(完整版)(英语语法)四种完成时态

LESSON EIGHT四种完成时态主系表现在：You are rich.过去：You were rich.将来：You will be rich.过去将来：You would be rich.There be现在：There is a book on the desk .过去：There was a book on the desk.将来：There will be a book on the desk.过去将来：There would be a book on the desk.主谓宾状现在：You study English in the school.过去时：You studied English in the school.将来时: You will study English in the school.You are going to study English.You are to study English.are about to study Englishwould study English in the scho You were going to study English.You were to study English.You were about to study English.You are studying English.You were studying English.You will be studying English.You woud be studying English.课堂练习1：你知道你们老师的爸爸昨天为什么要打beat他？2：你知道你们班的那个女孩子怎样成为你们班最好的学生吗？3：你知道昨天他们家的狗为什么咬bit bite你吗？4：我妈妈昨天问我我打算在哪学英语.5：你知道你们学校的图书馆去年有多少图书吗？6:你知道他的父亲什么时候死的吗？7：你知道老鼠mouse为什么爱大米rice吗？8：你知道你们老师明年打算写多少本书吗？9：你知道你们老师现在在哪吃午饭的吗?10：你知道昨天晚上7点半你爸爸和你妈妈在客厅里做什么呢吗？11：那个医生告诉我他临时在这个医院帮忙。

英语共有十六个时态、四个体.（注：四个体为——一般、进行、完成、完成进行。

）（1）一般现在时1. 概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。

2. 基本形式（以do为例）:第三人称单数：does（主语为非第三人称单数）；肯定句：主语＋动词原形＋其他；He works for us.否定句：主语＋don‘t/doesn’t＋动词原形＋其他;He doesn't work for us.一般疑问句：Do/Does＋主语＋动词原形＋其他。

肯定回答：Yes，（＋主语＋do/does）．否定回答：No，（＋主语＋don’t/doesn't.）特殊疑问句:疑问词+一般疑问句语Does he work for us?Yes， he does。

No, he doesn’tWhat does he do for us?He works for us。

（2）一般过去时1。

概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。

be动词＋行为动词的过去式否定句式：在行为动词前加didn‘t,同时还原行为动词，或was／were＋not；was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did提问，同时还原行为动词例如： Did he work for us?He didn’t work for us.He worked for us。

（3）一般将来时1。

概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。

am／are／is＋going to＋do 或will／shall＋doam/is/are/about to + doam/is/are to + do；一般将来时的表达方法be going to +动词原形be +不定式，be to+动词原形,be about to ＋动词原形be able to +不定式be about to+动词原形will + 动词原形；例如：He is going to work for us。

英语语法时态知识点归纳英语语法时态知识点归纳时态是语法中的一个重要方面，它指的是动词所表示的时间形式。

英语语法中涉及的时态种类比较多，包括简单现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、过去完成时和将来完成时等。

在学习英语语法的过程中，对这些时态的掌握是必不可少的。

下面，本文将对各个时态的用法进行细致的归纳总结。

一、简单现在时简单现在时是英语语法中最基本的时态之一，它表示目前的状态、习惯性的行为、普遍真理等意义。

其结构为主语+动词原形。

例如：1. I work in a bank. (我在一家银行工作。

)2. She always wakes up early. (她总是早起。

)3. Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. (水在一百摄氏度时沸腾。

)二、一般过去时一般过去时表示过去某个时刻或某一段时间发生的动作或状态。

其结构为主语+动词过去式。

例如：1. I went to London last year. (去年我去过伦敦。

)2. He played football with his friends yesterday. (他昨天和朋友们踢足球。

)3. She lived in New York for five years. (她在纽约住了五年。

)三、现在进行时现在进行时表示目前正在进行的动作或现阶段的状态。

其结构为主语+ be动词（am/is/are）+动词-ing。

例如：1. I am studying English at the moment. (我现在正在学习英语。

)2. He is cooking dinner in the kitchen. (他正在厨房里煮晚餐。

)3. They are watching TV together. (他们正在一起看电视。

)四、过去进行时过去进行时表示在过去某个时间正在进行的动作或状态。

其结构为主语+ was/were+动词-ing。

(英语语法)四种完成时态-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1LESSON EIGHT四种完成时态主系表现在： You are rich.过去： You were rich.将来： You will be rich.过去将来：You would be rich.There be现在：There is a book on the desk .过去：There was a book on the desk.将来：There will be a book on the desk.过去将来：There would be a book on the desk.主谓宾状现在：You study English in the school.过去时：You studied English in the school.将来时: You will study English in the school.You are going to study English.You are to study English.You are about to study English过去将来：You would study English in the schoolYou were going to study English.You were to study English.You were about to study English.You are studying English.You were studying English.You will be studying English.You woud be studying English.课堂练习1：你知道你们老师的爸爸昨天为什么要打beat他？2：你知道你们班的那个女孩子怎样成为你们班最好的学生吗？3：你知道昨天他们家的狗为什么咬 bit bite你吗？4：我妈妈昨天问我我打算在哪学英语.5：你知道你们学校的图书馆去年有多少图书吗？16:你知道他的父亲什么时候死的吗？7：你知道老鼠mouse为什么爱大米rice吗？8：你知道你们老师明年打算写多少本书吗？9：你知道你们老师现在在哪吃午饭的吗?10：你知道昨天晚上7点半你爸爸和你妈妈在客厅里做什么呢吗？11：那个医生告诉我他临时在这个医院帮忙。

英语语法中有16种时态，它们是：
1. 一般现在时（Simple Present）
2. 现在进行时（Present Continuous）
3. 现在完成时（Present Perfect）
4. 现在完成进行时（Present Perfect Continuous）
5. 一般过去时（Simple Past）
6. 过去进行时（Past Continuous）
7. 过去完成时（Past Perfect）
8. 过去完成进行时（Past Perfect Continuous）
9. 一般将来时（Simple Future）
10. 将来进行时（Future Continuous）
11. 将来完成时（Future Perfect）
12. 将来完成进行时（Future Perfect Continuous）
13. 一般过去将来时（Future in the Past）
14. 过去将来进行时（Future Continuous in the Past）
15. 过去将来完成时（Future Perfect in the Past）
16. 过去将来完成进行时（Future Perfect Continuous in the Past）
这些时态用于表达不同的时间和状态，帮助我们准确地描述事件的发生和顺序。

请注意，每个时态都有其特定的构成和用法。

英语各种时态的构成英语时态是英语语法中的重要部分，它表示动作发生的时间和状态。

以下是各种时态的构成：1. 一般现在时态：表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态。

基本形式为动词原形，第三人称单数时在动词后面加-s/-es。

例如：I read books every day.2. 现在进行时态：表示正在进行的动作。

基本形式为be动词+动词ing形式。

例如：He is reading a book now.3. 现在完成时态：表示已经完成的动作或存在的状态。

基本形式为have/has+过去分词。

例如：I have read the book already.4. 现在完成进行时态：表示刚刚完成的动作。

基本形式为have/has been+动词ing形式。

例如：He has been working hard all day.5. 一般过去时态：表示过去的动作或存在的状态。

基本形式为动词过去式。

例如：She read a book yesterday.6. 过去进行时态：表示过去正在进行的动作。

基本形式为was/were+动词ing形式。

例如：They were playing basketball at 3 o’clock yesterday afternoon.7. 过去完成时态：表示过去的某个时间之前已经完成的动作。

基本形式为had+过去分词。

例如：They had finished their homework before dinner.8. 过去完成进行时态：表示过去的某个时间之前一直在进行的动作。

基本形式为had been+动词ing形式。

例如：He had been waiting for the bus for hours when I arrived.。

高中英语语法: 动词时态－－完成时完成时完成时是用来表示动作的完成与未完成的情况。

完成时包括现在完成时、过去完成时和将来完成时。

A．现在完成时．现在完成时的构成现在完成时的构成形式是“have / has +过去分词”。

现在完成时常被称为“与现在有联系的过去”，因此它不能与明确的过去时间状语连用。

as bwindow.有人把窗户打破了。

I haven'ulately.我最近不常见到她。

How long have they been married?他们结婚多长时间了？．现在完成时的用法①表示结果的现在完成时现在完成时着眼于过去的动作对现在产生的结果或影响。

这是现在完成时的“已完成”用法，表示动作或过程发生在说话之前就已完成，并与现在有联系。

这种联系实际上就是“过去的动作”对现在的影响或产生的结果。

I have bought a我买了一支笔。

（结果：I have apen now.）Tature has increased by 10℃.温度上升了10摄氏度。

（结果：It is quw.）Air pollution has talives of many people.空气污染已经夺去了很多人的生命。

（结果：Air polluvus now.）注意：现在完成时的上下文所指的时态必须呼应。

【误】I have bought a pen but I have lw.（have bought表示你现在已经有笔了，这和后面的have lost 有矛盾）【正】I bought a pen but I have lw.我（过去）买了一支笔，但我已经把它丢了。

【误】I have lbut I have found it now.（have lost 强调你现在已经没有笔了，与后面have found的意思有冲突）【正】I lbut I have found it now我丢了一支笔，但现在已经找到了。

②表示经历的现在完成时强调过去某一时刻到说话时这段时间中的经历。

LESSON EIGHT四种完成时态主系表现在：You are rich.过去：You were rich.将来：You will be rich.过去将来：You would be rich.There be现在：There is a book on the desk .过去：There was a book on the desk.将来：There will be a book on the desk.过去将来：There would be a book on the desk.主谓宾状现在：You study English in the school.过去时：You studied English in the school.将来时: You will study English in the school.You are going to study English.You are to study English.You are about to study English过去将来：You would study English in the scho You were going to study English.You were to study English.You were about to study English.You are studying English.You were studying English.You will be studying English.You woud be studying English.课堂练习1：你知道你们老师的爸爸昨天为什么要打beat他？2：你知道你们班的那个女孩子怎样成为你们班最好的学生吗？3：你知道昨天他们家的狗为什么咬bit bite你吗？4：我妈妈昨天问我我打算在哪学英语.5：你知道你们学校的图书馆去年有多少图书吗？6:你知道他的父亲什么时候死的吗？7：你知道老鼠mouse为什么爱大米rice吗？8：你知道你们老师明年打算写多少本书吗？9：你知道你们老师现在在哪吃午饭的吗?10：你知道昨天晚上7点半你爸爸和你妈妈在客厅里做什么呢吗？11：那个医生告诉我他临时在这个医院帮忙。

高中英语语法（时态和语态）一.动词的时态时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。

英语动词有16种时态，但是常见的只有九种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时、现在完成进行时。

（一）一般现在时（do / does）1. 具体用法1）表示经常性或习惯性动作We always care for each other and help each other. 我们总是互相关心互相帮助。

He goes to school every day.2）表示现在的特征或状态He is very happy.Do you si ng? ----A little.3）表示普遍真理Light travels faster than sound. 光速比声速快。

Actions speak louder tha n words. 行动胜过言语。

*常与一般现在时态连用的词或短语主要有：often, usually, sometimes, every day,every morning/afternoon, on Sundays/weekends 等等。

I ofte n go to the cin ema on Sun days. 我经常星期天去看电影。

He goes to work early every day. 他每天上班很早。

（二）一般过去时（did ）（1）表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状态，常与表示确切过去时间的词、短语或从句连用。

例如：We went to the pictures last ni ght and saw a very in teresti ng film.（2）表示过去习惯性动作。

例如：He always went to class last.I used to do my homework in the library.（三）一般将来时（will / shall do）1）表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态。

CET大学英语四级语法精要大学英语四级语法精要Ⅰ动词(时态,语态,用法,省略,一致性等）1.时态1)现在完成进行时态(have/has been+-ing分词构成):动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束．I’ve been writing letters for an hour.I’ve been sitting in the garden.2)过去完成进行时(由had been+ing分词构成):过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作I’d been working for some time when he called.We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.3)将来完成进行时:将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作．By next summer,he will have been working here for twenty years.In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.4)将来完成时(由shall/will have+过去分词构成):将来某时会业已发生的事．I shall have finished this one before lunch.They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.2.语态1)可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如：He was said to be jealous of her success.It was said that he was jealous of her success.能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等．It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.The ship is supposed to have been sunk.担当be supposed to与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如：Why are you driving so fast in this area?You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit.(你应该晓得速度限制）2)双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态a)双宾语结构的被动语态:双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语．He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.b)宾补结构的被动语态:She was called Big Sister by everybody.Then he was made a squad leader.He was considered quite qualified for the job.The room was always kept clean and tidy.3.短语动词1)Vi+advThe plane took off two hours late.2)Vi+prepThey looked round the Cathedral.3)Vi+prep(有被动语态）She’s looking after her sister’s children.The children were always well looked after.4)Vi+adv+prepI began to look forward to their visits.5)Vt+O+advSome women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.The children were brought up by their mother.They took him on.6)Vt+adv+O(无被动语态）I am trying to give up smoking.7)Vt+O+prepWe talked Donald into agreement.4.省略1)在以as,than,when,if,unless等引导的从句中的省略：在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包含有动词be,主语又和主句的主语一致a),或者主语是it b),就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词be)省略掉．a)Look out for cars when crossing the street.When taken according to the directions,the drug has no side effects.While there he joined in voluntary labour on a project.Although not yet six months old,she was able to walk without support.If not well managed,irrigation can be harmful.Though reduced in numbers,they gained in fighting capacity.This viewpoint,however understandable,is wrong.Enemies,once discovered,were tightly encircled and completely wiped out.She hurriedly left the room as though/if angry.She worked extremely hard though still rather poor in health.Fill in the application as instructed.Whenever known,such facts should be reported.The documents will be returned as soon as signed.He said that no acrobat could ever perform those daring feats unless trained very young.Once having made a promise,you should keep it.b)If necessary I’ll have the letter duplicated.Fill in the blanks with articles where(ver)necessary.If possible,I should like to have two copies of it.As scheduled,they met on January20at the Chinese Embassy.2）在以than a)或as b)引起的从句中,常会有一些成分省略．a)He told me not to use more material than(it is)necessary.We should think more of the collective than of ourselves.b)They worked with as much enthusiasm as young people(did).He is now a vice-manager,but still often works in the kitchen as before.Their training is free,as is all education.We will,as always,stand on your side.3）错误的省略His life is as fully committed to books as anyone I know.While standing there in her nightgown,two bullets struck the wall beside her.5.一致1)如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有with,together with,as well as,as muchas,no less than,more than等引导的短语,谓语动词仍旧用单数形式．Terry,along with her friend,goes skating every Saturday.An expert,together with some assistants,was sent to help in this work.The captain,as well as the coaches,was disappointed in the team.2)代词作主语时的一致a)each,either,neither和由some,any,no,every构成的复合代词,都作单数看待．Each of us has something to say.Is everybody ready?Somebody is using the phone.Neither of us has gone through regular training.Has either of them told you?b)some,few,both,many等作复数c)some可后接复数,也可接单数,表示某一．none作复数看待时较多,但也有时作单数看待,主要看说话人脑中联系想到的是复数还是单数概念，但none在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数：None of the books are easy enough for usNone of us seem to have thought of it.None(=not a single one)of us has got a camera.None(=nobody)has felt it more keenly than she did.None of this worries me.all和most可后接复数,也可接不可数名词(all of the…，most of the…),动词用单数.3)由and或both…and连接名词词组时,后用复数;由not only…but(also),either…or,neither…nor或or连接的并列主语,谓语通常和最邻近的主语一致.Not only the switches but also the old writing has been changed.My sister or my brother is likely to be at home.Either you or Mr Yang is to do the work.Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuademy daughter to change her mind.如果一个句子是由there或here引导,而主语又不止一个,谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一致. There was carved in the board adragon and a phoenix.Here is a pen,a few envelopes and some paper for you.4)people,police,cattle,poultry(家禽),militia(民兵)等通常都用作复数.Cattle are grazing on the pasture.The police are looking for him.有些集体名词有时作单数看待,有时作复数看待,主要根据意思来决定.very large.His family isn’ｔHis family are all music lovers.The committee meets twice a month.The committee aredivided in opinion.The audience was enormous.The audience were greatly moved at the words.有些名词单复数同形,可根据意思决定谓语动词的数:This new series is beginning next month.These new series are beginning next month.This species is now extinct.These speciesare now extinct.5)表示时间,重量,长度,价值等的名词,尽管仍是复数形式,如果作整体看待,动词也可用单数形式(当然用复数动词也是可以的):Three weeks was allowed for making the necessarypreparations.One hundred li was covered in a single night.6)其他问题a)书名,国家名用单数:Talesfrom Shakespeare is a book by Charles Lamb.b)学科名,如mathematics,economics用单数.c)many a或more than one所修饰的词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式:Many a person has had that kind of experience.More than one person has involved in the case.a number of后接复数,the number of后接单数:A number of books have been published on the subject.The number of books published on the subject is simply amazing.d)one of those后用单数.在“one of+复数名词+关系分句”结构中，关系分句中谓语动词的单复数形式在一般情况下有两形式，一是根据先行词采用复数形式：Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful.当one之前友the only等限定词和修饰语时，关系分句谓语动词根据one而定，即采用单数形式：He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.Ⅱ非谓语动词1.不定式1)形式主动形式被动形式一般式to do to be done完成式to have done to have been done进行式to be doing完成进行式to have beendoinga)完成式:不定式的一般形式所表示的动作,通常与主要谓语表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生,或是在它之后发生.假如不定式所表示的动作,在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前发生,就要用不定式的完成式.I am glad to have seen your mother(=I am glad I have seenyour mother).(比较:I am glad to see you.)He is said to have written a new book about workers.He pretended not to have seenme.b)进行式:如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时,不定式表示的动作正在进行,这时要用不定式的进行式.quite recovered yet.You are not supposedto be working.You haven’ｔexpect you to be waiting for us here.We didn’ｔHe pretended to be listening attentively.c)完成进行式:在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作,就要用不定式的完成进行式.The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.We are happy to have been working with you.d)被动式:当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式.It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.She hated to be flattered.He wanted the letter to be typed at once.This is bound to be found out.There are a lot of things to be done.She was too young to be assigned such work.2)功用:不定式可以作主语(a),宾语(b),表语(c),定语(d)或是状语(e).a.To scold her would not be just.b.We are planning to build a reservoir here.c.One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.d.Do you have anything to declare?e.We have come to learn from you.3)不带to的不定式:a)在“动词+宾语+不定式”结构中,如果动词是表示感觉意义的see,hear,watch,smell,feel,notice等,或是表示“致使”意义的have,make,let等,其后的不定式结构不带to.John made her tell him everything.这类结构转换为被动语态时,后面的不带to的不定式一般还原为带to的不定式.She was made to tell him everything.b)在had better,had best,would rather,would sooner,would just as soon,might(just)as well,cannot but等搭配之后,动词不定式也不带to.I’ｄr ather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.They cannot but accept his term.c)在make do,make believe,let drop,let fall,let fly,let slip,let drive,let go of,let there be,hear say,hear tell,leave go of等固定搭配中,用不带to的动词不定式.John let fly a torrent of abuse at me.I’ve heard tell of him.d)在动词help(或help+宾语)之后可用不带to的不定式,也可用带to的不定式.Can I help(to)lift this heavy box?e)在介词except,but之后,如果其前有动词do的某种形式,不定式一般不带to,反之带to. There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.Smith will do anything but work on a farm.n o choice but to wait till it stops raining.There’ｓf)连词rather than,sooner than置于句首时,其后的不定式不带to.Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do,he forced himself to pick it up.出现在句中其他位置时,其后的不定式有时带to,有时不带to.He decided to write rather than telephone.The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.g)用作补语的动词不定式,如果主语是由“all+关系分句”，“thing+关系分句”，“what分句”或“thing+不定式结构”等构成，并带有do的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.What he will do is(to)spoil the whole thing.All you do now is complete the formThe only thing I can do now is go on by myself.The thing to do now is clear up this mess.The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue.4)不定式的其他用法a)too…to结构通常表示否定意义:She was too young to understand all that.enough…to结构则表示肯定意义:She was not old enough to understand all that.not too,but too,all too,only too等和不定式连用时,不定式一般不表示否定意义:He’ｓonly too pleased to help her.so…as(to)这种结构也可用不定式作状语:Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free.b)如果要说明不定是表示的动作是谁做的,可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语:It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally.在以某些形容词(如kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,wrong,right,foolish,stupid, careless,considerate,rude,naughty,impolite等)作表语时,不定式前可加一个of引起的短语,来说明不定式指的是谁的情况:kind of you to think so much of us.It’ｓ(It is)Awfully good of you to come and meet us.very nice of you to be so considerate.It’ｓIt’ｓunwise of them to turn down the proposal.2.V+ing形式(现在分词及动名词)1)形式a)完成式:如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,通常用动名词的完成形式.mention having met me.He didn’ｔI regret not having taken her advice.在某些动词后(或成语中),常用(或可以用)动名词的一般形式,尽管动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的.Excuse me for coming late.remember ever seeing him anywhere.I don’ｔ现在分词的完成式主要用在状语中,表示这动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生.Having been there many times,he offered to be our guide.Having found the cause,they were able to propose a remedy.另外,独立结构也可用现在分词的完成形式.The guests having left,they resumed their discussion.The children,having eating their fill,were allowed to leave the table.b)被动式:当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的对象时,动名词一般要用被动形式. His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.bear being made fun of like that.He couldn’ｔ但要注意,在want,need,deserve,require等动词后,尽管表示的是被动的意思,却用动名词的主动形式.My pen needsfilling.The point deserves mentioning.This problem requires studying with great care.在worth这个形容词后情形也是这样.Her method is worth trying.现在分词的被动式可以用来作定语,宾语补足语,状语及用于独立结构中.This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory.You’llfind the topic being discussedeverywhere.very well refuse.Being asked to give aperformance,she couldn’ｔThese are sold at reduced prices,the defects always being pointed out to the customers.c)完成被动式:如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生,有时需要用动名词的完成被动式.I don’ｔremember having ever been given a chance to try this method.但在多数情况下都避免使用这一形式,而用一般被动形式代替,以免句子显得累赘.现在分词的完成被动式一般用来作状语或用于独立结构中.Having been given such a good chance,how could she let it slip away?The decision having been made,the next problem was how to make a good plan.All the compositions having been written and collected,the teacher sent the students home.2)句法功用a)作主语:Walking is good exercise.nice talking to you.It’ｓThere is no denying the fact that the new method has greatly raised labour productivity.b)作宾语:Your shoes needpolishing.d elay sending the tractors over.You mustn’ｔHe avoided giving us a definite answer.c)作介词宾语:动名词作介词宾语用的时候最多.它常可以用在某些成语后面,常见的有:insist on,persist in,think of,dream of,object to,suspect…of,a ccuse…of,charge…with,hear of, approve of,prevent…from,keep…from,stop…from,refrain from,be engagedin,look forward to, opposed to,depend on,thank…for,feel like,excuse…for,aim at,devote…to,set about,spend…in, get(be)used to,be fond of,be capable of,be afraid of,be tired of,be sick of,succeed in,be interested in,feel(be)ashamedof,be proud of,be keen on,be responsible for.d)作表语:The real problem is getting to know the needsof the people.动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语.一般说来,在表示抽象的一般的行为时多用动名词;在表示具体某词动作,特别是将来的动作时,多用不定式.e)作宾语补足语:分词可以在see,hear,notice,watch,feel,find,keep,get,have等动词后作宾语补足语.The words immediately set us all laughing.Once we caught him dozing off in class.His remark left me wondering what he was driving at.在see,hear,feel,watch,notice等动词后,及可用现在分词,也可用不定式构成宾语补足语.用现在分词时,表示动作正在发生,用不定式时表示动作发生了.Do you hear someone knocking at the door?Yes,I did.I heard him knock three times.f)作状语:现在分词作状语时,通常都表示主语正在进行的另一动作,来对谓语表示的主要动作加以修饰或作为陪衬.I ran out of the house shouting.I got home,feeling very tired.Driving to Chicago that night,I was struck by a sudden thought.现在分词短语有时可以用作状语表示原因,相当于一个表示原因的状语从句.get in touch with her.Not knowing her address,we couldn’ｔSeeing nobody at home,she decided to leave them a note.want to go to the cinema.Having already seen the film twice,she didn’ｔ现在分词短语有时可用作时间状语,相当于when引起的从句:help thinking of those memorable days they spent together.Seeing those pictures,he couldn’ｔ如果两个动作是完全同时发生的,多用when或while加分词这种结构.Be careful when crossing the street.When leaving the airport,they waved again and again to us.She got to know them while attending a conference in Beijing.3)前面带有代词或名词的动名词结构:一个动名词前面可以加一个物主代词(或名词的所有格结构),来表示这个动名词逻辑上的主语.Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.Our sole worry is your relying too much on yourself.Do you mind my reading your paper?They insisted on my staying there for supper.如果不是在句子开头,这个结构常常可以用名词的普通格(或人称代词宾格),这比用所有格更自然一些.I don’ｔm ind him going.She hates people losing their temper.help,mind,admit,enjoy,leave off, 4)只能用动名词作宾语的动词:suggest,finish,avoid,stop,can’ｔrequire,postpone,put off,delay,practise,fancy,excuse,pardon,advise,consider,deny,endure, escape,miss5)既可用动名词,也可用不定式作宾语的动词:love,like,hate,dislike,begin,start,continue,intend,a ffordattempt,can’ｔb ear,propose,want,need,remember,forget,regret,neglect,try,deserve,can’ｔ等.有时两种结构之间意义差别不大,有时却有不同的意思.在remember,regret,want,try等词后差别是比较明显的.I remember seeing her once somewhere.I must remember to take my notebooks with me.I regret not having accepted your advice.I regret to say I haven’ｔgiven you enough help.want(need)to come.She doesn’ｔThe house wants(needs)cleaning.We must try to get everything done in time.t ry doing the work some other way.Let’ｓ6)悬垂修饰:分词作状语时,表示的必须是主语的一个动作或状态.Walking through the park,we saw a lot of flowers.(walking是we的动作,正确)Walking through the park,the flowers looked very beautiful.(错误)Standing on the tower,we could see the whole city.(正确)Standing on the tower,the whole village could be seen.(错误)3.分词1)意义:过去分词通常来自及物动词,带有被动意义和完成意义;而现在分词有的来自及物动词,有的来自不及物动词,通常带有主动意义和未完成意义.frozen food a freezing winda bored traveller a boring journeya lost cause a losing battlea conquered army a conquering armya finished article the last finishing touchthe spoken word a speaking birda closed shop the closing houra recorded talk a recording machine来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置修饰语,能作这样用的仅限于下面几个词,仅表示完成意义,不表示被动意义.the risen sun,fallen leaves,faded/withered flowers,returned students,retired workers,departed friends,escapedprisoners,the vanished jewels,newly-arrived visitors用作后置修饰语的过去分词一般都带有修饰语或其他成分,在意义上相当于关系分句.Most of the people invited to the reception were old friends.2)句法作用a)作定语:distinguished guest贵宾,unknown heroes无名英雄,armed forces武装部队,cannedfood罐头食品,boiled water开水,steamedbread馒头,stricken area灾区分词还可构成合成词作定语:simply-furnished room陈设简单的房间,clear-cut answer明确的答复, highly-developed industry高度发展的工业,heartfelt thanks衷心的感谢,hand-made goods手工制品,man-made satellite人造卫星b)作补足语:可以带过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有:see,hear,feel,find,think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词.I saw the students assembled in the hall.We found her greatly changed.make,get,have,keep等表示”致使”意义的动词:I have my hair cut every ten days.She got her bad tooth pulled out.Please keep us informed of the latest developments.like,want,wish,order等表示希望,要求,命令等意义的动词:want any of you(to be)involved in the scandal.I don’ｔHe won’ｔlike such questions(to be)discussed at the meeting.c)过去分词短语常用作状语,修饰谓语,很多都说明动作发生的背景或情况.Guided by these principles,they went on with the work,Delighted with her work,they made her the general manager.过去分词短语也可作状语表示原因,相当于一个表示原因的状语从句.Influenced by his example,they performed countless good deeds.有时也可说明动作发生的时间,相当于一个表示时间的状语从句.This method,tried in areas near Shanghai,resulted in a marked rise in total production.间或也可表示一个假设的情况,相当于一个条件从句.Given closer analysis,we can see this is totally wrong.偶尔也可用来代替一个“让步”状语从句.Picked20years a year,it grows tired only after40or50years.d)独立结构:在用分词短语作状语时,它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一.致.但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语,这种结构称为独立结构,一般表示一种伴随的动作或情况.He rushed into the room,his face covered with sweat.有时可以表示时间:Late that autumn,his work finished,he prepared to return to his institute.表示原因:Her eyesdimmed with tears,she did not see him enter.条件:All things considered,her paper is of greater value than yours.Ⅲ虚拟语气1.that从居中:1)wish,would rather(sooner),had better:I wish I were as strong as you.I wish I had paid more attention to our pronunciation.I wish I remembered the address.I would rather they came tomorrow(you had gone there too).I had rather(that)you told him than I did.2)suggest,order,demand,propose,command,request,desire,insist等动词后的宾语从句:The commander ordered that all civilians(should)be evacuated.He asked that he be given an opportunity to try.She urged that he write and accept the post.3)it is desired,it is suggested,it is requested,it was ordered,it was proposed,it is necessary,it isimportant,it hasbeen decided等结构后的主语从句中.It was arranged that they leave the following weekIt will be better that we meet some other time.4)suggestion,motion,proposal,order,recommendations,plan,idea等后面的表语从句和同位语从句:His sole requirement is(was)that thy system be adjusted.2.在某些句型中1)it is time thatIt is time that we went(或should go)to bed.It is high time we(should)put an end to this controversy.2)as if(though)引起的从句:They talked(are talking)as if they had been friends for years.It seems as if it was(were)spring today.He acts(acted)as if(though)he were(was)an expert.3)以lest,for fear that和in case引起的从句(这时谓语多用should+动词原形):He took his raincoat with him lest it should rain.He put his coat over the child for fear that(或lest)he should catch cold.I’ll keep a seat for you in caseyou should needit.4)以whatever,whoever,no matter what这类代词或词组引起的从句(这时,谓语多用may加动词原形构成):Whatever defects he may have,he is an honest man.Come what may,we will go ahead.不管发生什么情况,我们都要干下去.I accept that he is old and frail;be that as it may,he’ｓs till a good politician.我承认他年老体衰,然而尽管如此,它仍是优秀的政治家.3.条件句1)虚拟条件句主要有下面两类:a)表示现在及将来情况(表示纯然假设或实现的可能性不大的情况):谓语主要形式如下(be多用were这个形式):从句主句过去式would+动词原形If I were you,I wouldn’ｔl ose heart.How nice it would be if you could stay a bit longer.b)表示过去情况的虚拟条件句(与事实完全相反的假设情况),谓语主要形式如下:从句主句had+过去分词would have+过去分词She would have come if we had invited her.taken your advice,I would havemade a bad mistake,If I hadn’ｔYou wouldn’ｔh ave caught cold if you had put on more clothes.2)有时候,条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作,发生的时间是不一致的(如一个是过去发生的,一个是现在发生的).这时,动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整.这种句子可以称为错综时间条件句.If he had received six more votes,he would be our chairman now.got everything ready by now,we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.If we hadn’ｔ3)有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示,而是通过一个介词短语来表示.Without music,the world would be a dull place.We could have done better under more favorable conditions.That would have been considered miraculous in the past.But for the storm,we should have arrived earlier.4)如果条件句从句中包含有were,had,should或could,有时可把if省略掉,并把were,had,should或could放在主语前面.Had we made adequatepreparation,we might have succeeded.Should there be a flood,what should we do?Were it not for their assistance,we would be in serious difficulty.Ⅳ介词1.合成介词和复杂介词1)合成介词:inside,into,onto,out of,outside,throughout,upon within,without2)复杂介词:according to,along with,apart from,as for,as to,becauseof,by means of,in frontof,in spite of,instead of,in accordance with,on account of,on behalf of,owing to,due to,together with,up to,with regard to,prior to等2.介词在句末:This is what he is interested in.Does everyone has a seatto sit on?3.名词加介词(n+prep)1)某些名词之后要求用某些介词:solution to,faith in,glance at,needfor2)某些名词之前要求用某些介词:on one’ｓguard,at one’ｓrequest,in all probability,to mydelight4.动词加介词1)Vi+prep:prevail on,appeal to,fall into,apply for,touch upon2)Vt+O+prep:lay emphasison,take advantage of等3)Vi+adv+prep:I don’ｔw ish to break in on your thoughts.The family came up against fresh problems.You’re not telling me the whole story.You’re holding out on me.She got off with him soon after she began to work at the institution.4)Vt+O+adv+prep:take your resentment out on me.You shouldn’ｔput the shortage down to bad planning.We shouldn’ｔ5.形容词加介词about---anxious,careful,careless,certain,considerate,enthusiastic,guilty,happy,mad,particular, sad,sure,timid,unhappy,etcat---awkward,bad,clever,disappointed,disgusted,good,marvellous,quick,skilful,skilled, useless,weak,etcfor---convenient,eligible,grateful,homesick,hungry,necessary,noted,perfect,responsible,etcfrom---evident,exempt,inseparable,safe,tired,etcin---deficient,expert,liberal,quick,rich,successful,weak,etcof---apprehensive,characteristic,critical,destructive,envious,hard,inconsiderate,impatient, dependent,jealous,positive,scared,sensible,short,sick,suspicious,typical,worthy,etcon---dependent,keen,intent,etcto---acceptable,accessible,agreeable,alive,attentive,blind,comparable,courteous,deaf, destructive,essential,favourable,hostile,indifferent,married,obedient,parallel,preferable,related, responsible,sensitive,suitable,unjust,etcwith---awkward,bored,careful,disappointed,generous,identical,ill,impatient,popular,sick, wrong,etcⅤ连词1.并列连词1)表示意义的引申：and,both…and,not only…but(also),as well as,and…as well,neither…nor2)表示选择：or,either…or3)表示转折：but,while,whereas,yet,however/nevertheless(也可认为是副词）4)表示因果：for,so,therefore,hence2.从属连词1)表示时间：when,while,as,after,before,since,until(till),as soon as,once2)表示原因：because,as,since,now that,seeing that3)表示条件：if,unless,in case,provided(that),suppose,as long as,on condition(that),4)表示其他关系：(al)though,than,as/so…as,lest,in order that,so…thatⅥ定语从句1.限制和非限制性定语从句：限制性定语从句是名词词组不可缺少的一个组成部分,去掉了会造成病句或意义不明确；非限制性定语从句属于补充说明性质，去掉了不会影响主要意义，通常用逗号与它的先行词分开．The boys who wanted to play football were disappointed when it rained.The boys,who wanted to play football,were disappointed when it rained.如果定语从句的先行词是专有名词，或是带有形容词性物主代词(my,his,etc)或形容词性指示代词(this,that,etc)作限定词，其后的定语从句通常都是非限制性的：Mary Smith,who is in the corner,wants to meet you.Her mother,who had long suffered form arthritis,died last night.All these books,which have been donated by visiting professors,are to be used by the postgraduates.在非限制性定语从句中只能用who/whom指人，用which指物,通常不用that替代．My father,who had been on a visit to America,returned yesterday.All the books,which had pictures in them,were sent to the little girl.2.定语从句的引导词1)that,who,whom:非限制性定语从句，如果修饰人，一般用who,有时用that(作主语时用who较多).如果关系代词在从句中作宾语，就应当用宾格whom或that,但在大多数情况下都可以省略掉，在口语中可用who代替whom.Here is the man(whom)you’ve been looking for.He is a man(that)you can safely depend on.The people(who/that)you were talking to were Swedes.There are some people here who I want you to meet.但在介词后只能用whom:This is the man to whom I referred.但在口语中一般都把介词放到句子后面去，这时可用that,但省略时更多一些．Have you met the person about whom he was speaking?Have you met the person(that)he was speaking aboutThe girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.The girl(who/that)I spoke to is my cousin.2)限制性定语从句如果修饰“物”,用关系代词that的时候较多,也有时用which..当这个代词在从句中是用作宾语时,在绝大多数情况下都是省略的,特别是口语中(尤其是当被。

千里之行，始于足下。

英语语法16种时态总结英语语法有16种时态，包括简单现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去进行时、现在进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、一般过去将来时、过去完成将来时、现在完成进行时、过去完成进行时、将来完成进行时、将来进行进行时、将来完成进行进行时。

以下是每种时态的详细介绍。

1. 简单现在时（Simple Present Tense）这种时态表示经常性或习惯性的动作或状态。

例如：I go to school every day.（我每天去上学。

）2. 一般过去时（Simple Past Tense）这种时态表示过去发生的动作或状态。

例如：I visited my grandparents last weekend.（我上个周末去拜访了我的祖父母。

）3. 一般将来时（Simple Future Tense）这种时态表示将来要发生的动作或状态。

例如：I will go to the park tomorrow.（我明天要去公园。

）4. 过去进行时（Past Progressive Tense）这种时态表示过去某个时间正在进行中的动作或状态。

例如：They were playing tennis yesterday afternoon.（他们昨天下午正在打网球。

）5. 现在进行时（Present Progressive Tense）这种时态表示现在正在进行的动作或状态。

例如：She is reading a book now.（她现在正在看书。

）第1页/共3页锲而不舍，金石可镂。

6. 将来进行时（Future Progressive Tense）这种时态表示将来某个时间正在进行中的动作或状态。

例如：We will be having dinner at 7 o'clock tomorrow.（明天晚上7点我们将正在吃晚餐。

）7. 现在完成时（Present Perfect Tense）这种时态表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果。

英语语法16种时态表英语共有十六种时态，其表现形式如下(以study为例)一般时进行时完成时完成进行时现在 study be studying have studied have been studying过去 studied be studying had studied had been studying将来 will study wil be studying will have studied will have been studying过去将来would study would be studying would have studied would have been studying时态(Tense)是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。

因此，当我们说时态结构的时候，指的是相应时态下的动词形式。

1.一般现在时英语时态分为16种：一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、过去将来时，以及这四者的进行时、完成时和完成进行时。

用法：A)表示现在发生的动作、情况、状态和特征。

B)习惯用语。

C)经常性、习惯性动作。

例：He always helps others. (他总是帮助别人。

)D)客观事实和普遍真理。

尤其要注意，如果前后文不是一般现在时，则无法保持主句、从句时态一致。

E)表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，(仅限于一些表示“来、去、动、停、开始、结束、继续”等的动词)可以与表示未来时间的状语搭配使用常见的用法是：飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式。

例：The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon.(下一趟火车今天下午3点开车。

)How often does this shuttle bus run (这班车多久一趟 )F)在时间和条件状语从句里经常用一般现在(有时也用现在完成时)表示将来事情。

例：When you have finished the report, I will have waitedfor about 3 hours.(等你完成这份报告的时候，我就已经等了将近3个小时了。

完成时现在完成时(一)：开始于过去的动作一直持续到现在，有可能继续持续。

谓语动词为延续性动词 I have lived here for 3 years. 我仍然住在这里，而且还可能继续住下去。

如果在搬家时说这句话，则live这件事只持续到目前为止。

The teacher has taught in this school since I came here.I’ve worked in this company since I left school.since表明了动作开始的时间点。

有上下问明确告知，动作只持续到说话的时刻为止。

a. A: Have you waited long?B: I’ve waited for three hours.b. I’ve waited for him all day; I don’t want to wait any longer.特点：1. 谓语动词为延续性动词2. 动作的发生时间是过去，持续到现在，还可能继续持续下去。

3. 常常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用，是说明某个状态持续了多久。

与现在完成时搭配的时间状语1. since + 时间点a. I’ve worked in thiss company since 1980b. I’ve worked in this company since I left school. (从句中一般过去时)2. for + 时间段a. I’ve worked in this company for three years.b. Great changes have taken place in Beijing for the past few years.3. 到目前为止：until now, up until now, up to now, up till now, so far.a. We have up until now failed to take any action to decide on a common language that would further communication between nations.4. 在最近几世纪/年/月以来：in the past few years, over the past few years, during the last three months, for the last few centuries, through centuries, throughout history.a. Throughout history man has had to accept the fact that all living things must die, for the very nature of life includes death.b. Through centuries the bizarre anticss of sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed scientists anad fascinated writers.现在完成时(二)：过去发生但与现在仍有联系的动作或状态a. He has broken his leg. 他现在还在医院，所以不能和同学一起郊游。

英语四级语法总结（全）一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。

谓语动词的时态见下表：1．主动形式2．被动形式❖CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。

❖时间状语从句当中的时态：一般过去时所有的过去用一般现在时表示现在和将来现在完成时现在完成和将来完成一．非谓语动词一．不定式：一）不定式的常考形式：1)一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.语法功能：表示与谓语动词同步发生2)完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me.被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages.语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前二）不定式常考的考点：1）不定式做定语----将要发生2）不定式做状语----目的3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe.三)不定式的省略1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel+ do 表示动作的完整性，真实性；+ doing表示动作的连续性，进行性I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。

(强调"我看见了"这个事实)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.昨天我见他正在花园里干活。

（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作）❖感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable.2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原toI ‘d like to have John do it.I have my package weighed.Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn.3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do四)有些动词后只跟不定式如：want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to dobe ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to.三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。

四大时态英语，你掌握了吗？
英语时态是英语语法中最基本的内容之一，它指的是动词所表达的动作、状态或事实在时间上的属性或状态。

英语语法共有四大时态：一般现在时、一般过去时、将来时和现在完成时。

学好这四大时态可以让我们更好地掌握英语语法，下面分别介绍这四种时态：
一、一般现在时
一般现在时是一种表示现在情况或经常性事件的时态，主语为第三人称单数时，动词要加上-s或-es。

例如：He often goes to school by bus.
二、一般过去时
一般过去时表示过去某一具体时间发生过的动作或状态。

动词要过去式。

例如：Yesterday,I went to the cinema.
三、将来时
将来时表示将来要发生动作或者存在的情况，其形式为be going to do sth或will do sth。

例如：I am going to travel to Paris next month.
四、现在完成时
现在完成时用于表示过去已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响和结果，其动词形式为have/has done。

例如：I have finished my homework.
总结：
以上简单介绍了四大时态，这四个时态各有其规则，要根据不同语境选择适当时态，才能讲清要表达的意思。

同时，多做练习、多听多说多读多写，才能更好地掌握这些时态。

语法(完整版)第一讲时态一、英语各种时态构成表（以play为例）二、各种时态的功能1.一般现在时1）表示习惯的、永久性的反复发生的动作We often play together.She always takes a walk in the evening.2) 表示特征、能力或状态He resembles his father.Contradictions exist everywhere.3) 表示普遍真理、事实，也用在格言中The earth moves around the sun.Water boils at 100℃.Pride goes before a fall.4) 用在时间、条件、比较等状语从句中表示将来I’ll tell her when she comes tomorrow.I shall have a good time whether I win or lose.The nest time you come, he will be agrown-up.Whatever happens, you should keepcool-headed.5) 表示现在瞬间，用以描述动作的完成于说话的时间几乎是同时的情况，常用于体育运动的实况报道、戏法表演、技术操作表演等的解说词I declare the meeting open.Now, look, I open a box.6）表示强硬语气、严厉警告和指点道路You finish the work before ten o’clock.Either he leaves or you leave.You take the first turning ahead, then cross abridge and you see the city library.7) 表示将来时间，表示按时间表将要发生的动作或事件，或者事先安排好的动作，多表示非个人的计划，且很难变动，具有永久性。

学习必备欢迎下载四大时态复习1. 一般现在时（1）一般现在时的构成（肯定句）☆be动词：主语+be(am,is,are)+其它。

如：I am a boy.我是一个男孩。

☆行为动词：主语+行为动词(+其它)。

如：We study English.我们学习英语。

☆当主语为第三人称单数(he, she,it)时，要在动词后加"-s"或"-es"。

如：Mary likes Chinese. 玛丽喜欢汉语。

（2）一般现在时的变化☆. be动词的变化。

[否定句]：主语+ be + not +其它。

如：He is not a worker.他不是工人。

[一般疑问句]：Be +主语+其它。

如：-Are you a student? -Yes. I am. / No, I'm not.[特殊疑问句]：疑问词+一般疑问句。

如：Where is my bike?☆.行为动词的变化。

[否定句]：主语+ don't( doesn't ) +动词原形(+其它)。

如：I don't like bread.当主语为第三人称单数时，要用doesn't构成否定句。

如：He doesn't often play.[一般疑问句]：Do( Does ) +主语+动词原形+其它。

如：- Do you often play football?- Yes, I do. / No, I don't.当主语为第三人称单数时，要用does构成一般疑问句。

如：- Does she go to work by bike? - Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't.[特殊疑问句]：疑问词+一般疑问句。

如：How does your father go to work?*动词+s的变化规则1．一般情况下，直接加-s，如：cook-cooks, milk-milks2．以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾，加-es，如：guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes 3．以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：study-studies2.现在进行时（1）一般现在时的构成：be(am,is, are)+ 动词的ing形式。