cause of the disease医学新发现®exceptionAn exception to the ruleWith no exception®ultimate1 基本的the ultimate principles2 最终的=final the ultimate oute结局®desirableThis is the desirable solution to the problem.称心的,想要的It's the most desirable that......再好不过了[+虚拟should] ®plete做了一半完成另一半finish圆满完成acplish成功做到e.g. He's a man who hasn't acplished anything.An acplished fact既定事实Acplishments=achievementsCelerbrate the acplishments of one's objective目标®in due course=eventually®acplishments can be modeled for him.Take sb. As an example for one's action.Model on sth以..为榜样e.g. She modeled herself on her favorite novelist.®matter to sb=be important to sb®principal=chief,mainn.中小学校长,主要领导,相关人<=>president 大学校长,大型企业/公司老总®child rearing1培养=raising rear poultry饲养家禽2 后部at the rear of the planeRear lamp后车灯®self-employed 个体户Self-observed只管自己Self-centeredSelf-concious e.g.He's self-conscious about his appearance.在意®whether it be the subjunctive mood®in retrospect=looking back sth/upon reflection Retrospective show回顾展Retrospective thoughts怀旧想法®It pointed to important differences in...=suggest/indicatee.g. All the evidence points to his guilt.®well-intentioned心怀好意的<=>ill-intentioned Well/ill-bred有教养的Well-timed选时很好的®e to sb's rescue=e to help®with extreme facility熟练的,娴熟的Facility =the ability to do things easily have a facility for sth/doing sth®mode and shape one's performance塑造,影响=determine the nature of®so much so that=to such a degree/an extent that®continual repeated, going on all the time<=>continuous flight飞机直飞不中转,nonstop®a classroom/university setting 环境®w ork on perfecting their craft=try hard to improve Craft-skill in the use of handCrafty=cunning狡诈的 e.g. A crafty old fox®in terms of=as we got®reverse1 n. The reverse ofe.g.People often think that children's shoes are cheaper than adults', but the fact is the reverse of it.2 adj. Reverse of/to与……相对The reverse trend相反的趋势3 v. Reverse the car=back the car......into the parking lot ~reversible a reversible coat可以翻过来穿®priority 优先考虑的事Give first/top priority to...My first/top priority this semester is to pass CET4.=College English Test band 4®departure n.=venture ；to act different from sth Working on a farm is a departure/venture.大胆的尝试This is a departure from the old customs.与传统习俗相违背®inseparable~separate from®evolve to/from®value. v.=have a high opinion of sthWe value truth above anything else.Do you value her as a friend?®harbor=1 to keep in mind secretly心怀……Harbor suspicion 心存疑虑Harbor the thoughts of revenge2 窝藏〔罪犯/赃品〕Harbor a wanted manHarbor an escaped prisoner®there is no parable hu rry to promote creativityNo parable相比而言没有必要®fearless of consequences不计后果的Fearsome e.g.a fearsome look样子可怕的/让人触目惊心的情景a fearsome task让人望而却步的®overstate=exaggerate~overeat, oversleep, overact行为过激, overwork®innovation革新®examine=study carefully®develop a filmDevelop a theory阐述某一理论Develop illness 逐渐患上®valid 有根据的,逻辑上行得通的e.g. The ticket is valid in 24 hours. The ID card is a valid proof of your identity.®foster培养e.g. Foster the growth of local industries®balance=to find the middle point between 2 t hings It's difficult to strike a balance between justice and expediency.私利®Are you superior to the 5 year program students? ®achievements accumulated by predecessorsu2®dinner jacket=tuxedo/tuk'si:dou/®franchise retail store特许经营零售店Retailing®with a co llective net worth of集体净资产®lavish=luxurious®wheel v. =drive=sit at the wheelWheel a patient into an operating room®sleepy<=>bustling®discount chain/shop/store/warehouse仓库Discount-at a lower price/supplying cheaper things®simple=frugal®no palace=not luxurious<=>not a palaceNo teacher不具备teaching skills,不够资格<=>Not a teacher[occupation]Not a youngster=not young<=>no youngster=quite old®sit=lie a truck sits in the garageCSU sits at the bottom of Yuelu Mountain.The book is still sitting on the shelf.书一直放在书架上没看.®The furniture appeared a little worn.=old; used for a long time®muddy1 鞋满泥muddy shoes2 [color]土黄色muddy water混浊的水®spotHe never spot any servants.认出On the spot在现场<=>put sb on the spot使难堪e.g. You'll put him on the spot if you tell everyone about it.<=>He's running on the spot.原地踏步,没有进步.Spot advertisement/announcement电视插播广告《=》prime time advertisement黄金时段广告Hit the spot with sb=to one's taste e.g.This food hits the spot with me.®a bird dog到别的公司挖掘人才的人Bird bird fluBirds of a feather flock together.物以类聚We're birds of a feather.志趣相投A bird in the hand is worth two birds in the bush.有/没有定局的事情®carry on=1 behave in a specific way举止He carries on like a millionaire=he spends money left, right and center.2 vi.phr. 不守规矩The kid carried on in the swimming pool.®folks usually pl. +谓语动词复数Country folks towns folksFellow villagers fellow townsmen老乡®plain folks = ordinary people®travel these windy back roadsTravel vt. Travel the whole world travel a long way to get to schoolWindy= twistyBack roads=by/minor roads®treatment处理The treatment of some medical equipment®struggle to do=make great effort to do®corporate公司的Corporate image企业形象Multi-national corporation跨国公司®by/from all accounts=according to what everyone says据说I've never seen him before, but he's by all accounts a nice person.Account forTake sb into accountOn account of由于On all accounts/every account无论如何On no account绝不®flashyIn a flashy立刻,马上A flashy of突然出现 a flashy of understanding/inspiration顿悟华丽的,炫耀的, a flashy car®blend in/into融入/与……融洽相处What he said reinforced my determination to blend in the surroundings.The style of the building does not blend in with thearchitecture.I only blend in with cultured people/well-bred.有教养的人®throw one's weight around/about盛气凌人Because of his achievements/he is a boss/he is stronger than us, he always throws his weights around/about. That's not much of a boss.®a set place固定We have meals at a set time/set times.The set procedure for doing固定程序Do you have set hours of work?®barber's shop小理发店<=>hair dresser美发师®open up商店营业®At a church supper the other night, he and his wife were in back washing dishes.=at the back of the church.®keep him off the front pageKeep your hands off me=don't touch me.®bury=to h ide sth from sight, cover sth with sthHe buried his face in his hands and wept.他掩面而泣®reach/hit/make headlines®hold firm to=keep to=stick to=hold on坚持《=》holdon to握住Firm习语中ad. Stand firm坚定不移®pronounce him America's richest man=announce Even particular Mary/tongue pronounced him a nice boy.最挑剔的人The doctor pronounced that he's recovering nicely.~pronounced明显的Pronounced contrast between the past and the present明显对比He speaks with pronounced local/Changsha/British/American accent.®on the run1 continuous moving about, busyI've been on the run from morning till now and I am exhausted.2 东躲##He's been on the run from the police.®rankinga ranking world power世界头等强国Poor ranking排名比较后®steer clear of=keep/stay away fromSteer clear of controversial issues<controversy n.>有争议的话题Steer clear of the trouble makers®the real story in his mind=what is always on his mind 情况Another story/a different story另一回事Only part of the story/not the whole storyThe <same> old story老一套,常听借口,诉苦Cut/make a long story长话短说,简而言之®pep rally鼓舞士气<morale/mo'ra:l/>的会议He had a pep talk with me.®admit to...prep.He would never admit to being wrong.He refused to admit to breaking the window.®get ideas into the system from the bottom up集思广益Beat the system钻制度空子®margin=profit®cu t to the boneSince their father is laid up<下岗〕,their living expenses had to be cut to the bone.®qualify for®field面积大的football baseball cricket板球《=》court面积小的volley badminton®put sb. Off1 干扰distractThe sudden noice of fire crackers<鞭炮> put me off my test paper.2 使不快vi phrThe man's dirty condition put me off.穿得脏®4 straight games =continuousIt's been sunny for 7 straight days.Ten straight wins in a rowStraighten sth 摆平,解决®the move toward settling the problem ®disaster relief fund救济金relief supplies救济品To my relief It's a great relief to learn that you arrived safely.~relieve v. 解除责任He was relieved of his post/power.权力®foster/cultivate one's interest in sth.®stunned=shoc ked®stingy=mean吝啬®e aboard=join the pany New employees who came aboard in the last 6 months have not been tested.®credit 学分,赏识Do credit to sb.为某人争光Take credit接受荣誉®a length of time=an amount of timeYou've spent a ridiculous length of time in washing the clothes.The length of service with the pany decides the size of your pension.®e into contact with sb. 与……交往®better off=wealthier/richer®frugal=节俭的,节约的,不奢华的U4®Along the way=following the train of thought, in the exploration®a dimension to the pr oblem问题的一个方面®plague肆虐®clip用力敲=knock sb. with force e.g. Clip sb. On the ear打耳光Clipped=quick and clear清脆clipped tone ®reject=1 refuse to accept2 hard to accept®fluid=不稳定的,改变的Fluid arrangement可变的安排The situation is still fluid.局势还不稳定®highlightn.=most exciting/interesting part e.g.The highlight of the movie高潮The highlight of my tour to Beijing was seeing the Summer Palacev.=强调,重视At the end of the year, some TV programs highlight problems migrant workers face.®stretch=1 to bee longer, wider without breaking. e.g. My wool coat stretches when I wash it.2 你已使我忍无可忍You are stretching my patience to a limit.3 延绵Nowadays it's rare for you to see forests stretching for hundreds of miles.®edition精装书hard cover edition=de luxe edition<=> 平装书paper back editioneditorial社论®telemuter远程工作者=I work at home municating with my colleagues through the Internet.mute=go through one place to anotherTele-表示远程®submit articles 投稿[formal]=hand inSubmit sth to sb<供参考〕提交,呈递e.g.Submit an essay to my tutor,submit an application<=>submit to sb=accept the control服从,屈从e.g. Submit to discipline,submit to enemy投降Submission n.听任摆布in total submission to sb百依百顺show plete submission to one's desire®manage=to keep sth in order, keep control of sth e.g. She knows how to manage him when hi is angry 应对,对付to deal with®feel/take an aversion to对..厌恶,反感e.g.1 My aversion to cruelty is strong.非常厌恶残酷行为2 I always have an aversion to getting up early. Averse a. Averse to sthe.g.I'm not averse to a drop of whisky after dinner.喝点Aveid.. to ..将..转移到®socializing社交There will be no socializing during business hours.®网络/电子用语Cyber-interaction-contactCyber-space网络空间,cyber-culture网络文化Cyber-nut/naut=net/web head网虫netizen网民=cyber citizenCyber-pet电子宠物Cyber/net speak网络用语Cyber shop网购cyber shop/store网店e-banking电子银行Cyber cafe=net barCyber surf=web surf网上冲浪Network card网卡Webpage/website网页Web master网管®virtual虚拟的,事实上的e.g.He works as virtual head.做首领的事,但并不是首领Virtue美德Virtue is its own regard.做好事乐在其中®but then=but then again=yet at the same time不过e.g.1 The circus was not a very good one, but then, the audience was not demanding.2 He is clumsy and untidy, but then, he is always willing to help.1' She performed much better than others, but then again, she spent much more time on it than others did.®Work moves into the background.工作成了次要的®wounding remarks伤人的话®project v.=1 以己度人e.g.You are projecting again. I'm not angry with you. It's you who are angry with me.2 给别人留下好印象e.g.The presidency<总统职位〕candidate must project himself.®fi ght about/over®cue u 暗示e.g.1 When he started to talk about finance, that was our cue to get up quietly and leave.®doggedly顽强地®the system keeps crashing.出故障®sleep normal hours按时就寝®discipline.Learn discipline 学会遵守纪律Tighten discipline加强纪律®conve rsely ad.=in a way that is opposite to sth.e.g. 1 dollar will buy 100 yen worth of Japanese goods, conversely, 100 yen will buy 1 dollar of Americangoods.Converse a.反的,逆的Converse wind逆风《=》favorable/tail wind 顺风In the converse direction相反的方向Converse with sb on/about sth.交谈某事Conversion n.换算,转换conversion table换算表The conversion of sth into sthconvert使转化®talk away -continuously 说个不停They talked away just like old friends when they first met.®jar v.=have a harsh<刺耳的,粗糙的,刺目的〕or an unpleasant effect使..震惊/动摇jar sth e.g.The noise jars the ear.Jar on sb./sthe.g.1 The violent opposition jarred his resolve<决心〕.强烈的反对意见动摇了他的决心2 The fall jarred every bone in my body.3 The way he laughs jars on me.让我不舒服.Jar on one's nerves刺激某人的神经®suck in[passive]i nvolve in an activity, an argument, etc, usually against their willSuck sb. in/into sth.e.g.I don't want to get sucked into the debate about school reform.不想加入有关学校改革的辩论®in sight=1 visible e.g.He is nowhere in sight.哪儿也见不到他.2 likely to e soone.g. Peace was in sight at last after 4 years of war.An immediate agreement was nowhere in sight.立马达成协议是不可能的Lose sight of忽视,没考虑到We should not lose sight of the fact.不应忽视事实Out of sight, out of mind.眼不见,心不烦®damagingOutdoor exercises for old people in winter can be damaging to their heart.®abuse=n.1 wrong or excessive<过多的,过分的〕e.g. The abuse of power; alcohol abuse2 cruel treatmente.g. The abuse of the helpless prisoners made him bitter<愤怒〕.v.=1 put to wrong use, use badly.e.g.1 He abused his privileges in activities outside his official capacity〔容量,容积〕. 在职权范围之外滥用特权2 He has abused my confidence in him.他辜负了我对他的信任.辨：abuse 故意/非故意言语上的辱骂或行为上的伤害e.g. He is always abusing people when he was drunk. Misuse 不正当使用、误用、滥用,不一定故意e.g.He misused the idiom.<成语idiem〕Mistreat 苛刻、残暴对待e.g.The dogs owner mistreated it terribly.®crawl vi=1 慢慢爬e.g.Worms and snakes crawls.2 爬满〔虫,蚊等〕3 使人毛发直竖<由于害怕或讨厌〕Make sb's flesh crawl4 拍马屁、巴结、得到高升Crawl into one's favor5 〔以不光明的方式〕钻营e.g. He will crawl everywhere if he can gain sth. by it. vt.=1 爬行在..上,慢行2 [俚]粗暴地辱骂,训斥e.g.They have no right to crawl me for what I wrote. n.爬,蠕动,自由式游泳Go at a crawl慢吞吞地前进Leopard crawl匍匐前进Crawly a. 痒痒的,令人毛骨悚然的。

21世纪大学英语第一册第二单元笔记thepowerofwordsThe Power of WordsI. Text-related InformationMark Twain: the pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens, one of the major authors of American fiction.Twain is also considered the greatest humorist in American literature. Twain’s varied works include novels, travel narratives, short stories, sketches, and essays. His writing about the Mississippi river, such as The adventures of Tom Sawyer, Life on the Mississippi, and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, have been especially popular among modern readers.II. Words & Expressions1. fancy--n. 想像力, 幻想, 喜好, 爱adj. 想像的, 时髦的, 华丽装饰的, 奢侈的, 技巧的vt. 想象, 自认为, 喜好e.g. I don't fancy going all that way in such bad weather.我不喜欢在这样的坏天气里一直这么走着。

Fancy her saying a thing like that!想不到他竟然说出这种话来。

The painting took his fancy, so he bought it.这幅画被他看中了，所以他就把他买了下来。

Unit 1Sentence Paraphrase and Language Study1.I walked alongside my father, clutching his right hand. (1)present participle as adverbial modifier Paraphrase: I walked next to my father, holding his right hand.clutch (1)vt. to hold sth. or sb. tightly, esp. because you are frightened, in pain, or do not want to lose somethingExamples: Tom fell to the ground, clutching his stomach.A woman clutching a baby stole an elderly woman’s purse.clutch at (2)to try hard to hold sth., esp. when you’re in a dange rous situation Example: A drowning man will clutch at a straw. (to try hard to find a sign of hope ora solution, even when they are not likely to exist in a difficult or dangerous situation)2. They did not make me happy, however, as this was the day I was to be thrown into school for the first time. (1)“As” introduces an adverbial clause of reason. Paraphrase: But my new clothes did not bring any happiness to me, because it was the day I was forced to go to school for the first time.Cf. to throw sb. out of (a place): to force sb. to leave a place, e.g.They will throw me out of school if I fail three times.Nick got thrown out of college in the second year for taking drugs.Anyone who opposes the regime is liable to be thrown into jail/prison.More examples:The moment I saw him, I recognized he was the criminal the police were looking for. The year I was born, my father was working towards a PhD degree.The day Hans Christian Andersen returned to his hometown, almost all the people turned out to greet him.3. My mother stood at the window watching our progress, and I turned towards her from time to time, hoping she would help. (2)present participle phrase, acting as adverbial of accompanying circumstancesParaphrase: My mother stood at the window watching our slow and difficult movement towards the school, and I looked back at her frequently, hoping she would stop my father taking me to school.More examples:We walked along a street lined with gardens, and fields planted with crops, pears, and date palms. (2) past participle phrase used here to modify “a street” and “fields” respectively. It can be regarded as a relative clause cut short. Paraphrase: We walked along a street, on both sides of which there are gardens and fields where crops, pears and date palms are planted.What is the language spoken in that area? = that is spokenThey are problems left over by history. = which have been left4. It’s a place that makes useful men out of boys. to make sb./sth. become …Examples:The army made a man of him.The four brothers all made a success of their lives.He said the Government were frightened of nothing. The real trouble was that we were making a mountain out of a molehill (小题大做).5. I was not convinced. convince vt. to make sb. feel certain that sth. is true Examples:I couldn’t convince him of his mistake. How can I convince you of my sincerity?I managed to convince them that the story was true.a convincing argument convincing evidence6. I did not believe there was really any good to be had in tearing me away from my home and throwing me into the huge, high-walled building. (5)gerund as the object of the prepositiontear sb. away from: to (make sb.) leave a place unwillingly because one has to Paraphrase: I didn’t think it was useful to take me away from home and put me into that building with high walls.More examples:1) We had difficulty in finding a parking lot. 2) I have no objection to hearing your story again.3) I’m not keen on gambling. I’m too afraid of losing. 4) There’s no point in waiting.There’s no good to be had in doing sth.=It’s no good/use doing sth. or There is no good/use doing sth.: It’s not useful to do sth.Examples:It’s no good crying spilt milk. (proverb)It’s no use talking to him.There is no good to be had in buying a boat when you don’t have enough spare time to use it.I don’t see there is any good to be had in downsizing the company.Related phrases:it is no (not much) goodit is no (not any, hardly any, little) useit is useless + doingit is not the slightest useit is worth (worthwhile)there is no (good, use)Example: There is no good denying that women are playing an important role in the world today.to tear oneself/sb. away from: to (make sb.) leave a place or a person unwillingly because one has to.Examples:Can’t you tear yourself away from the TV for dinner?The young artist couldn’t tear himself away from da Vinci’s Mona Lisa.7. Vast (1)a. extremely large; spreading a great distanceExamples:The vast plains of this country spread for hundreds of miles.He is very valuable to his employer because of his vast experience in the business. vast (2)Examples:The group of actors was brought from New York to London at vast expense.The refugees came across the border in vast numbers.The vast majority of young people don’t take drugs.8. I hesitated and clung to his hand, …to hold tightly; not release one’s grip on Examples:The little child clung to his mother for comfort.Some of the victims of the fire climbed out of the building, clung to the window ledges for a minute or two and then dropped to their death a hundred feet below. Collocations:cling to the belief; cling to the hope; cling to one’s own viewcling to the habit; cling to one’s possessions9. You will find me waiting for you when it’s time to leave. (7) find + obj + v-ing (object complement)Paraphrase: I’ll come to fetch you when school is over. I’ll be waiting for you here at the gate.More examples:1) When I entered the room, I found him reading something aloud.2) I found a tree lying across the road.3) If she catches you reading her diary, she’ll be furious.4) His remark left me wondering what he was driving at.5) The words immediately set us all laughing.Note: Thi s structure is very common in verbs like “see, hear, feel, watch, notice.”10. Some of the children burst into tears.burst into:to begin, suddenly and/or violently, to cry, laugh, sing, etc. Example: Aunt Annabel, who has been nervous and jumpy lately, suddenly burst into tears.Collocations:As the comic got into his stride, the audience burst into hoots of laughter/a guffaw. The aircraft crashed into the hillside and burst into flames.The orchards seemed to have burst into blossom overnight.The entire hall burst into thunderous cheers/applause.Everyone on the bus burst into song as we got closer to home.Similar expressions:As they left the club the revellers broke into song/loud curses.I mentioned the incident later to a tailor friend and he burst out laughing/crying.11. … from each floor we were overlooked by a long balcony roofed in wood. (11) Paraphrase:… on one side of the courtyard was a building with a long wood-roofed balcony on each floor where we could be seen. Or: … from the balcony on each floor of the building people could see the pattern into which we formed.overlook: vt. a. to have a view of sth. from above; b. to fail to see or notice; pay no attention toExamples:Our room overlooks the ocean. My garden is overlooked by the neighbours. I’m afraid I overlooked your name; I’ll add it to the list immediately.I’ll overlook your mistake this time.12. I had never imagined school would have this rich variety of experience. Paraphrase: I had never thought life at school would be so colorful and interesting. variety (1) n. number or range of different thingsExamples:The T-shirts are available in a wide variety of colors.The students come from a variety of different backgrounds.variety (2) n. quality of not being the same, or not being the same at all times Examples:There was little she could do to add variety to her daily routine.She didn’t like the work, because it lacked variety; she was doing the same things all the time.Variety is the spice of life. (=Doing a lot of different things, meeting different people, etc. is what makes life interesting.)Examples:1) Customs vary from country to country.2) Human nature, in all its many and varied forms, is very complex and hard to understand.3) Of all the various ways of cooking an egg, I like boiling best.4) There are wide regional variations in house price.5) There are too many variables in the experiment to predict the result accurately.6) Consumers’ preferences are so variable that planning is almost impossible.13. We saw a globe of the Earth, which revolved and ….v. a. to spin around or make sth. spin around, on a central point; b. (fig.) to think aboutExamples:The metal disc revolves at high speed. The earth revolves round the sun.The story revolves around a young girl who runs away from home.He revolved the matter in his head/mind.18. It was not all a matter of playing and fooling around. (15)all: completely; fool around: to waste time instead of doing sth. that you should be doingParaphrase: What we did at school wasn’t just playing and wasting time doing nothing useful.a matter of: a subject/situation that involves sth.Examples:Learning is a matter of seeing much, suffering much and studying much.The King’s mental state was becoming a matter of c oncern.Personally I can’t stand rock music, but I suppose it’s all a matter of opinion.I can’t say which wine is best—it’s a matter of personal taste.fool around/about: to waste time behaving in a silly wayExamples:He spent the whole afternoon just fooling around.Stop fooling around otherwise you’ll never amount to anything.Cf. He noticed a strange-looking person hanging about the bus stop.I hung around the station for an hour but he never showed up.The children lingered on at the zoo until the closing time.14. Rivalries could bring about pain and hatred or give rise to fighting.bring about: to make sth. happenExamples:Computers have brought about many changes in workplace.I offered to act as mediator and try to bring about a reconciliation between the two parties.That unpopular measure finally brought about the downfall of the government.give rise to: to be the reason why sth. esp. sth. bad or unpleasant happens Examples:Two phenomena are giving rise to world-wide concern—mass unemployment and mass migration into cities.Most people argued that poverty had given rise to the crimes in the town.15. … she would resort to physical punishment.resort to: to make use of ; to turn to sth. (esp. sth. bad) as a solutionExamples:There is no righ t to resort to violence when you don’t get your way.Terrorists resorted to bombing city centers as a means of achieving their political aims.Differences and disputes should be resolved through dialogue and negotiation rather than by resorting to force or terrorist actions.16. In addition, the time for changing one’s mind was over and gone and there was no question of ever returning to the paradise of home. (16) no possibility of Paraphrase: Besides, it was impossible for us to quit school and return to the good old days when we stayed home playing and fooling around all day. Our childhood was gone, never to come back.There is no question (of sth. happening / sb. doing sth.): There is no possibility. Example: There is no question of their dismissing you at the moment.17. Nothing lay ahead of us but exertion, struggle, and perseverance. (16) Paraphrase: We would have to do our best and keep working very hard until we finished school. This is what I imagined our school days would be like. Or: The kind of life that was waiting for us at school would be full of exertion, struggle and perseverance.Nothing but: onlyRight now he thinks about nothing but his research. She ate nothing but an apple for lunch.18. Those who were (relative clause modifying “those”)able took advantage of the opportunities for success and happiness that presented themselves. (relative clause modifying “opportunities”) (16)Paraphrase: If there came opportunities, capable students would seize them to achieve success and happiness.take advantage of: to use a particular situation to do or get what you wantExamples: I took advantage of the weather to paint the shed.Don’t lend them the car—they’re taking advantage of you!More phrases:For certain types of work wood has/gains/wins advantages over plastic.New tax regulations had given them an advantage over their commercial rivals.You have the advantage of me. Candidates with computer skills will be at an advantage.Do take more exercise. It is to your advantage.present (1)v. (reflex) to appear; attendExamples:When the chance to study at Harvard presented itself, I jumped at it.He was ordered to present himself at the chairman’s office at nine o’clock next morning.present (2) v. a. to give; offer; put forward; submit; b. to show or reveal; c. to put on; produce (a play)Examples:David’s manager presented him with the award for best sales in the region.His sudden resignation presents us with a tricky situation.The National Theatre is presenting “King Lear” next month.19. I looked around bu t found no trace of my father.trace (1) n. a. a small sign that shows that sb.or sth. was present or existed; b. very small amountIt vanished/disappeared/without trace. Petra’s lost all trace of her German accent. Age has left its traces on his face. There are traces of poison in the man’s blood.A mere trace of smile passed over her face.trace (2)v. a. to follow the marks to find sb. or sth.; b. to find the origin of sth.c. to study or describe the history, development or progress of sth. Examples:She had given up all hope of tracing her missing daughter.The style of these paintings can be traced back to early medieval influences.His book traces the changing nature of the relationship between men and women. 20. How did these hills of rubbish find their way to cover its sides? (17)to arrive or get to a placeParaphrase: How did the street come to be covered with so much rubbish on both sides? Where did they come from?find one’s way to:to arrive or get to a placeExamples:After being lost for two days, the little dog finally found its way back to its owner’s house.Because of the dense fog, the traveller couldn’t find his way to his camp.Related phrases:make one’s way to/towards the door bow her way out of the roompush her way out of the hall shoulder her way through the crowdworm his way into the organization beg her way back homeinch one’s way up the mountain21. Here and there stood conjurers showing off their tricks or making snakes appear from baskets. (17) an inverted sentence due to long subjectParaphrase: Conjurers stood everywhere. They were showing off their tricks or making snakes appear from baskets.More examples: 1) There are some exceptions to this reaction.2) Were there no air on the earth, there would be no life on it. 3) There goes the bell.4) In no case should we waste our time. 5) Away hurried the customers.show off: a. to attract attention to; b. to try to impress people and make them admire your abilities, achievements or possessionExamples:It was said that Mrs. Perkins only went to church to show off her new clothes.She was always at any function or gathering where her accomplishments could be shown off.Pay no attention to Susan—she’s just showing off.22. Then there was a band announcing the opening of a circus, with clowns and weight lifters walking in front. (17) “With+n.+doing” construction is used adverbially modifying “announcing”.Paraphrase: Then there was a band that was announcing the opening of a circus. The clowns and weight lifters were walking in its front.More examples:1) He stood there with a stick in his hand. (with + n. + prep.)2) Paul soon fell asleep with the light still burning. (with + n. + participle)3) She can’t go out with all these dishes to wash. (with + n. + to do)4) He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. (with + n. + adv.)23. I was in a daze. n. a confused state of mind; v. to make (sb.) feel stupid or unable to think clearlyExamples: I’ve been wandering around in a daze all day.If someone gave you a heavy blow on the head, you would probably feel dazed.Dazed survivors staggered from the wreckage.24…, but the stream of cars would not let up.let up: a. to stop or become less strong or serious; b. to slacken one’s efforts Examples: When will the rain let up?Keep plodding away at your task, no matter how difficult it is; don’t let up on it.Unit 2Sentence Paraphrase and Language Study1．They were dreaming of golden beaches and sea tides as the grey, cold spring of New York vanished behind them.dream of/about: to imagine and think about sth. that you would like to happenExamples:1) The girl dreamed of becoming a movie star.2) Some thought it was the breakthrough scientists had dreamed of.3) He's got the sort of money that you and I can only dream about.vanish: v. to disappear suddenly, esp. in a way that cannot easily be explained Examples:1) I turned around again, the boy had vanished.2) It is a bad idea to let Tom Cruise vanish for almost an hour in the middle of his picture.3) Many species in South America have vanished completely.Cf. varnish, tarnish, furnishvarnish: to cover with 给······涂清漆1) He varnished the wooden table. 2) After he fixed the shelf, he varnished the whole to a high shine.tarnish: (esp. of metal surfaces) to lose; cause the loss of brightness （尤指金属表面）使失去光泽1) The damp atmosphere has tarnished the gilt. 2) His reputation is tarnished. furnish: to supply or provide; put furniture in1)The records furnished the information required.2)The president’s office is tastefully furnished with modern furniture.2. As the bus passed through New Jersey, …pass through: to go through a town, etc., perhaps stopping there for a short time, but not stayingExamples:1) As they passed through the flooded areas, they felt bad.2) We passed through the gates into a courtyard behind.3) We were just passing through (= travelling through a place) and thought we'd drop in to see you.pass (a place): to go past a place without enteringExamples:1) On her way to work she passed a supermarket. 2) We passed a group of students outside the theatre. 3) I pass the sports centre on the way to work.3. His fingers were stained from cigarettes …stain:v. a. to accidentally make a mark on sth. esp. one that cannot be removed; b. to change the color of sth., especially sth. made of wood, by using a special liquid (Syn. dye)Examples:1) This tablecloth stains very easily. 2) Her fingers were stained yellow from years of smoking.3) Stain the table before you varnish it.Collocations:stain sb.’s name/reputation/honor; stain with; leave a stain; blood/ink/wine stain; a stain on sb.’s character/reputation; remove/get rid of a stain; stubborn stainsExamples:1) A sudden gust of rain dashed against the red bricks that were already stained inpatches by water.2) Her fingers were stained with dirt, her nail varnish chipped.3) How do you get wine stains out of a tablecloth? 4) There was a dark red stain on the carpet.5) Water is a miraculous substance remover; it will remove probably 85 percent of all stains.5. He sat in complete silence and seemed completely unaware of the existence of the others.in+n.: to show a state or conditionunaware of: not knowing or realizing that sth. is happening or that sth. exists Paraphrase: He sat without saying anything as if he did not know there were other people around.4. …, the bus pulled into a Howard Johnson’s restaurant ….pull into: (of a vehicle) to arrive at (a station); move in towardsExamples:1) They will pull into the station at 7 sharp. 2) Let’s pull into the parking lot and have a rest.3) The train pulled into the station on the stroke of 12.Opposite—pull out:if a train pulls out, it leaves a stationExamples:1) The three-thirty is pulling out of platform four. 2) We got there just as the train was pulling out.7. The young people began to wonder about him, ….wonder about/at: to feel curious about; be doubtful aboutExamples:1) John says he didn’t do it, but I am still wondering about that.2) Sometimes I wonder about his behaviour.3) He wondered at her ability never to reveal the slightest disquiet in front of her husband.5.… she decided to engage him in a conversation.engage sb. in: to make sb. take part in sth.Examples:1) She tried to engage her roommate in a philosophical discussion.2) They spoke little about life outside the organization despite my efforts to engage them in conversation about it.3) They engaged him in a new project.6.The girl insisted that he join them. (Para. 5) subjunctive mood, "should" isdropped outinsist: demand that sth. should happenAfter the verbs expressing a command, decision, suggestion, such as decide, decree, demand, insist, move, order, prefer, propose, recommend, request, require, suggest, vote, advise, determine, desire, resolve, urge, etc, in that-clause we usu. use subjunctive mood “(should) do sth.”.More examples in ppt.7. He thanked her and retreated again into his silence.retreat into/to: to yield; move back toExamples:1) The soldiers were ordered to retreat to safer positions.2) At last we forced the enemy to retreat into the mountains from the town.3) More and more she retreated into books.Collocations:retreat into oneself 不与人交往，离群索居retreat into one’s shell 变得缄默，不愿与人接触retreat into fantasy 退避到梦幻世界8．…, and that if she can’t stand it, …stand: v. a. to bear, tolerate; b.to be or stay in a particular state or condition; c.to be proved to be true, correct, useful, etc. when testedcan't stand the heat (room)stand idle stand wear and tear (door)stand open stand up under close scrutiny stand up well to cross-checking Patterns：can't stand (sb./sth.) doing sth.can't stand to do sth.can't stand the sight/thought, etc. ofExamples: I can't stand people smoking around me when I'm eating.She can't stand to hear her parents arguing about her personal affairs.I know he can't stand the sight of me. She couldn't stand the thought of losing her children.a music stand乐谱架 a fruit stand水果摊 a stand for taxi出租汽车停车处make one’s stand clear表明立场come to a stand陷于停顿international stand国际地位standing committee/army常务委员会／常备军standing joke／jest老笑话take/make/mount a stand against sth. 反抗，抵抗9. She’s a wo nderful woman, really something—and forget about me.something: n. a thing or a person of some value or importanceExamples: He considers himself to be something, but actually he is nothing.She thinks she’s something since she won the beauty contest. Collocations: make something of yourself (= to become successful )be (really/quite) something(= spoken used to say that something is very good and impressive)there's something in/to something(= used to admit that someone's words are true or their ideas are successful, etc.)Examples: He looked like a man who might be able to make something of himself if a good woman took him in hand.Running your own company at 21 is really something.They had to concede that there was something in his teaching methods.forget about: a. to lose remembrance of; fail to keep in memory; fail to recall; b. to stop thinking or worrying about someone or something; c. not to care about or give attention to someone or something any longerExamples: She forgot all about their anniversary.Once they have money, some people forget about all their old friends.I'd completely forgotten about our bet until Bill reminded me.10. …, when I was sure the parole was coming through I wrote her again.come through: to arrive as expectedExamples: Has the train come through?We're still waiting for our exam results to come through.There is news just coming through of an explosion in a chemical factory.11. ... Soon all of them were caught up in the approach of Brunswick, looking at the pictures Vingo showed them of his wife and three children.be/get caught up in: to be completely absorbed in or get involved inExamples:I was caught up in conversation with a friend when someone knocked at the door.I am painfully aware of how we get caught up in our times and become contaminated by our own hypocrisy.I didn't want to get caught up in endless petty arguments.approach: v. to move towards or nearer to someone or somethingExamples: I heard footsteps approaching.Everyone prepared celebrations as the year 2000 approached.As I approached the forest, a hare ran out of the trees.Translation: He is hard to approach. 他很难接近。

译林版八下英语书笔记Unit 1: Dreams Take Flight.Lesson 1: A Dream Within a Dream.Word Bank: memoir, legacy, dedicate, elaborately, illustration.Reading Summary: Frederick Douglass's autobiography, a poignant tale of slavery and resilience, is a testament to the transformative power of literacy.Discussion Questions:What difficulties did Frederick Douglass encounter as a slave?How did literacy empower Douglass to fight for his freedom?How does Douglass's story highlight the importanceof education and perseverance?Lesson 2: Dreams Deferred.Word Bank: pledge, illuminate, vivid, poignant, reflect.Reading Summary: Langston Hughes's famous poem explores the shattered dreams and hopes of African Americans in a society marked by prejudice and discrimination.Discussion Questions:What is the central message of "Dreams Deferred"?How does Hughes use imagery and symbolism to convey the plight of his people?What are some ways we can work towards fulfilling deferred dreams?Lesson 3: A Day in History.Word Bank: pioneer, commemorate, heritage, significant, inspiring.Reading Summary: Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech chronicles a groundbreaking moment in the American Civil Rights Movement, calling for equality and unity.Discussion Questions:What was the significance of Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech?How did King's words inspire and galvanize theCivil Rights Movement?What lessons can we learn from King's legacy of nonviolent resistance?Lesson 4: Civil Disobedience.Word Bank: obey, dissent, ethical, moral, conscious.Reading Summary: Henry David Thoreau's essay argues that individuals have a moral obligation to disobey unjust laws, a principle that has influenced countless social movements.Discussion Questions:What are the key arguments Thoreau makes in favor of civil disobedience?When is it justified to break the law?How does Thoreau's philosophy relate to contemporary issues of social justice?Unit 2: Facing Challenges.Lesson 1: Overcoming Obstacles.Word Bank: resilience, adversity, setback, triumph,perseverance.Reading Summary: Helen Keller's autobiography recounts her life as a deaf-blind woman, demonstrating the extraordinary power of the human spirit to overcome seemingly insurmountable challenges.Discussion Questions:What were the major obstacles Helen Keller faced in her life?How did Keller overcome these obstacles and achieve success?What lessons can we learn from Keller's story about the importance of resilience and determination?Lesson 2: The Challenges of War.Word Bank: patriotism, sacrifice, veteran, conflict, courage.Reading Summary: Tim O'Brien's short story explores the psychological and emotional challenges faced by soldiers during the Vietnam War.Discussion Questions:What are the different ways war affects the lives of soldiers?How does O'Brien use imagery and symbolism to convey the complexities of war?What are some of the ethical dilemmas soldiers may face in war?Lesson 3: Environmental Challenges.Word Bank: pollution, ecosystem, biodiversity, conservation, sustainability.Reading Summary: Rachel Carson's book "Silent Spring"raised awareness about the dangers of pesticides and pollution, inspiring the modern environmental movement.Discussion Questions:What were Rachel Carson's main arguments in "Silent Spring"?How did her book influence the development of environmental regulations?What are some of the key environmental challenges we face today?Lesson 4: Health and Well-being.Word Bank: nutrition, lifestyle, exercise, mental health, well-being.Reading Summary: Various articles explore the importance of leading a healthy and balanced life, encompassing physical, mental, and emotional well-being.Discussion Questions:What are the key components of a healthy lifestyle?How can we promote physical and mental well-beingin our daily lives?What are some of the common health challenges people face today?。

初中英语：【课堂笔记】初三九年级全一册Unit 13W e’re t r yi n g t o s a ve t h e e a r t h!★重点单词1.l it t e r v.乱扔；n.垃圾；废弃物2.b o t t o m n.底部；最下部3.f i sh e rm a n n.渔民；钓鱼的人4.co a l n.煤；煤块5.p u b l i c a d j.公众的；公共的；n.民众；百姓6.u gl y a d j.丑陋的；难看的7.a d va n t a ge n.优点；有利条件8.co st v.花费；n.花费；价钱9.wo o d e n a d j.木制的；木头的10.p la st i c a d j.塑料的；n.塑料；塑胶11.W W F (W o r ld W i d e Fu n d Fo r Na t u r e) 世界自然基金会12.sh a r k n.鲨鱼13.f in n.（鱼）鳍14.W ild A id野生救援协会（美国）15.m e t h o d n.方法；措施16.c ru e l a d j.残酷的；残忍的17.h a rm f u l a d j.有害的18.ch a in n.链子；链条19.e co s yst e m n.生态系统20.lo w a d j.(数量等）减少的；低的；矮的21.in d u st r y n.工业；行业 w n.法律；法规23.re u sa b le a d j.可重复使用的；可再次使用的24.a f f o rd v.承担得起（后果）；买得起25.t ra n sp o r t a t io n n.运输业；交通运输26.re c yc le v.回收利用；再利用27.n a p k in n.餐巾；餐巾纸28.c re a t i vi t y n.创造力；独创性29.ga t e n.大门30.b o t t le n.瓶；瓶子31.p r e s id e n t n.负责人；主席；总统32.in sp i ra t io n n.灵感；鼓舞人心的人（或事物）33.m e t a l n.金属★重点短语1.b e h a rm f u l t o.对……有害2.a t t h e t o p o f.在……顶部或顶端3.t h e f o o d ch a in.食物链4.t a ke p a rt in.参加5.t u rn o f f.关掉6.p a y f o r.付费；付出代价7.t h ro w l it t e r in t o t h e ri ve r.往河里扔垃圾8.p la y a p a rt in.在……中起作用9.t u rn...in t o...把……变成……10.t a k e a c t i o n.采取措施；行动起来11.m a ke a d if f e re n ce t o.对……产生影响或作用12.t h ro w a wa y.扔掉；废弃13.p u t st h.t o go o d u se.好好利用某物14.p u l l...d o wn.拆下；摧毁15.b r in g b a c k.恢复；使想起16.h a ve a cr e a t i ve m in d.有创意17.t u rn u p s id e d o wn.完全颠倒18.n o t o n l y...b u t a lso...不但……而且……19.se t u p.建立20.b u i ld...o u t o f...用……建造……★重点句型1.E ve n t h e b o t t o m o f t h e r i ve r wa s f u l l o f ru b b i sh.即使河底都充满垃圾。