Brief Histroy of UK

Welcome to the museum! (1)First Floor (1)Second Floor (6)Part I from the Agriculture University of Peking Imperial University to the AgricultureCollege of Peking University (6)Part II From the Agricultural School of Tsinghua College to the Agricultural College ofTsinghua University (12)Part III From Yan'an Natural Science Academy in Yan'an to the Agriculture College ofNorth China University (13)Part IV Beijing Agriculture University,Beijing Agricultural Mechanization Institute andChina Agriculture University (15)Welcome to the museum!Good morning/afternoon!Welcome to the university history museum of China Agricultural University!I am your interpreter today.My name is ABC.I'm from the college of FGI.My major is OPQ.I wish you would have a happy tour with me in this museum.First Floor1.The100th anniversaryCAU is one of the top ranked key state universities in China and directly subordinated to the Ministry of Education.It is also the oldest agricultural higher education institution in China.The history of this university can date back to1905,and in the year of2005,CAU celebrated her 100th anniversary.Look at the picture in the front middle.It is the grand occasion of the Centennial Celebration as well as World Agriculture Congress opening ceremony.A total of more than300delegates from128universities,colleges and institutes of24countries participated in the event.It was held at the Great Hall of the People on Tian'anmen Square,where the National People's Congress holds its sessions every year!The congratulation letter from the president Hu Jintao and Premier WEN Jiabao.It was the greatest honor for CAU to receive warm congratulations and personalgreetings from President HU Jintao and Premier WEN Jiabao.The president's written congratulatory message highly commended important contribution CAU made to China’s total development,and encouraged CAU students and faculty to achieve more in the construction of the new socialist countryside and a prosperous society.2.State Leaders&CAUAgriculture is the foundation for national development in China,and the state leaders,including former Chairman MAO Zedong,President HU Jintao,and Premier of State Council WEN Jiabao all attached great importance and showed personal care to the development of CAU,they conducted respective inspection tours to CAU and encouraged the faculty and students to better serve the country and the people, especially farmers in rural areas.The latest visit of state leaders was in May,2009,when President HU Jintao came here to celebrate the Youth Day with the students.He emphasized the importance of food for a nation and its people and expected CAU students to continuously follow the university motto:Tackle the problems the people face,Cultivate talents that can serve the world.President Hu also delivered a speech that day to the youth of the whole nation,in which he hoped all youth in China should be patriotic,work hard with both their studies and practice,and make their contribution to the country.The first tractor made in ChinaIn1958,Chairman MAO investigated the first tractor made in China,in whose design and build the staff and faculty of CAU played significant roles.Mao commented that mechanization was the way out for agricultural development in China.Interestingly,the first driver of the tractor,also the first female tractor driver in PRC was a CAU graduate,whose portrait was once printed on China's one-Yuan bill of the third edition of RMB.Former President Jiang Zemin's Inscription"中国农业大学",the six characters on top of the main buildings of both east and west campus,was written by former President JIANG Zemin in1995.Premier WEN's visitOn May2nd,2003,the SARS(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndromes)year, accompanied by former Vice President Wu Yi,Premier WEN Jiabao visited CAU and delivered a brief but very encouraging speech.(From Nov.,2002to Aug.5th,2003,there were8,422patients diagnosed with SARS,916of whom died of the disease.The death rate is9.3%.)3.Scientific research achievementspublished papers,funded projects,patents,and awardsMajor biological engineering achievements:Dwarf chicken are chicken with dwarf genes programmed into the multiplication of chicken.These chicken eat less because of their small size but lay more eggs because of their superior genes,and thus decrease the production cost of eggs.The mother pig on this picture can give more piglets than ordinary mother pigs.It was the result of a project on the discovery and research of FSHβgenes,a kind of genes that can increase the number of piglets of a litter.A cloned ox was created successfully by Li Ning,the director of China's State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology,and his team in2002.The latest achievement of the lab is cloned cows producing milk that contains proteins normally found in human milk.4.International exchanges and cooperationIn order to develop itself into an international institution,CAU takes international exchange and cooperation as a significant component of its mission.CAU has well-established collaborations via counter-signed Memorandum of Understanding or Agreement with138universities,institutes and enterprises from25 countries around the world.Exchange of students with partner universities has become an inseparable part of the University.In addition,CAU has established cooperation with some UN specialized organizations and other international institutions.A framework for worldwide academic exchange and collaboration is under cultivation.By far,CAU has established partnership with different universities in the US,the UK,the Netherlands,Australia,and Canada,for joint educational programs.5.Students ActivitiesCAU students enjoy a rich and vibrant campus life.There are a variety of cultural festivals,parties,sports activities and competitions,and other opportunities for students to participate in and more than(n)students associations such as student unions of different levels,student committees,all kinds of sports teams,the school choir team,musical bands(of which folk music band is the most popular), mountaineering team,Literary club,drama club,calligraphy society,public speaking class,broadcasting station,photographers association and etc..Among the most famous are the rugby team,the mountaineering team and the school choir team.Just like the basketball to Purdue,the CAU rugby team is the NO.1sports team in the university;it is ranked the first among china Mainland Universities,with many players representing the National Rugby Team to participate international games like Doha Asian Games.校长6.Current President KE BingshengPresident Ke was a CAU graduate.Before assuming the president position in CAU in Jan.,2008,he was a key adviser to the state government on agriculture policies.He is a hardworking president who cares a lot about the life of students, faculty and staff.The President's mailbox is living proof that he desires to solve all kinds of problems faced with students and teachers.7.Olympic Games Wrestling GymThe building that all CAU students and teachers are proud of is the East campus gym,which was completed in2007and successfully served2008Beijing Olympic Games and Beijing2008Paralympics Games,and also many other sports games or activities.Each year since the2007,the new term opening ceremony and commencement ceremony are held in the gym.Now the gym is opened to all students,faculty and staff,and the community,with all its sports facilities.校训使命8.Motto&Mission statement of CAU解民生之多艰，育天下之英才。

The United KingdomStep1 The Country & People1、Geographical locationThe UK is an island country.The UK is located in the northwestern Europe.The UK is a country of island surrounded by North sea to its east, Atlantic ocean to its north, Irish sea to its west and between Great Britain and Ireland, English Channel英吉利海峡and Strait of Dover多佛尔海峡to its south.2、Common-sense knowledgeNational Anthem：上帝保佑女王"god save the queen"男性君主为"god save the king"National Flower：RoseThe Capital: London3、Area and populationArea: 244, 820 sqkmPopulation: million2008The most densely populated area: England 84%The least densely populated area: ScotlandThe least populated area: Northern Ireland less than 3%4、British Commonwealth 1931 P9 expressing in EnglishBritish Commonwealth —Also known as the Commonwealth of Nations, it is an association comprising the United Kingdom and fifty or so former British colonies that are now sovereign states with a common allegiance to the British Crown, including Canada, Australia, India, and many countries in the West Indies and Africa. It was formally established by the Statute of Westminster in 1931. Among the members of the Commonwealth, sixteen sovereign states separately recognize Queen Elizabeth Ⅱas their monarch and are named the Commonwealth Realms. It includes the UK itself, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, among others.英联邦Commonwealth of Nations,是以英国为主导的国家联合体,由英国及其自治领和其他已独立的前殖民地、附属国组成,由54个主权国家含属地所组成,成员大多为前大英帝国的殖民地或附属国;各自治领地地位平等,彼此的内政和外交完全独立；共同效忠于英王,皆为自由结合的英联邦的成员;该组织元首为英国女王伊丽莎白二世,同时身兼英联邦王国内的16国的国家元首;英联邦成员国及其附属国占据了全球五分之一的土地及四分之一的人口;成员国在许多领域进行商讨和合作,包括贸易、金融、国防、教育、技术、科研、法律、医药和农业;英联邦不是一个国家,而是一个松散的组织;英联邦是英国对联邦其他成员国在政治、军事、财政经济和文化上施加影响的组织;5、Capital city —LondonLondon is in the Southeast of the nation and is situated on the Thames River near its mouth.London is the largest city and largest port in the UK.The political center: Buckingham palace白金汉宫,英国皇宫, Palace of Westminster/ House of parliament 国会大厦, Downing street唐宁街The financial center: One of the three major international financial centers in the world. Paris and New York The heart of arts and culture: The University of London the largest university in the UK, British museum大英博物馆City of Fog雾都London is divided into the City of London 金融城and the County of London includes all the suburbs and part of the countryside around London, is divided into 32 boroughs 区,自治市镇,城区.6、Tourist Attractions in LondonThames River泰晤士河Tower Bridge伦敦塔桥Palace of Westminster/House of parliament威斯敏斯特宫/国会大厦威斯敏斯特宫Palace of Westminster,又称国会大厦Houses of Parliament是英国国会包括上议院和下议院的所在地;威斯敏斯特宫是哥德复兴式建筑的代表作之一;Westminster Abbey威斯敏斯特教堂Political significance：Royal wedding ceremony & Royal tombCommemoratory significance：Tombs of many famous people “Poet’s corner”诗人之角Who was the first literary figure buried here ----Chaucer father of English historyWho was the last royal family member buried here ---Diana Rose of EnglandIn the right picture, whose tomb is it ---NewtonWho built it ----Edward the confessor忏悔者Swiss Re Tower瑞士再保险塔London Eye伦敦眼Millennium Bridge千禧桥Greenwich observatory格林威治天文台Canary Wharf金丝雀码头Millennium Dome千年穹顶St Paul’s Cathedral圣保罗大教堂London Tower伦敦塔Canary Wharf Tower金丝雀码头塔One Canada Square第一加拿大广场HSBC Tower汇丰银行塔8 Canada Square第八加拿大广场Citigroup Centre 花旗集团中心Buckingham Palace白金汉宫—the residence of the queen女王住处7、Different names for Britain and its parts8、Topography地形①Rising in North-West cause highlands there;②Sinking in South-East cause lowlands.9、Filling in the blanks1The British Isles — a geographic term which includes two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland island, and 5,000 small islands.2Great Britain comprises only England , Scotland and Wales.3Ireland island includes Northern Ireland and southern Ireland. Northern Ireland is a part of the UK, while southern Ireland became an independent country — Republic of Ireland.4The UK is made up of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland is made up of England, Scotland and Wales.5Three termsBritish Isles不列颠群岛：Two large islands and hundreds of small onesBritain：Great Britain and Northern IrelandGreat Britain：England, Wales and ScotlandThe longest river: the Severn塞汶河The 2nd but most important river: Thames泰晤士河The largest lake in the UK: Lough Neagh内伊湖,英国最大的淡水湖Lough Lomond洛蒙德湖, on the southwestern edge of the High-lands of Scotland, is the largest on the island of Great Britain.12、Climate & Weather①Changeable ②Mild temperature ③Abundant rain fall1. mid-latitude oceanic climate中纬海洋性气候a. Favorable one, winters are mild not too cold and summers are cool not too hot;b. Steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year;c. Small range of temperature.2. Factorsa. The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal季节性的differences by heating up the land in winter and cooling it off in summer;b. The Westerlies盛行西风带blow over the country all the year round bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate;c. The North Atlantic Drift北大西洋暖流, which is a warm current, passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.3. Rainfalla. General: Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The average annual rainfall in Britain is over 1,000 mm;b. Character: ①Water surplus in north and west; ②Water deficit in south and east;c. Reservoirs水库have to be built in highland areas such as Central Wales, the Lake District and the Scottish Highlands苏格兰高地.Step2 History of the United Kingdom13、A brief timeline of British history0. Early history史前~.1. Roman years 罗马人占领时期：55BC~410AD Early2. Anglo-Saxon Britain and Anglo-Saxon Heptarch盎格鲁—撒克逊时期Britain与Danish invasion丹麦统治时期：449年~1066年3. Norman Britain 诺曼底王朝1066~11544. House of Plantagenet 雀花王朝1154~9 Medieval5. House of Lancaster 兰开斯特王朝9~1461 Britain6. House of York 约克王朝1461~14857. House of Tudors都铎王朝1485~1603 Religious reformation8. The House of Stuart斯图亚特王朝1603~1714 British Bourgeois Revolutionof Hanover汉诺威王朝1714~1917 Industrial revolution Victorian Britain World War One of Windsor温莎王朝1917~ World War Two14、The earliest known settlers on the British Isles were Iberian.英国土着居民是利比亚人15、The Normans were the last invaders in history to conquer the British Isles.诺曼底入侵是历史上最后一次外族入侵16、1.什么是诺曼底征服封建社会的开始When Edward the confessor died in 1066 without a male heir, Harold claimed the throne, but 3 days later, Duke of Normandy, William, crossed the Channel, killed Harold and defeated the English army at the battle of Hastings. Weeks later, he was crowned as William at Westminster Abbey in London on Christmas Day 1066.2. William, duke of Normandy Northwest of France, close to British Channel位于法国西北部3. The Battle of Hastings黑斯廷斯战役4. FactsThe Battle of Hastings in 1066 made William, the Conqueror the first Anglo-Norman king of England.5. SignificanceIt is the last invasion of England by foreigners while English history regards it as a hidden blessing.6. In 1067, William started building the Tower of London, the great fortress 要塞,堡垒which demonstrated his power and dominated the city of London.17、1. HenryⅡ在位期间三大事件：在位国王: HenryⅡ三大事件：①HenryⅡfounded the Plantagenet Dynasty;②The jury of 12 sworn men system12人陪审团制度were introduced;③The royal/common law普遍法replaced the feudal law封建法.2. King John and “The Great Charter”①King John was defeated in a war with France and lost Normandy in 1204.②The lords got angry and forced him to sign a long document on June 17th, 1215.③This document is known as The Great Charter also named Magna Carta, later regarded as the basis of the modern English constitution.④Contents：略看—no tax should be made without the approval of the council—no freeman should be arrested or imprisoned except by the law of the land—If the king attempted to free himself from law, the vassals封臣had the right to force the king to obey it.⑤Significance：略看—The Great Charter was made in the interest of the feudal lords, great and small. It had a progress significance.—It granted to the towns people freedom of trade and self-government. The merchants and craftsmen in England appeared for the first time as a new political force.3. Beginning of Parliament①Henry Ⅲson of King John heavily taxed the lords to pay tributes贡品to the Pope罗马教皇to defeat the lords.②Simon de Montfort蒙特福德爵士, defender守护者of the Great Charter, reformed the Great Council with two knights each county郡,县and two representatives each town城镇.It later developed into the House of Lords上议院and the House of Commons下议院.③The Earliest English Parliament All Estates Parliament各等级议会was summoned in 1265 in Westminster after the capture捕获,俘虏of Henry Ⅲ.4. In 1295, King EdwardⅠsummoned the “All Estates Parliament”— more than 400 hundred members in all. As that parliament was followed as a model, it became known in history as the “Model Parliament模范国会”.18、Hundred Years’ War百年战争①A series of war waged from 1337 to 1453 by France and England. France won eventually.②It was the longest war in the world. 1337-145319、The Black Death黑死病P21名词解释Black Death —Also known as the Black Plague, it was a devastating pandemic that first struck Europe in the mid-14th century, killing between a third and two-thirds of Europe’s population, including about one-third of England’s population.①1348 -1350/ in mid-14th century②Cause: the deadly bubonic plague鼠疫③Consequence--The lords was in shortage of the labor about one half of the population in England died of this disease.--Wage labor demanded higher wages and greater freedom.20、Wat Tyler's Uprising 1 瓦特泰勒起义It marked the beginning of the end of Serfdom农奴制in medieval England.21、Wars of the Roses 1455—1485玫瑰之战The name "Wars of the Roses" has its origins in the badges associated with the two royal houses, the Red Rose of Lancaster and the White Rose of York.The Wars of the Roses 1455—1485 were a series of civil wars fought over the throne of England between adherents of the House of Lancaster feudal landowner and the House of York commercial-minded. Both houses were branches of the Plantagenet royal house, tracing descent from King Edward Ⅲ.金雀花王朝的两分支兰开斯特&约克为争夺王位,均为爱德华三世的后裔It marked the ending of the Middle Ages in European history and the beginning of modern world.22、Religious reformation①Immediate cause: Henry Ⅷ’s divorce Henry Ⅷwas not permitted to divorce Catherine, a Spanish princess.②Henry's elder daughter Mary was a Catholic and a militant好斗的Catholic at that. Her efforts as queen to restore Catholicism to England made her the most unpopular queen in British historyand the means that she used to pursue her aims earned her the nickname "bloody Mary"血腥玛丽.③ElizabethⅠ伊丽莎白一世7 September 1533 –24 March 1603 was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death在位时间.She is the greatest Queen in Britain and the Virgin QueenThe British colony Virginia was named for her honor.Elizabeth's reign brought in one of the most glorious eras of British history.The Arts flourished, this was the age of Shakespeare and Bacon.④The Golden AgeElizabethⅠ为什么好Under ElizabethⅠ's rule, England advanced in such areas as foreign trade, exploration, literature and the arts.The English navy defeated the Spanish Armada西班牙无敌舰队.During her reign, the age of exploration began with the explorers such as Francis Drake claiming new lands for England and introducing new materials and foods. The American State, Virginia, is named after the virginQueen.In government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father and siblings. One of her mottoes was video et taceo: "I see, and say nothing". 我已经嫁给了英格兰;我是妇道人家,但我有囊括四海的帝王胸怀,一个英格兰国王所应该有的胸怀;——伊丽莎白一世23、The “Glorious Revolution” 1688①什么是“光荣革命”The revolution was glorious because it was bloodless. Prince William of Orange, ruler of the Netherlands, and his wife Mary accepted the invitation to become king and queen. It was established that a monarch could rule only with the support of Parliament.②By that time, the Ca valiers and Roundheads had settled down to become England’s first political parties: the Tories and the Whigs保守党和自由党.24、The Industry revolution took place mainly in England.The Industrial Revolution began in the age-old wooltextile industry.Advantages for industrial revolution:1. peace at home2. a climate that encouraged inventors and inventions3. surplus labor4. increasing demand in the market25、Victorian Britain①Queen Victoria reigned 1837 - 1901Britain became the most powerful and richest country in the world日不落帝国.②From the late 1850s onwards, the Whigs became the Liberal Party.1900-1906③Charles Darwin's达尔文on the Origin of Species物种起源was published in 1859.④By 1850, a nation-wide railway system had been constructed.⑤The London Underground was the world's first underground railway with its first line opened in 1863.⑥In 1882, incandescent electric lights白炽灯were introduced to London streets.⑦The Opium War started.鸦片战争26、British Empire大英帝国The British Empire began with the founding of Newfoundland纽芬兰in 1583 and fell after the end of the Second World War.两次世界大战后英受挫,虽为战胜国27、Major events in the two World WarsWomen staged a movement that led to a limited voting franchise for them in 1918, and full equality with men in 1928.Step3 British Government and PoliticsConstitution features1. No written form2. Changes in constitution can be more easily3. Constitutional monarchy君主立宪制4. Parliamentary sovereign议会制5. Representative democracy代表共和制度6. The rule of law29、The monarchy君主制King/ Queen/ Crown①The monarchy is supposed to reign but not rule;②the Crown mainly performs ceremonial duties whose work consists largely of signing papers;③the monarch formally summons and dismisses Parliament and the ministers of the Cabinet;④serves as head of the judiciary, commander in chief of the armed forces, and Supreme Governor of the Church of England and the Church of Scotland;⑤gives the royal assent御准to bills before they become law;⑥presides over the State Opening of Parliament;⑦has the right to be informed and consulted on every aspect of national life and review all important government documents;⑧regularly she chairs the Privy Council and meets with the Prime Minister in the Buckingham Palace to be advised and to advise about state affairs;⑨also attends numerous artistic, industrial, scientific and charitable events of national and local interest.31、The Legislature立法机构The parliament is the Britain's supreme legislature. It has the power to make, unmake, or change any law.Functions of ParliamentThe maximum duration of Parliament is five years and is dissolved by the Crown on the advice of the Prime Minister.最长任期五年1. passes bills that are proposed by the gov.;2. votes the taxation and expenditures of the gov.;3. scrutinizes/examines government policies and administration;4. debates the major issues of the day.Head: Lord Chancellor上议院院长/大法官Main function: bring the wide experience of its members into the process of lawmaking.②The House of CommonsHead: The speaker of the Lower house下议院议长Three main functions of the house of commons:⑴to pass laws, bills and acts of Parliament;⑵to examine, criticize and restrain the actions of the government;⑶to influence the future government policy.35、The Executive立法机构①Components: The Cabinet内阁is composed of the heads of the most important departments. It is the Prime Minister首相who decides which minister will be included.②Functions: as the nucleus of the government, performs a pivotal关键的role in the English government. Most of the important bills under the debate in the Parliament originate in the Cabinet. It controls a majority of the seats in Parliament and policies proposed by the Cabinet can often win the approval of Parliament.③Official residence办公地点: The Cabinet meets regularly, usually once a week, in one of the rooms in the Prime Minister’s official residence, No. 10 Downing street.36、Functions of the Prime Minister & the Cabinet①can select cabinet;②hand out departmental positions, dismiss ministers;③amalgamate合并or split government departments;④decide the agenda for cabinet meetings.37、The Judiciary司法机构了解Head: Lord chancellorProceedings:All criminal trials刑事审判are held in open court because the criminal law presumes the innocence of the accused until he has been approved guilty beyond reasonable doubtIn criminal trials by jury, the judge passes sentence but the jury decides the issue of guilt and innocence.39、Who can vote in the British general election1. Anyone who is a citizen of the UK, the Republic of Ireland, or of a Commonwealth country;2. over the age of 18;3. People who have been convicted of corrupt or illegal practices in connection within the previous five years;4. People who have to live in a constituency for at least 3 months;5. UK citizens who have moved abroad remain eligible to vote for 15 years thereafter.。

简介：英国一，一个复杂的名字复杂的国家有：和北方的英国大不列颠爱尔兰英格兰苏格兰威尔斯二。

在过去的殖民历史的影响*二战之后的世界帝国天结束1。

的影响，主要是遇到的密切关系存在的帝国殖民地或以上的，与50，并保持联系，通过国家联合体。

但更重要的国际关系是其在欧洲联盟成员国自1973年以来。

2。

人口结构英国---20移民来自印度，巴基斯坦，或加勒比（西印度群岛与中南美洲海域1950）国家在and1960s。

1 /非欧洲种族。

三。

种族，性别，阶层，不同地区在社会和经济1。

一个多种族的社会：因为大多数是基督教徒和移民，很多是穆斯林;2。

性别差异：男性和女性不同的生活居住3。

阶级差别：英国社会阶级结构的比较明显（阿白领的生活是非常不同的一个蓝领工人的。

）4。

经济和4个国家在每个区域差异的：-高地和低地苏格兰之间的差异-差异英格兰北部和南部（南平均是较富裕比北）四。

一个伦敦的重要作用1。

首都2南部。

在;在该国最大的城市，1 / 7的人口占全国3。

文化中心4。

商务中心5。

金融中心，（其中3个世界主要国际金融中心，另外两个是纽约和香港）6。

长期在英国的历史作用第一章英国英国一，一个经济主导地位的英国文化1。

伦敦在英国占主导地位，在政府，金融和文化2。

英格兰队的优势在规模最大的国家--- 4人口最多的是反映在文化和经济优势-结果是：人在国外，人们有时错误英文英国英国在他们的会谈。

二。

在英国征服（公元之前。

第一长，由许多部落王国塞尔特人）省略〜〜〜三。

传奇1。

亚瑟王和他的圆桌，让骑士同等优先，展示骑士'（需求更民主的制度在盎格鲁撒克逊人的入侵）2。

罗宾汉藏在森林，反抗诺曼和规则抢劫从富人向穷人的诺曼时期（在）-一对英文字符线索：一个非常规的内心生活丰富的生活方式隐藏的外部整合（体现英国人个性的迹象：表面上似乎一致，但实际上保持着一种强烈的独特的）四。

议会的统治地位在宝座1。

未来数百年之后，诺曼入侵：携手合作，根据规则，各英岛地区的英文团结王国内部和外部2。