名词
名词需要掌握：不可数名词、可数名词的单数和复数、名词所有格、名词的常识用法等。
一、不可数名词
1、不可数名词的特点：?没有复数形式，做主语谓语动词用单数。?不能与a /an或数词直接连用。?表示“一”的概念时可用a piece of …，a cup of …，a glass of …，a bottle of …等来表达。例如：一张纸
a piece of paper ．不说a paper。some paper表示单数。?表达复数概念：两张纸two pieces of paper ．
2、不可数名词的修饰词：little（很少），a little = a bit of = bits of（一点），much（许多的）等,后只能加不可数名词。而plenty of = enough（充足的，大量的），a lot of = lots of（许多的），some（一些），any （一些），no (没有的)后可加不可数名词也可加可数名词单复数。
3、常用的不可数名词有：
食品类：meat（肉），bread（面包），rice（大米，米饭），chicken（鸡肉），fish（鱼肉），food（食物），sugar（糖），pork（猪肉），beef（牛肉），mutton（羊肉），porridge（稀饭）等。
饮料类：water水），tea（茶，茶水），milk（牛奶，奶粉），orange（桔汁），coffee（咖啡）, ice（冰）等。其它类：news（新闻），work（工作），paper（纸）（paper当“讲义、试卷”时是可数名词），money（钱），homework（作业），housework（家务），weather（天气），help（帮助），medicine（药品），French （法语）等语言，rain（雨），snow（雪），glass（玻璃）（当“玻璃杯”时是可数名词），trouble （麻烦），population（人口数）（注意其用法）, advice （建议），information（信息）, room （空间、地方）fun(乐趣)等。
population（人口数）的用法：
?不可数名词，做主语看做单数。?被分数词和百分数修饰时看做复数。?have a population of +人口数“有……人口数”；the population of +地点：“某地的人口数”?对人口数提问用what不用how many / how much。?其修饰语用大（large）小（small），不用多少。
二、可数名词
1、可数名词有单数和复数之分。单数名词常与a / an连用，复数名词却不能与a / an连用。
2、名词单数变复数的规则：
一般情况加-s。
以s，x，ch，sh结尾的加-es。
以“辅音字母+ y”结尾的，变y为i，再加-es 。但以“元音字母+ y”结尾的直接加-s
以“f ( e )”结尾的，把f ( e )变成v，再加-es。
以“o”结尾的：多数加-s , (但tomato--- tomatoes , potato -- potatoes , hero --heroes )。
特殊情况：(1)foot---- feet，tooth----- teeth (2)变a为e：man，woman，policeman，Frenchman , Frenchwoman , Englishwoman , Englishman（但German---- Germans）(3)单复数相同：people，sheep，Chinese，Japanese , deer (4)child ----- children，mouse ---- mice，fish --- fish / fishes (5)由man或woman 修饰的名词变复数须都变。例如：a man teacher ----- men teachers , a woman doctor ----- women doctors。但其余的名词修饰时却不变。如a boy student -- boy students
4、可数名词复数的修饰词：
few（很少），a few（几个），many（许多的），a number of（大量的），several（几个）等后必须加名词复数。
注意：few表示否定意思，a few表示肯定意思。
no , any，enough，plenty of，a lot of = lots of，some（见上）
三、注意区别：
little / a little / few / a few：
①little / a little +不可数名词；few / a few +名词复数。
②little / few 表示否定意思；a little / a few 表示肯定意思。
③vey+ few / little，only / quite / just + a few / a little 。
④注意：a little = a small “小的”。⑤a little / a bit的区别：
1. a little = a bit ，后+形容词或副词比较级或原级（tired / hungry / thirsty )
2. a bit of = a little , 后+ 不可数名词
3. not a bit “一点也不”；not a little“非常”。
no /some / any 的用法：
①some“一些”，用于肯定句，也可用于表示请求( Would / Could / Will you …?)，提建议(Shall we …?/ Why not …?/ What about …?/ How about …?)和反问句的问句中；“某一个”，后加名词单数。
②any“一些”，用于否定句和问句中；“任何的”，用于肯定句、条件句中，三者或以上，后加名词单数；“稍微”，用于比较级前。
③no “没有”，作定语修饰名词；no +名词单数= not a / an +名词单数；no +名词复数/不可数名词= not any +名词复数/不可数名词。
many / much / a lot of：
①“许多的”。many + 名词复数；much +不可数名词; a lot of +名复数/不可数名词
②too much + 不可数名词too many +名词复数much too +形容词/副词
how much + 不可数名词how many +名词复数
a number of / the number of
a number of “许多的”，后加名词复数，做主语看做复数；the number of + 名词：“……的数量”，做主语看做单数。
三、名词所有格
名词所有格有三种表达法：
表示人或时间时用's：当词尾无s时加's；当词尾有s时只加’。注意区别: Jim and Kate's +名词单数或复数（共同拥有）; Jim's and Kate's +名词复数（各自拥有）。表示物时用of表达所有关系，注意与汉语的语序不同。
双重所有格：a friend of Tom's等。注意：a friend of mine / his / hers / ours / yours / theirs（用名词性物主代词）。
注意以下表达：
①the way to the park，the key to the door，the answer to the question，the bridge to knowledge，the entrance to …
②在表示某人的家、办公室、店铺等，所有格后的名词省略：at the doctor's , at Uncle Wang's , at the Green's / at Mr Green's 等。
③区别five-year-old（“5岁的”，做形容词修饰名词）与five years old（“5 岁”，不能修饰名词，只能做表语）的用法。
人称代词
包括主格和宾格。主格用于句首或动词前作主语；宾格用于动词或介词后作宾语。
主格：I，you，he，she，it，we，you，they。宾格：me，you，him，her，it，us，you，them。注意：在并列主语中，人称的排列顺序：
①一般情况或接受表扬（单）：you -- he / she / it -- I ，（复）we -- you --they
②②接受批评：（单）I-- he / she / it -- you 。
物主代词
包括形容词性和名词性。形容词性后必须加名词,不能单独使用；名词性相当于名词，单独使用，后不能再加名词。
形容词性：my，your，his，her，its，our，your，their。
名词性：mine，yours，his，hers，its，ours，yours，theirs。
注意：her既是宾格，又是形容词性。his既是形容词性又是名词性。
反身代词
反身代词有：myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves。
常用的反身代词的结构：
①teach oneself = learn…by oneself（自学）②help oneself to …（随便吃……）
③by oneself = alone（独自）④enjoy oneself = have a good time（过得很愉快）
⑤hurt oneself（伤了自己）⑥dress oneself（自己穿衣服）
⑦make oneself…（使自己……）⑧think of oneself（为自己着想）
冠词
冠词分定冠词the和不定冠词a / an。其用法如下：
一、不定冠词的用法：
1、a：用于辅音音标前;也可说用于辅音字母前（但f , h , l , m , n , r , s , x , hour, honest前却用an）。
2、an：用于元音音标前;也可说用于元音字母前（但u , useful , used, one前却用a）。
二、定冠词the在辅音前读［T[］，在元音前读［TI:］。其用法如下：
1、用the的情况：
①特指某人或某物。②双方都熟悉的人或物。③上文已提到的人或物，下文再提到。
④世界上独一无二的事物前。⑤形容词的最高级前；序数词前。⑥与same一起连用。
⑦姓的复数前加the，表示一家人或夫妻2人，做主语谓语动词用复数；姓的所有格前加the，表示某人
家。
⑧乐器前( play the piano / violin )。
⑨the+形容词：表示一类人( the young / old / dead / poor / rich) ,做主语谓语动词用复数。
⑩由普通名词构成的专有名词前( the Yellow River )。
2、不用the的情况：
①专有名词前。②节日、球类运动名称、三餐、季节、月份、星期、语种、颜色、学科等。
③名词前有this , that , these , those , some 及物主代词修饰时。
④复数名词表示一类。Horses are useful animals .
数词
数词分基数词、序数词、分数词等。
一、基数词
1-- 12的拼写形式。（one , two , three , four, five , six , seven , eight , nine , ten , eleven , twelve )。
13--19：--teen ( thirteen , fourteen , fifteen , sixteen , seventeen , eighteen , nineteen )。
“几十”：--ty ( twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety )。
“几十几”：先说“几十”，再说“几”，中间加连字号“-”。如：thirty-four。
“几百几十几”：先说“几百”，再加“and”，再说“几十几”。如：two hundred and twenty-two。
1000以上的数：从后往前数，每三位数为一组前加一个“，”。第一个“，”读thousand，第二个读million，第三个读billion。
注意：hundred , thousand , million , billion前有具体数字，后不加s ，也不加“of ”；前无具体数字，后加“s”并加“of ”。如：hundreds of（数以百计的）, thousands of （数以千计的）, millions of（数以百万计的）, billions of（数以十亿计的）。但注意several / many / a few /some + hundred / hundreds of的用法.另外注意：two hundred of the students in our school 的意思。
序数词
序数词表示事物的顺序，其前要加定冠词the，有时其前加不定冠词a/ an ，表示“再一”、“又一”的意思。
基数词变序数词的规则：
①1--3：拼写独特（one--first , two--second , three--third )。
②4--19：基数词+th（注意：five--fifth , eight--eighth , nine--ninth , twelve--twelfth）。
③“几十”：变y为i再加-eth。如：twenty---twentieth。
④“几十几”：十位数不变，只变个位数为序数词。如：thirty-five——thirty-fifth。
注意：序数词可缩写：阿拉伯数字+序数词最后二个字母，如：1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 21st , 52nd , 43rd。
分数词
分数词由基数词和序数词构成，其结构：“分子--分母”。分子用基数词，分母用序数词。当分子大于1时，分母的序数词后要加“s”。如：1. 1/2 ：one--second 或a half。2. 1/4 ：one-fourth或a quarter。
3. 3/4 ：three-fourths或three quarters 。
4. 1.5 小时：one and a half hours = an / one hour and a half。
四、数词的应用：
Class One = the first class, Lesson One = the first lesson，Room 30
5月1日：May.1或May the first或the first of May。
100 metres与100--metre的区别。
时刻的表达：①5:00---- five ( o'clock ) 。②5:15---- five fifteen 或fifteen past five或 a quarter past five（分钟+past + 小时）。③5:30---- five thirty 或half past five 。④5:45-- five forty-five或fifteen to six或a quarter to six: (60 -分钟)+ to +( 小时+ 1 )
数学运算公式：①加法：Five plus / and four is nine。②减法：Ten minus six is four。
③乘法：Two times five is ten。或Two multiplied by five is ten。④除法：Fifteen divided by five is three。不定代词
（一）、all / none / both / either / neither
both：①“（二者）都”。与not连用表示半否定。②位于系动词are、情态动词、助动词后，行为动词前。
③常用的句型结构：both of…/ both…and…/ both +名词复数，作主语时，谓语动词用复数。either：①“（二者）任何一个”。②常用结构：either of…/ either +名词单数，作主语时，谓语动词用单数；either…or…做主语时，谓语动词根据就近原则。③当“也”时，用于否定句句末，区别于too / as well（用于肯定句句末）/ also（句中，位于系动词、情态动词、助动词后，行为动词前）。neither：①“（二者）都不”，否定词，与both 相反。②常用结构：neither of …, neither +名词单数，做主语时，谓语动词用单数；neither…nor…,与both…and…相反，做主语时，谓语动词根据就
近原则。③也可引导倒装句，表示“也不”。其结构：“否定句，neither/ nor +助动词+主语。”
与“肯定句，so + 助动词+ 主语。”区别。
all：①“（三者或以上）都”。与not连用表示半否定。②位置同both。③常用结构：all of …, all+名词复数，做主语，谓语动词用复数。
none：①“（三者或以上）没有一个”，与all相反。②常用结构：none of…做主语，谓语动词可单可复。
③否定词，常用来回答由How many / How much引导的疑问句。
练习：选择填空。
1. There are many new buildings on _____ side of the road . A. either B. neither C. both D. all
2. _____ of us has read the story , so we know nothing about it . A. Some B. Both C. None D. All
3. The father wished the twins to be doctors , but _____ of them liked to study medicine .
A. both
B. neither
C. either
D. none
4. -- When shall we meet again next week ? -- ____ day is OK. A. Either B. Neither C. None D. Any
5. ____ of the two new books are interesting . A. All B. Both C. Any D. Either
6. Lucy and I are classmates . We _____ in Class One . A. all are B. are all C. both are D. are both
7. -- Which of the two English dictionary will you buy ?
---I'll buy _____ of them . So I can give one to my friend Helen. A. either B. neither C. all D. both
8. -- Which would you like , rice or noodles ? -- ____ is OK . I'm hungry.
A. Either
B. Neither
C. All
D. Both
9. I asked the twins to come to my birthday party . But ___ came at last . A. both B. neither C. all D. none
10. There are many tall green trees on _____ sides of the street . A. either B. both C. all D. every
11. -- Which would you like to drink , coffee or orange juice ?
-- _____ , please give me a cup of tea . A. Neither B. Both C. All D. None
12. -- Which do you prefer , a bottle of orange or a bottle of milk?
-- _____ , thanks . I'd like a cup of tea . A. Neither B. Both C. All D. None
13. -- Do you like _____ of them ? -- No . I don't like _____ of them .
A. both / both
B. either / either
C. either / both
D. both / either
14. -- What would you like to have , coffee or tea ? -- _____ . I'd like to have a glass of water .
A. Neither
B. Both
C. Either
D. Each
15. It's really hard for Lucy and Lily to solve the maths problem . Because _____ of them is good at maths .
A. both
B. neither
C. all
D. none
16. -- Do you live by yourself , Mr Wang ?
-- Yes . I have two sons . But _____ of them lives with me . They are studying in America .
A. both
B. neither
C. either
D. none
17. -- May I use your pen ? -- Yes . Here are two and you can use ____ of them .
A. both
B. every
C. any
D. either
18. We couldn't buy anything because _____ of the shops opened at that time .
A. all
B. some
C. any
D. none
19. That place isn't interesting at all . ____ of us wants to go there. A. Neither B. Both C. All D. Some
20. -- Which sweater do you prefer , the yellow one or the red one ?
--- _____ . I like a light blue one . A. Either B. Both C. Any D. Neither
21. If you don't want to go swimming , I won't , ______ . A. too B. also C. either D. neither
22. -- Can I come this evening or tomorrow morning ? -- ______ is OK . I'm free today and tomorrow .
A. Neither
B. Both
C. Either
D. None
23. All of us were invited , but ______ of us came . A. both B. neither C. all D. none
24. ____ of the boys in Class Four are playing games . A. All B. Each C. The both D. Neither
25. They were all very tired , but ____of them would stop to take a rest.
A. any
B. none
C. either
D. neither
26. There are some trees on _____ side of the street . A. both B. all C. either D. every
27. The class _____ went to the park last Sunday . A. both B. neither C. all D. none
28. _____ of his parents are doctors . A. Both B. Neither C. All D. None
29. There are some trees on ______ sides of the river . A. both B. neither C. all D. none
30. I have several friends here , but ____ of them has come to see me .
A. both
B. neither
C. all
D. none
31. -- Which of the two dictionary do you like better ? -- I like ______ , because they're not useful .
A. both
B. neither
C. all
D. none
32. There are several pens in the box . _____ of them is red. A. Both B. Neither C. All D. None
33. -- Who is on the team , John or Bill ?
-- _____ . Because they have to do some other things. A. Both B. Neither C. Either D. None
34. There are thousands of roses on _____ sides of the lake. A. every B. all C. both D. either
35. Tom didn't make any mistakes in his exam . _____ did Mike. A. So B. Or C. Either D. Neither
36. Choose one from these two , you can take ___ this one ___ that one .
A. neither / nor
B. both / and
C. not only / but also
D. either / or
37. Y ou haven't seen the film yet . I haven't , ____ . A. neither B. too C. either D. also
38. -- I'm not going to do some washing at home tomorrow .
-- ____ . I want to go shopping . A. I don't either B. So am I C. Neither am I D. I am
39. -- Are the two answers correct ? --- No . _____ correct .
A. No one is
B. Both are not
C. Neither is
D. Either is
40. Before you plant trees , you must make sure that the ground must be just right ____ too wet ____ too
dry . A. so / that B. as / as C. either / or D. neither / nor
41. ____ of the two girls plays football well in their class. A. Both B. Neither C. All D. Any
42. They have no pens and they have no pencils , _____. A. too B. also C. either D. or
43. They _____ at home now . A. both are B. are both C. all D. not
44. _____ of my parents are English teachers . A. One B. Both C. All D. Neither
45. Mike doesn't like popular music , ______ . A. too B. either C. also D. else
46. Y ou can have ____ fish ____ meat , but you can't have ____ .
A. neither / nor / both
B. both / and / neither
C. either / or / both
D. either / or / neither
47. Peter doesn't like dancing and ______ .
A. so does Tom
B. so Tom does
C. nor does Tom
D. neither Tom does
48. _____ the two knives is mine . A. Both of B. Either C. Neither of D. None of
49. I asked Jim and Kate to my house for dinner , but ____ of them came .
A. both
B. neither
C. either
D. none
50. They have both lived in China for a long time . but ___ of them speaks good Chinese .
A. none
B. each
C. neither
D. one
another / other / others / the other / the others
①another +名词单数：表示“（三者或三者以上）又一个”区别the other“（二者中）另一个”。注意: another +数词+名词=数词+ more +名词。
②other / the other作为形容词修饰名词，有the表示特指；无the表示泛指；常用结构：one…the other one（two ，three ，four…）；the other“（二者中）另一个”。注意other / else的区别：other + 名词；疑问词/不定代词+else。
③others / the others表示名词，做主语，谓语动词用复数，后不再加名词。有the表示特指，无the表示泛指。常用结构：some …others…(区别some …the others…)（泛指）;数字…the others…（特指）。
练习：选择填空。
1. -- You want _______ Sandwich ? --- Y es . I usually eat a lot when I am hungry .
A. other
B. another
C. others
D. the other
2. My favourite is collecting stamps . I need ________ before I have 2500 ones .
A. more one
B. any more
C. one more
D. more than
3. The doctor worked for __________ after twelve o'clock .
A. two more hours
B. two another hour
C. more two hours
D. another two hour
4. If you want to book a round-trip ticket . You'll have to pay ______$80 .
A. another
B. other
C. each
D. more
5. If you want a round-trip ticket . You'll have to pay _____$30 .
A. more
B. other
C. the other
D. another
6. That woman has a bag in her right hand . What's in her _____ hand ?
A. another
B. other
C. one
D. the other
7. In a football game nine players are not enough . ______ are needed.
A. Other two
B. Two else
C. Two more
D. The other two
8. --How many more oranges can I have ? -- Y ou can have one more . ____ are for Tom .
A. The others
B. Another
C. Others
D. The other
9. This skirt is much too large for me . Could you show me ______ one ?
A. other
B. another
C. others
D. the other
10. I don't like the colour of the shirt . Would you show me ______ one ?
A. other
B. another
C. others
D. the other
11. -- Have you finished your report yet ? -- No . I'll finish it in ______ ten minutes .
A. another
B. more
C. other
D. else
12. The sweaters are too small for me . Would you pass me _____ one ?
A. the other
B. other
C. another
D. some
13. Bob jumped farther than _____ in his class .
A. any other boys
B. the other boy
C. any boy
D. any other boy
14. Shanghai is larger than ____ city in Sichan . A. any B. any other C. all D. the other
15. I don't like this one . Please show me _____ . A. other B. the other C. another D. others
16. Mr Smith usually comes into the classroom with a book in one hand and some pictures in _______ .
A. another
B. others
C. the other
D. that one
17. Have you got ______ kind of shoes ? A. any other B. the others C. other any D. any another
18. Mrs Smith has two children . _____ is a driver , and _____ is a nurse .
A. One / another
B. One / the other
C. One / other
D. One / others
19. There are twenty teachers in this grade . Eight of them are women teachers and ______ are men
teachers . A. the other B. the others C. others D. other
20. What ______ things can you see in the picture ? A. another B. other C. one D. the other
21. I have two pens . One is red , _______ is black . A. another B. other C. one D. the other
22. There are only five students in the classroom . Where are _____ ?
A. another
B. the others
C. one
D. the other
23. There are a lot of people in the park . Some are walking , some are looking at the flowers , _____ are
boating . A. another B. others C. one D. the other
24. The jacket is too big for me . Would you show me ______ ? A. another B. other C. one D. the other
25. Here are two oranges . One is for you . ______ is for Peter .
A. An other
B. Another
C. The other
D. Other
26. These shoes are too small for me . Would you show me _____ pair ?
A. one
B. another
C. the other
D. other
27. There are fifty students in our class . Twenty are girls . ______ are boys .
A. Another
B. Other
C. The others
D. The other
28. Only Tom is in the classroom . ______ have gone to the playground .
A. All
B. All other
C. All the other
D. All the others
29. He has three sons . One is a farmer . _____ is a doctor and the ______ is a teacher .
A. Another / other
B. Another / third
C. other / third
D. other / another
指示代词
指示代词有this , that , these , those 。
指示代词的用法：
①this ：“这个”（指近处，单数），电话中指己方或介绍别人用This is …。
②that ：“那个”（指远处，单数) ，电话中指对方或代替上文名词单数。
③these ：“这些”（指近处，复数）。
④those ：“那些”（指远处，复数），可代替上文中的名词复数。
it的用法
代替刚提到的一件事物。
起指示代词的作用，指一个人或事物。it指人时用于：
1、不知道性别时。
2、敲门时问是谁。
3、确认某人是谁时。
表示时间、天气、距离等。
改变一个句子的结构，强调这个句子的某一成分。其结构是：
It is + 强调部分+that / who + 句子其余部分。
代替一个有不定式、动名词短语或是从句表示的主语或宾语，来做形式主语或宾语，真正的主语或宾语放在句子后面。
one / it 的区别
①one与it代替上文的名词单数。②ones，them代替名词复数。
③one前后表示同类物，但不是同一个；it前后表示同类物，并同一物。
相互代词：each other = one another
练习：选择填空。
1. -- Can I get you a drink ? -- That's very kind of you . I've already got _____ .
A. it
B. one
C. that
D. this
2. The old woman kept one black dog and two white _____ . A. one B. ones C. one's D. those
3. ____ is wrong to play tricks on other people . A. This B. That C. It
4. -- Are you interested in maths ? -- Yes . But I find _____ difficult .
A. its
B. it
C. to be
D. that
5. ____ is difficult to work on the Great Green Wall . A. This B. That C. It D. Its
6. The twin brothers always put small presents in _____ stockings on Christmas Day .
A. each other
B. each other's
C. each others
D. each others'
7. -- Can you tell me which is your dictionary ? -- ____ green cover .
A. The one with
B. The one with a
C. A one with the
D. The one of a
8. -- Dad , I've just seen only one copy of Football at the newstand .
-- Go and buy _____ back , Bob . A. one B. other C. it D. this
9. --Would you like this skirt , Madam ? -- Very nice . I'll take ____ .
A. this
B. it
C. them
D. those
10. The weather in summer in Beijing is cooler than ____ in Shanghai .
A. this
B. it
C. that
D. one
11. I'm looking for a house . I'd like _____ with a garden . A. one B. it C. that D. this
12. There is somebody at the door . Can you go to see who ____ is ?
A. he
B. she
C. it
D. that
13. The cars made in Japan are much cheaper than ___ made in America .
A. ones
B. those
C. that
D. it
14. His friends find ____ him everything that has happened .
A. it necessary to tell
B. that necessary to
C. necessary it to
D. necessary to tell
15. -- Hello ! Who is _____ ? --- Hello ! _____ is Kate .
A. this / This
B. that / That
C. this / That
D. that / This
16. The weather in Shanghai is different from _____ .
A. Baotou
B. Baotou weather
C. that in Baotou
D. those of Baotou
17. He found ____ very interesting to ride a horse .
A. this
B. that
C. it
D. which
18. The man downstairs found _____ difficult to sleep . A. that B. its C. it D. this
19. We found _____ necessary to protect the environment . A. it B. that C. this D. what
20. Hello , 8436294 . _____ Bill Brown . A. I'm B. This is C. It's D. That's
21. The schools in Shanghai are not different from _____ .
A. those in BJ
B. that of BJ
C. BJ
D. BJ's students
22. The weather in GD is not the same as _____ .
A. that in BJ
B. those in BJ
C. BJ
D. this of BJ
each / every
every ：①“每个”，三者或以上。与not连用表示半否定。②常用结构：every+名词单数，做主语，谓语动词用单数；不与of连用。③every other day（每隔一天）; every other two days（每隔两
天）= every three days（每三天）
each ：①“每个”，二者或以上。②常用结构：each of…，each +名词单数，做主语，谓语动词用单数。
③each side = either side = both sides（两边）区别all sides（周围）。
④做同位语：We each have …. We have …each .
练习：选择填空。
1. There are lots of English books here , and _____ of them is easy to understand .
A. both
B. all
C. every
D. each
2. Since ____ of us is here , let's begin our class . A. everyone B. every C. each D. all
3. We _____ have a bike . A. each B. every C. all D. both
4. ____ of them has a dictionary and ____ one of them can look up words in the dictionary .
A. each / each
B. every / every
C. each / every
D. every / each
5. -- How often do you have history lessons ? --- ______ . Monday , Wednesday , Friday .
A. Every day
B. Every other day
C. Every three days
D. Every few days
6. I do my homework _______ day . A. each B. every
7. There is a line trees on _____ side of the street . A. each B. every
8. You can have a bag _____ , children . A. each B. every
表示人的不定代词
①做主语，谓语动词用单数。②somebody / someone用法同some。③anybody / anyone用于否定句和问句（同any）。④nobody / no one是否定词。常用来回答who开头的问句。⑤everybody / everyone 。与not连用表示半否定。⑥代替词用he / they 。
练习：选择填空。
1. _____ of us in our class likes playing basketball . A. Every one B. Everyone C. All
2. -- The exam was very easy , wasn't it ? ---Yes . But I don't think ______ could pass it .
A. somebody
B. anybody
C. nobody
D. everybody
3. There is ______ knocking at the door . Go and see who it is .
A. somebody
B. anybody
C. nobody
D. everybody
4. This machine is very easy to use . ______ can learn to use it in a short time .
A. Somebody
B. Anybody
C. Nobody
D. Few people
5. -- Is _____ here ? -- No . Li Lei has asked for leave .
A. somebody
B. anybody
C. nobody
D. everybody
6. -- Driving is quite easy . It took me only three days to learn how to drive a car .
--You are great . But I don't think ______ could do it like you .
A. somebody
B. anybody
C. nobody
D. everybody
7. -- Go and see who is in the classroom . -- _____ . I think they are all on the playground .
A. Somebody
B. Anybody
C. Nobody
D. Everybody
8. Put it down , Tom . You mustn't read ________ letters .
A. anyone's else's
B. anyone's else
C. anyone else's
D. anyone else
表示物的不定代词
①做主语，谓语动词用单数。②something用法同some。③anything用于否定句和问句中（同any）。
④nothing是否定词。常用来回答what开头的问句。⑤everything。与not连用表示半否定。⑥代替词用it 。
练习：选择填空。
1. _______ is difficult in the world if you put your heart into it .
A. Something
B. Anything
C. Nothing
D. Everything
2. There is ______ with Bruce's eyes , so he always sees the ______ .
A. something wrong / things wrong
B. something wrong / wrong things
C. wrong something / things wrong
D. wrong something / wrong things
3. Everyone should try to learn _________ .
A. some thing new
B. something new
C. new something
D. some new thing
4. That's too expensive . Have you got _______ ?
A. something cheap
B. some cheaper thing
C. anything cheap
D. anything cheaper
5. " Don't worry . There is ____ much wrong with you " said the doctor .
A. something
B. anything
C. nothing
D. very
6. Let's give you ________ to eat .
A. something different
B. different something
C. anything different
D. different anything
7. He was too happy to say ________ at the moment .
A. something
B. anything
C. nothing
D. everything
8. -- Did she tell anything about it ? --- No . She said _______ .
A. something
B. anything
C. nothing
D. everything
9. There is _______ interesting on channel 10 . Try others .
A. nothing
B. none
C. anything
D. no
10. I'm not busy . I haven't _______ to do . A. something B. anything C. nothing D. everything
11. I've found _______ in the box . It's empty .
A. something
B. anything
C. nothing
D. everything
12. -- What would you like to drink ? --- It doesn't matter, _______ will be OK .
A. something
B. anything
C. nothing
D. everything
13. There is _______ in the bag . It's not full .
A. something
B. anything
C. nothing
D. everything
14. Lei Feng asked ______ for return when he helped others .
A. something
B. anything
C. nothing
D. everything
15. I'm sure I've seen him _____ , but I can't remember the right place .
A. somewhere
B. anywhere
C. nowhere
D. everywhere
16. I'm hungry . I'd like to have ______ nice to eat. A. any B. anything C. some D. something
17. I'm thirsty , Mum . I want ______ to drink . A. something B. anything C. nothing D. everything
18. -- What else do you need , Mum ? --- _____ else, I think . We've got everything ready .
A. Something
B. Anything
C. Nothing
D. Everything
19. -- Is ______ ready for the dinner ? -- Not yet . The table hasn't been set .
A. something
B. anything
C. nothing
D. everything
20. Did you find _______ ? A. something unusual B. anything unusual
C. unusual something
D. unusual anything
21. Why not change to CCTV channel 4? There is ______ there .
A. important something
B. important anything
C. something important
D. anything important
22. Han Meimei , what about ______ to eat? A. something B. anything C. nothing D. everything
23. Be quiet ! I have _______ to tell you . A. important something B. important anything
C. something important
D. anything important
24. The bottle is empty . There is ______ in it . A. something B. anything C. nothing D. everything such / so
①such ：“such + a / an +形容词+名词单数”。或“such +形容词+名词复数/不可数名词”。
②so ：“so +形容词/副词”。或“so + many / much / few / little（“少的”而不是“小的”）+名词”。
③注意“such + a / an +形容词+名词单数”。=“so +形容词+a / an +名词单数”。
练习：选择填空。
1. All of us feel surrised that _____ a little boy can eat _____ much food.
A. such / such
B. so / so
C. so / such
D. such / so
2. Lots of visitors come to Nanjing because she is ______ city .
A. so a beautiful
B. very a beautiful
C. such a beautiful
D. a quite beautiful
3. -- Did you see the football match last night ? -- Yes . I have never seen _______ exciting match before .
A. such a
B. so a
C. such an
D. so an
4. I had never seen ________ wonderful film before that day. A. such B. so C. such a D. a such
5. I have never seen ________ animal . A. such B. so an C. a such D. such an
6. It's ________ important match , isn't it ? A. a such B. such an C. so an D. an such
7. I have had ______ many falls ______ I'm black and blue all over the body .
A. such / also
B. so / and
C. such / that
D. so / that
形容词、副词
用法：1、形容词后加名词；2、系动词加形容词。（但有些形容词不能作定语如ill , alone , afraid , asleep 等。）3、副词用来修饰形容词、其它副词（放在其前）或动词（放在其后）。系动词后跟形容词不跟副词，常见的系动词有：1. be ( am , is , are , was , were )。2. 变得（grow , get , become , turn , go ) 。3. …起来（look , sound , smell , taste , feel )不用进行时态，不用被动语态。4. seem (好象）。（seem to do / seem + 形容词/ It seems that+ 句子）5. keep / stay（保持）: keep healthy
形容词修饰不定代词( something , anything , nothing , everything )时，应把形容词放在不定代词之后；enough修饰形容词、副词时，应把enough放在形容词、副词后；形容词else 修饰不定代词或疑问词，应把else置后。计量法的表达：主语+ be + 数词+ 量词+ 形容词（old / wide / long / high / tall / deep/ thick）。形容词变副词的规则
一般的形容词直接加-ly。
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的：变y为i再加ly。
特殊情况：true---truly，terrible / possible / enjoyable / able：去e +y；good---well，whole--wholly。注意：hard--hardly，near--nearly的区别。
练习：将下面单词变成副词。
happy heavy angry true good noisy wide
whole terrible possible enjoyable able
练习：
1. We should keep _____ in the reading-room . A. quiet B. quietly C. quite D. quitely
2. The room is_____ to hold 150 people . A. enough big B. big enough C. too big D. enough small
3. The kind of cake looks _____ , smells _____ , and tastes _____ .
A. good / well / good
B. well / good / well
C. good / good / good
D. well / well / well
4. The granny is too old . She can't walk ____ .
A. enough faster
B. faster enough
C. enough fast
D. fast enough
5. There is ______ in today's newspaper .
A. new something
B. new anything
C. something new
D. anything new
6. -- Tom , is it OK to ______ you at home by yourself ? -- I think it's OK . I can look after myself ______ .
A. leave / good
B. put / good
C. leave / well
D. put / well
7. -- Mum , Bill is coming to dinner this evening . -- OK . Let's give him ______ to eat
A. something different
B. anything different
C. different something
D. different anything
8. The classroom is ______ for 50 students . A. as big B. big enough C. enough big
9. Don't worry , sir . I'm sure I can run ______ to catch up with them .
A. slowly enough
B. enough slowly
C. fast enough
D. enough fast
10. The young man is ______ carry that heavy bag .
A. strong enough to
B. not strong enough
C. enough strong to
D. strong enough
11. Noise sounds ______ . A. terribly B. terrible C. badly D. wonderful
12. She is ______ to join the army . A. enough old B. young enough C. big enough D. old enough
13. The mother looked ______ because her son hadn't been back .
A. worry
B. worried
C. to worry
D. worrying
14. Is there ______ with your bike ?
A. wrong something
B. wrong anything
C. something wrong
D. anything wrong
15. It's _____ to work out this problem . You needn't go to the teacher .
A. enough easy
B. easily enough
C. easy enough
D. very easily
16. Emma always makes a lot of mistakes . She is _______ .
A. care
B. careful
C. careless
D. carefully
17. Jone looks so ______ today because she has got an "A" in her maths test .
A. happy
B. happily
C. angry
D. angrily
18.-- Have you got an e-mail today ? --Oh , there's _____ with my computer .
A. wrong something
B. wrong anything
C. something wrong
D. anything wrong
19. She was ill last week . But she is ______ to go to school today .
A. well enough
B. enough well
C. enough good
D. good enough
20. --Do you think the chicken tastes _____? -- She cook it _____, I think .
A. good / good
B. well / well
C. good / well
D. well / good
21. -- Is the physics problem ______ ? -- Yes , I can work it out ______ .
A. easy / easy
B. easily / easily
C. easy / easily
D. easily / easy
22. There is ______ with my computer . It doesn't work .
A. wrong something
B. wrong anything
C. something wrong
D. anything wrong
23. The young man is _____ to carry that heavy box .
A. strong enough
B. enough strong
C. too strong
D. so strong
24. I have ______ to do today. A. something important B. anything important
C. important something
D. important anything
25. The kind of skirt looks ______ and sells ______ .
A. nice / well
B. well / nice
C. good / good
D. well / well
26. Drinking milk can keep us ______. A. health B. healthy C. healthily D. to be health
27. The dumplings taste _____. Please help yourself . A. bad B. so-so C. well D. delicious
28. Children don't realize the danger of traffic . Sometimes they may run into the road so the drivers should
drive ______ . A. careful B. carefully C. quick D. quickly
29. The cakes taste ______and smell ______. A. good / good B. well / well C. good / well D. well / good
30. My little brother is ______ to go to school. A. very old B. quite old C. old D. old enough
31. The driver is very ______ . He often drives his car ______ .
A. careful / careful
B. carefully / carefully
C. careful / carefully
D. carefully / careful
32. The fat man always says his meat looks _____ and sells _____ .
A. good / good
B. well / well
C. good / well
D. well / good
33. Jack didn't run ______ to catch the bus . A. enough fast B. quickly enough
C. enough slow
D. slowly enough
34. Two fishmen saw______ in the sky while they were fishing by a lake.
A. something strange
B. anything strange
C. strange something
D. strange anything
35. -- How was the old man this morning ? -- He looked ______ .
A. happy
B. happily
C. to be happy
D. to be happily
36. Li Lei didn't run _____ to _____ Liu Fang .
A. enough quickly / catch up
B. fast enough / catch up with
C. quickly enough / keep up
D. enough fast / catch up with
37. We love to go to the country in spring as the flowers smell so _____.
A. well
B. nice
C. wonderfully
D. nicely
形容词、副词的应用
1. Tom has grown _____ to take care of ______.
A. tall / him
B. tall / himself
C. old / him
D. old / himself
2. Everything is ______ at night markets . You don't need a lot of money to have a good time .
A. cheap
B. bad
C. tired
D. dear
3. If you work harder ______ , I think you can do better in the coming exam .
A. just
B. from now on
C. before
D. once
4. -- Pass my glasses to me , Jack . I can ____ read the words in the newspaper .
A. hardly
B. really
C. rather
D. clearly
5. The population of Shanghai is ______ than that of Shijiazhuang .
A. smaller
B. larger
C. less
D. large
6. English people______ use Mr before a man's first name. A. never B. usually C. often D. sometimes
7. Young boys really grow fast . Both of my sons are already _____
than I am . A. shorter B. smaller C. clever D. taller
8. Her mother was out . She stayed at home __ . But she didn't feel ____ .
A. alone / alone
B. lonely / lonely
C. alone / lonely
D. lonely / alone
9. It's _____ cold that I have to put on my sweater . A. so B. very C. too D. enough
10. -- How are you getting on with your work ? -- I can't do it ______ any longer . I'll have to get help.
A. singly
B. quietly
C. alone
D. hard
11. If you set your mind to do it , nothing is _______. A. possible B. hard C. difficult D. impossible
12. We were very excited to see many _____ places of interest in BJ .
A. boring
B. same
C. different
D. bright
13. Eating _____ and doing more sports are good ways to keep SARS away from us .
A. early
B. quickly
C. healthily
D. hardly
14. The patients are quite ______ to the nurses for their special care .
A. enjoyable
B. helpful
C. confident
D. thankful
15. -- Excuse me . How can I get to the hospital ? -- Well , Bus 801 will take you there ____ .
A. probably
B. directly
C. mostly
D. slowly
16. He was lucky because he wasn't _______ hurt in the accident .
A. badly
B. hardly
C. strongly
D. quickly
17. -- Why don't you ask Tom to do it ?
-- I don't know whether he is ______ to . He sometimes makes things wrong .
A. possible
B. able
C. afraid
D. easy
18.-- How many members are there on the team ? -- Eight this term . But there'll be ten _____ next term.
I'm not sure . A. at all B. at last C. at least D. at once
19. --Does Lin Hua ever guess the meaning of the words?
-- He ______ guess the meanings of the new words . He use his dictionary all the time .
A. usually
B. always
C. never
D. sometimes
20. Hello , Mr Green . I want to see you right now , can you come as ______ as possible ?
A. many
B. late
C. much
D. soon
21. -- Dad , I'm ______ . Can I have some coke ? -- What about some water ?
A. hungry
B. thirsty
C. cool
D. tired
22. Same likes music very much . He lives ____ , but he never feels _____.
A. alone / alone
B. lonely / lonely
C. alone / lonely
D. lonely / alone
23. -- Did you enjoy your trip to the West Hill ? -- Very much . It was much more______ than I expected .
A. boring
B. bored
C. interesting
D. interested
24. Jack jumped ______ than Jim in the long jump . A. higher B. faster C. farther D. longer
25. --Can you hear me , Susan ? ---Sorry , sir . I can ______ hear you.
A. almost
B. hardly
C. ever
D. clearly
26. The meeting will be held in half an hour . But they haven't got everything ready ______ .
A. ever
B. already
C. yet
D. still
27. Bill Gates is the richest in the world now . He is ______ than any other person .
A. poorer
B. richer
C. healthier
D. weaker
28. The suit was _____ expensive that I couldn't afford it . A. very B. so C. much D. too
29. I'm _______ . I want to a piece of bread . A. full B. hungry C. thirsty D. tired
30. The book is _____ . Most of the teachers are _____ in it .
A. interesting / interested
B. interesting / interesting
C. interested / interested
D. interested/ interesting
31. The population is growing faster in _____ developed countries than in ______ developed countries .
A. more / less
B. less / more
C. more / little
D. little / more
32. -- The coat is too expentive . -- Don't worry . Here is another one . It's nice and ___ , I think .
A. cheap
B. dear
C. easy
D. difficult
33. I've no time because I've _____work to do and _____ books to read .
A. many / many
B. much / much
C. many / much
D. much / many
34. She walked into the room _____ because her mother was sleeping .
A. clearly
B. quietly
C. heavily
D. hardly
35. -- Have you finished your work ? -- ______ . A. Not yet B. Not still C. Not already D. Ever
36. It takes ______ time to go to Beijing by plane than by train .
A. more
B. fewer
C. longer
D. less
37. Would you please wait for the next bus ? This one is _____. A. full B. empty C. tidy D. quiet
38. The smile on the teacher's face showed that she was _____ with us .
A. strict
B. pleased
C. angry
D. sorry
39. If you want to learn English well , you must use it as ___ as possible .
A. often
B. long
C. hard
D. soon
40. We can't put it in the basket . The basket is _____. A. little B. big C. empty D. full
41. He does well in almost every subject . But he is a little _______ in English.
A. good
B. like
C. weak
D. easy
42. Mike is the ______ in his family . All his brothers are much younger .
A. youngest
B. largest
C. oldest
D. least
43. That strange ____ man picks flowers in the _____ mountain every day .
A. tall / tall
B. tall / high
C. high / high
D. high / tall
44. It's twelve o'clock at night . But she is ______ working .
A. already
B. ever
C. still
D. yet
45. She was ______ to say a word after the game .
A. very excited
B. excited enough
C. too excited
D. so excited
46. This box is ______ heavy . I can't carry it . A. to B. too C. not D. don't
47. There isn't any milk in the bottle . Please give me ______ .
A. full bottle
B. an empty bottle
C. a full one
D. the full one bottle
48. My elder brother ______ modern science .
A. is interesting in
B. is interested in
C. becomes interesting
D. is interest in
49. Lily and Lucy get on ______ with each other . A. well B. good C. fine D. nice
50. The bear thought that the young man was _____ , so it ran away.
A. dead
B. died
C. death
D. die
51. He is ______ old to work in the fields . A. so B. very C. too D. enough
52. we find it ______ to do some reading every day .
A. easily
B. be enjoyable
C. helpful
D. interested
53. The river is very long and it is about ______ .
A. 15 metres wide
B. 20 metres long
C. 30 metres high
D. 50 metres tall
54. It was so dark that we ______ see anything .
A. could hardly
B. hardly could
C. couldn't hardly
D. could hardly not
55. Look at the sun . How bright it is ! It's really a ______ day .
A. cloudy
B. sunny
C. windy
D. rainy
56. Y ou're ____ late . He has already gone . A. terrible B. nearly C. terribly D. near
57. Doing much sport will keep you ______ . A. safe B. health C. busy D. healthy
58. The woman said , "Yes , I'll buy that one , It's _____ me .
A. too good to
B. too good for
C. good enough to
D. good enough for
59. -- Have you enjoyed your staying in china ? Yes , of course , _____ .
A. very much
B. very good
C. wonderful
60. The shirt is much ______ large for me . I want a smaller one .
A. very
B. too
C. quite
D. so
61. The girl beside the chair is my _____ sister . A. older B. old C. elder D. eld
62. --Has Peter gone to London ? -- No , he is _____ in Paris .
A. already
B. still
C. yet
D. not
63. Tom likes _____ , he always listens to music on Sunday at home.
A. much singing
B. singing very much
C. very much sing
D. very much singing
64. I like the monkeys in the zoo . I go there to see them at _____ .
A. times
B. the moment
C. once
D. first
65. Last time Zhang Hong's exam results were the best in our class .
But this time Li Hong took the first place ______ . A. carefully B. nearly C. clearly D. instead
66. Mr Green will come to China and stay here for ______ next year.
A. some time
B. some times
C. sometimes
D. sometime
67. Her sister is going to Shanghai _____ . A. a day B. other day C. yesterday D. some day
68. I haven't finished my homework _____. A. also B. ever C. yet D. already
69. I shall visit you ______ next year. A. some time B. some times C. sometimes D. sometime
70. --Have you _____swum in the river ? --Yes , we have swum some times.
A. just
B. yet
C. still
D. ever
71. ____ passed , but still no sound was heard .
A. Some time
B. Some times
C. Sometimes
D. Sometime
形容词、副词的三级
一、比较级和最高级的变法：
一般情况加-er (-est )。以e结尾的加-r ( -st ) 。以“辅音字母+y”结尾的：先把y变成i再加-er (-est ) 。重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅音字母，而前面只有一个元音字母的：先双写这个辅音字母，再加-er(-est)。多音节的词：其前加more / most。（注意：most还有“大多数”的意思；a most 是“非常的”的意思。）以-ly结尾的：其前加more / most（但early, lonely, badly例外）。
特殊情况：
1. good / well ---- better ---- best。
2. bad / badly / ill ----- worse ---- worst。
3. many / much ----more ----most。
4. little ----- less ----- least。
5. far ----- farther / further ------ farthest / furthest（区别）。
注意：further / furthest 可指距离同farther / farthest。但也有“再进一步”的意思。
6. old ------ older / elder ------ oldest / eldest（区别）。
注意：older/ oldest用于年龄大小的比较；elder/ eldest用于兄弟姐妹间的关系表达。
练习：写出下面单词的比较级和最高级。
Long strong tall clever wide white heavy happy good / well bad/ badly/ill little far old many/ much interesting slowly big early friendly lonely fat nice popular thin
三级的判断
原级：①as +原级+ as。②not as / so +原级+ as = less +原级+ than。③原级前的修饰词一般有very , so , too , quite , rather 等。
比较级：①比较级+ than 。②or连接前后二者。③比较级前的修饰词一般有：a little = a bit , much = a lot , even , far , still , any 等。（但当more修饰名词复数或代表名词复数时，表示程度用many / a few ；而当修饰不可数名词时用much / a little / a bit。④the +比较级…，the +比较级…：“越……就越……”。
⑤the +比较级+ of the two。⑥比较级+ and +比较级：“越来越……”（多音节词用“more and more +原级”）。
最高级：①or 连接前后三者或以上。②in和of（三者或以上）, several （三者或以上）, among（三者或以上）等表示范围的短语。（注意in / of表示范围的区别）。③形容词最高级前必须加the ，副词最高级前the可要可不要。④one of the + 形容词最高级+ 名词复数
比较等级的注意事项
1、比较对象要一致。
2、避免双重比较。
3、避免主语与自身比较。
4、less / more +原级+ than的区别。
5、代替词的问题（that ，those）。
6、形容词最高级前有物主代词或所有格修饰时，不用the。
练习：
1. E-mailing is much_____than long-distance calling. A. cheap B. cheaper C. cheapest D. the cheapest
2. -- In our English study reading is more important than speaking , I think .
--- I don't agree . Speaking is ______ reading .
A. as important as
B. so important as
C. the most important
D. the same as
3. John is my _____ friend of all the clatemates . A. good B. better C. best D. the best
4. Mr Smith thought the Century Park was the second ____ in Shanghai .
A. large
B. larger
C. largest
D. the largest
5. Which is _____ to learn , fishing or swimming ? A. easy B. easier C. the easier D. more easily
6. The air in this park is much _____ than that in that one. A. clear B. clean C. cleaner D. nice
7. Now Helen works____ than before. A. more careful B. more carefully
C. much careful
D. much carefully
8. This question is ______ more difficult than that one. A. rather B. quite C. very D. a little
9. Yang won the women's 500 metres in the sports meeting . She did _____ of all .
A. good
B. better
C. best
D. well
10. Li Ping writes _____ in his class. A. more careful B. more carefully
C. most careful
D. most carefully
11. If you like the chicken , you may have as _____ as you can. A. much B. many C. more D. little
12. Would you please say it _____ ? I still can't follow you .
A. slowly
B. more slowly
C. loudly
D. more loudly
13. He can jump ______ as Li Lei. A. very high B. higher C. as high D. as high than
14. Mum , this shirt is much too small for me . Would you buy me a _____ one ?
A. nice
B. large
C. nicer
D. larger
15. Wei Hua ran ______ than Hui Fang.
A. much slowlier
B. very more slowly
C. much more slowly
D. very slowly
16. Xi'an is one of _____ capital _____ in China.
A. older / city
B. the older / city
C. oldest / cities
D. the oldest / cities
17. _____ children there are in a family , ____ their life will be .
A. The less / the better
B. The fewer / the better
C. fewer / richer
D. more / poorer
18. Li Hua's English is very good and her French is _____ her English .
A. as good as
B. not as good as
C. as well as
D. as better as
19. Now China has joined WTO , so I think English is _____ useful than before .
A. more
B. most
C. much
D. many
20. -- I think English is ______ French . -- I don't agree with you .
A. less popular than
B. the most popular
C. so popular as
D. as more popular as
21. This story is not ______ as that one.
A. more interesting
B. less interesting
C.so interested
D. so interesting
22. In China more and more people are learning English . It seems that English is ______ as Chinese .
A. more important
B. not as important
C. as important
D. the most important
23. The boy doesn't speak _____ his sister . But his written work is very good .
A. as well as
B. so good as
C. more better than
D. more worse than
24. Of all the students she looks _____ . A. happy B. the happiest C. the most happiest D. happier
25. --Which is _____ season in Beijing ? -- I think it's autumn .
A. good
B. better
C. best
D. the best
26. In our city it's _____ in July , but it's even _____ in August .
A. hot / hot
B. hotter / hottest
C. hotter / hot
D. hot / hotter
27. Of the two students Tom is ______ one . I think you can find him easily .
A. taller
B. tallest
C. the taller
D. the tallest
28. A lot of stone tables and chairs are _____ of the river and the number of them is growing ______ .
A. on both side / greater
B. on each sides / more
C. on both sides / larger
D. on each side / more
29. Jim is running ______ Bruce . They are neck and neck .
A. faster than
B. as fast as
C. as faster as
D. more slowly than
30. They have just cleaned the windows . So the room looks _____ .
A. more brighter
B. more bright
C. less bright
D. much brighter
31. 30,000 dollars is a lot of money . But it's _____ than we need .
A. far more
B. very much
C. far less
D. very little
32. I was feeling very tired last night . So I went to bed _____ than
usual . A. early B. earlier C. late D. later
33. -- What animals do you like _____ ? -- I like all kinds of animals .
A. better
B. best
C. very
D. well
34. -- Our holiday was _____ . --Yes, I've never had ______ .
A. very good / the best one
B. such great / the better one
C. greatly / a good one
D. so great / a better one
35. To protect environment is ______ to take care of our lives .
A. important
B. as important as
C. more important
D. the most important
36.-- What do you think of his surfing ? -- Oh , no one does _____.
A. good
B. well
C. better
D. best
37. Tom does his homework ______ Lucy .
A. as careful as
B. as carefully as
C. so careful as
D. so carefully as
38. It's good for your health to do ______ sports . A. much B. least C. more D. most
39. Either of them can take this job , but what I am interested in is who is ____ .
A. careful
B. the most careful
C. more careful
D. even careful
40. --Mum , could you buy me a dress like this ? -- Certainly . We can buy_____one than this , but_____
this . A. a better / better than B. a worse / as good as
C. a cheaper / as good as
D. a more important / not as good as
41. Remember this , children . ______ careful you are , _____ mistakes you will make .
A. The more / the more
B. The fewer / the more
C. The more / the fewer
D. The less / the less
42. -- I'll give you some nice picture books . -- Good . The ______ , the _______ .
A. more / better
B. many / better
C. most / best
D. much / better
43. -- This digital camera is really cheap . -- The ______ , the better . I'm short of money , you know .
A. cheap
B. cheaper
C. expensive
D. more expensive
44. Hainan is a very large island . It's the second ______ island in China .
A. large
B. larger
C. largest
D. most large
45. Now the air in our hometown is ______ than it was before . Something must be done .
A. much better
B. more worse
C. more better
D. much worse
46. John doesn't sing quite _____the other boys and girls in his class .
A. so well as
B. as good like
C. as well like
D. so good as
47. I think Yao Ming , the famous basketball player , will be _____ new star in NBA .
A. hot
B. hotter
C. hottest
D. the hottest
48. Summer is ______ season of the year . A. very hot B. the hottest C. the hotter D. hottest
49. -- My sports shoes are nicer than yours . --- But yours are not ______ mine , I'm sure .
A. comfortable
B. more comfortable
C. as comfortable as
D. the most comfortable
50. I'm sure you can jump as _____ as Tom if you wear your sports shoes .
A. slow
B. slower
C. high
D. higher
51. LinTao jumped ______ in the long jump in the school meeting .
A. far
B. farther
C. farthest
D. quite far
52. Who is the _______ student in your class ? A. good B. well C. better D. best
53. -- I think basketball is as popular as football in China . -- I don't agree . I think football is ______ basketball . A. as popular as B. as more popular as C. more popular than D. the same as
54. It's summer now . It's getting _______ .
A. hotter and hotter
B. wetter and wetter
C. warmer and warmer
D. colder and colder
55. He came ______ than I did. A. a little earlier B. little earlier C. much more early
56. Lucy writes as _____ as Lily . They are both good students .
A. careful
B. carefully
C. more careful
D. most carefully
57. The fifth orange is _____ of all . Give it to the small child .
A. big
B. bigger
C. the bigger
D. the biggest
58. I think that's ______ pieces of music at the moment .
A. more popular
B. the most popular
C. popular
D. most popular
59. My daughter is doing ______ this month than last month .
A. much good
B. very well
C. much better
D. well
60. This box is _______ that one . A. heavy than B. so heavy than C. heavier as D. as heavy as
61. Which colour do you like ______ , white , red _____ yellow ?
A. more / and
B. better / and
C. best / or
D. much / or
62. Of all the stars , the sun is ______ to us . A. near B. nearer C. the nearest D. farther
63. In the country , it's very _____ in November , but it's even _____ in December .
A. cold / cold
B. colder / colder
C. colder / cold
D. cold / colder
64. I think the song in the film TITANIC is _____ one of the movie songs .
A. the most beautiful
B. most beautiful
C. much more beautiful
D. a beautiful
65. Thanks to man-made satellites , the world itself is becoming _____ a smaller place .
A. much
B. more
C. much more
D. most
66. I think football is _______ basketball in America .
A. more popular
B. so popular as
C. as popular as
D. less popular
67. -- Are you feeling _______ ? -- Yes , I'm fine now .
A. any well
B. any better
C. quite good
D. quite better
68. Most of the people in Guangdong are getting _______ .
A. more and more rich
B. more rich and more rich
C. richer and richer
D. richer and richest
69. Our school is becoming _______ . A. more and more beautiful B. more beautiful and more beautiful
C. more beautiful and beautiful
D. beautiful and beautiful
70. _____ you speak English , ______ your spoken English will be .
A. The more / better
B. More / the better
C. More / better
D. The more / the better
71. John Smith is_____of the two young men. A. strong B. stronger C. the stronger D. the strongest
72. She is _____ careful as I , but I'm_____than you .
A. as / much careful
B. as / much more careful
C. so / more careful
D. so / very careful
73. Bob did _____ in the maths exam than Tom. A. bad B. badly C. worse D. worst
74. -- Does Mary work carefully ? -- I think she works ___ in our class .
A. much carefully
B. more carefully
C. most carefully
D. much more carefully
75. Jane didn't do _____ in this exam , but her exam results are ______than last year's .
A. well / better
B. bad / worse
C. well / worse
D. good / better
76. This basket is _______ , but that one is ________ .
A. heavier/ heaviest
B. heavily/ heavier
C. heavy/ heavier
D. the heavy / heavier
77. I think this one is ______ better than that one. A. more B. much C. very D. so
78. Why don't you come ____ earlier ? A. little B. a little C. a few D. more
79. Shanghai is not ______ Beijing. A. as large as B. as larger as C. as large than D. so large than
80. Peter doesn't skate ______ Jack. A. as good as B. as well as C. as worse as D. as best as
81. The Changjiang River is one of _____ in the world .
A. the long river
B. the longest river
C. the longest rivers
D. the long rivers
82. --Is Dick stronger than Tom ? --No , he is not _____ Tom .
A. so strong as
B. stronger like
C. as strong
D. strong as
83. Our city is now becoming ______ . A. as beautiful as usual B. beautiful and beautiful
C. beautiful than before
D. as beautiful as a park
84. A city is usually ___ than a town . A. smaller B. Big C. small D. bigger
85. It takes me ___ time to go to school by bike than on foot.
A. less
B. the least
C. little
D. fewer
86. Eighteen is _______ than eighty. A. much less B. much little C. more less D. little
87. Last night my father went back______later than before. A. quite B. very C. even D. much more
88. The country has ______ rain in autumn than in spring. A. less B. least C. most D. fewer
89. ______ of the two women is our maths teacher .
A. Y oung one
B. The younger
C. The youngest
D. Younger
90. Tom _______ so fast as Jim. A. not runs B. runs not C. doesn't run D. isn't run
91. Mary is now much ______ than she was yesterday .
A. more happy
B. happier
C. more happier
D. happiest
92. 30 dollars isn't much money . But it's _____ than we need .
A. far more
B. very much
C. far less
D. very little
六、比较等级的句型及转换：
（一）、原级的表达句型：A+谓语+ as +原级+ as + B （A= B）as …as +主语+ can = as …as possible （二）、比较级的表达句型：（A不如B）A +谓语否定式+ so / as +原级+ as + B = B +谓语+比较级+ than + A = A +谓语+比较级反义词（或less +原级）+ than + B。prefer A to B = like A better than B
（三）、最高级的表达句型：A +谓语+ the）+最高级+ in / of 介词范围。
= A + 谓语+ 比较级+ than + any other + 名词单数+ 介词范围。
= A + 谓语+比较级+ than + the other + 名词复数+ 介词范围。
= A + 谓语+比较级+ than + the others + 介词范围。
= A + 谓语+比较级+ than + anybody / anything else + 介词范围。
= Nobody / Nothing else 介词范围+谓语+so / as +原级+ as + A。
= Nobody / Nothing +介词范围+谓语+ so / as +原级+ except + A。
Which is your favourite month？= Which month do you like best？
（四）、倍数表达：A + be +倍数+ as +形容词原级+ as + B= A + be + 多出的倍数+ 比较级+ than + B。情态动词
?情态动词有：can / could, may/ might , must / must , need / needed , had better ( not do ) , will / would （愿意）, should（应该）等。
?情态动词的特点：1.不受主语的限制。2.情态动词后必须加动词原形。3.变否定句：直接在情态动词后加not，缩写如下：may not不能缩写, can not = cannot = can't , must not = mustn't；will not = won't。4.变一般疑问句：情态动词直接提前。
?can与be able to 的区别：can /could只用于一般现在时或一般过去时;be able to + 动词原形：可用于各种时态。?must与have to的区别：must表示主观条件；have to表示客观条件。
must只用于一般现在时或一般过去时；have to + 动词原形：可用于各种时态。
在肯定句中，must = have to；但mustn't （禁止）不等于don't have to（不必），而don't have to = needn't。?need的用法：①need作情态动词：适合情态动词的各种特点。②need作行为动词（适合行为动词的特点）：后加名词或代词。后加动词不定式to do（主语与动词do是主动关系）。后加动名词doing（主语与动词do是被动关系），相当于to be done。变否定句：在主语后加don't / doesn't / didn't , 再加动词原形need。变一般疑问句：在主语前加Do / Does / Did , 再加动词原形need。?情态动词表示推测：can表示推测用于否定句和疑问句，可能性较大。may表示推测用于否定句和肯定句，可能性较小。must表示推测用于肯定句，可能性较大。?情态动词引导一般疑问句及回答：
Can I …？Y es , you can . No , you can't .
May I …？Yes , you may . No , you can't / mustn't .
Must I …？Yes , you must . No , you needn't / don't have to.
Need I …？Y es , you must . No , you needn't / don't have to.
练习：选择填空。
1. -- Would you like to go swimming with me this afternoon ?
-- I'd love to . But I'm afraid I _______ . I have too much work to do .
A. can't
B. mustn't
C. needn't
D. may not
2. You _____ go and ask Meimei . She ______ know the answers .
A. must / can
B. must / may
C. need / can
D. can / may
3. -- Mum , may I watch TV now ? -- Sure . But you ____ help me with my housework first .
A. can
B. may
C. must
D. could
4. -- Who is the man over there ? Is it Mr Li ? -- No , it ___ be him . Mr Li is much taller .
A. mustn't
B. may not
C. can't
D. needn't
5. -- Must I hand in my exercise book now ? -- No . You _____. A. needn't B. can't C. mustn't D. won't
6. -- May I go to the cinema . Mum ? -- Certainly . But you ___ be back by 11 o'clock .
A. can
B. may
C. must
D. need
7. -- It nearly took me an hour to walk here. --- Have a drink , then . You ___ be thirsty .
现在完成时的讲解 基本结构：主语+have/has+过去分词(done) ①肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他 ②否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他 ③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他 ④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他） （1）现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在. I have spent all of my money.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.) Jane has laid the table.(含义是:现在桌子已经摆好了.) Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱) He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地) （2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作（用行为动词表示）或状态（be动词表示）常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用. Mary has been ill for three days. I have lived here since 1998. 注（超重要）：瞬间动词（buy,die,join,lose……）不能直接与for since 连用。要改变动词 come-be go out-be out finish-be over open-be open die-be dead ……………… 1.have代替buy My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years. 2、用keep或have代替borrow I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days. 3、用be替代become How long has your sister been a teacher? 4、用have a cold代替catch a cold Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday. 5、用wear代替put on b)用“be＋形容词”代终止性动词 1、be＋married代marry 2、be＋ill代fall (get) ill 3、be＋dead代die 4、be＋asleep代fall (get) asleep 5、be＋awake代wake/wake up 6、be＋gone代lose,die,sell,leave 7、be＋open代open 8、be closed代close/shut 9、be＋missing(gone,lost)代lose c)用“be＋副词”代终止性动词 1“be＋on”代start,begin 2“be＋up”代get up 3“be＋back(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to 4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等 d)用“be＋介词短语”代终止性动词 1.“be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to 2.用be in the army 代替join the army
目录 1现在完成时的构成 (2) 2现在完成时的用法 (5) 3 使用现在完成时需注意事项 (7) 4过去完成时与现在完成时的比较 (12) 练习题 (13) 答案 (16)
现在完成时对于我们来讲是所有时态中最难掌握的一种。因为它并不是表示发生于某一时间的事情，而是既涉及过去，又联系现在的一种时态。请参见下列三个例句： 例：1.I live in Beijing. 我住在北京。 2.I lived in Beijing. 我住过北京。（我在北京住过。） 3.I have lived in Beijing. 我一直住在北京。 例1.的live是一般现在式，表示“我现在住在北京”这一事实。 例2.的lived是过去式。这句只是表示在过去的某一时期我在北京住过，至于现在住不住在北京则不清楚。 例3.的have lived是现在完成时，表示我在过去的某一时间开始住在北京，现在也住在北京。表示从过去到现在的一种继续状态。 1现在完成时的构成 现在完成时的形式是“have （has）+过去分词”，表示继续、完了、结果和经验等四种意思。 现在完成时的否定句是在have（has）的后面加上not，疑问句是将have（has）置于主语之前。 1现在完成时的肯定句 句型：
We have lived in Beijing. 我们一直住在北京。 He has lived in Beijing. 他一直住在北京。 过去分词的三种用法 过去分词有下列三种用法（过去分词的构成详见第六章）：1.构成现在（过去）完成时 have（has）+过去分词～ I have written the letter. 我写完这封信了。 2.被动语态：参见第十三章 be + 过去分词～ He was looked after.他受到照顾。 3.用于形容词 This is a broken chair. 这是一张坏的椅子。 2现在完成时的否定句 句型：主语+have（has）+not +过去分词～. I have not seen the movie yet.
LESSON EIGHT 四种完成时态 主系表 现在：You are rich. 过去：You were rich. 将来：You will be rich. 过去将来：You would be rich. There be 现在：There is a book on the desk . 过去：There was a book on the desk. 将来：There will be a book on the desk. 过去将来：There would be a book on the desk. 主谓宾状 现在：You study English in the school. 过去时：You studied English in the school. 将来时: You will study English in the school. You are going to study English. You are to study English. You are about to study English 过去将来：You would study English in the school You were going to study English. You were to study English. You were about to study English. You are studying English. You were studying English. You will be studying English. You woud be studying English. 课堂练习 1：你知道你们老师的爸爸昨天为什么要打beat他？ 2：你知道你们班的那个女孩子怎样成为你们班最好的学生吗？3：你知道昨天他们家的狗为什么咬bit bite你吗？ 4：我妈妈昨天问我我打算在哪学英语.
现在进行时 元音：a e i o u（其它为辅音） 现在进行时表示动作发生的时间是“现在”，动作目前的状态是“正在进行中”。所谓“正在进行中”，是指在谈到这件事的时候，这个动作还在进行中。至于它是什么时候开始的，什么时候会停下来，不是我们关心的。所以“正在进行时”的事件，可能发生几年了，也可能只有几分钟。仍在进行中这是“正在进行时”的关键所在。它是一件持续进行的事情。 一．定义： 现在进行时的定义：现在进行时表示现在或当前一段时间正在进行的动作。可以表示有计划的未来，也就是用现在进行时表示将来。 二．构成： 现在进行时的构成是:主语+be+v.ing〔现在分词〕形式。 be的变化 在现在进行时中，be 要根据人称代词和名词的单复数不同，而分别使用am/is/are，即：I am/he/she/it 包括单数名词和不可数名词用is,you/we/they 包括复数名词用are. 第一人称单数：I+am+doing+Sth. 第一人称复数We+are+doing +Sth. 第二人称单(复)数 You+are+doing+Sth. 第三人称单数 He（She，it）+is+doing+Sth. 第三人称复数 They+are+doing +Sth. 三．现在进行时的变化 肯定句式：主语+be( am, is, are)+现在分词+其它. 否定句式：主语+be(am, is, are) +not +现在分词+其它. 一般疑问句：Be(am, is, are) +主语+现在分词+其它？ 特殊疑问句：疑问词+be(am, is, are)+主语+现在分词+其它？ 对现在进行时的特殊疑问句的回答，它不可以用Yes或No直接作答，要根据实际情况回答。
初中英语过去完成时态讲解试题 过去完成时态 1）过去完成时态的构成： 肯定式：had + 动词的过去分词 否定式：hadn't + 动词的过去分词 疑问式：Had … + 动词的过去分词 简略回答: Yes, 主 + have/has had. No, 主 + had现在完成时的用法 过去完成时的用法： 1、表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作。他表示的时间是"过去的过去 "常与by last year, by the time of yesterday,等连用。如： She said she had seen the film 4 times. When Mr Li got to the classroom, all the students had begun reading. By the time they arrived, the bus had left. 2、表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。常与for (后跟段时间)或since (后跟点时间)等连用.如: She had worked in this school since it opened 25 years ago. 例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！ 1. He ______ in Shanghai University for four years before he ______ Beijin g. A. studied, had gone B. had studied, went C. has studied, goes D. had studied, had gone
现在完成时的构成 一）肯定式 主语＋助动词have ／has ＋过去分词＋其它 说明：这里的have ／has是助动词，没有什么具体意义。当主语是第三人称单数时助动词 用has，其余人称一律用have。has，have的缩略式分别为's或've。规则动词过去分词的构 成与过去式的构成方式一样，不规则动词可参看不规则动词表。实例： 1）I've just copied all the new words ．我刚抄写了所有的生词。(表示不要再抄了) 2）She has lost her books ．她丢失了她的书。（表示到目前为止还没有找到） (如果用过去时：She lost her books . 则强调书是过去丢的这一动作，而不知现在有没有找到) 3）We've just cleaned the classroom ．我们刚好打扫了教室。（表明现在教室是干净的） 二）否定式 主语＋助动词have ／has＋not＋过去分词＋其它 说明：现在完成时构成否定句时，只需在助动词have ／has后面加not就行。have not，has not的缩略式分别为haven't ，hasn't。另外，肯定句中有some，already时，改为否定时要分 别改成any，yet。实例： 1）I haven't finished my homework yet．我还没有完成我的作业。 2）She hasn't travelled on a train ．她没有坐火车旅行过。 3）We have never spoken to a foreigner．我们从来没有和外国人说过话。 注：有时not可以用never代替，表示“从来没有”的意思。又如： 4）I have never seen him before．以前我从来没有见过他。 三）一般疑问式 助动词Have ／Has ＋主语＋过去分词＋其它？ 说明：把陈述句中的have或has放到句首，句末打问号，同时把句中的some ，already改为any ，ye t就构成了一般疑问句。肯定回答用“Yes ，主语＋have／has．否定回答用“No，主语＋haven't／hasn't．”有时也可以用“No，not yet．／No ，never．／No，not even once．”等。实例：
现在进行时 现在进行时表示动作发生的时间是“现在”，动作目前的状态是“正在进行中”。所谓“正在进行中”，是指在谈到这件事的时候，这个动作还在进行中。至于它是什么时候开始的，什么时候会停下来，不是我们关心的。所以“正在进行时”的事件，可能发生几年了，也可能只有几分钟。仍在进行中这是“正在进行时”的关键所在。它是一件持续进行的事情。 定义： 现在进行时的定义：现在进行时表示现在或当前一段时间正在进行的动作。可以表示有计划的未来，也就是用现在进行时表示将来。 构成： 现在进行时的构成是:主语+be+v.ing〔现在分词〕形式 第一人称单数 I+am+doing+Sth. 第一人称复数 We+are+doing +Sth. 第二人称单(复)数You+are+doing+Sth. 第三人称单数He（She，it）+is+doing+Sth. 第三人称复数They+are+doing +Sth. 肯定句:主语+be（is/am/are）+现在分词 否定句：主语+be（is/am/are）+not+现在分词 一般疑问句:be（is/am/are）+主语+现在分词 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+相应be动词+主语+现在分词+Sth
变化规则： 1.直接+ ing(例：sleep+ing sleeping) 2.去掉不发音的e+ing(例：bite-e+ing biting) 3.重读闭音节，且末尾只有1个辅音字母，双写辅音字母+ing (例：sit+t+ing sitting) 4.特殊变化：die-dying,lie-lying，tie-tying 5.不规则变化 句型构成： 现在进行时 助动词be 动词的现在分词（ing形式）。 be的变化 在现在时中，be 要根据人称代词和名词的单复数不同，而分别使用am/is/are，即：I am/he/she/it 包括单数名词和不可数名词用is,you/we/they 包括复数名词用are. 注意：be 动词在现在时里算作“助动词”，翻译正在进行时的时候，be不能解释为“是”，否则不通顺。它只是和现在分词一起构成“进行时”。 现在分词加ing的规则 现在分词是在动词后加上ing 构成。如:starting,working, coming, sitting 等都是现在分词。现在分词的变化规则是固定的，大家用心记一下就可以了。
过去完成时专项练习 1. 1. 单项选择 1．He asked me _____ during the summer holidays. A. where I had been B. where I had gone C. where had I been D. where had I gone 2. What ____ Jane ____ by the time he was sever? A. did, do B. has, done C did, did. D. had, done 3. I ______ 900 English words by the time I was ten。 A. learned B. was learning C. had learned D. learnt 4. She ______lived here for ______ years. A. had, a few B. has, several C. had, a lot of D. has, a great deal of 5. By the time my parents reached home yesterday, I _____ the dinner already. A had cooked B. cooked C. have cooked D. was cooked 6. She said she __________ the principle already A .has seen B. saw C. will see D. had seen 7. She said her family _______ themselves ______ the army during the war. A. has hidden, from B. had hidden, from C. has hidden, with D. had hidden, with 8. By the time he was ten years old, he _________. A. has completed university B. has completed the university B. had completed an university D. had completed university 9. She had written a number of books ______ the end of last year. A. for B. in C. by D. at 10. He _____ to play ____ before he was 11 years old. A had learned, piano B. had learned, the piano C. has learned, the piano D. learns ,piano. 11. What _______ Annie ____ by the time he was ten? A. did, do B. did, did C. has, done D. had done 12 .He ___ in the factory for three years before he joined the Army. A. has worked B. works C. had worked D. will work
完成时篇（一）——现在完成时 [提问] 请问在句子“Working in London has been the best decision I have made so far. （Experiencing English Integrated Book1 Page71）”中，为什么时间状语是完成时的情况下，主句仍然可以使用现在完成时呢？ 答：完成时态通常表示已完成或已经开始从事的动作，它可以分为现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时以及完成进行时。根据定义我们可以了解到，除了表示到现在为止动作已经完成或已经开始以外，还有多种情况可以用现在完成时来表达。 一、动作从过去某个时间开始发生，延续到现在，并且说话前已经完成。 例如：The mission has been carried out well.任务已经很好地完成了。 Those girls have eaten two big cakes.女孩们已经吃了两个蛋糕了。 二、某个动作或状态发生在过去，持续并影响现在，有可能会继续保持下去。 例如：My brother has been abroad for several years.我哥哥已经出国好几年了。 It has rained all morning.雨下了一个早晨。 Up to now, parents have accepted the pop music youths prefer to.现在，家长们 已经接受了年轻人喜欢的流行音乐。 I have known him since the summer in 2001.自2001年的那个夏天，我就认识他了。 三、动作发生在现在之前的某个时间，可能是多次动作的集合，也表示习惯性的动作或 状态。 例如：Xiao Qin has come over here three times in the daytime.白天小覃已经来过三次了。 Which countries have you traveled recently?最近你都去过那些国家？ How many papers have you read today? 你今天看了几篇论文？ 四、动作过去曾发生过一次或多次，也可能是一种经历。 例如：Students are very pride that the president has once visited their school. 学生们为总统曾访问过他们学校而骄傲。 Accidents like this have happened more than 20 times these years.这几年此类事故发生不下20起。 在现在完成时态的句子中，常伴随的时间状语有：already，yet，ever，never，just，before，lately，recently，till/until，always，now，since，today; in past years，all morning，all one’s life，up to now，these days，this week/month/year，for a long time。 现在完成时中有几点语法点要注意的： 1）for引出的时间状语只能修饰表示延续性动作的动词。不能用来修饰表示瞬间、短 暂动作或位置转移的动词。如John has come to China for three years，此句错误，come这个动作是短暂性动词，不可能持续发生，因此可改为John has been in China for three years，约翰已经爱中国生活了3年。短暂性动词有appear, begin，borrow，buy，come，close，die，fall，find，finish，join，kill，leave，lend，lose，see，start，stop。 2）在表示时间或条件的状语从句可以用现在完成时表示将来完成的动作。 例如：He will not quit my job until his parents have permitted.父母允许后他才会辞职。 I will arrive at 6 o’clock if the car h as been prepared then.如果到时车准备好了，我能在6 点到达。 3）It is the first/second time that…这个结构中，that从句要用现在完成时。 例如：It is the first time that I have heard of his deeds.这是我第一次听说他的事迹。
英语语法现在完成时的 基本例句 SANY标准化小组 #QS8QHH-HHGX8Q8-GNHHJ8-HHMHGN#
现在完成时的基本例句： 1．I have worked here since 1970. 自1970 年以来我就在这儿工作。 2．He has been to the Great Wall twice. 他已经去过两次长城了。 3．Mike has just finished his homework. 迈克刚做完他的作业。 现在完成时是描述过去发生的而与现在情况有关的事或状态（例2， 例3），或是从过去某时到现在为止这一段时间中发生的情况（例1），换言之，现在完成时是表现从过去到现在的事情。2 现在完成时的用法现在完成时的形式皆以“ have(has)+过去分词”来表示，有“继续”、“完了”、“结果”、“经验”等用法。 继续 I have studied English for three years. 我已经学习英语三年了。 She has been sick since last month. 她从上个月就生病了。 经验 I have visited Beijing many times. 我访问过北京好多次了。 Have you ever been to Hawaii 你曾经去夏威夷吗 完成 I have just finished my homework. 我刚刚完成我的家庭作业。 Has he finished his work yet 他作好工作了吗 结果 My brother has become a teacher. 我哥哥已经成为一名教师了。 I have lost my watch. 我手表弄丢了。（我现在仍旧没有表）
一、写出下列动词的现在分词 play________ run__________ swim _________make__________ go_________ like________ write________ _ski___________ read________ have_________ sing ________ dance_________ put_________ see________ buy _________ love____________ live_______ take_________ come ________ get_________ stop_________ sit ________ begin________ shop_______ 二、用所给的动词的正确形式填空 1.The boy __________________ ( draw)a picture now. 2. Listen .Some girls _______________ ( sing)in the classroom . 3. My mother _________________ ( cook )some nice food now. 4. What _____ you ______ ( do ) now? 5. Look . They _______________( have) an English lesson . 6.They ____________(not ,water) the flowers now. 7.Look! the girls ________________(dance )in the classroom . 8.What is our granddaughter doing? She _________(listen ) to music. 9. It’s 5 o’clock now. We _____________(hav e)supper now. 10.______Helen____________(wash )clothes? Yes ,she is . 三、句型转换 1. They are doing housework .(分别改成一般疑问句和否定句) _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 2 The students are cleaning the classroom . ( 改一般疑问句并作肯定和否定回答) _________________________________________________________________
【初中语法系列】过去完成时，过去的过去！对于理解过去完成时来说，其要义只有一点，那就“过去的过去”。 一.过去完成时的概念与结构 概念： 表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去（past-in-the-past ）”。 构成： “助动词had +过去分词”，其中had 通用于各种人称。 They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.在到达旅馆之前，他们已经吃过了早饭。 二.过去完成时的用法 1.表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在“过去的过去”。例如： When I woke up, it had stopped raing. 我醒来时，雨已经停了。（雨停发生在醒来之前，即“过去的过去”） 2.表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。例如： By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years.到去年年底为止，他已经在这个工厂工作了20年。（到去年年底为止已工作了20年，还有继续进行下去的可能） 三.过去完成时的判断依据 1.由时间状语来判定
一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有： （1）by +过去的时间点，例如： I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night. 到昨天晚上九点钟为止，我已经读完了这本小说。 （2）by the end of +过去的时间点，例如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.到上学期末为止，我们已经学了两千多单词。 （3）before +过去的时间点，例如： They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 在xx之前，他们已经植了六百棵树。 2.由“过去的过去”来判定 过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指在过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在： （1）宾语从句中 当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。例如： She said that she had seen the film before. 她说她之前看过这部电影。 （2）状语从句中 在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。例如：
现在完成时 现在完成时 一、结构： have / has +动词过去分词 haven’t / hasn’t + done Have / Has + 主语+ done 二.用法：表示到说话时刻为止已经做或尚未做过的动作。常用already, yet, so far, by now, since two days ago, for a few days 等词语作状语。 注：give, see, come, arrive, leave(离开)，begin, start, finish, join, become, borrow, lend, die, end 等点时间动词可以用于完成时，但在肯定句中不能与表示一段时的since和for 短语连用，因为点时间动词不能延续，而在否定句中可以与表示一段时间的for短语连用，因为否定的点时间动词可以看作是一种可延续的状态。 Mike has come for a year.( 〤) Mike has been here for a year( √) Mike hasn’t come for a year.（√） 过去完成时 表示截止到过去某一时刻或在过去的动作之前（过去的过去）已经做或尚未做的动作。 B y (=up to )last weekend we hadn’t got any information. When he appeared, we had waited for 30 minutes. 现在完成时考点 考点一：考查基本概念 例Both his parents look sad . Maybe they ______what's happened to him .Ａ. knew Ｂ. have known Ｃ. must know Ｄ.will know 考点二：考查时间状语 例1. He has _______ been to Shanghai , has he ? Ａ. already Ｂ.never Ｃ.ever Ｄ. still 例2. Have you met Mr Li ______？ Ａ. just Ｂ. ago Ｃ.before Ｄ. a moment ago 例3. The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year . Ａ. is writing Ｂ.was writing Ｃ.wrote Ｄ.has written 例4.—Our country ______ a lot so far . —Yes . I hope it will be even ______ . Ａ. has changed ; well Ｂ. changed ; good Ｃ. has changed ; better Ｄ. changed ; better 例5. Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years . Ａ. was ; studying Ｂ. will ; study Ｃ. has ; studied Ｄ. are ; studying
英语语法现在进行时归纳总结 一、单项选择现在进行时 1．-- I am afraid I can’t help you with your project. I ________ a model these days. -- It doesn’t matter. I will finish it by myself. A．make B．will be making C．am making D．have made 【答案】C 【解析】 试题分析：考查动词时态。句意：我恐怕不能帮你完成项目了，这几天我要做一个模型。没关系，我会自己完成。表示这几天一直要做的事情，用一般现在时表示将来，故选C 项。 考点：考查动词时态 2．—I some courses at university，so I can’t work full time at the moment． A．take B．am taking C．took D．have taken 【答案】B 【解析】 试题分析：考查动词的时态。句意：因为我正在上学，所以不能在这时候做全职的工作。根据下方提到so I can’t work full time at th e moment 可知我正在上学，故选B 项。 考点 : 考查动词的时态 3．The water supply has been cut off temporarily because the workers the main pipe．A．repair B．repaired C．have repaired D．are repairing 【答案】D 【解析】 试题分析：考查动词的时态。句意：因为工人正在修理主管道，所以水供应暂时被切断。根据语境表示，修理管道这件事正在进行，所以选D项。 考点 : 考查动词的时态 4．– Do you think we should accept that offer? -- Yes, we should, for we ___such bad luck up till now, and time __ out. A．have had; is running B．had; is running C．have; has been run D．have had; has been run 【答案】A 【解析】 【详解】 考查动词的时态。 句意：---你认为我们应该接受那个建议吗？ ---是的，我们应该，因为到目前为止我们已经运气很糟糕，并且时间也正在被耗尽。
现在完成时 1. Kate’s never seen Chinese films，____ ? A. hasn’t she B. has she C. isn’t she D. is she 2. -Ann has gone to Shanghai. -So ______her parents. A. has B. had C. did D. have 3. -Mum, may I go out and play basketball? ______you______ your homework yet? A. Do；finish B. Are；finishing C. Did；finish D. Have；finished 4. -______ you ______anywhere before? -Yes, but I can’t remember where I______ A. Did；surf；surfed B. Have；surfed；surfed C. Did；surf；have surfed D. Have；surfed；have surfed 5. His brother has been to Stone Forest twice______he came to Yunnan. A. after B. before C. since D. for 6. Tom______the CD player for two weeks. Ａ. has lent B. has borrowed C. has bought D. has had 7. I______a letter from him since he left. A. didn’t receive B. haven’t got C. didn’t have D. haven’t heard 8. -Have you ever______Beijing to see the Forbidden City? -Yes, I have. A. went to B. gone to C. been in D. been to 9. My parents ______ Shangdong for ten years. A. have been in B. have been to C. have gone to D. have been 10. I won’t go to the concert because I ____my ticket. A. lost B. don’t lose C. have lost D. is coming 11. – Where is Mr Liu? - He________ the library. A. has been to B. has gone to C. has been in D.has went 12. The cleaners have cleaned the streets, ________? A. so they B. don’t they C. have they D. haven’t they 13. I like Beijing. I________ there three times. A. went B. go C. have been D. have gone 14.We came to Shanghai three years ago, so we_______here for two years. A. have been to B. have been in C. have been D. have gone 15.- How long_______you _______your exam paper? - About three months. A. did；buy B. have；get C. have；had D. have；bought 16. He tells me he ________China for over eight years. A. has been B. has been in C. has been to D. has gone to 17.____has Mr. Brown been a member of the party since he_____to China? A. How soon；comes B. How often；got C. How long；came D. How far；arrived 18. His parents________ for more than 3 years. A. have come here B. have started to work C. have lived there D. have left the university 答案：1.B 2.D 3.D 4.D 5.C 6. D 7.B 8.D 9.A 10.C 11.A 12.D 13. C 14.C15 C16.B 17.C 18.C
初中英语语法——过 去完成时
初中英语语法——过去完成时 过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态。过去完成时是一种相对状态，情调动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。 1.过去完成时谓语动词的结构形式 过去完成时谓语动词的结构形式为：助动词had+过去分词。had在句中没有人称和数的变化。如： My father had left before I came here. My parents had begun to work by the time I got up. 2.过去完成时的用法 （1）表示在过去某时刻或在过去另一动作之前所完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。如： She had learned English before she came to English. I asked him if he had ever seen a whale blowing. （2）表示过去某一时间以前开始一直延续到那个时间并可能继续下去的动作或状态，常与for或since引导的表示时间的短语或从句连用。如： He had studied English for five years when he went to the middle school. He had been ill for a week when he was sent to the hospital. （3）过去完成时还经常用于主句为过去时的宾语从句中。在宾语从句中，主句用了一般过去时，从句表示完成用过去完成时。如： He said he had been a soldier. They said they had seen the film. （4）表示过去未曾实现的希望或计划用过去完成时。如：