研究生英语阅读教程(基础级2版)

格式：doc
大小：51.00 KB
文档页数：6

下载文档原格式

研究生英语阅读教程基础级第二版lesson5课后习题答案

About the Book
Background Information
1."Each volume of American Decades concentrates on the social aspects of a ten-year period in American history, providing insight into time periods that have defined the cultural identity of entire generations and helped shape the political and economic fabric of America" About the Book
2. Vary your reading. It is easy to tire of reading about a particular subject if you spend too long on it. To overcome this problem, work on several different assignments on an evening rather than finish one assignment completely. The variety of subject matters will provide a needed change and maintain your interest. Even when you are studying the same material, you can read it several times instead of going slowly sentence by sentence, paragraph after paragraph. Instead, try to read it several times, varying the speed and focus of each reading.

(新编研究生英语系列教程)研究生英语阅读教程基础级第二版课件及课后答案lesson 10

at a crossroads ① 目前生态学正面临抉择的时刻。 Ecology stands at a crossroads at present.
② 在欧共体内，农业现在处于转折点。 Now farming is at a crossroads in the European Community.
2. Study in the same place. Once you have located a good place to study, try to study in this place regularly. You will find that you will become familiar with the surroundings and will begin to form associations between the place and the activity you perform there. Eventually, as soon as you enter the room or sit down at the desk, you will begin to feel as though you should study.
② 这所房子附带有5亩空地。 Five acres of land go with the house.
4. Stick to a routine, efficient study schedule. Studying at the same time each day will help you fall into the habit of studying more easily.
5. Do not study where you are too comfortable. If you study sitting in a lounge chair or lying across your bed, you may find it difficult to concentrate.

【免费下载】研究生英语阅读教程基础级2版课文01及其翻译

World English: A Blessing or a Curse? Universal languageBy Tom McArthur[1] In the year 2000, the language scholar Glanville Price, a Welshman, made the following assertion as editor of the book Languages in Britain and Ireland:For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually(actually) all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk. (p 141)Some years earlier, in 1992, Robert Phillipson, English academic who currently (at the present/ at the moment) works in Denmark, published with Oxford a book entitled Linguistic Imperialism. In it, he argued that the major English-speaking countries, the worldwide English-language teaching industry, and notably (especially) the British Council pursue policies of linguistic aggrandisement. He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguicism[a condition parallel to(equal to/ similar to) racism and sexism]. As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have [by design(=deliberately) or default(=mistake)] encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some (about) three centuries ago as (when) economic and colonial expansion.[2] Phillipson himself worked for some years for the British Council, and he is not alone among Anglophone academics who have sought to point up the dangers of English as a world language. The internationalization of English has in the last few decades been widely discussed in terms of three groups: first, the ENL countries, where English is a native language (this group also being known as the "inner circle"); second, the ESL countries, where English is a second language (the "outer circle"); and third, the EFL countries, where English is a foreign language (the "expanding circle"). Since the 1980s, when such terms became common, this third circle has in fact expanded to take in the entire planet.[3] For good or for ill, there has never been a language quite like English. There have been many "world languages", such as Arabic, Chinese, Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit. By and large, we now view them as more or less benign, and often talk with admiration and appreciation about the cultures associated with them and what they have given to the world. And it is fairly (very) safe to do this, because none of them now poses much of a threat.[4] English however is probably (perhaps) too close for us to be able to analyze and judge it as dispassionately (objectively), as we may now discuss the influence of Classical Chinese on East Asia or of Classical Latin on Western Europe. The jury is still out in the trial of the English language, and may take several centuries to produce its verdict, but even so we can ask, in this European Year of Languages, whether Price and Phillipson are right to warn us all about the language that I am using at this very moment. [warn sb. of sth.][5] It certainly isn't hard(difficult) to look for situations (examples) where people might call English a curse. An example is Australia, which is routinely regarded as a straightforward English-speaking country. The first Europeans who went there often used Latin to describe and discuss the place. The word Australia itself is Latin; evidently (Obviously/ Apparently) no one at the timethought of simply calling it "Southland" (which is what Australia means). In addition (besides), in South Australia there is a wide stretch of land called the Nullarbor Plains, the first word of which sounds Aboriginal, but nullarbor is Latin and means "no trees". And most significantly of all, the early settlers called the continent a terra nullius. According to the Encarta World English Dictionary (1999) the Latin phrase terra nullius means:... the idea and legal concept that when the first Europeans arrived in Australia the land was owned by no one and therefore open to settlement. It has been judged not to be legally valid.But that judgment was made only recently. When the Europeans arrived, Australia was thinly populated—but populated nonetheless (from then on)—from coast to coast in every direction. There were hundreds of communities and languages. Many of these languages have died out, many more are in the process of dying out, and these dead and dying languages have been largely replaced (substituted) by either kinds of pidgin English or general Australian English. Depending on your point of view, this is either a tragic loss or the price of progress.[6] At the same time, however, can the blame for the extinction of Aboriginal languages be laid specifically at the door of English? The first Europeans to discover Australia were Dutch, and their language might have become the language of colonization and settlement. Any settler language could have had the same effect. If for example the Mongols had sustained their vast Eurasian empire, Mongolian might have become a world language and gone to Australia. Again, if history had been somewhat (a little) different, today's world language might have been Arabic, a powerful language in West Asia and North Africa that currently affects many smaller languages, including Coptic and Berber. Spanish has adversely (negatively) affected indigenous languages in so-called "Latin" America, and Russian has spread from Europe to the Siberian Pacific. If English is a curse and a killer, it may only be so in the sense (meaning) that any large language is likely (possible) to influence and endanger smaller languages.[7] Yet many people see (consider/ regard) English as a blessing. Let me leave aside here the obvious advantages possessed by any world language, such as a large communicative network, a strong literary and media complex (network), and a powerful cultural and educational apparatus (organization). Let us instead look at something rather different: the issue (problem) of politics, justice, and equality. My object (target) lesson this time is South Africa. Ten years ago, South Africa ceased (stopped) to be governed on principles of racial separateness, a system known in Afrikaans (a language derived from Dutch) as apartheid. The system arose (occurred) because the Afrikaner community—European settlers of mainly Dutch descent—saw themselves as superior to the indigenous (native) people of the land they had colonized.[8] English-speaking South Africans of British descent were not particularly strong in opposing the apartheid regime (rule), and the black opposition, whose members had many languages, was at first weak and disorganized. However, the language through which this opposition gained (obtained/ got) strength and organization was English, which became for them the key language of freedom and unity, not of oppression. There are today eleven official languages in South Africa—English, Afrikaans, and nine vernacular languages that include Zulu, Ndebele, and Setswana. But which of these nine do black South Africans use (or plan to use) as their national lingua franca? Which do they wish their children to speak and write successfully (in addition to their mother tongues)? The answer is none of the above. They want English, and in particular (especially/specifically) they want a suitably Africanized English.[9] So, a curse for the indigenous peoples of Australia and something of a blessing for those in South Africa...[10] How then should we think of English in our globalizing world with its endangered diversities? The answer, it seems to me, is crystal clear. Like many things, English is at times (often) a blessing and at times a curse—for individuals, for communities (society), for nations, and even for unions of nations. The East Asian symbolism of yin and yang might serve (illustrate) well here: There is something of yang in every yin, of yin in every yang. Although they are opposites, they belong together: in this instance (case) within the circle of communication. Such symbolism suggests (shows) that the users of the world's lingua franca should seek to benefit as fully as possible from the blessing and as far as possible avoid invoking the curse. (1, 292 words)ABOUT THE AUTHORDr. Tom McArthur is founder editor of the Oxford Companion to the English Language (1992) and the quarterly English Today: The International Review of the English Language (Cambridge, 1985— ). His more than 20 published works include the Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English (1981), Worlds of Reference: Language, Lexicography and Learning from the Clay Tablet to the Computer (1986), and The English Languages (1998). He is currently Deputy Director of the Dictionary Research Center at the University of Exeter.EXERCISESI. Reading ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the, following statements.1. It can be inferred from Glanville Price's statement that he is ______.A. happy that English is everywhere in Britain and IrelandB. worried about the future of the remaining Celtic languagesC. shocked by the diversity of languages in Britain and IrelandD. amazed that many people in the UK still speak their Aboriginal languages2. Cumbric is used as an example of ______.A. a local dialectB. a victim of the English languageC. a language that is on the verge of extinctionD. a language that is used by only a limited number of people3. Which of the following is the major concern of the book Linguistic Imperialism?A. English teaching overseas.B. British government's language policies.C. Dominance of English over other languages.D. The role of English in technology advancement.4. Both Price and Phillipson are ______.A. government officialsB. advocates of linguistic imperialismC. in support of language policies carried out by the British CouncilD. concerned about the negative effect of English on smaller languages5. According to the text, the EFL countries ______.A. are large in numberB. is known as the "outer circle"C. will be endangered by EnglishD. have made English their official language6. According to McArthur, Chinese is different from English in that ______.A. it has made a great contribution to the worldB. it has had positive influence on other languagesC. it may result in the disappearance of other languagesD. it probably will not endanger the existence of other languages7. When he said the jury is out in the trial" (Line 3, Paragraph 4), McArthur meant ______.A. punishment is dueB. the jury is waiting for a trialC. no decision has been made yetD. there is no one to make the decision8. Australia might be used as an example to show that ______.A. languages are changing all the timeB. some English words are derived from LatinC. English has promoted the progress of some nationsD. English should be blamed for the extinction of smaller languages9. Many people see English as a blessing for people in ______.A. AustraliaB. East AsiaC. South AfricaD. ESL countries10. The main theme of this speech is that ______.A. English should be taught worldwideB. English as a world language does more harm than goodC. we should be objective to the internationalization of EnglishD. we should be aware of (realize) the danger of English as a world languageB. Questions on global understanding and logical structures1. Why does McArthur introduce Glanville Price and Robert Phillipson's points of view on the spread of English? What is his? Intention?McArthur quotes Price’s assertion and cites Pillipson’s viewpoint on the spread of English as sort of cons to initiate his argument. Cons are usually popularly believed arguments or opinions that are against the author’s point of view. Cons are commonly used writing techniques and are often employed in order to appeal the audience and highlight the author’sviewpoint.2. Does McArthur agree with what Price and Phillipson argued? From as early as which section does McArthur show his attitude? Toward the dominance of English as a world English?No. McArthur’s opinion is different from Price and Pillipson’s arguments. He doesn’t believe that English is a killer and should be blamed for the extinction of smaller languages. He sees English as both a blessing and a curse, maybe as a blessing more than a curse. After introducing Price and Pillipson’s viewpoints, McArthur writes about his own ideas on the issue of English as a world language. From the sentence “For good or for ill, there has never been a language quite like English”, we can learn that McArthur does not curse English like Price and Pillipson and he has a different point of view.3. By reading "It certainly isn't hard to look for situations where people might call English a curse", could we conclude that McArthur believes English is a curse?No. This sentence is a kind of justification. Although McArthur literally justifies the fact that there are situations where people might call English a curse, he doesn’t believe that English is virtually a curse. By adding the word “certainly” McArthur shows his intent.4. Could you pick up some words and expressions that signal change or continuation in McArthur's thought?“For good or for ill”(paragraph 3) /“however” (paragraph 4) /“But”(paragraph 5) / “At the same time, however”(paragraph 6) /“Yet”(paragraph 7)5. How many parts can this speech be divided? How are the parts organized?Part One: paragraphs 1 and 2. These two paragraphs introduce the situation that many academics argue against English as a world language.Part Two: paragraphs 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Paragraph three is a transitional paragraph that initiates McArthur’s own argument. In these paragraphs McArthur argues that English is not only a curse as many people have believed, but a blessing as well.Part Three: paragraph 10. McArthur concludes in the last paragraph that English may be a curse or a blessing depends on different situations and we should make advantages of world languages and avoid their disadvantages.II. VocabularyA. Choose the best word from the four choices to complete each of the following sentences.1. There has been much opposition from some social groups, ______ from the farming community.A. straightforwardlyB. notably(especially)C. virtuallyD. exceptionally2. The ______ view in Britain and other Western countries associates aging with decline, dependency, isolation, and often poverty (property).A. predominantB. credulousC. inclusive(<->exclusive)D. sustainable3. But gifts such as these cannot be awarded to everybody, either by judges or by the most ___ of governments./ reward rewarding [a gifted / talented person]A. toughB. demandingC. diverseD. benign (kind)4. The foreman read the ______ of guilty fourteen times, one for each defendant.A. prejudiceB. verificationC. verdictD. punishment5. They fear it could have a(n) ______ effect on global financial markets.A. sizeableB. adverse(negative)C. beneficialD. consequential6. The UN threatened to ______ economic sanctions if the talks were broken off.A. engageB. pursueC. abandon/ abundantD. invoke7. There are at least four crucial differences between the new ______ and the old government.A. regimeB. hegemonyC. complexD. federation/ fedal<->federal, confederate)8. These questions ______ a challenge to established attitude of superiority toward the outside world.A. evolveB. constituteC. tolerateD. aroused9. Because of this, a strong administrative ______ was needed to plan the use of scarce resources, organize production and regulate distribution.A. apparatusB. constitutionC. insistenceD. promotion10. I learnt that there are no genuinely ______ animals in this area, all the animals were brought here from other places.A. endangeredB. domesticated (tamed)C. indigenousD. extinctB. Choose the hest word or expression from the list given for each Honk Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.point up by and large take in descent for good or illleave aside crystal clear die out endanger lay... at the door of1. The book concludes with a review of the possible impact (influence) of more intimate computers for good or ill, in various areas of human life.2. Moreover, it had become clear from the opinion polls that the unpopularity of the new tax was being laid at the door of the government which had introduced it, rather than the local authorities who were responsible for levying and collecting it.3. This case gave the example of breaking someone's arm: that is a really serious injury, but one which is unlikely to endanger the victim's life.4. Many of those who hold it live in poor areas and some are Colored, that is (=i.e./ namely), of mixed European and African descent.5. This debate is important because that "the facts" are notof the conversations follow a well-worn route from one topic to the next and back again, taking in most of human life. [worn-out]7. But since agriculture forms the basis (base) of our industry, it was, by and large (on the whole), also an intensification of the crisis in the national economy in general.8. Let us factors such as education, career structure, pay and9. It is true that the exact nature of this issue is uncertain. However, one thing is crystal clear: itwill not endanger the planet and its inhabitants. (habitat)10. But if animal populations are too small, then they simply die out.III. ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer from the four choices given for each blank. [(criterion) criteria: (1)semantic/ (2)grammatical]A simplified form of the English language based on 850 key words was developed in the late 1920s by the English psychologist Charles Kay Ogden and 1 by the English educator I. A. Richards. Known as Basic English, it was used mainly to teach English to non-English-speaking persons and 2 as an international language. The complexities of English spelling and grammar, however, were major 3 to the adoption of Basic English as a second language.The fundamental principle of Basic English was that any idea, 4 complex, may be reduced to simple units of thought and expressed clearly by a limited number of everyday words. The 850-word primary vocabulary was 5 600 nouns (representing things or events), 150 adjectives (for qualities and _ 6 ), and 100 general "operational" words, mainly verbs and prepositions. Almost all the words were in 7 use in English-speaking countries. More than 60 percent of them were one-syllable words. The basic vocabulary was created 8 by eliminating numerous words which have the same or similar meanings and by 9 the use of 18 "basic" verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be. These verbs were generally combined with prepositions, such as up, among, under, in, and forward. For example, a Basic English student would use the expression “go up”10"ascend".1. A. created B. publicized C. invented D. operated2. A. proved B. provided C. projected D. promoted3. A. advantages B. objections C. obstacles D. facileties4. A. however B. whatever C. wherever D. whenever5. A. comprised of B. made of C. composed of D. constituted of6. A. personalities B. properties C. preferences D. perceptions/ perceive)7. A. common B. ordinary C. average D. nonprofessional8. A. in all B. at times C. for good D. in part/ partially)9. A. experiencing B. exchanging C. excluding D. extending10. A. in spite of=despite B. in favor of C. instead of D. in case ofII. TranslationPut the following passages into Chinese.1. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。

研究生英语阅读教程(基础级第二版)lesson 10

10READING SELECTION AAmerican Values at the Crossroads注黄字体为课后生词[1]Faced with the rapid change and the fear and uncertainty that go with it, individuals(citizens) as well as(and)nation sometimes seek to return to the ways of the past as a solution. In the early 1980s the idea of returning to the ways of the past had a strong appeal to(attraction)many Americans who increasingly viewed their past as being better than their future. It has been observed that until the 1970s Americans generally believed that the present was a better time for their country than the past and that the future would better than the present; by 1978, however,public opinion polls showed that many Americans had come to believe that just the opposite was true: the past had been better for the country than the present, and the present was better than the future would be.[2] The popular(present)appeal(desire)of returning to the ways(styles)of the past as a solution (solve->solution) to the problems of the 1980s was demonstrated(shown)when Ronald Reagan was elected President of the United States in 1980.Time magazine chose President Reagan as its "man of the year' and said of(commented)him: "intellectually, emotionally, Reagan lives in the past."[3] One of President Reagan's basic beliefs is that the United States should return as much as possible to its pre-1930 ways. In those times business institutions(organization)were strong and government institutions were weak. Reagan believed that American values of individual freedom and competition are strengthened by business and weakened by government. Therefore, his programs(goal/ objectives)as President have been designed to greatly strengthen business and reduce the size and power of the national government. By moving in this way toward the practices of the past, President Reagan believed that the standard of living of Americans would begin to improve once more(again)in the 1980s as it had done throughout most of the nation's history.[4] A number of leaders in politics, education, and the professions take a different approach (method)than does President Reagan. They believe that the nation must adopt(use/ make use of)new values to go along with(together with)the old values and that it must be prepared to make some changes in the old values when(it is)necessary.[5] What new values should be adopted? This is a very difficult question to answer. However, it became clear in the 1970s that there was no longer an abundance of cheap energy and that shortages of other essential(basic/most important)resources such as water were becoming more serious. These facts suggested(show)to many Americans that a greater value(should)be placed on the conservation of national resources, that is (namely/ i.e.), that Americans should save more of these resources by learning to use less and waste less.[6]Conservation has never been a strong American value. Because of the vast resources and space of North America, Americans came to believe that abundance was endless (unlimited). In such an environment, there seemed to be little need for conservation of resources. After World War II Americans believed that their modern technology could work(create)wonders and provide a never-ending increase in their standard of living. It is not surprising, therefore, that in the United States before the 1980s,conservation had little importance(when it is)compared with such other values as freedom, equality of opportunity, hard work, and the accumulation of material wealth.[7] There is some evidence that the experience of greater shortages of energy during the 1970s caused Americans to place more emphasis on conservation. For example, a poll(survey)taken at the end of the decade showed that 66% of Americans agreed with the statement: "I'm not unhappy about the possibility of shortages because I know it will encourage(urge)me to use everything efficiently and not wastefully."[8] Some people, however, believe that poll results like these reveal only part of the truth.Although Americans may agree with statements supporting the value of conservation, most of them are not yet applying these beliefs in their day-to-day(daily)actions (life).[9] Belief in conservation, therefore, is still weak(when it is)compared with other American beliefs. It can become stronger only as(when)Americans see the need for it more and more clearly. Conservation may well be (become)a new value which needs to be added to the old basic values in order to help the United States deal with its future problems.[10] A second belief which has never been strong among the American people is the belief that the value of cooperation on a national scale to achieve some important national(goal)objectives. The American idea of the national good(n./ benefit/ interest)has never been based on national cooperation but rather on the freedom of the individual. Americans, therefore, tend to think of the national good in terms of maintaining(keeping)those conditions that provide the greatest freedom for the individual. They believe that a nation of free individuals will be naturally strong and prosperous. Planned efforts at national cooperation, therefore, are not needed. More important, planned efforts at national cooperation would mean increasing the powers of the national government, which would endanger the freedom of the individual.[11] The American value of competition also hinders the development of a spirit of national cooperation. Even though competitive activity is supposed to(=should)be conducted(directed/ done) according to fair rules (fair play), it does not encourage a spirit of cooperation. Rather (instead/ On the contrary), it sometimes encourages a spirit of mutual suspicion(suspect)of the motives(purpose/ desire)of the others. A certain degree of trust in the motives of others is necessary for the success of efforts in national cooperation.[12] In time of war Americans have temporarily put aside their dislike of planned national cooperation. They have been willing to cooperate and make personal sacrifices under the direction (=leadership)of the national government to bring the war to satisfactory conclusion (=end). In peacetime, however, planned national cooperation is strongly resisted as a threat to individual freedom.[13] The almost (nearly) unique American historical experience gives us a deeper understanding of this attitude. Almost every nation in the world has had, or still has, the experience of being ruled by kings, emperors,dictators, or a hereditary class of aristocrats. Such rulers are not elected by the free votes of the people and they have the power to say what the national good is and to force their people to cooperate if they cannot persuade them to do so. Out of(among)these experiences there have developed traditions and habits of cooperation, sometimes for good purposes and sometimes for evil (bad/ wrong)purposes.[14] Americans have never had the experience of being forced to cooperate on a national scale by nonelected rulers. For a time, they were the colonists of Great Britain and were legally(bind)bound to obey rulers in England whom they did not elect, but the British government allowed the colonists a great deal of freedom and self-government by the standards of the day. Still(Furthermore)the American colonists were not long(soon)in demanding (requiring) more freedom and self-government, and finally declaring their independence in 1776. From the time of their independence, Americans have freely elected their rulers. The experience of being compelled to cooperate by unelected national leaders is completely foreign(strange)to their experience. They are fearful(=fear)that any scheme (plan) of national cooperation in peacetime will weaken or destroy their freedoms.[15] Americans have always viewed(considered/ regarded)cooperation as important in small groups such as the family, the neighborhood, or the church. But on the large national scale where government becomes involved, it is seen(considered/ regarded)as coercive and destructive rather than voluntary and constructive.American tend to associate the greatness of their nation far more with such values as individual freedom, equality of opportunity, hard work, and competition than with national cooperation.[16] Yet the demands(=needs)of the 1980s may compel (force) Americans to place(emphasize)a greater value on national cooperation. It may well be that some of the problems facing them, such as scarcity of resources and the dangers of air and water pollution, cannot be solved without a greater degree of national cooperation.[17] If Americans choose (=decide) to give more emphasis to national cooperation, they will probably be very cautious about it. In order to protect their freedoms, they will move slowly in a step-by-step, problem-by-problem fashion (way), rather than accept a sweeping new plan involving dramatic change. Because of their tradition of self-government, they will probably insist on(persist in doing sth.)a good deal of public discussion before any step toward national cooperation is taken.[18] Some observers believe that this slow, cautious approach may be too weak and too timid to meet the challenges of the future. Americans, however, believe that sudden revolutionary changes made in the name of(in the honor)the national good usually result in(lead to)dictatorships in which freedom is lost and problems remain unsolved.[19] In the 1980s Americans may have arrived at a critical point in their nation's history, where major dangers must be faced and major choices must be made.On the one hand, they will wish to avoid the risk of making too many changes in the basic values which have inspired(encouraged)them in the past. On the other hand, they must avoid what may be the greater risk of refusing to change their values at all even though conditions are changing rapidly all around them. The events of the past two decades have brought the American people and their basic values to a crossroads in their history. The last two decades of the twentieth century will determine where they will go from there. (1, 530 words) II. VocabularyA. Complete each the following sentences with the appropriate forms of the words given.注每个题目后面出现的相同标号的题目是备考查单词在课文里出现的原句1. He hoped to strengthen (strength) the position of the sciences in the leading universities.（1）Reagan believed that American values of individual freedom and competition are strengthened by business and weakened by government.（1）Therefore, his programs(goal/ objectives)as President have been designed to greatly strengthen business and reduce the size and power of the national government.2. We took an abundant(abundance) supply of food with us when we went hiking in the mountains.（2）However, it became clear in the 1970s that there was no longer an abundance of cheap energy and that shortages of other essential(basic/most important)resources such as water were becoming more serious.Because of the vast resources and space of North America, Americans came to believe that abundance was endless (unlimited).3.Conservation (conserve) is the protection of plants and animals, natural areas, and interesting and important structures and buildings, especially from the damaging effect of human activity.（3）These facts suggested (show) to many Americans that a greater value (should)be placed on the conservation of national resources, that is (namely/ i.e.), that Americans should save more of these resources by learning to use less and waste less.Conservation has never been a strong American value.In such an environment, there seemed to be little need for conservation of resources.There is some evidence that the experience of greater shortages of energy during the 1970scaused Americans to place more emphasis on conservation.Although Americans may agree with statements supporting the value of conservation, most of them are not yet applying these beliefs in their day-to-day (daily) actions (life).Belief in conservation, therefore, is still weak (when it is) compared with other American beliefs.It is not surprising, therefore, that in the United States before the 1980s,conservation had little importance (when it is)compared with such other values as freedom, equality of opportunity, hard work, and the accumulation of material wealth.Conservation may well be (become) a new value which needs to be added to the old basic values in order to help the United States deal with its future problems.4. And if you're emotionally connected to it, you also get intellectually (intellect) connected to it; you want to learn more about it.（4）Time magazine chose President Reagan as its "man of the year' and said of (commented) him: "intellectually, emotionally, Reagan lives in the past."5. Relief (rescue/ relieve)workers are concerned over(=worried about)the shortage (short) of food and shelter in the refugee camps. (shelter sb. from sth./ seek refuge)（5）However, it became clear in the 1970s that there was no longer an abundance of cheap energy and that shortages of other essential (basic/most important) resources such as water were becoming more serious.There is some evidence that the experience of greater shortages of energy during the 1970s caused Americans to place more emphasis on conservation.For example, a poll (survey) taken at the end of the decade showed that 66% of Americans agreed with the statement: "I'm not unhappy about the possibility of shortages because I know it will encourage (urge) me to use everything efficiently and not wastefully."6. It is proposed(=suggested)at this conference that the law should impose penalties on companies that use energy wastefully (waste). [suggest sb. (doing) sth./ that sb do sth.]= [sb. (should) do sth.]（6）For example, a poll (survey) taken at the end of the decade showed that 66% of Americans agreed with the statement: "I'm not unhappy about the possibility of shortages because I know it will encourage (urge) me to use everything efficiently and not wastefully."7. It is hard(difficult)to believe that in this prosperous (prosper) country, hunger could be a serious problem.（7）They believe that a nation of free individuals will be naturally strong and prosperous. Planned efforts at national cooperation, therefore, are not needed.8. We must be careful not to do anything that might endanger (danger) the economic recovery.（8）More important, planned efforts at national cooperation would mean increasing the powers of the national government, which would endanger the freedom of the individual.9. This disease is hereditary (heredity), so chances are(possibly/ likely)that her daughter may suffer from it too.（9）Almost every nation in the world has had, or still has, the experience of being ruled by kings, emperors,dictators, or a hereditary class of aristocrats.10. The president relied on(=depend on)the coercive (coerce) powers of the military and the police to enforce law and order.（10）But on the large national scale where government becomes involved, it is seen (considered/ regarded)as coercive and destructive rather than voluntary and constructive.B. Choose the best ward or expression from the list given for each blank. use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.bound to compel dictator constructive suspiciongo along with appeal accumulation endanger mutual注每个题目后面出现的相同标号的题目是备考查单词在课文里出现的原句1. The main appeal(attraction)these bonds hold for(is meaningful)individual investors is the safety and peace of mind they offer (give). (sth.appeals to sb.)（1）In the early 1980s the idea of returning to the ways of the past had a strong appeal to (attraction) many Americans who increasingly viewed their past as being better than their future.The popular (present)appeal (desire) of returning to the ways (styles) of the past as a solution (solve->solution) to the problems of the 1980s was demonstrated (shown) when Ronald Reagan was elected President of the United States in 1980.2. He argues that Americans have been too compliant (=obedient), too willing(ready)to go along with politicians who would reduce their liberties (=freedom), not expand them. (statute of liberty)（2）They believe that the nation must adopt (use/ make use of) new values to go along with (together with) the old values and that it must be prepared to make some changes in the old values when (it is) necessary.3. Despite(=in spite of)these improvements the scientists say that the Baltic Sea continues to be "imperiled(endangered)by the long-term accumulation of toxic (poisonous) chemicals".（3）It is not surprising, therefore, that in the United States before the 1980s, conservation had little importance(when it is)compared with such other values as freedom, equality of opportunity, hard work, and the accumulation of material wealth.4. Toxic(poisonous)waste could endanger lives and poison fish.（4）More important, planned efforts at national cooperation would mean increasing the powers of the national government, which would endanger the freedom of the individual.5. The East and the West can work together for their mutual benefit and progress.（5）Rather (instead/ On the contrary),it sometimes encourages a spirit of mutual suspicion (suspect) of the motives (purpose/ desire) of the others.6. The authorities will be legally bound(bind)to arrest any suspects.（6）For a time, they were the colonists of Great Britain and were legally(bind)bound to obey rulers in England whom they did not elect, but the British government allowed the colonists a great deal of freedom and self-government by the standards of the day.7. In the United States cyclists are compelled to wear a helmet for the sake of safety. circle->cycle-bicycle（7）From the time of their independence, Americans have freely elected their rulers. The experience of being compelled to cooperate by unelected national leaders is completely foreign (strange)to their experience.Yet the demands(=needs)of the 1980s may compel (force) Americans to place(emphasize)a greater value on national cooperation.8. Following the fall of the military dictator in March, the country has had a civilian (<->military)government.（8）Almost every nation in the world has had, or still has, the experience of being ruled by kings, emperors,dictators, or a hereditary class of aristocrats.9. After their meeting, both men described the talks as frank, friendly and constructive(<->destructive; positive<->negative).（9）But on the large national scale where government becomes involved, it is seen (considered/ regarded) as coercive and destructive rather than voluntary and constructive.10. He was arrested on suspicion of drunk driving. (suspect)（10）Rather (instead/ On the contrary), it sometimes encourages a spirit of mutual suspicion (suspect)of the motives(purpose/ desire)of the others.课文参考译文第＋课A处在＋字路口的美国价值观爱德华· N·卡尼[l]面对急剧的社会变化以及与之俱来的恐惧和不稳定感，无论个人还是国家时而都会想起以往的模式，以求应对。

研究生英语阅读教程基础级第二版lesson3课后习题答案

Language Points
3. *keep sth. to yourself not tell anyone else about something 对…秘而不宣，不把…讲出来 (line 3, para. 3)
① 有这类爱好不该让人知道。 One must keep such interests to oneself. ② 我要你保守这事的秘密。 I want you to keep this to yourself! ③ 别保守了，我们需要你的知识和经验。 Don’t keep it to yourself, we need your knowledge and experience.
Unit One Efficient Reading
Lesson Three Reading Rate
Varying Your Rate and Comprehension As we have learned in the previous lessons, a guiding principle of efficient and flexible reading is that not all materials should be read in the same way or with the same level of comprehension. You should select a level of comprehension appropriate for what you are reading. The level of comprehension and recall that you choose is largely determined by your purpose of reading. Throughout this unit you have seen how your purpose for reading shapes how you read. Even though you are now aware of the need to select a comprehension and recall level that is compatible with your purpose, it is not always easy to apply this knowledge and make decisions about how you will read material before you begin reading. Practice and frequent reminders to yourself are necessary to achieve this goal.

研究生英语阅读教程基础级第二版lesson2课后习题答案

Background Information
3. Undergraduate school Students who have completed high school and would like to attend college or university must attend what is referred to as an undergraduate school. These are schools that offer either a two-year degree (called an associate degree) or a four-year degree (called a bachelor’s degree) in a specific course of study. That course of study is called the major. While most schools that offer a four-year degree will admit students who have not yet chosen a major, all students are required to select (or declare) a major by their second year at school. Students who complete an associate degree can continue their education at a four-year school and eventually complete a bachelor’s degree.
Background Information
In the American education system, students must have obtained a high school diploma before they are admitted into college or university. Foreign students who would like to attend an American college or university must have completed coursework that is equivalent to what is taught at an American high school.

研究生英语阅读教程基础级第二版lesson12课后习题答案

Practice of Reading Techniques Read the following paragraphs, broadening your eye span as much as possible while reading. 1. Since the second war, and particularly during the last few years, a rapidly growing amount of effort has been devoted to the use of high-power rockets to carry instruments up to great heights above the earth, to launch artificial satellites and deep space probes. 2. Without written language, we would be completely shut off from the great minds of the past, and it would be quite impossible for us to undertake such a study, since we would have no means of knowing anything about the language of the people who lived in this country five hundred or a thousand years ago, and still less should we be in a position to relate that language to the tongues spoken in other countries.

研究生英语阅读教程(基础级第二版)lesson 4 墨慧强

READING SELECTION AThe Transformation of Marriage婚姻的变迁By Stephen Bertmantrans-: across; form: (1)n. fill in a form; (2)vt.[1] To be sure, ours is not the first time in modern history when efforts have been made to redefine traditional marriage. The communal "group marriages" of the 1960s and the individualistic "open marriages" of the 1970s each challenged the notion (concept) of a nonnegotiable contract between one woman and one man. The frequency of cohabitation, whether as a prelude to or as a substitute (n./ vt.) for a ceremony with legal force, has further undermined(weakened)the concept of wedlock(marriage)as a discrete(separate)and distinctive (different) state [marital status: (1)single; (2)married; (3)separate; (4) divorced]. All of these challenges, however, were or are predicated upon a relationship that is heterosexual, fashioned upon(imitate/ copy)the Adam-and-Eve template. The most recent and radical challenge to traditional marriage, however, rejects this religious template.Same-Sex Marriage: Action and Reaction (Response)[2] Inspired(Encouraged)by the activism (women’s liberation movement/ civil right movement) in the 1960s that secured political and economic rights for blacks and women, American gays and lesbians mobilized to end(stop)what they viewed as the discriminatory practice of granting(giving) marriage licenses only to heterosexual couples. As law professor William N. Eskridge Jr. (junior-senior; junior high school)has stated(said)in his book,The Case for Same-Sex Marriage (Free Press, 1996): "Marriage is the most important right the state(the government of the US)has to offer,in part(partially)because being married entails dozens of associated rights, benefits, and obligations(responsibility)under state and federal law." These pertain to such matters as parenthood, property ownership, guardianship, and inheritance. [be obliged to do sth./ sth.pertain to sb.][3] Outside the United States, however, efforts to legitimize same-sex marriage have met with (achieve) more success. In 2001 the Netherlands(Dutch)became the first nation in the world to provide civil [<->military] marriage ceremonies for homosexual couples. In 2003, Belgium followed suit (imitated). And in 2002 and 2003, courts in three Canadian Provinces ruled(vt.)that the[deny: vt. ~ (deprive) sb.of sth.)denial of marriage to same-sex couples constituted a violation of Canada's Charter of Rights.Interspecies Marriage[4] The exploration of outer space may result in the colonization of planets—and the potential for the sexual union of human beings and aliens.While(Although)the reports of individual abductions(seduction)here on Earth for the purpose of reproductive experiments may rightly or wrongly be dismissed(denied)as delusional, the intent(intention)of the people of Earth to explore the universe in search of extraterrestrial life is a practical reality. Whether such extraterrestrial life exists, or whether explorers from Earth will ever encounter(meet with)it and mate(marry)with it, cannot be known at present, but the possibility surely exists. Under what jurisdiction(s), if any, such marriages will occur, and with what biological and social consequences, can also not be known.[5] Yet, the potential for interspecies marriage already exists on our own planet—not for sexual or reproductive purposes, but for valid emotional ones (purposes) similar to those(marriages)that have motivated human couples down through history.[6] It has been said that the dog is man's best friend. As evidence, pet cemeteries exist where the last remains of loyal and loving pets have been interred(buried)with a measure(some)of dignity and respect equal to that accorded to human relatives and friends. The licensing of pet ownership has long been a function of government, and some pet shops carefully screen the intentions and character of prospective(potential/ would-be)human applicants before granting (giving)them rights to pet adoption. Pets, moreover, have sometimes been named as beneficiaries in their masters' or mistresses'wills.[7] Why then, one (anybody) might ask,should not an individual choose (=decide) to affirm (confirm)the emotional attachment(connection/ attached school)he or she feels for a pet with the formality(procedure)of a documented ceremony in which the human particular(involved) / concerned)promises to love and honor the animal companion? Though the devoted(royal/ devote oneself to sth.)pet would be unable to verbally acknowledge its willingness(desire)to enter into such a relationship, affidavits could be obtained(got)from witnesses attesting(proving)to the caring and affectionate(loving)bond(connection)between pet and owner.[8] To propose the possibility of interspecies marriage is not to demean the desire of human couples, whether heterosexual or homosexual, to marry. Rather, it is meant(intended)to suggest that the concept of marriage as a socially and spiritually sanctioned(approved)partnership need not be restricted to(limited to)humans alone if the partners to the arrangement are bound by a clear sense of loving and lifelong commitment.Marriage of human Being and Inanimate Object[9] If the element of sexuality is removed from the definition of marriage, then the marriage of human beings to inanimate objects becomes theoretically possible.[10] Critics of American society have frequently observed how Americans are "wedded" (married)to their material possessions. Why might not such a relationship be validated(legalized) by ceremony?[11] Many men are in love with their cars, especially classic models, and expend (spend) significant(large)amounts of time and money to maintain them. Why not license both the right to drive and the commitment of the driver to the car that faithfully serves him? The relationship would terminate(end)in the event (in the case) of irreparable mechanical breakdown (equivalent to the death of a spouse) or the disposal of the car by sale (equivalent to divorce).[12]Many an individual, moreover, has formed an intimate (close) relationship with his or her computer, spending long hours in its close company, often to the exclusion of human contact. Though the computer could not express its desire for monogamous union (marriage), its acknowledgment of a secret password, its ability to keep secrets that it shares only with its operator, and its instantaneous compliance would signal its faithfulness and obedience.Is Marriage Necessary?[13] Naturally, some(people)would argue that a wedding ceremony between ourselves and our material possessions is unlikely (impossible) and unnecessary. Few legal benefits, after all, would accrue(increase/ add)to inanimate objects from such an arrangement. And whatever benefits wouldaccrue to us, we already have.[14] Someday, in fact, the original notion(concept)of marriage may seem a semantic artifact ofa lost world. (983 words) [The other day<->Someday]ABOUT THE AUTHORStephen Bertman is Professor of Languages, Literatures, and Cultures at Canada's University of Windsor. He is the author of Hyperculture, The Human Cost of Speed (Praeger, 1998), and many other books. [supermarket->Hypermarket]EXERCISESI . Reading ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the following statements.1. According to the passage, the traditional marriage refers to _____.A. the religious template marriageB. the individualistic open marriageC. the wedlock of a discrete and distinctive stateD. the wedlock with a contract between a man and a woman2. According to the passage, what was it like in the 1960s?A. Group marriages were very popular.B. American blacks were no longer discriminated against.C. Feminist movement began to rise in American society.D. The same-sex marriage was considered abnormal.3. According to Professor William N. Eskridge Jr., _____.A. same-sex marriage should be made legal by American governmentB. without official marriage status, gays and lesbians may lose some rights and benefitsC. marriage licenses should only be granted to heterosexual couplesD. gays and lesbians have always been seriously discriminated against in the country4. The author believes that _____.A. some people have been abducted by aliens from outer spaceB. it is delusional to meet extraterrestrial lives in outer spaceC. it is quite possible that extraterrestrial lives exist in outer spaceD. the exploration of outer space has a practical meaning for the colonization of planets5. Down through history, the most important purpose of human marriage has been _____.A. financialB. sexualC. emotionalD. reproductive6. The author implies in the article that_____.A. some pets have been buried as honorably as peopleB. pets should not be interred into cemeteriesC. pets should not be beneficiaries in their masters' or mistresses' willsD. interspecies marriage has demeaned the desire of human marriage7. The author proposes the possibility of interspecies marriage based on the concept that marriage is a life partnership _____.A. sanctioned by the societyB. bound by love and lifelong commitmentC. providing spiritual and financial supportD. working as a basic unit of a society8. The author proposes the possibility of marriage with inanimate objects because he thinks _____.A. such a relationship should be validated by ceremonyB. many men are indulged in inanimate objectsC. many people have intimate relationship with inanimate objectsD. the definition of marriage can be extended to non-sexual relationship9. According to the author,_____.A. a wedding ceremony between human and inanimate objects is unnecessaryB. some people love inanimate objects more than they love peopleC. marriage with inanimate objects would accrue a lot of material possessions to usD. the computer has deprived many people of the opportunity to contact others10. According to the author, the notion of marriage will_____.A. be changed dramatically in the futureB. only be found in the dictionaries in the futureC. remain the same as its originalD. disappear in people's life in the futureII. VocabularyA Read the following sentences and decide which of the four choices below each sentence is closest in meaning to the underlined word.1. As the year progressed (passed), the war in Vietnam undermined national unity, compelling (forcing)the president and his advisers to spend much of their time explaining U. S. policy in Asia.A. weakenedB. stressedC. brokeD. split (video splitter/ a split second)2. The picture was different from all the others. It consisted of a lot of discrete spots of color. [A consists of B and C/ A is composed of B and C]A. mysteriousB. surprisingC. separateD. bright3. The preparation for the great military overseas operations entailed months of careful planning and preparation.A. entitledB. requiredC. provided (sb. with sth.)D. deprived (sb. of sth.)4. It was reported that a 19-year-old college student at Berkeley was taken from her apartment. And two days after the abduction a tape recording was sent to a local radio station.A. burglaryB. murder (n./ vt.)C. hijackD. kidnapping5. Mott suffers financially and emotionally as(when)his series of delusional get-rich-quick schemes(plans)goes bad (fail).A. expectedB. extravagantC. dreamedD.(brain)drained6. Then for a number of(a lot of)African Americans the strategy of the Civil Rights Movement was beginning to appear demeaning and even irrelevant.A. degradingB. destining (be destined to do sth.)C. deviatingD.(ascend<->)descending7. The member countries of the organization would act only with the sanction of United Nations. [act on sth.]A. punishmentB.(sustain->)sustenanceC. approvalD. authorization8. Miracles (->miraculous) are instantaneous they cannot be summoned, but come ofthemselves (independently), usually at unlikely(impossible)moments and to those who least expect them.A. evident (a.->evidence: n.)B. immediateC. inevitable(=unavoidable)D. hidden (camera)9. The Environmental Protection Agency estimated that the cost to industry of compliance with the new rules could be as high as $ 1 billion a year.A. following (observe/obey)B. executionC. accomplishment (=achievement)D. agreeableness10. On the basis (base) of the law, the woman's right is absolute and that she is entitled to terminate her pregnancy at whatever time, in whatever way, and for whatever reason she alone chooses.A. pauseB. complete(a./ vt.)C. expireD. stopB. Choose the best word or expression from the list given for each blank. Ike each wordor expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.extraterrestrial jurisdiction to be sure pertain to follow suita measure of be bound by after all acknowledgment attest to1.In the U. S. the FBI has the broadest jurisdiction of all federal law enforcement agencies. It is authorized to investigate all federal criminal violations that the United States Congress has not specifically assigned to other federal agencies.2. Many Scandinavian words were introduced into Old English by the Norsemen, or Vikings, who invaded Britain periodically from the late 8th century on. Introduced first were words pertaining to the sea and battle.3. At a conference on space exploration, a Moscow astronomer proposed that two intense radio sources might indicate attempts by extraterrestrial creatures to let their presence be known. [press/ academic conference]4. Little is known of the earliest inhabitants of England. A prehistoric temple found at Stanton Drew in 1997attest to the early presence of an able(intelligent)people.5.To be sure, some people may disagree, but that doesn't mean I'm wrong.6. The first player to the left plays any card, and the rest of the players,follow suit. [(1)Yunnan is in the south of China. (2)Vietnam is on the south of Yunnan; The Philippines is to the south of China.; on the left/ right]7. He has not become rich in business, but he has had a measure(degree)of success.8. The representative of the United Kingdom argued unsuccessfully that such interference would only make negotiations more difficult; he declined(refused)to accept them or be bound by them.9. I know he hasn't finished the work, but,after all, he is a very busy man.10. The Clinton administration, reversing the policy of the previous Bush administration, supported acknowledgment of the growing North-South division of the world into rich and poor countries.III. ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the rightword or phrase from the list given below for each of the blanks. Change the form if necessary. involve resource spouse unconventional universally at the same time complicate furthermore committed illustrateMarriage is commonly defined as a partnership between two members of opposite sex known as husband and wife. However, scholars who study human culture and society disagree on whether marriage can be universally defined. The usual roles and responsibilities of the husband and wife include living together, having sexual relations only with one another, sharing economic2 resources and being recognized as the parents of their children. However,3unconventional (conventional=traditional)forms of marriage that do not include these elements do exist. For example, scholars have studied several cultural groups in Africa and India in which husbands and wives do not live together. Instead, each4spouse remains in his or her original home, and the husband is a "visitor" with sexual rights. 5Committed relationships between homosexuals (individuals with a sexual orientation toward people of the same sex) also challenge conventional definitions of marriage. [commit: ~suicide; ~crime;committed time]Debates over the definition of marriage6illustrate(show)its dual nature as both a public institution(structure/ relationship)and a private, personal relationship. On the one hand, marriage 7involves an emotional and sexual relationship between particular human beings.8At the same time marriage is an institution that transcends(surpass)the particular individuals involved in it and unites two families. In some cultures (countries), marriage connects two families in a9 complicated set of property exchanges involving land, labor, and other resources. The extended (<->nuclear)family and society also share an interest in any children the couple may have.10 Furthermore, the legal and religious definitions of marriage and the laws that surround it usually represent the symbolic expression of core cultural norms (standard/informal behavioral guidelines) and values. [normal university]IV.TranslationPut the following parts into Chinese.1. The frequency of cohabitation, whether as a prelude to or as a substitute for a ceremony with legal force, has further undermined the concept of wedlock as a discrete and distinctive state. All of these challenges, however, were or are predicated upon a relationship that is heterosexual, fashioned upon the Adam-and-Eve template.无论作为法定婚姻的前奏还是其替代品，同居现象的频繁出现都进一步弱化了婚姻区别于其他结合形式的独立特征。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

READING COMPREHENSION TEST I(45 minutes, 25 questions, 4 points each)Directions: In this test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and choose the best choice to answer the questions.Passage OneA study released last week indicates that American students not only have no problem with cheating, but that often, teachers close their eyes to it.The survey was conducted by Professor Donald L. McCabe of Rutgers University, New Jersey, founder and president of the Center for Academic Integrity. This national association (society) of more than 250 colleges is dedicated to (intended to) fostering (develop/ cultivate) scholastic (academic) honesty. According to the survey of 4, 500 students, cheating was found to be in full sway (common) , with 97 percent admitting to at least one instance of cheating, from copying homework to duplicating (copying) answers on tests.Erika Karres, an assistant education professor (associate professor) at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill who studied student cheating patterns (rules) for more than 30 years said: "Nowadays parents may make little of (ignore) their child's mistake by thinking ' he was cheating, but it's not like he's taking drugs' or ` she's pregnant.'As for teachers, Karres claims some do not want to go through the annoyance of having to "press (report) the point". Who has time to have a meeting after school with all the records, materials, and statements? And even if that meeting occurs, parents may blame the teacher because he or she did not take the time to change the order of test questions for their various classes. Still (Furthermore), she adds, many teachers are wide-awake (on alert). For example, English teachers may check word clusters (字符串) on the Internet for signs of fraud (cheating) or file away samples of student writing to compare with vocabulary and grammar used in later papers. No matter what the cheaters' motives are, educators agree the computer has greatly contributed to (lead) their wrongdoing (offense). With an Internet hook up, cheating is just a click away.Many U. S. colleges have recently rewritten the policy on cheating to emphasize academic integrity and "commitment to fundamental values of honesty, trust, fairness, respect and responsibility".1. The study conducted by Professor McCabe reveals that _____.A. college authorities don't take cheating very seriouslyB. college teachers encourage their students to cheatC. cheating has become a serious problem with almost all the studentsD. scholastic honesty is no longer valued in American colleges2. According to Erika Karres, parents _____.A. don't think of cheating as their children's behavioral mistakeB. think that cheating is as bad as drug abuseC. make little of their girls' being pregnantD. think many other problems should draw more attention than cheating3. Teachers close their eyes to cheating because _____.A. they think it doesn't help to have a meeting discussing cheating problemsB. they don't want to take the trouble to reveal cheatings with reliable evidenceC. they have already changed the order of questions in the exam papersD. they can easily identify cheating problems while grading exam papers4. Wide-awake teachers can find cheating by _____.A. comparing the word groups in students' writing with the ones on the InternetB. comparing the examples used by their students with those used by their classmatesC. learning the methods and signs of cheating provided on the InternetD. checking the vocabulary and grammar used in the latest published papers5. Which of the following can be regarded as a primary cause of the increase of cheating in American colleges?A. College policies.B. Teachers' encouragement.C. Parents' negligence.D. The wide-spread use of computer.Passage TwoThe traditional final resting place for a discarded (deserted) computer is anywhere it will not be in the way -- in a closet (cupboard), under a lamp, in the attic (loft), anywhere. But there are a growing number of computer-recycling options that do not take up space. More important, the new recycling programs (projects) do not involve pitching old computer parts into the trash bin (dustbin).Computer makers Dell, Gateway and Hewlett-Packard have recently launched or improved programs to collect old personal computers and printers from any manufacturer. The message is that whatever you do with your old computer, "don't throw it in the trash", said Michele Glaze, a Dell spokeswoman. "That's not an appropriate (proper) way to get rid of any piece of any electronic equipment." At the Dell Exchange Website people have four options:They can donate old models to a nonprofit organization, recycle them for proper disposal, trade them in for a discount on a new Dell or sell them to the highest bidder.HP offers to do the recycling work for the consumer as well. The company charges for shipping and handling -- U. S. $ 13~34 per item. Returned equipment is either donated to nonprofit organizations or, if too old to be useful, broken down to its key (basic) commodities -- steel, aluminum, copper and plastic -- at shredders the company has in Tennessee.The form of recycling most folks will probably think of, however, is donating old computers to schools. Several Washington area organizations will gladly take the old computers, monitors, printers and so on, re-case them, and send them to schools. Old hardware, however, may not make it to school in one piece, especially if the computer is too old to run a current operating system.When people ask Lorin Evans, who runs Washington Apple Pi's computer-recycling program, where their computers will go, he usually does not know because he often strips old computers down to their composite parts."The beauty of the Mac is it's easy to decide which wounded soldiers on a battlefield need to be operated on first," he said.6. The new computer-recycling programs are recommended most probably because _____.A. the old computers have blocked our way at home or in officeB. the new programs will save our space at home or in officeC. the useful computer components will not be thrown awayD. the old computer parts have caused serious environmental pollution7. Computer companies collect old computers made by _____.A. their own companiesB. other computer companiesC. computer makers in the U. S.D. any computer makers8. One reason that HP charges for the disposal of old computers is probably that _____.A. nonprofit organizations charge them for the returned equipmentB. the company has to pay for the storage space for the old partsC. the company has to transport the returned equipment to TennesseeD. it is very difficult to separate steel, aluminum, copper and plastic9. Which of the following donation will reach the schools?A. Donations of all the second-hand computers.B. Used computers which can run current systems.C. Donations of old operating systems.D. New computer cases.10. By saying "The beauty of be operated on first" (in the last paragraph) Lorin Evans means “_____.”.A. it is easy to decide what kind of computers should be taken apartB. it is easy to decide which part of the computers should be repairedC. it is easy to know where to put the very old computersD. old computers are easy to collect but hard to dispose ofPassage ThreeCrowd control could soon become a crucial skill for climbers on Mount Everest, as important as physical strength or watching the weather. In a single day last week, nearly 40 people reached the top of the world __ record. Reports sent by satellite telephone from base camp spoke of queues at dangerous ridges and crowded as people passed each other in the final dash for the 8, 848 meters (29, 028 ft) summit.More traditional mountaineers sneer (嘲笑) at the circus atmosphere surrounding Everest in recent years, and there are warnings that the crowds are making the mountain more dangerous. Overcrowding has already taken its toll. In 1996, 14 died on the mountain when the members of several expeditions were trapped at high altitudes by sudden snowstorms. Bad weather in early May led to this year's jam on the summit ridge, but the toll, luckily, was light. Just four climbers died, including a Nepali Sherpa who had made 11 previous successful climbing.Traditionalists are also worried about the growing tendency of expeditions to set records and achieve "firsts", rather than simply climb the mountain. This year's crop of summiteers included the oldest man, 64-year-old Sherman Bull from Connecticut, and the youngest: 16year-old Temba Tsheri Sherpa of Nepal. An American with only one arm was on the mountain this year; an Indian with no legs also tried but to no avail. In the most spectacular feat, Erik Weihenmeyer, an American, became the first blind person to reach the top of the world. His fellow climbers stayed in front of him on the way up, describing the terrain and ringing bells.Nepal views Mount Everest as something of a cash cow; the government charges expeditions a minimum of $ 70, 000. That is probably why officials in Katmandu are ignoring concerns about overcrowding and talking about even more climbers coming next year. But a celebration of the 48th anniversary of the first conquest of Everest, by Sir Edmund Hillary and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay, was cancelled after violent strikes, called by the Communist opposition. Returning climbers whothought their challenge was over had to walk from hotel to airport so they could fly home to the usual triumphal welcome. Tumultuous Nepali politics, it seems, could be just the crowd-control measure that Everest needs.11. What is important to climbers on Mount Everest?A. Watching the weather.B. Making a final dash.C. Psychological adjustment.D. Group management.12. More accidents have happened in recent years due to _____.A. bad geographical conditionsB. carelessness of the climbersC. overcrowdingD. snowstorms13. Several summiteers are mentioned in the third paragraph to showA. their courageB. their diversityC. their great achievementsD. their common motivation14. The attitude of the Nepali government toward the circus atmosphere is _____.A. indifferentB. welcomingC. worriedD. concerned15. An anniversary celebration of the first conquest of Everest was cancelled due to _____.A. overcrowdingB. political reasonsC. the returning of the climbersD. the lack of crowd-control measurePassage FourAmericans and Japanese are different in many ways, such differences are neither superior nor inferior to each other. A particular pattern of management behavior develops from a complexity of unique cultural factors -- and will only work within a given culture.Let me try to describe three characteristics of the Japanese environment that in some way affect decision-making or direction-taking and problem-solving. These characteristics are interrelated.First, in any approach to a problem and in any negotiations in Japan, there is the "you to you" approach, as distinguished from the Western "I to you" approach. The difference is this: in "1 to you", each side presents his arguments forthrightly from his own point of view -- he states what he wants and what he expects to get. Thus, a confrontation situation is set up and Westerners are very skillful in dealing with this.The "you to you" approach practiced in Japan is based on each side -- automatically and often unconsciously -- trying to understand the other man's point of view, and for the purpose of discussion actually declaring this understanding. Thus, the direction of the meeting is a mutual attempt at minimizing confrontation and achieving harmony.A second characteristic is based on "consensus M-4tit) opinion". In Japan great consideration is given to and reliance placed on the thoughts and opinions of everyone at all levels. This is true of corporate enterprises and Government agencies.To understand this, it is important to realize that Japan is a very densely populated country. In Japan there is a drive for the group -- whether it is family, company, or Government -- to act as a unit.Another characteristic is "bottom-up direction" of management. When I use the term "bottom-up" , I am referring to a style of management -- perhaps what you would call keeping your finger on the pulse of the public, or the labor force, or other audiences.The difference is that in Japan we record the pulse and it has real meaning, and it influences the direction finally taken at the top regarding a specific important issue. In other words, Western styledecision-making proceeds mainly from top management and often does not consult the middle management or the worker, while in Japan direction can be formulated at the lowest levels, travel upward through an organization and have an impact on the eventual decision.16. What does the author think of the differences between the Japanese and western style in decision-making?A. Both of them are very complex.B. They are greatly affected by each other.C. Neither of them is superior to the other.D. They often go into confrontations.17. In Japan, when people are trying to solve a problem they usually _____.A. present their ideas from their own point of viewB. listen passively during the discussionC. come into conflict with one anotherD. consider other people's ideas18. In the West, a decision in an organization can be made when _____.A. a consensus is reachedB. there is a lot of discussionC. the workers are consultedD. the top have their ideas19. The expression "keeping your finger on the pulse of the public" (in bold, in Paragraph 8) has the closest meaning with _____.A. knowing the opinion of the publicB. presenting the opinion of the publicC. judging the opinion of the publicD. imposing an opinion on the public20. This passage was most probably written by a _____.A. historianB. politicianC. sociologistD. businessmanPassage FiveProbably the single largest group of economists in the U. S. in one way or another can be classified as "liberal economists". Liberal in this instance refers to their willingness to intervene in the free operation of the market. These economists share with the free market economists a great respect for the market. However, the liberal economist does not believe that the explicit and implicit costs of a freely operating market should or can be ignored. Rather, the liberal maintains that the costs of an uncontrolled marketplace are often borne by those in society who are least capable of bearing them: the poor, the elderly and the weak. Additionally, liberal economists maintain that the freely operating market sometimes results in economic instability and inflation, unemployment and slow growth. Thus, although liberal economists believe that economic efficiency is highly desirable, they find the attainment of economic efficiency at any cost to be unacceptable and perhaps even "extremely objectionable".Consider for a moment the differences between free market economists and liberal economists at the microeconomic level. Liberal economists take exception to the free market on two grounds. First, these economists find a basic problem with fairness in the marketplace. Since the market is driven by the forces of consumer spending, there are those who through no fault of their own (they may be aged, young, weak, physically or mentally handicapped) may not have the ability to participate in the economic system. Others, however, perhaps because they are extremely lucky or because they have inherited wealth, may have not only the ability to participate in the system, but they may have the ability to direct the course of that system. Second, the free market does not and cannot handle spill-over effects or what are known as " externalities" . These are the third party effects which may occur as a result of an economic act. Will a firm willingly compensate its neighbors for the pollutants it pours into the nearby lake? Will a truck driver willingly drive at 55 miles per hour and in the process reduce the highway accident rate? Liberal economists think not.These economists are therefore willing to have the government intervene in these and other similar cases.21. Unlike free market economists, liberal economists think that free market economy should be _____.A. respectedB. rejectedC. encouragedD. intervened22. In regard to a freely operating market, liberal economists are mainly concerned about itsA. efficiencyB. costsC. operationD. stability23. Liberal economists think that the rich benefit more from a free market because they _____.A. can participate in the government systemB. have a habit of spending moneyC. can determine the direction of economyD. have the ability to influence the consumers24. According to liberal economists, free market may result in _____.A. povertyB. unfairnessC. government inefficiencyD. social change25. The third party effects refer to the instances of _____.A. caring less about external consequencesB. the intervention of a third partyC. extreme economic actsD. the failure of market control。

研究生英语阅读教程基础级第二版lesson11课后习题答案

页数:68
研究生英语阅读教程(基础级3版)课文答案翻译

页数:6
研究生英语阅读教程提高级课后习题

页数:7
研究生英语阅读教程(基础级3版)课文答案翻译1-12单元完整版

页数:10
研究生英语阅读教程(提高版)课后翻译(带原文)

页数:5
研究生英语阅读教程课后答案课课件

页数:16
研究生英语阅读教程课后翻译(带原文)

页数:8
研究生英语阅读教程(第三版)英语课后答案

页数:20
研究生英语阅读教程(第三版)课后翻译

页数:6
《研究生英语阅读教程》(基础级)第三版课文译文

页数:38

研究生英语阅读教程(基础级2版)

合集下载

研究生英语阅读教程基础级第二版lesson5课后习题答案

最新研究生英语阅读教程(基础级2版)课文13及其翻译

(新编研究生英语系列教程)研究生英语阅读教程基础级第二版课件及课后答案lesson 10

【免费下载】研究生英语阅读教程基础级2版课文01及其翻译

研究生英语阅读教程(基础级第二版)lesson 10

研究生英语阅读教程基础级第二版lesson3课后习题答案

最新研究生英语阅读教程-基础级第二版-第九课

研究生英语阅读教程基础级第二版lesson2课后习题答案

研究生英语阅读教程基础级第二版lesson12课后习题答案

研究生英语阅读教程(基础级第二版)lesson 4 墨慧强

文档推荐

最新文档

研究生英语阅读教程(基础级2版)

合集下载

研究生英语阅读教程基础级第二版lesson5课后习题答案

最新研究生英语阅读教程(基础级2版)课文13及其翻译

(新编研究生英语系列教程)研究生英语阅读教程基础级第二版课件及课后答案lesson 10

【免费下载】研究生英语阅读教程基础级2版课文01及其翻译

研究生英语阅读教程(基础级 第二版)lesson 10

研究生英语阅读教程基础级第二版lesson3课后习题答案

最新研究生英语阅读教程-基础级第二版-第九课

研究生英语阅读教程基础级第二版lesson2课后习题答案

研究生英语阅读教程基础级第二版lesson12课后习题答案

研究生英语阅读教程(基础级 第二版)lesson 4 墨慧强

文档推荐

最新文档

研究生英语阅读教程(基础级第二版)lesson 10

研究生英语阅读教程(基础级第二版)lesson 4 墨慧强