Gearbox shell
In order to reduce the internal friction parts caused by the wear and power loss, infuse lubricating oil must be in the shell and the splash lubrication lubrication by the gear pair, the shaft and bearing parts of the surface of the work. Therefore, the shell side of the filler, at the bottom of the drain plug, oil level height refueling by position control. On the first axis constant mesh gear and the second axis of three radial oil hole is drilled on the gear, reverse gear and the intermediate shaft middle often meshing gear wheel hub face has a radial groove, so that lubrication in place of needle roller bearings. To prevent lubricating oil from the first clearance between shaft and bearing cap into the clutch and affect the friction performance, installation of the oil seal assembly within the bearing cover, there are back into the groove in the bearing cover inner hole, can prevent oil spills. In order to prevent the lubricating oil flowed from the second shaft backend. After the transmission in the bearing cover is equipped with oil seal assembly. In each of the bearing cover, back cover, cover, such as shell before and after the combination of surface loading seal gaskets, and the sealing glue, in order to prevent oil spills. To prevent transmission to work due to the oil temperature, pressure and oil leakage phenomenon, after in shift gear and transmission bearing cover is equipped with vent plug
According to different transmission structure form, the gearbox shell three axis and two axes
Engine usually by cylinder and flywheel shell or the elastic support on the gearbox (also known as mount) supported on the frame. Support method in engine supports two 3 support and 4.
Three-point support can decorate before 2 one before or after a two, after some engine support is bearing on the front two strong point is located in the crankcase, behind a strong point on the gearbox (e.g., Beijing 492 qa powertrain), there are in the form of a second before three support (such as liberation CA6102 powertrain).
Using supported at four o 'clock, before and after each have two points.
Engine on the frame of the bearing is elastic, this is to reduce the frame of the torsional deformation of engine in the car, and reduce the powertrain vibration and noise to the chassis and crew
The elastic support of engine operation, especially in the work is not stable, such as low speed or overload), Angle of lateral vibration can occur, so various tubes and rods are connected to the engine, such as structure must ensure that the engine vibration does not undermine their normal work, if use the hose. In order to prevent when automobile brake or speed due to deformation of the elastic element engine longitudinal displacement is too large, there are fashion with special tie. One end of the pull rod connected to the frame longitudinal beam, the other end connected to the engine, equipped with rubber bushing at two ends
-------《p opular Mechanics》
变速器壳体
为了减少内摩擦引起的零件磨损及功率损耗，须在壳体内注入润滑油，采用飞溅润滑方式润滑各齿轮副、轴与轴承等零件的工作表面。因此，壳体一侧有加油口，底部有放油塞，
油面高度由加油口位置控制。在第一轴常啮合齿轮和第二轴上的三档齿轮上钻有径向油孔，倒档中间齿轮和中间轴常啮合传动齿轮的轮毂端面开有径向油槽，以便润滑所在部位的滚针轴承。为防止润滑油从第一轴与轴承盖之间的间隙流入离合器而影响其摩擦性能，在轴承盖内安装了油封总成，轴承盖内孔中有回油槽，可以防止漏油。为防止润滑油从第二轴后端流出。在变速器后轴承盖内装有油封总成。在各轴承盖、后盖、上盖、前后壳体等的结合面处装入密封垫片，并涂密封胶，以防止漏油。为防止变速器工作时由于油温、压力升高而造成润滑油渗漏现象，在变速机构座及变速器后轴承盖上装有通气塞
根据变速器结构形式的不同，变速器壳体有三轴式和两轴式之分
发动机一般通过缸体和飞轮壳或变速器壳上的弹性支座（又称悬置）支撑在车架上。发动机的支撑方法一般有三点支撑和四点支撑两种。
三点支撑可布置成前二后一或前一后二，有的发动机的支撑是前面两个支撑点位于曲轴箱的支座上，后面一个支撑点在变速器壳上（如北京492QA型动力总成），也有采用前一后二的三点支撑形式（如解放CA6102型动力总成）。采用四点支撑时，前后各有两个支撑点。发动机在车架上的支承是弹性的，这是为了降低在汽车行驶中车架的扭转变形对发动机的影响，以及减少动力总成传给底盘和乘员的振动和噪声弹性支承的发动机运转时，特别是在工作不稳定（如低速或超载）时，可能发生横向角振动，因此与发动机相连的各种管子和杆件等结构必须保证在发动机振动时不致破坏他们的正常工作，如采用软管。为了防止当汽车制动或加速时由于弹性元件的变形而导致发动机纵向位移过大，有时装用专门拉杆。拉杆的一端与车架纵梁相连，另一端与发动机相连，两端连接处装有橡胶衬套。
-----《大众机械》
中英文对照外文翻译 汽车变速器设计 我们知道，汽车发动机在一定的转速下能够达到最好的状态，此时发出的功率比较大，燃油经济性也比较好。因此，我们希望发动机总是在最好的状态下工作。但是，汽车在使用的时候需要有不同的速度，这样就产生了矛盾。这个矛盾要通过变速器来解决。 汽车变速器的作用用一句话概括，就叫做变速变扭，即增速减扭或减速增扭。为什么减速可以增扭，而增速又要减扭呢？设发动机输出的功率不变，功率可以表示为 N = w T，其中w是转动的角速度，T 是扭距。当N固定的时候，w与T是成反比的。所以增速必减扭，减速必增扭。汽车变速器齿轮传动就根据变速变扭的原理，分成各个档位对应不同的传动比，以适应不同的运行状况。 一般的手动变速器内设置输入轴、中间轴和输出轴，又称三轴式，另外还有倒档轴。三轴式是变速器的主体结构，输入轴的转速也就是发动机的转速，输出轴转速则是中间轴与输出轴之间不同齿轮啮合所产生的转速。不同的齿轮啮合就有不同的传动比，也就有了不同的转速。例如郑州日产ZN6481W2G型SUV车手动变速器，它的传动比分别是：1档3.704:１；2档2.202:1；3档1.414:1；4档1:1；5档（超速档）0.802:1。 当汽车启动司机选择1档时，拨叉将1/2档同步器向后接合1档
齿轮并将它锁定输出轴上，动力经输入轴、中间轴和输出轴上的1档齿轮，1档齿轮带动输出轴，输出轴将动力传递到传动轴上（红色箭头）。典型1档变速齿轮传动比是3:1,也就是说输入轴转3圈，输出轴转1圈。 当汽车增速司机选择2档时，拨叉将1/2档同步器与1档分离后接合2档齿轮并锁定输出轴上，动力传递路线相似，所不同的是输出轴上的1档齿轮换成2档齿轮带动输出轴。典型2档变速齿轮传动比是2.2:1，输入轴转2.2圈，输出轴转1圈，比1档转速增加，扭矩降低。 当汽车加油增速司机选择3档时，拨叉使1/2档同步器回到空档位置，又使3/4档同步器移动直至将3档齿轮锁定在输出轴上，使动力可以从轴入轴—中间轴—输出轴上的3档变速齿轮，通过3档变速齿轮带动输出轴。典型3档传动比是1.7:1，输入轴转1.7圈，输出轴转1圈，是进一步的增速。 当汽车加油增速司机选择4档时，拨叉将3/4档同步器脱离3档齿轮直接与输入轴主动齿轮接合，动力直接从输入轴传递到输出轴，此时传动比1:1，即输出轴与输入轴转速一样。由于动力不经中间轴，又称直接档，该档传动比的传动效率最高。汽车多数运行时间都用直接档以达到最好的燃油经济性。 换档时要先进入空档，变速器处于空档时变速齿轮没有锁定在输出轴上，它们不能带动输出轴转动，没有动力输出。 一般汽车手动变速器传动比主要分上述1－4档，通常设计者首先确定最低（1档）与最高（4档）传动比后，中间各档传动比一
外国语学院2018届毕业论文文献综述（示范） 一、研究背景 近来多篇论文中出现零翻译的提法（杜争鸣，2000；邱懋如，2001；刘明东，2002；袁斌业，2002a，2002b，2002c，2002d；石琳，2003；余清萍，2003；余清萍，秦傲松，2004；肖耀田，2004），但国内学者所编三本译学词典（林煌天，1997；孙迎春，1999；方梦之，2004）均未出现零翻译这一词条，国外三本词典/术语著作（Shuttleworth & Cowie，1997；Baker，1998；Delisle，2004）亦未收入这一条目，只有国内孙迎春（2001）编著的《汉英双向翻译学语林》收进了“零翻译（音译、形译之一种）zero translation”（58页）及“zero translation零翻译（音译、形译之一种）”（268页）两个条目，同时又有贾影（2002）反对零翻译提法，并认为承认不可译有“积极作用”。但零翻译现象确实存在，如DIY（自己动手），IQ（智商），EQ（情商），这些零翻译词汇经常在汉语中出现。英语中也有类似情况，如美国《时代》周刊中报道中国特色事物时经常使用拼音，如aizi(矮子)，pizi（痞子），shiganjia（实干家），yuan（缘）（王祥兵，2002），shuangying(双赢)，guanxi(关系)（顾静，2005）。 这些研究成果揭示了零翻译现象的存在，引进了零翻译的概念，促进了翻译理论概念的扩大，但是从发表的论文及孙迎春（2001）的这两个条目来看，各自运用的名称虽同（也有不同，如杜争鸣称为不译），但概念的内涵及外延均有出入，因此有必要探讨当前零翻译研究的问题并提出相应研究对策。 二、研究现状及不足 1. 定义不统一、模糊不清 传统翻译理论多把零翻译归结为“音译法”、“移译法”，只看到技巧层面的意义，如秦建栋（1999）讨论“英汉词汇空缺现象刍议”列举“音译法”、“移译法”，袁斌业（2001）论及“英语本族人音译汉语词汇的语用分析”，虽然看到“音译在我国只能用来翻译名词，而在国外则可以用来翻译包括名词在内的各种词语”，但未能从中提炼出零翻译的概念，实际上这里已包含有零翻译与音译的某些区别。 国内最早使用zero translation这一术语的是杜争鸣（2000），但他称之为“不译”，并分析了直译、意译与不译三种翻译策略。他不停留于策略本身，从跨文化交际的视角分析了三种策略的社会语言学与跨文化交际涵义，并看到了不译的三层文化含义。不译背后体现译者对于翻译目的的认识，“而翻译的目的必然直接或间接地反映反映译者本人对翻译的文化含义的意识与潜意识，反映他翻译时所采取的文化姿态与立场。”即翻译观的问题。但从术语的精确性来说
五、外文资料翻译 Stress and Strain 1.Introduction to Mechanics of Materials Mechanics of materials is a branch of applied mechanics that deals with the behavior of solid bodies subjected to various types of loading. It is a field of study that i s known by a variety of names, including “strength of materials” and “mechanics of deformable bodies”. The solid bodies considered in this book include axially-loaded bars, shafts, beams, and columns, as well as structures that are assemblies of these components. Usually the objective of our analysis will be the determination of the stresses, strains, and deformations produced by the loads; if these quantities can be found for all values of load up to the failure load, then we will have obtained a complete picture of the mechanics behavior of the body. Theoretical analyses and experimental results have equally important roles in the study of mechanics of materials . On many occasion we will make logical derivations to obtain formulas and equations for predicting mechanics behavior, but at the same time we must recognize that these formulas cannot be used in a realistic way unless certain properties of the been made in the laboratory. Also , many problems of importance in engineering cannot be handled efficiently by theoretical means, and experimental measurements become a practical necessity. The historical development of mechanics of materials is a fascinating blend of both theory and experiment, with experiments pointing the way to useful results in some instances and with theory doing so in others①. Such famous men as Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519) and Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) made experiments to adequate to determine the strength of wires , bars , and beams , although they did not develop any adequate theo ries (by today’s standards ) to explain their test results . By contrast , the famous mathematician Leonhard Euler(1707-1783) developed the mathematical theory any of columns and calculated the critical load of a column in 1744 , long before any experimental evidence existed to show the significance of his results ②. Thus , Euler’s theoretical results remained unused for many years, although today they form the basis of column theory. The importance of combining theoretical derivations with experimentally determined properties of materials will be evident theoretical derivations with experimentally determined properties of materials will be evident as we proceed with
附录 附录A. Manual Transmission It’s no secret that cars with manual transmissions are usually more fun to drive than the automatic-equipped counterparts. If you have even a passing interest in the act of driving, then chances are you also appreciate a fine-shifting manual gearbox. But how does a manual transmission actually work? A history hows that manual transmissions preceded automatics by several decades. In fact，up until General Motors offered an automatic in 1938, all cars were of the shift-it-yourself variety. While it’s logical for many types of today’s vehicles to be equipped with an automatic――such as a full-size sedan, SUV or pickup――the fact remains that nothing is more of a thrill to drive than a tautly suspended sport sedan, snort coupe or two-sealer equipped with a precise-shifting five-or six-speed gearbox． We know whicn types or cars have manual trannies. Now let’s take a look at how they work. From the most basic four-speed manual in a car from the’60s to the most high-tech six-speed one in a car of today, the principles of a manual gearbox are the same. The driver must shift from gear to gear. Normally, a manual transmission bolts to a clutch housing (or bell housing）, in turn, bolts to the back of the engine. If the vehicle has front-wheel drive,
文献综述 大学生时间管理研究——以郑州大学西亚斯国际学院为例 姓名：代永寒学号：20091211205 专业：工商管理班级：工本2班 史蒂芬?柯维的《要事第一》 “要事第一”，顾名思义是指重要的主要的事情要放在第一时间去完成。而在实际工作中我们往往是将认为急迫的紧要的事情放在第一时间完成； 本书通过四个象限来告诉我们如何区分事情的紧急性与重要性，从而告诉我们在平常的工作中应怎样去区分事情属轻属重，以及造成事情紧急性的原因，在平常工作中要注意哪些方面以避免出现紧急事件的情况。 第一象限包括四点：A危机 B 急迫的问题C最后期限迫近的项目 D 会议准备工作等。第一象限显得紧迫与重要，但我们要知道形成第一象限的紧迫与重要主要是因被延误及没有进行计划与预测及计划所致。第二象限包含准备工作、预防、价值、筹划、建立关系、真正的再创造与赋予能力。第二象限属于质量象限，属于重要但不紧迫的事情，但我们必须要去做，因只有这样才能避免出现第一象限包含的情况。第三象限包含干扰、电话；邮件、报告；某些会议；很多临近、急迫的事情及很多流行的活动。第三象限包括“紧急但不重要的事情”，而事实上它易给人造成假象，从而形成第一象限情况。第四象限包含琐事、打发时间的工作、某些电话，解闷，“逃避”行为、无关紧要的邮件及过多地看电视；第四象限属于既不紧急也不重要的事情，它是浪费象限，第四象限中的行为是堕落行为。这四个象限告诉我们如果在办事过程中不是以重要性而是以紧要性为出发点，就会出现第一第三甚至第四象限的情况，在平常的工作中，我们要加以区分，日常工作生活中往往事情越是紧迫，反而说明事情越不重要！像最近存货系统因急着想能早日上线，在运作过程中被卡住，故一心想着去解决软件中存在的问题，而忽略了与其他人员的沟通协调，存货上软件固然重要，但与公司整体运作相比就稍显其次，没合理分配其他人员手头事项，这样会导致其他问题的增多，从而会出现第一第三象限甚至于第四象限的浪费情况。 “要事第一”，告诉我们在日常的工作与生活中要从以下方面着手加以区分、
The development of automobile As the world energy crisis and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy in one day someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not inresources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications the application of the electronic device cars and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance but also improve the automobile fuel economy performance reliability and emission spurification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system electronic control ignition system electronic control automatic transmission electronic control ABS/ASR control system electronic control suspension system electronic control power steering system vehicle dynamic control system the airbag systems active belt system electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response the use function of quick car high reliability guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards. The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example automatic transmission in road can not on the clutch can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter gear transmission pump hydraulic control system electronic control system and oil cooling system etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and stability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability. Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state so widely used in electric cars. VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car car motions of state and optimum control performance and increased automobile adhesion controlling and stability. Besides these appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously. ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of the directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear. The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and passengers safety and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and passengers in the buffer to protect the safety of life. Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities
在广州甚至广东的住宅小区电气设计中,一般都会涉及到小区的高低压供配电系统的设计.如10kV高压配电系统图,低压配电系统图等等图纸一大堆.然而在真正实施过程中,供电部门(尤其是供电公司指定的所谓电力设计小公司)根本将这些图纸作为一回事,按其电脑里原有的电子档图纸将数据稍作改动以及断路器按其所好换个厂家名称便美其名曰设计(可笑不?),拿出来的图纸根本无法满足电气设计的设计意图,致使严重存在以下问题:(也不知道是职业道德问题还是根本一窍不通) 1.跟原设计的电气系统货不对板,存在与低压开关柜后出线回路严重冲突,对实际施工造成严重阻碍,经常要求设计单位改动原有电气系统图才能满足它的要求(垄断的没话说). 2.对消防负荷和非消防负荷的供电(主要在高层建筑里)应严格分回路(从母线段)都不清楚,将消防负荷和非消防负荷按一个回路出线(尤其是将电梯和消防电梯,地下室的动力合在一起等等,有的甚至将楼顶消防风机和梯间照明合在一个回路,以一个表计量). 3.系统接地保护接地型式由原设计的TN-S系统竟曲解成"TN-S-C-S"系统(室内的还需要做TN-C,好玩吧?),严格的按照所谓的"三相四线制"再做重复接地来实施,导致后续施工中存在重复浪费资源以及安全隐患等等问题.. ............................(违反建筑电气设计规范等等问题实在不好意思一一例举,给那帮人留点混饭吃的面子算了) 总之吧,在通过图纸审查后的电气设计图纸在这帮人的眼里根本不知何物,经常是完工后的高低压供配电系统已是面目全非了,能有百分之五十的保留已经是谢天谢地了. 所以.我觉得:住宅建筑电气设计,让供电部门走!大不了留点位置,让他供几个必需回路的电,爱怎么折腾让他自个怎么折腾去.. Guangzhou, Guangdong, even in the electrical design of residential quarters, generally involving high-low cell power supply system design. 10kV power distribution systems, such as maps, drawings, etc. low-voltage distribution system map a lot. But in the real implementation of the process, the power sector (especially the so-called power supply design company appointed a small company) did these drawings for one thing, according to computer drawings of the original electronic file data to make a little change, and circuit breakers by their the name of another manufacturer will be sounding good design (ridiculously?), drawing out the design simply can not meet the electrical design intent, resulting in a serious following problems: (do not know or not know nothing about ethical issues) 1. With the original design of the electrical system not meeting board, the existence and low voltage switchgear circuit after qualifying serious conflicts seriously hinder the actual construction, often require changes to the original design unit plans to meet its electrical system requirements (monopoly impress ). 2. On the fire load and fire load of non-supply (mainly in high-rise building in) should be strictly sub-loop (from the bus segment) are not clear, the fire load and fire load of non-qualifying press of a circuit (especially the elevator and fire elevator, basement, etc.
外文翻译 文章出处《Tribology International》, 2009, 42(5):714-723 译文： 有限元热分析的陶瓷离合器 1 引言 磨料空转车辆离合器是力封闭联轴器。扭矩和高速传输被压紧表面之间产生的摩擦力所保证。应用陶瓷是因为它作为摩擦介质具有好耐热和耐磨损性能，提供了机会以驱动更高的压力，以及一个低的密度。因此，一个提功率密度启用了一个平行的最小化建筑空间。 测量使用陶瓷饰面离合器盘的第一个原型在卡尔斯鲁厄大学的一个实验室专门从事客车驱动系统进行了测试执行。在分析过程中的有限元（FE）模型是将与测量数据和测量条件的知识所构成。计算的目的是要确定在离合器盘上温度的分布以及环境中的在每一时刻的及时测量目。至关重要的是熟悉的温度范围，为了检验该系统的耐磨特性。因此，重要信息从测量数据中得出。在临界负载的情况下，预计最高温度必须在时间和空间上进行预测，为保护接近发热体的位置测量工具的。 本研究的目的是分析和修改该离合器系统通过改进，以提供更好的工作条件热传导和系统或增加转化成摩擦热的能量的对流。此外，人们希望找到更有效的更好的离合器系统设计方案。 计算是由宇宙星空的设计的软件进行的。在模型开发阶段，非常谨慎，必须采取几何元素，选择适当的简化尺寸，并且由于正确调整的时间步长大量的硬件要求瞬态计算。热物性参数的改变，如表面热对流化系数和热负荷，必须考虑到到在一个持续的基础上在时间和地点方面。离合器系统的分析测试这两方面，只能通过加热隔板连接的两个独立的模型来管理，根据该假说认为，接触温度必须是在两个相同的双方，同时他们要有适当接触，其价值需通过迭代来进行调整。计算显示，该热分区按周期变化，它沿不同的内，外接触环。在不同的冷却特性下，在陶瓷和钢之间的结果是不同的，热流从陶瓷侧面向钢侧流动。此热流也通过迭代确定;它的价值也改变了周期和不同沿着所述内和外接触环。 2 采用工程陶瓷作为摩擦材料的第一个原型机 这款检查过的离合器盘是根据“特定的陶瓷”产品而开发的，此材料的研发过程在流程在卡尔斯鲁厄大学的Institute for Product Development (IPEK)杂志上发表过。此开发过程已经具有的可能性，用于连接到一个真实的传动轴；甚至，它为面板有一个好的初始行为起到一个很好的缓冲作用。磨料配件必须符合以下基本要求：
附录 图像科学综述 近几年来，图像处理与识别技术得到了迅速的发展，现在人们己充分认识到图像处理和识别技术是认识世界、改造世界的重要手段。目前它己应用于许多领域，成为2l世纪信息时代的一门重要的高新科学技术。 1.图像处理与识别技术概述 图像就是用各种观测系统以不同形式和手段观测客观世界而获得的，可以直接或间接作用于人眼而产生视知觉的实体。科学研究和统计表明，人类从外界获得的信息约有75%来自于视觉系统，也就是说，人类的大部分信息都是从图像中获得的。 图像处理是人类视觉延伸的重要手段，可以便人们看到任意波长上所测得的图像。例如，借助伽马相机、x光机，人们可以看到红外和超声图像：借助CT可看到物体内部的断层图像；借助相应工具可看到立体图像和剖视图像。1964年，美国在太空探索中拍回了大量月球照片，但是由于种种环境因素的影响，这些照片是非常不清晰的，为此，美国喷射推进实验室(JPL)使用计算机对图像进行处理，使照片中的重要信息得以清晰再现。这是这门技术发展的重要里程碑。此后，图像处理技术在空间研究方面得到广泛的应用。 总体来说，图像处理技术的发展大致经历了初创期、发展期、普及期和实用化期4个阶段。初创期开始于20世纪60年代，当时的图像采用像素型光栅进行扫描显示，大多采用巾、大型机对其进行处理。在这一时期，由于图像存储成本高，处理设备造价高，因而其应用面很窄。20世纪70年代进入了发展期，开始大量采用中、小型机进行处理，图像处理也逐渐改用光栅扫描显示方式，特别是出现了CT和卫星遥感图像，对图像处理技术的发展起到了很好的促进作用。到了20世纪80年代，图像处理技术进入普及期，此时购微机已经能够担当起图形图像处理的任务。VLSL的出现更使得处理速度大大提高，其造价也进一步降低，极大地促进了图形图像系统的普及和应用。20世纪90年代是图像技术的实用化时期，图像处理的信息量巨大，对处理速度的要求极高。 21世纪的图像技术要向高质量化方面发展，主要体现在以下几点：①高分辨率、高速度，图像处理技术发展的最终目标是要实现图像的实时处理，这在移动
International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials Volume 17, Number 4, August 2010, Page 500 DOI: 10.1007/s12613-010-0348-y Corresponding author: Zhuan Li E-mail: li_zhuan@https://www.doczj.com/doc/a819157936.html, ? University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Preparation and properties of C/C-SiC brake composites fabricated by warm compacted-in situ reaction Zhuan Li, Peng Xiao, and Xiang Xiong State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China (Received: 12 August 2009; revised: 28 August 2009; accepted: 2 September 2009) Abstract: Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and silicon carbide dual matrix composites (C/C-SiC) were fabricated by the warm compacted-in situ reaction. The microstructure, mechanical properties, tribological properties, and wear mechanism of C/C-SiC composites at different brake speeds were investigated. The results indicate that the composites are composed of 58wt% C, 37wt% SiC, and 5wt% Si. The density and open porosity are 2.0 g·cm–3 and 10%, respectively. The C/C-SiC brake composites exhibit good mechanical properties. The flexural strength can reach up to 160 MPa, and the impact strength can reach 2.5 kJ·m–2. The C/C-SiC brake composites show excellent tribological performances. The friction coefficient is between 0.57 and 0.67 at the brake speeds from 8 to 24 m·s?1. The brake is stable, and the wear rate is less than 2.02×10?6 cm3·J?1. These results show that the C/C-SiC brake composites are the promising candidates for advanced brake and clutch systems. Keywords: C/C-SiC; ceramic matrix composites; tribological properties; microstructure [This work was financially supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No.2006AA03Z560) and the Graduate Degree Thesis Innovation Foundation of Central South University (No.2008yb019).] 温压-原位反应法制备C / C-SiC刹车复合材料的工艺和性能 李专，肖鹏，熊翔 粉末冶金国家重点实验室，中南大学，湖南长沙410083，中国（收稿日期：2009年8月12日修订：2009年8月28日;接受日期：2009年9月2日） 摘要：采用温压?原位反应法制备炭纤维增强炭和碳化硅双基体(C/C-SiC)复合材
外文翻译 Auto Transmission First, an overview of automotive transmission and the development trend Automobile available more than a century, especially from the mass production of motor vehicles and the automotive industry since the development of large, Car has been the economic development of the world for mankind to enter the modern life and have had a tremendous impact on the immeasurable, The progress of human society has made indelible contributions to the great, epoch-making set off arevolution. From From the vehicle as a power plant using internal combustion engine to start, auto transmission has become an important component. Is Generation is widely used in automotive reciprocating piston internal combustion engine with a small size, light weight, reliable operation and the use of The advantages of convenience, but its torque and speed range of smaller changes, and complex condition requires the use of motor vehicles Traction and the speed can be considerable changes in the scope. Therefore, its performance and vehicle dynamics and economy of There are large inter-contradictions, which contradictions of modern automotive internal combustion engine by itself is insoluble. Because Here, in the automotive power train set up the transmission and main reducer in order to achieve the purpose of deceleration by moment. Speed The main function of performance: ⑴ change gear ratio of motor vehicles, and expand the wheel drive torque and rotational speed of the Fan Wai, in order to adapt to constantly changing driving cycle, while the engine in the most favorable conditions within the scope of work; ⑵no change in the direction of engine rotation, under the premise of the realization of cars driving back; ⑶the realization of the free, temporary Interruption of power transmission, in order to be able to start the engine, idling, etc.. V ariable-speed drive transmission by the manipulation of institutions and agencies. Change the transmission ratio by way of transmission is divided into There are class-type, non-stage and multi-purpose three. Have class most widely used transmission. It uses gear drive, with a number of transmission ratio setting. Stepless transmission Continuously V ariable Transmission (CVT) transmission ratio of a certain The framework of multi-level changes may be unlimited, there is a common type of power and torque (dynamic fluid-type) and so on. Continuously V ariable Transmission Transmission development is the ultimate goal, because only it can make the most economical engine in working condition Can provide the best vehicle fuel economy and optimal power in order to provide the most comfortable By the feeling. Today's CVT is a typical representative of the CVT