研究生英语阅读教程课后翻译(带原文)

研究生英语阅读教程(基础级3版)课文09及其翻译课文09原文New Travel Regulations1. American travelers must adjust to new travel s ecurity measures that [have gone into effect] in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks.2. As of mid-January 2002, stricter security meas ures meant to scrutinize overseas travelers are b eing put into effect at airports and other entry points across the United States.3. To alleviate the inconvenience to passengers, airlines and airports are providing new services, such as real-time wait-time information, to keep travelers better informed and to reduce stress r elated to waiting.4. Some of these measures have already been in use in Europe and are being shared with American au thorities in an effort to generate a more consist ent compliance around the world.5. Travelers can expect certain services to be di scontinued in the wake of the September 11 attack s.6. For example, some airlines are no longer offer ing curbside check-ins, which used to allow passe ngers to check in their luggage without going thr ough the ticket counter.7. Other changes include stricter passenger identifications' requirements and more thorough inspec tions of checked luggage.翻译新旅行规定1. 在2001年9月11日袭击事件之后，美国旅行者必须适应新的旅行安全措施。

Does Economic Growth (development) Improve Human Morale?By David G. Myers[1] During the mid-1980s my family and I spent a sabbatical year in the historic town of St. Andrews, Scotland. Comparing life there with life in America, we were impressed by a seeming disconnection between national wealth and well-being (happiness). To most Americans, Scottish life would have seemed Spartan. Incomes were about half that (income) in the U. S. Among families in the Kingdom of Fife surrounding (around) St. Andrews, 44 percent did not own a car, and we never met a family that owned two. Central heating in this place not far south of Iceland was, at that time, still a luxury.[2] In hundreds of conversations during our year there and during three half-summer stays since (since then), we repeatedly noticed that, despite (=in spite of) their simpler living, the Scots appeared no less joyful (happy) than Americans. We heard complaints about Margaret Thatcher, but never about being underpaid or unable to afford (pay for) wants (necessities). With less money there was no less satisfaction with living, no less warmth of spirit, no less pleasure (happiness) in one another's company. Are rich American is happier? [accompany sb. to somewhere][3] Within any country, such as our own, are rich people happier? In poor countries, such as Bangladesh and India, being relatively well off (rich) does make for (cause/ bring about) somewhat (a little) greater well being (happiness). Psychologically as well as (=and) materially, it is much better to be high caste than low caste. We humans need food, rest, warmth, and social contact.[4] But in affluent (rich) countries, where nearly everyone can afford life's necessities, increasing affluence matters (vi.) surprisingly little. In the USA, Canada, and Europe, the correlation between income and happiness is, as University of Michigan researcher Ronald Ingle-hart noted in 1980s 16-nation study, "surprisingly weak [indeed, virtually (actually) negligible]". Happiness is lower among the very poor. But once (they are) comfortable, more money provides diminishing returns. The second piece of pie, or the second $ 50, 000, never tastes as good as the first. So (As) far as happiness is concerned, it hardly matters (vi.) whether one drives a BMW or, like so many of the Scots, walks or rides a bus.[5] Even very rich people -- the Forbes' 100 wealthiest (richest) Americans surveyed by University of Illinois psychologist Ed Diener -- are only slightly happier than average (the ordinary people). With net (<->gross) worth all exceeding (surpassing) $ 100 million, providing ample (enough) money to buy things they don't need and hardly care about, 4 in 5 of the 49 people responding to the survey agreed that "Money can increase OR decrease happiness, depending on how it is used." And some (people) were indeed unhappy. One fabulously (extremely) wealthy man said he could never remember being happy. One woman reported that money could not undo (correct) misery caused by her children's problems. Does economic growth improve human morale? (net weight<->gross weight)[6] We have scrutinized (examined) the American dream of achieved wealth and well-being (happiness) by comparing rich and unrich countries, and rich and unrich people. That (analysis) leaves the final question: Over time (in the long run), does happiness rise (increase) with affluence (wealth)?[7] Typically (Absolutely) not. Lottery winners appear (seem) to gain (get) but (only) a temporary jolt of joy (happiness) from (because of) their winnings. Looking back, they feeldelighted (happy) to have won. Yet the euphoria doesn't last (vi.). In fact, previously enjoyed activities such as reading may become less pleasurable (pleasant). Compared to the high (high spirit) of winning a million dollars, ordinary pleasures (become) pale.[8] On a smaller scale, a jump in our income can boost (promote/ increase) our morale, for a while (a short time). "But in the long run," notes Inglehart, "neither an ice cream cone nor a new car nor becoming rich and famous produces（bring about）the same feelings of delight that it initially did. Happiness is not the result of being rich, but a temporary consequence (result) of having recently become richer." Ed Diener's research confirms that those whose incomes have increased over a 10-year period are not happier than those whose income has not increased. Wealth, it therefore seems, is like health: Although its utter (complete) absence can breed (produce/ lead to) misery, having it does not guarantee happiness. Happiness is less a matter of getting what we want than of wanting (enjoy) what we have.Are we happier today?[9] We can also ask whether, over time, our collective (total/ comprehensive) happiness has floated upward (increase) with the rising economic tide. Are we happier today than in 1940, when two out of five homes (families) lacked a shower or bathtub, heat often meant feeding a furnace wood or coal, and 35 percent of homes had no toilet? Or consider 1957, when economist John Galbraith was about to describe the United States as The Affluent Society. Americans' per person income, expressed in today's dollars, was less than $ 8,000. Today it is more than $ 16, 000, thanks to increased real wages into the 1970s, increased nonwage income, and the doubling of married women's employment. Compared to 1957, we are therefore "the doubly affluent society"—with double what money buys including twice as many cars per person, not to mention microwave ovens, big screen color TVs, home computers, and $ 200 billion a year spent in restaurants and bars -- two and a half times our 1960 inflation-adjusted restaurant spending per person. From 1960 to 1990, the percentage of us with·dishwashers zoomed from 7 to 45 percent, (zoom in=enlarge<->zoom out)·clothes dryers rose from 20 to 69 percent,·air conditioners soared from 15 to 70 percent.Not best of times (for) the human spirit (morale)[10] So, believing that a little more money would make us a little happier, and having seen our affluence ratchet upward little by little over nearly four decades, are we now happier?[11] We are not (happy at all). Since 1957, the number telling the University of Chicago's National Opinion Research Center that they are "very happy" has declined from 35 to 30 percent. Twice as rich, and a little less happy. In fact, between 1956 and 1988, the percentage of Americans saying they were "pretty (very) well satisfied with your present financial situation" dropped from 42 to 30 percent. [live/ lead a happy/ miserable life][12] We are also more often downright (completely) miserable. Among Americans born since World War II, depression has increased dramatically –tenfold (ten times), reports University of Pennsylvania clinical researcher Martin Seligman. Today's 25-year-olds are much more likely (possible) to recall a time in their life when they were despondent (depressed) and despairing than are their 75-year-old grandparents, despite the grandparents having had many more years to suffer all kinds of disorder, from broken legs to the anguish of depression. Researchers debate the actualextent (degree) of rising depression... but no matter how we define depression, the findings (discoveries) persist. Today's youth and young adults have grown up with much more affluence, slightly less overall happiness, and much greater risk of depression, not to mention tripled teen suicide and all the other social pathologies we have considered (discussed). Never has a culture (nation) experienced such physical comfort combined with such psychological misery. Never have we felt so free, or had our prisons so overstuffed. Never have we been so sophisticated (complicated) about pleasure, or so likely to suffer broken relationships.[13] These are the best of times materially, "a time of elephantine (great) vanity and greed" observes Garrison Keillor, but they are not the best times for the human spirit. William Bennett, no critic of free market economies, is among those who recognize (find) the futility (uselessness) of economics without ethics and money without a mission (goal/ purpose): "If we have full employment and greater economic growth -- if we have cities of gold and alabaster -- but our children have not learned how to walk in goodness, justice, and mercy, then the American experiment, not matter how gilded (beautiful), will have failed." (1, 208 words)ABOUT THE AUTHORDavid Myers is a social psychologist and a communicator (writer) of psychological science to college students and the general public.EXERCISESAnswer the following questions or complete the following statements.1. What struck the author during his stay in St. Andrews, Scotland?A. The historic town of St. Andrews, Scotland.B. Obvious disconnection between national wealth and well-being.C. The natural beauty of St. Andrews, Scotland.D. The unwealthy yet peaceful life in St. Andrews, Scotland.2. What did the Scots think about their simple life?A. They were unsatisfied with the simple life and complained a lot.B. They blamed Margaret Thatcher for the poor living standard.C. They never complained, though they were unable co afford wants.D. They were happy and satisfied with their simple life.3. What's the difference that affluence makes between poor countries and rich ones?A. In poor countries, affluence matters surprisingly little while in rich countries affluence matters a great deal.B. In poor countries, affluence doesn't matter while in rich countries affluence matters a great deal.C. Increasing affluence means the same for people both in rich countries and in poor ones.D. Affluence makes great difference in poor countries while it matters surprisingly little in rich ones.4. What does the author imply by "The second piece of pie never tastes as good as the first."?A. You will never have the same feeling if you are full.B. Driving a BMW is the same as walking or riding a bike once you have enough to eat.C. Once people have enough income for comfortable life, then more income provides diminishing returns.D. For the poor people they will not refuse to have something more.5. What is the attitude of the wealthiest Americans towards money and happiness?A. Money could either increase or decrease happiness, depending on how it is used.B. Money could increase or decrease happiness, depending on how much money one owns.C. Money could not bring happiness but troubles.D. Money could bring neither happiness nor troubles.6. According to the author, what is the consequence of becoming rich?A. Troubles.B. A high spirit.C. Miseries.D. Temporary happiness.7. Why does the author say that wealth is like health?A. Health and wealth are both blessings, yet having both does not ensure happiness.B. The more wealth one has, the happier one is.C. One will never be happy if he is rich, but in poor health.D. Both money and health are essential to happiness.8. What are the causes of the rising income of Americans?A. Increased real wages and decreased nonwage income.B. Decreased nonwage income and working women.C. Increased nonwage income and more married working women.D. Increased real wages but decreased married women's employment.9. What is culturally typical of today's American society?A. More affluent and more comfortable.B. Physical comfort combined with psychological misery.C. More affluent yet less comfortable.D. More affluent and less psychologically depressed.10. What's the main idea of the passage?A. Wealth can't ensure the improvement of human morale.B. People in poor countries enjoy life more than those do in poor countries.C. Human beings need both health and wealth in order to have a happy life.D. It is the best time for human wealth as well as happiness.II. VocabularyA. Choose the best word from the tour choices to complete each of the following sentences.1. In 1977, I took my first ever _____ year and spent a couple of months at the Australian National University in Canberra.A. underpaidB. sabbaticalC. prosperousD. affluent2. He has had _____ opportunity to exercise leadership, which he almost invariably directs along positive channels, and has improved in the various skills.A. ampleB. utter (complete/ thorough)C. messyD. greedy3. Presumably (perhaps) they are paid their _____ salaries to spot (look for) errors such as these.A. despairingB. fabulous (unbelievable)C. depressingD. sympathetic4. It still depends on flow-patterns, even when the air is so thin as to be almost _____.A. diminishingB. tripledC. negligibleD. perceivable (=comprehensive)5. This would carry with it a responsibility on their part to help devise (design) the tests, or atleast to _____ their content.A. boost (increase/ promote)B. breadC. guaranteeD. scrutinize (examine)6. But he was already affected (influenced) by a(n) _____ which induced courage and recklessness.A. euphoriaB. mission (task)C. (idea->) ideologyD. bewilderment (confusion)7. Not only was there physical weakness but also intense loneliness and sometimes mental_____ due to (because of) lack of occupation (job) in the "workhouse" (workshop/ factory/ company) and the chronic sick wards.A. moraleB. enthusiasmC. starvation (=hanger)D. anguish(extreme pain)8. Worst of all is the sense (feeling) of utter (thorough) _____ because it is far too late to change anything.A. luxuryB. possessionC. futilityD. dominance9. The (mode<->) mood was (desperate->) despairing, _____ and war-weary pathetic (poor/pitiful) rather than rebellious.A. deficientB. destructiveC. despondent (depressed)D. declining (fall)10. She was born friendly and intelligent with none of the _____ so often associated with beautiful women.A. vanityB. casteC. lotteryD. eternity (eternal: adj.)B. Choose the best word or expression from the list given for each blank. Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.well off necessity diminish undo persistwell-being underpay downright zoom delight1. This suggests that Sterling's strength, unwelcome though it seemed, may actually have been conductive (helpful) to Britain's economic well-being (health/ development).2. The coal miners complain that they are ridiculously underpaid, especially as the work is so dangerous.3. We have seen the value of our house diminish substantially (considerably) over the last six months.4. It's very difficult to u ndo (correct) the damage that's caused by inadequate (improper) parenting (parental education) in a child's early years.5. The company's benefits zoomed (increase) from nil (zero/ naught) in 1981 to about $ 16 million last year. (zoom in=enlarge; zoom out)6. But she was an orphan, and the uncle and aunt with whom she lived were not at all well off (rich).7. For some women at this stage, cooking can become an absorbing (attractive) hobby rather than the necessity of life it was when there were others to feed -- a social pleasure or simply (only) a personal indulgence (favor/ preference).8. Those words uttered (spoken) by some political leaders would sound banal (cliché) and from one or two others downright phony (adj. n. false).9. Call your doctor for advice if symptoms persist for more than a few days.10. Yet there is much of scenic and historic interest here to delight (make sb. happy/ happiness)the leisurely visitor. (scene->scenery->scenic)III. ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage ea fully and choose the best answer front the four chokes given below the passage.Millions of people, especially in cities, find that life has become a dizzying and exhausting (tiring/ tiresome) rush (run). This is particularly (especially) so in Western lands (countries). At a recent meeting in the United States, a speaker asked his audience to 1 raise their hands if they felt tired much of the time (most of the time). Instantly, 2 a sea of hands went up. (If you can make it in New York, you can make it anywhere else; make it=succeed/ make a living) The book Why Am I So Tired? says: "Modern life is full oflist is endless."In years 4 gone (passed) by, life was simpler, and the pace of life was slower. People tended to live more peacefully (live in harmony). Daytime was for work, and nighttime was for one's family and for bed. Today, there are a number of reasons why people feel 5 increasingly tired and fatigued.One factor may be that people sleep less. And one of the more significant (important) developments that caused the change was the, 6 arrival of the electric light. With the flick of a humans could control the length of the "day", and people soon began 7(=sitting up late). Indeed, many had little choice in the matter because factories began to operate 8 around the clock and service industries extended their hours.Other technological radio, TV, and the personal computer, havealso played a role (part) in10 turn up (turn out/ appear) at work sleepy and tired after a long night's viewing (watching). Home computers, and the endless distractions that they offer, also tempt (attract) millions to stay up late.1. A. rise B. arise C. raise D. arouse2. A. a sea of B. a flock of C. a bunch of D. a band of3. A. interests B. advances C. tensions D. conflicts4. A. to come B. gone by C. to go D. passed away5. A. greatly B. intensively C. increasingly D. comprehensively6. A. display B. arrival C. demonstration D. announcement7. A. keeping on B. staying up C. sitting about D. standing for8. A. the clock round B. against the clock C. by the clock D. around the clock9. A. disturbing B. dividing C. detecting D. depriving10. A. tune in B. tear off C. turn up D. take inIV. TranslationPut the following ports into Chinese.1. To most Americans, Scottish life would have seemed Spartan. Incomes were about half that in the U. S. Among families in the Kingdom of Fife surrounding St. Andrews, 44 percent did notown a car, and we never met a family that owned two. Central heating in this place not far south of Iceland was, at that time, still a luxury.对绝大多数美国人而言，苏格兰人的生活可称得上清贫，其收入大约仅为美国人的一半。

World English: A Blessing or a Curse? Universal languageBy Tom McArthur[1] In the year 2000, the language scholar Glanville Price, a Welshman, made the following assertion as editor of the book Languages in Britain and Ireland:For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually(actually) all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk. (p 141) Some years earlier, in 1992, Robert Phillipson, English academic who currently (at the present/ at the moment) works in Denmark, published with Oxford a book entitled Linguistic Imperialism. In it, he argued that the major English-speaking countries, the worldwide English-language teaching industry, and notably (especially) the British Council pursue policies of linguistic aggrandisement. He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguicism[a condition parallel to(equal to/ similar to) racism and sexism]. As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have [by design(=deliberately) or default(=mistake)] encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some (about) three centuries ago as (when) economic and colonial expansion.[2] Phillipson himself worked for some years for the British Council, and he is not alone among Anglophone academics who have sought to point up the dangers of English as a world language. The internationalization of English has in the last few decades been widely discussed in terms of three groups: first, the ENL countries, where English is a native language (this group also being known as the "inner circle"); second, the ESL countries, where English is a second language (the "outer circle"); and third, the EFL countries, where English is a foreign language (the "expanding circle"). Since the 1980s, when such terms became common, this third circle has in fact expanded to take in the entire planet.[3] For good or for ill, there has never been a language quite like English. There have been many "world languages", such as Arabic, Chinese, Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit. By and large, we now view them as more or less benign, and often talk with admiration and appreciation about the cultures associated with them and what they have given to the world. And it is fairly (very) safe to do this, because none of them now poses much of a threat.[4] English however is probably (perhaps) too close for us to be able to analyze and judge it as dispassionately (objectively), as we may now discuss the influence of Classical Chinese on East Asia or of Classical Latin on Western Europe. The jury is still out in the trial of the English language, and may take several centuries to produce its verdict, but even so we can ask, in this European Year of Languages, whether Price and Phillipson are right to warn us all about the language that I am using at this very moment. [warn sb. of sth.][5] It certainly isn't hard(difficult) to look for situations (examples) where people might call English a curse. An example is Australia, which is routinely regarded as a straightforward English-speaking country. The first Europeans who went there often used Latin to describe and discuss the place. The word Australia itself is Latin; evidently (Obviously/ Apparently) no one at the time thought of simply calling it "Southland" (which is what Australia means). In addition(besides), in South Australia there is a wide stretch of land called the Nullarbor Plains, the first word of which sounds Aboriginal, but nullarbor is Latin and means "no trees". And most significantly of all, the early settlers called the continent a terra nullius. According to the Encarta World English Dictionary (1999) the Latin phrase terra nullius means:... the idea and legal concept that when the first Europeans arrived in Australia the land was owned by no one and therefore open to settlement. It has been judged not to be legally valid.But that judgment was made only recently. When the Europeans arrived, Australia was thinly populated—but populated nonetheless (from then on)—from coast to coast in every direction. There were hundreds of communities and languages. Many of these languages have died out, many more are in the process of dying out, and these dead and dying languages have been largely replaced (substituted) by either kinds of pidgin English or general Australian English. Depending on your point of view, this is either a tragic loss or the price of progress.[6] At the same time, however, can the blame for the extinction of Aboriginal languages be laid specifically at the door of English? The first Europeans to discover Australia were Dutch, and their language might have become the language of colonization and settlement. Any settler language could have had the same effect. If for example the Mongols had sustained their vast Eurasian empire, Mongolian might have become a world language and gone to Australia. Again, if history had been somewhat (a little) different, today's world language might have been Arabic, a powerful language in West Asia and North Africa that currently affects many smaller languages, including Coptic and Berber. Spanish has adversely (negatively) affected indigenous languages in so-called "Latin" America, and Russian has spread from Europe to the Siberian Pacific. If English is a curse and a killer, it may only be so in the sense (meaning) that any large language is likely (possible) to influence and endanger smaller languages.[7] Yet many people see (consider/ regard) English as a blessing. Let me leave aside here the obvious advantages possessed by any world language, such as a large communicative network, a strong literary and media complex (network), and a powerful cultural and educational apparatus (organization). Let us instead look at something rather different: the issue (problem) of politics, justice, and equality. My object (target) lesson this time is South Africa. Ten years ago, South Africa ceased (stopped) to be governed on principles of racial separateness, a system known in Afrikaans (a language derived from Dutch) as apartheid. The system arose (occurred) because the Afrikaner community—European settlers of mainly Dutch descent—saw themselves as superior to the indigenous (native) people of the land they had colonized.[8] English-speaking South Africans of British descent were not particularly strong in opposing the apartheid regime (rule), and the black opposition, whose members had many languages, was at first weak and disorganized. However, the language through which this opposition gained (obtained/ got) strength and organization was English, which became for them the key language of freedom and unity, not of oppression. There are today eleven official languages in South Africa—English, Afrikaans, and nine vernacular languages that include Zulu, Ndebele, and Setswana. But which of these nine do black South Africans use (or plan to use) as their national lingua franca? Which do they wish their children to speak and write successfully (in addition to their mother tongues)? The answer is none of the above. They want English, and in particular (especially/ specifically) they want a suitably Africanized English.[9] So, a curse for the indigenous peoples of Australia and something of a blessing for those in South Africa...[10] How then should we think of English in our globalizing world with its endangered diversities? The answer, it seems to me, is crystal clear. Like many things, English is at times (often) a blessing and at times a curse—for individuals, for communities (society), for nations, and even for unions of nations. The East Asian symbolism of yin and yang might serve (illustrate) well here: There is something of yang in every yin, of yin in every yang. Although they are opposites, they belong together: in this instance (case) within the circle of communication. Such symbolism suggests (shows) that the users of the world's lingua franca should seek to benefit as fully as possible from the blessing and as far as possible avoid invoking the curse. (1, 292 words)ABOUT THE AUTHORDr. Tom McArthur is founder editor of the Oxford Companion to the English Language (1992) and the quarterly English Today: The International Review of the English Language (Cambridge, 1985—). His more than 20 published works include the Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English (1981), Worlds of Reference: Language, Lexicography and Learning from the Clay Tablet to the Computer (1986), and The English Languages (1998). He is currently Deputy Director of the Dictionary Research Center at the University of Exeter.EXERCISESI. Reading ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the, following statements.1. It can be inferred from Glanville Price's statement that he is ______.A. happy that English is everywhere in Britain and IrelandB. worried about the future of the remaining Celtic languagesC. shocked by the diversity of languages in Britain and IrelandD. amazed that many people in the UK still speak their Aboriginal languages2. Cumbric is used as an example of ______.A. a local dialectB. a victim of the English languageC. a language that is on the verge of extinctionD. a language that is used by only a limited number of people3. Which of the following is the major concern of the book Linguistic Imperialism?A. English teaching overseas.B. British government's language policies.C. Dominance of English over other languages.D. The role of English in technology advancement.4. Both Price and Phillipson are ______.A. government officialsB. advocates of linguistic imperialismC. in support of language policies carried out by the British CouncilD. concerned about the negative effect of English on smaller languages5. According to the text, the EFL countries ______.A. are large in numberB. is known as the "outer circle"C. will be endangered by EnglishD. have made English their official language6. According to McArthur, Chinese is different from English in that ______.A. it has made a great contribution to the worldB. it has had positive influence on other languagesC. it may result in the disappearance of other languagesD. it probably will not endanger the existence of other languages7. When he said the jury is out in the trial" (Line 3, Paragraph 4), McArthur meant ______.A. punishment is dueB. the jury is waiting for a trialC. no decision has been made yetD. there is no one to make the decision8. Australia might be used as an example to show that ______.A. languages are changing all the timeB. some English words are derived from LatinC. English has promoted the progress of some nationsD. English should be blamed for the extinction of smaller languages9. Many people see English as a blessing for people in ______.A. AustraliaB. East AsiaC. South AfricaD. ESL countries10. The main theme of this speech is that ______.A. English should be taught worldwideB. English as a world language does more harm than goodC. we should be objective to the internationalization of EnglishD. we should be aware of (realize) the danger of English as a world languageB. Questions on global understanding and logical structures1. Why does McArthur introduce Glanville Price and Robert Phillipson's points of view on the spread of English? What is his? Intention?McArthur quotes Price’s assertion and cites Pillipson’s viewpoint on the spread of English as sort of cons to initiate his argument. Cons are usually popularly believed arguments or opinions that are against the author’s point of view. Cons are c ommonly used writing techniques and are often employed in order to appeal the audience and highlight the author’sviewpoint.2. Does McArthur agree with what Price and Phillipson argued? From as early as which section does McArthur show his attitude? Toward the dominance of English as a world English?No. McArthur’s opinion is different from Price and Pillipson’s arguments. He doesn’t believe that English is a killer and should be blamed for the extinction of smaller languages. He sees English as both a blessing and a curse, maybe as a blessing more than a curse. After introducing Price and Pillipson’s viewpoints, McArthur writes about his own ideas on the issue of English as a world language. From the sentence “For good or for ill, there has never been a language quite like English”, we can learn that McArthur does not curse English like Price and Pillipson and he has a different point of view.3. By reading "It certainly isn't hard to look for situations where people might call English a curse", could we conclude that McArthur believes English is a curse?No. This sentence is a kind of justification. Although McArthur literally justifies the fact that there are situations where people might call English a curse, he doesn’t believe that English is virtua lly a curse. By adding the word “certainly” McArthur shows his intent.4. Could you pick up some words and expressions that signal change or continuation in McArthur's thought?“For good or for ill”(paragraph 3) /“however”(paragraph 4) /“But”(paragraph 5) / “At the same time, however”(paragraph 6) /“Yet”(paragraph 7)5. How many parts can this speech be divided? How are the parts organized?Part One: paragraphs 1 and 2. These two paragraphs introduce the situation that many academics argue against English as a world language.Part Two: paragraphs 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Paragraph three is a transitional paragraph that initiates McArthur’s own argument. In these paragraphs McArthur argues that English is not only a curse as many people have believed, but a blessing as well.Part Three: paragraph 10. McArthur concludes in the last paragraph that English may be a curse or a blessing depends on different situations and we should make advantages of world languages and avoid their disadvantages.II. VocabularyA. Choose the best word from the four choices to complete each of the following sentences.1. There has been much opposition from some social groups, ______ from the farming community.A. straightforwardlyB. notably(especially)C. virtuallyD. exceptionally2. The ______ view in Britain and other Western countries associates aging with decline, dependency, isolation, and often poverty (property).A. predominantB. credulousC. inclusive(<->exclusive)D. sustainable3. But gifts such as these cannot be awarded to everybody, either by judges or by the most ___ of governments./ reward rewarding [a gifted / talented person]A. toughB. demandingC. diverseD. benign (kind)4. The foreman read the ______ of guilty fourteen times, one for each defendant.A. prejudiceB. verificationC. verdictD. punishment5. They fear it could have a(n) ______ effect on global financial markets.A. sizeableB. adverse(negative)C. beneficialD. consequential6. The UN threatened to ______ economic sanctions if the talks were broken off.A. engageB. pursueC. abandon/ abundantD. invoke7. There are at least four crucial differences between the new ______ and the old government.A. regimeB. hegemonyC. complexD. federation/ fedal<->federal, confederate)8. These questions ______ a challenge to established attitude of superiority toward the outside world.A. evolveB. constituteC. tolerateD. aroused9. Because of this, a strong administrative ______ was needed to plan the use of scarce resources, organize production and regulate distribution.A. apparatusB. constitutionC. insistenceD. promotion10. I learnt that there are no genuinely ______ animals in this area, all the animals were brought here from other places.A. endangeredB. domesticated (tamed)C. indigenousD. extinctB. Choose the hest word or expression from the list given for each Honk Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.point up by and large take in descent for good or illleave aside crystal clear die out endanger lay... at the door of1. The book concludes with a review of the possible impact (influence) of more intimate computers for good or ill, in various areas of human life.2. Moreover, it had become clear from the opinion polls that the unpopularity of the new tax was being laid at the door of the government which had introduced it, rather than the local authorities who were responsible for levying and collecting it.3. This case gave the example of breaking someone's arm: that is a really serious injury, but one which is unlikely to endanger the victim's life.4. Many of those who hold it live in poor areas and some are Colored, that is (=i.e./ namely), of mixed European and African descent.5. This debate is important because that "the facts" are notof the conversations follow a well-worn route from one topic to the next and back again, taking in most of human life. [worn-out]7. But since agriculture forms the basis (base) of our industry, it was, by and large (on the whole), also an intensification of the crisis in the national economy in general.8. Let us factors such as education, career structure, pay and9. It is true that the exact nature of this issue is uncertain. However, one thing is crystal clear: it will not endanger the planet and its inhabitants. (habitat)10. But if animal populations are too small, then they simply die out.III. ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer from the four choices given for each blank. [(criterion) criteria: (1)semantic/(2)grammatical]A simplified form of the English language based on 850 key words was developed in the late 1920s by the English psychologist Charles Kay Ogden and 1 by the English educator I. A. Richards. Known as Basic English, it was used mainly to teach English to non-English-speaking persons and 2 as an international language. The complexities of English spelling and grammar, however, were major 3 to the adoption of Basic English as a second language.The fundamental principle of Basic English was that any idea, 4 complex, may be reduced to simple units of thought and expressed clearly by a limited number of everyday words. The 850-word primary vocabulary was 5 600 nouns (representing things or events), 150 adjectives (for qualities and _ 6 ), and 100 general "operational" words, mainly verbs and prepositions. Almost all the words were in 7 use in English-speaking countries. More than 60 percent of them were one-syllable words. The basic vocabulary was created 8 by eliminating numerous words which have the same or similar meanings and by 9 the use of 18 "basic" verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be. These verbs were generally combined with prepositions, such as up, among, under, in, and forward. For example, a Basic English student would use the expression “go up”10 "ascend".1. A. created B. publicized C. invented D. operated2. A. proved B. provided C. projected D. promoted3. A. advantages B. objections C. obstacles D. facileties4. A. however B. whatever C. wherever D. whenever5. A. comprised of B. made of C. composed of D. constituted of6. A. personalities B. properties C. preferences D. perceptions/ perceive)7. A. common B. ordinary C. average D. nonprofessional8. A. in all B. at times C. for good D. in part/ partially)9. A. experiencing B. exchanging C. excluding D. extending10. A. in spite of =despite B. in favor of C. instead of D. in case ofII. TranslationPut the following passages into Chinese.1. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。

Whupping (whipping/Beating) Fat AlbertBy Rudolph Giuliani[1] My father was an excellent (perfect, wonderful) boxer. His poor eyesight prevented him from becoming the prizefighter (warrior/ knight) he wanted to be, but at 6 feet and a lean 150 pounds, he was fast and tough. He understood the sport and would describe fights to me in great detail, explaining the strategies and techniques of the great fighters, men like (such as) Sugar Ray Robinson, Joe Louis, Willie Pep, Rocky Marciano, and Jersey Joe Walcott.[2] In boxing, he said, the most important skill was to stay (be) calm. This was the best lesson my father ever taught me—stay calm, especially when those (people) around you are uneasy or troubled (upset). The one who stays unruffled has a great advantage in being able to help others, to control the situation, to fix it. The fighter who loses his cool (calmness) the first time he's hit will end up flat on his back on the canvas. If he remains calm, even while he's being hit, he can look for opportunities to hit back. (knock down->out knock out)[3] The lesson came in handy (turned out/ proved to be useful). My Uncle Willie was a New Y ork City police officer. Long after he retired, he always wore a jacket and, usually, a tie. He was a shy (silent/ timid) man who kept to himself (silent), and he'd spend his off hours reading the paper under the tree in front of our house. Next door lived another family, and the father was also a cop. For some reason, my uncle disliked him—perhaps he'd been nasty or unfair to Uncle Willie. Anyway, this guy (man/ fellow) had a son named Albert, a big fat kid, two years older than me—I was about 5 and he was 7. Albert took advantage of his size to intimidate (frighten) the other kids. He'd knock them down and roll (sit) on them.[4] My uncle used to read Spring 3100, the in-house police magazine. I loved looking at it—still do, in fact. I would pore over (study sth. carefully) Uncle Willie's copy, but only for so long—my uncle would always take the magazine back. One day he was sitting alone under the tree and my mother was nowhere in sight. He called me over. A copy of Spring 3100 was by his side.[5] "Y ou want this magazine, right?"[6] "Y es," I replied.[7] "Y ou want it to keep?"[8] "Sure!'[9] "Beat up Albert, and I'll give you the magazine."[10] "What do you mean?"[11] Uncle Willie said, "Look, your father's been teaching you to box. Throw a couple of jabs like your old man showed you and Albert will start crying—he's a fat slob and bullies are never as tough (strong/ powerful) as they seem."[12] I was reluctant, because Albert was much heavier than I was. But Uncle Willie showed me the magazine and let me hold it, before taking it back and repeating that it would be mine as soon asI got (made) Albert to cry uncle.[13] A little while (moment) later, Uncle Willie was sitting in his usual chair, when (suddenly) I saw Albert up to his usual tricks, pushing some kids around, all of them smaller than he. I don't remember exactly how it (fighting) started. All I know is that I found myself in a fight with him, just the two of us.[14] I started jabbing at his face—boom, boom, boom, exactly as I'd been taught—and they (jabs) were landing, nearly all of them. Albert never laid a hand on me—or if he did, I didn't notice.His nose started bleeding, a shiner was rising (swelling) nicely (noticeably), and finally he started to cry. Then he turned and ran home (ad.).[15] I went home, too, and told my mother. She slapped me hard (heavily) across the face. "Apologize right now, and I'm going to tell your father tonight. He's going to give you a real beating."[16] "I don't want to apologize," I mumbled. "He started it." For that I got a second slap.[17] Albert was still crying, and I begrudgingly (reluctantly) said, "I'm sorry, Albert." My mother made (forced) us (to) shake hands and ordered me to stay in for the rest of the day. I glanced at my uncle, and thought, at least he could give me the darn magazine. But I didn't give him up. I just went slowly up to my room. About 20 minutes later, his daughter, my cousin (/=nephew/ niece) Evangeline, came up. She was carrying his copy of Spring 3100. "My dad wanted you to have this," she said. "Since you have to stay in all day." I looked out the window. Uncle Willie was still there, under his tree, and he gave me a nod—as much for keeping my mouth shut, I knew, as for whipping Albert.[18] My father came home that evening, and my mother told him what had happened. I could hear them (talk) talking in the room next door. It was his fault, my mother said, for teaching me to box. He should give me a licking (beating) I'd never forget. My father came up to me, but before he could adopt (~ed child) a suitable face (expression) of disapproval, he blurted, "You whipped Albert? God almighty (mighty=powerful)! He's two years older than you, and 25 pounds heavier!" (mighty=powerful)[19] Standing up to bullies might sound like a glib call to be macho (brave), but the truth is it takes a toll on you. One of the best reasons to let bullies know you won't back down (withdraw/ retreat) from a fight is so (difficult) that it doesn't get to (express) that point (meaning). That's not just a theory—there were many times (cases/ often) in my administration when an early confrontation led to far less fighting (struggle) down the road (in the direction). Here's an example. At about 8:40 p. m. on Wednesday, July 17, 1996, TWA Flight 800 crashed into the Atlantic Ocean just off (away from) Long Island. All 230 on board the Paris-bound 747, which had taken off from Kennedy International Airport, were killed. My community response team and I got to the scene (site)(scenery) within an hour and set up an assistance (help) center at the Ramada Plaza Hotel near the airport to provide aid (help) and counseling (comfort) to family members. [boarding school][20] When we got (arrived) there, the first thing we tried to do was (to) obtain (get) the manifest so (that) we could be sure who had been on the plane. Airlines are required by law to compile a complete list of passengers on international flights, including full names, passport information, and emergency phone contact numbers. This information is supposed (thought to (=should) be made available within three hours of any crash. In this case, by 11:30 p. m., TWA said 229 people were aboard. By noon the next day, they were saying the number was 228. Later in the afternoon, they put the number at 230. I repeatedly demanded an accurate passenger list from TWA but was given every excuse why the airline couldn't produce one. I sensed (felt) something was up (was happening) when I received a call about 4 a. m. from the CEO of the airline, Jeffrey Erickson, from a plane heading for Kennedy. I told him that I needed the manifest. He said we would talk when he got to New Y ork, that he wanted to "liaise" (contact) with me. I don't agree to liaise with people I haven't met. But then I thought, well, maybe I shouldn't be so judgmental (subjunctive) based on the use of one word.[21] By the next day, I was exasperated. I felt we were getting the runaround. When Ericksonfinally showed up (appeared), he addressed the families and the press at Kennedy Airport, and spoke for under (less than) a minute. He refused to take a single question. He added nothing to what we already knew; there was certainly nothing to liaise about.[22] On behalf of the families of the passengers—and with an eye toward future disasters—I decided to make my anger known. On several national shows and on all the local channels, I criticized TWA for caring more about covering (hiding) itself than promptly notifying (informing) suffering family members. On Friday, I recorded my weekly WABC radio show from the Ramada and said, "The upper management of TWA incompetently handled (delt with) the notification process for the families. That continues to be exacerbated (worse) by their not telling the truth about what happened."[23] Three months later, Erickson resigned (sign + nature->signature). But that wasn't the point (key). In a city the size of New Y ork, disasters are inevitable (=unavoidable). I wanted leaders of companies involved in any future disaster to understand just what was expected of them—clear, honest, timely communication. By refusing to keep quiet about TWA's behavior, I made sure (granter) the consequences of putting corporate needs ahead of human suffering were understood. (1, 388 words).OUT THE AUTHORRudolph William Louis "Rudy" Giuliani III (born May 28, 1944) served as the Mayor of New Y ork from January 1, 1994 through December 31, 2001.EXERCISESI . Reading ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the following statements.1. Rudolph Giuliani's father was _____.A. a successful boxing prizefighterB. able to win fights with techniquesC. very tall and strongD. well informed of boxing2. The strategies and techniques of a great fighter that Rudolph Giuliani learned from his father _____.A. were soon practicedB. were later used when he grew upC. didn't work for GiulianiD. were made into theory by Giuliani3. Uncle Willie didn't like their neighboring policeman probably because _____.A. he often abused childrenB. he was unfair while executing the lawC. he had treated Uncle Willie unfairlyD. he was a crazy and unreasonable man4. What made Giuliani decide to beat Albert?A. Albert took advantage of his size to bully other kids.B. Albert used to intimidate Giuliani.C. Giuliani didn't like him.D. Giuliani wanted to keep a police magazine.5. In the fighting between Giuliani and Albert, Albert _____.A. lost his control the first time he was hitB. missed almost all his targetsC. ended up flat on his backD. never had any chance to use his hands6. After Giuliani's father was told about the fighting he _____.A. was very excitedB. gave Giuliani a real beatingC. didn't believe itD. kissed his son as an encouragement7. The theory of standing up to bullies _____.A. took a heavy toll in Giuliani's later lifeB. became a very useful strategy in Giuliani's lifeC. led to far less fighting in Giuliani's later lifeD. helped him win in his running for the mayor8. Giuliani criticized TWA company for _____.A. being unable to provide an accurate passenger listB. planning to liaise with GiulianiC. its covering of itselfD. its CEO's be lated showing up9. The most important reason for Erickson's resignation is that _____.A. he lied to the public about the truth of his companyB. as a CEO he didn't live up to the expectations of the publicC. his company was involved in a disaster in which too many people were killedD. as a CEO he was incompetent in dealing with their business partners10. Giuliani disclosed the TWA's misconduct because he wanted to tell the companies that _____.A. they must pay price if they care about their company' interests more than human injuries and lossB. they will lose in the competition with their rivals if they put their needs ahead of human sufferingC. serious consequences will follow if they don't corporate with the city's government in a disasterD. companies will suffer a lot if they don't communicate with the public honestly and timelyII. VocabularyRead the following sentences and decide which of the four choices below each sentence is closest in meaning to the underlined word.1. Traditionally it is a peaceful event, without confrontation between police and what they describe as the hippy convoy.A. connectionB. exchangeC. fightD. interaction2. Tom Landry is one of the most successful football coaches in National Football League history, and he was known for his unruffled manner and fierce competitiveness.A. calmB. braveC. politeD. mild (climate<->weather)3. At the auction, he offered ridiculously low bids and intimidated other would-be buyers so that he could buy back the farm at an extremely low price.A. betrayedB. frightenedC. gatheredD. cheated (deceive)4. After the boss announced that he would move the company to Los Angeles, all the employees begrudgingly accepted the plan as they were afraid of losing the job.A. presently (timely/ in time/ promptly)B. reasonablyC. willinglyD. reluctantly5. People with ADHD have difficulty keeping their minds on one thing; they may run into thestreet without looking, blurt out inappropriate comments in class, and interrupt conversations.A. utter (->utterance)B. conductC. makeD. crush6. An attendant Labor press officer mumbled: "We're shameless, aren't we?" [(1)vt.: attend a meeting/ a class; (2)vi.: attend to sb.; flight attendant]A. claimedB. acknowledgedC. proposed (suggest)D. muttered7. During the congressional elections of 1866, Johnson campaigned for his Reconstruction Program (project), but his efforts hurt his cause (事业) more than they helped. This exasperated him into heated (激烈) and undignified arguments. (congress->Capitol)A. hitB. beatC. angeredD. stirred8. One primary intervention therefore was for me to liaise regularly with the ward so that Mrs. Allen was fully informed about the situation. (well-informed<->ill-informed; inform sb of sth.)A. negotiateB. contactC. imposeD. stimulate (stimuli and response)9. Difficult market conditions were exacerbated when Korean tanners entered the UK and New Zealand raw material markets, driving up prices.A. deterioratedB. (alter<->)changedC. (go to sb’s relief/ relieve sb./ rescue sb./ relief->relievedD. solved (a problem; answer a question)10. Thus all material to be shown will have been compiled in the knowledge that it would be made available.A. verifiedB. sortedC. extractedD. (A is ~ of B and C. ) composedB. Choose the best word or expression from the list given for each blank each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.take a toll on end up pore over slap bullylose one's cool be up come in handy strategy promptly1. Human-made structures also take a toll (bring heavy losses) on migrants. Skyscrapers and radio towers have caused the deaths of hundreds of thousands of migrating birds. (migrate->migrant; emigrate<->immigrate)2. Amanda stayed calm at the moment and didn't lose her cool (n.).3. We both like driving it so much that we end up using it all the time.4. We should remember from Mayhew's account (description) that the boots also come in handy (prove to/ turn out to be useful) for kicking policemen and other traditional foes (夙敌) of the costers.5. In his lunch breaks Doisneau pored over books on photography, and at weekends he set off (start out) alone with a heavy wooden camera and tripod to capture the first of the "personal" photographs that would be the basis (base) of his life's work.6. Last night the woman, who did not wish to be named, said: "I'm really (fury->)furious, I'd just love to slap him on (the) his nasty face."7. I could tell by the look (expression) on his face that something was up (was happening).8. Essential (important) information on the progress of the project is conveyed throughout its duration and any enforced changes are notified promptly (timely/ in time).9. This use of a series of releasers, one after the other, is a strategy frequently employed (used) in communication.10. He wasn't, in fact, a very nice (good) boy, a bully and rather stupid.III. ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage candidly and choose the hest answer from the four choices given .for each blank.New Y ork City has a highly centralized municipal (urban<->rural) government. The mayor, chosen by a citywide electorate for a four-year term, has wide 1 powers. The mayor has a leadership role in budget-making, authority to organize and reorganize administrative agencies and to 2 and remove their heads, a strong veto (否决权), and all powers not specifically otherwise granted. The comptroller (审计官) , elected on a citywide basis for a four-year term, recommends financial policies and advises the mayor and the city council in the preparation of the 3 .There are nine major administrative agencies, called administrations. The police and fire departments are not 4 as administrations, but are also principal (major) agencies. Certain important city agencies include the board of education, the board of higher education, the health and hospitals corporation, and the housing authority. 5 two major agencies are bi-state or regional in character (nature): the Port Authority of New Y ork and New Jersey, which controls airports and interstate buses, and the Transportation Authority, which controls subway and bus operations in the city and railroad service in New Y ork and Connecticut.Legislative authority is 6 by the city council, made up of 51 members, who are elected from 7 districts for four-year terms. The 8 officer is the public advocate, chosen for a four-year term by a citywide electorate. The advocate can vote only to 9 . The most powerful member of the council is the speaker (spokesman), who is chosen by a 10 of the members and appoints the heads of the various council committees. The council introduces and legislates all laws and approves the budget; it can override a mayoral veto by a vote of two-thirds of all the members.1. A. productive B. manipulative C. speculative D. executive2. A. appoint B. fire C. arrange D. offer3. A. economy B. budget C. revenue D. expense4. A. included B. undertaken C. classified D. called5. A. At last B. As usual C. In addition (=besides) D. After all6. A. grabbed B. guarded C graded D. granted7. A. personal B. individual C. private D. single8. A. presidential B. practicing C. presiding D. present9. A. break a tie B. make a decision C. draw a conclusion D. give a summary10. A. minimum B. maximum C. minority D. majorityIV. TranslationPut the following parts into Chinese.1. The one who stays unruffled has a great advantage in being able to help others, to control the situation, to fix it. The fighter who loses his cool the first time he's hit will end up flat on his back on the canvas.能够保持冷静的人占据很大优势。

研究生新阶英语阅读教程（unit 1-4）参考译文unit oneText A 如何变‚末流‛为‚一流‛：哈佛对捐赠大户的回报1 初春的一个夜晚，暖意融融。

一群公司执行官、律师、石油巨子、理财经纪人、身价不菲的咨询师以及巨额财产继承人，悄然走出查尔斯宾馆和哈佛饭店的套房。

这些商界显要，男的个个头发花白，身着灰色西装──有的拄着手杖，有的则由于长期在哈佛运动队或网球队锻炼，一副运动员身材，充满活力、脸色红润；女的戴着丝巾，身穿苗条的黑色长裤，但其中几乎没有一张黑人和拉美人的面孔，他们穿过一道普通的门，走进安尼博格餐厅。

此次聚会，校内没有通报，媒体也不得报道。

２平常简朴的新生餐厅今天用连翘花和郁金香装点一新，客人们品尝着鸡尾酒、葡萄酒和牛柳、蟹黄蛋糕、芦笋尖等开胃小菜，享受着时任哈佛校长劳伦斯〃撒莫斯的殷勤。

有几位客人谈论着海斯特布丁俱乐部最近的那场演出，这个俱乐部是一个学生戏剧协会，每年春天都要上演一场音乐滑稽戏，由哈佛的男生男扮女装参加表演。

３过了一会儿，布臵在二楼阳台的哈佛乐队开始演奏‚万名哈佛人‛，客人们各自入席，烛光晚宴开始。

酒足饭饱之后，客人们兴高采烈，对撒莫斯校长的餐后致词报以阵阵掌声。

唯一例外的是，撒莫斯校长简要介绍学校计划扩大低收入家庭子女的招生，为年收入低于四万美元家庭的子女上哈佛提供免费教育，此时，校长似乎在等待在场贵宾们赞许的掌声，但竟然没有掌声。

我分析，这种令人尴尬的沉默传递了一个信号，甚至可称为威胁：你要是扩大招收低收入家庭的子女而将我们这些人的孩子拒之门外，我们就会停止数以百万计的捐款。

４4月8日的这顿晚宴，拉开了哈佛大学学校资源委员会（COUR）2005年年会的序幕。

该委员会或许是高等学校里一个最具财力的顾问团，但鲜为人知，媒体亦少有提及。

实际上COUR不是一般意义上的委员会──它并不正式制定学校政策或发表正式意见──但撒莫斯同其他任何一任哈佛校长一样，离不开COUR的支持。

研究生英语阅读教程课文全文参考译文研究生英语阅读教程课文全文参考译文研究生英语阅读教程（提高级）第三版课文全文参考译文第一课漏油经济：低估风险回想起来，模式似乎很清楚。

早在深水地平线钻机自爆前的很多年，BP 作为一家石油公司为了省钱甘冒安全的风险就已经声名狼藉。

2005 年得克萨斯州炼油厂爆炸中有15 名工人丧生。

联邦监管机构和前国务卿詹姆斯贝克领导的专门小组认为，削减成本是事故的部分原因。

第二年，阿拉斯加腐蚀的管道将石油漏入普拉德霍湾。

就连乔巴顿，对全球变暖持怀疑态度，来自得克萨斯州的共和党众议员，都谴责BP 管理人员“对安全和环境问题表现得漠不关心。

”这种冷漠大部分源于对利润的过度追求，不管出现什么情况。

但似乎也还有另一个因素在起作用，一个更普遍的人性的因素。

BP 的管理人员在估计似乎不太可能发生、但一旦发生却会带来巨大损失的事件真正会发生的机会时，犯了一个可怕的错误。

也许理解这一点最简单的方法就是思考一下BP 高管们如今的想法。

显然，考虑到清理费用和对BP 声誉的影响，高管们真希望可以回到过去，多花些钱让深水地平线更安全。

他们没有增加这笔费用就表明他们认为钻机在当时的状态下不会出问题。

尽管针对BP 高管的所有批评可能都是他们应得的，但是他们绝不是唯一艰难应对这种低概率、高成本事件的人。

几乎每个人都会如此。

“这些正是我们人类处理时很难做出合理反应的一类事件。

”哈佛大学环境经济学家罗伯特斯塔文说。

我们经常犯两种基本且性质相反的错误。

当一件事情是很难想象的，我们往往会低估它的可能性。

这就是众所周知的黑天鹅（稀有之物）。

大多数在深水地平线工作的人可能从未经历过钻井平台爆炸。

因此他们认为这不会发生，至少不会发生在他们身上。

同样，不久以前，伯南克和格林斯潘也喜欢称全国房地产市场没有泡沫，因为以前从未有过泡沫。

华尔街交易员也持同样观点，他们建立的数学模型根本不存在房价下降的可能性。

许多购房者签订了负担不起的抵押贷款，相信一旦其价格上涨，他们可以再融资或卖掉房子。

研究生英语阅读教程（基础级）第三次修订版课文参考译文第一课A世界英语：是福是祸？汤姆•麦克阿瑟（1）2000 年，语言学家、威尔士人格兰维尔•普莱斯，在他编辑的《英国与爱尔兰的语言》中发表了如下的观点：因为英语是个杀手。

正是英语，导致坎伯兰语、康沃尔语、诺恩语和马恩语灭亡。

在那些岛屿的部分地区，还有较大规模的群体讲比英语更古老的当地语言。

但是，现在日常生活中，英语无处不在，人人—或者说—几乎人人都懂英语。

英语威胁到那三种遗留的凯尔特语：爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语和威尔士语，……所以必须意识到，从长远来看，这三种语言的未来……十分危险。

（第141 页）在此几年前，1992 年，英国学者罗伯特．菲利普森（他如今在丹麦工作）在牛津大学出版了一本书，名为《语言领域的帝国主义》。

在书中，他指出，主要的英语国家、世界范围内英语教学产业，尤其是英国文化委员会，实施的是语言扩张政策。

他还把这种政策和他所称的“语言歧视”（这个情况类似于“种族歧视”、“性别歧视”）联系在一起。

在菲利普森看来，以“白人”为主的英语世界中，起主导作用的机构和个人，鼓励或者至少容忍英语大肆扩张，他们当然不反对英语的扩张。

英语的扩张开始于大约三个世纪以前，最初表现形式是经济与殖民扩张。

（2）菲利普森本人为英国文化委员会工作过几年。

和他一样，还有一些母语为英语的学者，也试图强调英语作为世界语言的危险。

在过去几十年里，人们从三个群体的角度，就英语的国际化进行了广泛的讨论。

第一个群体是ENL 国家，英语是母语（这个群体也叫“内部圈”）；第二个群体是ESL 国家，英语是第二语言（“外部圈”）；第三个群体是EFL 国家，英语是外语（“扩展圈”）。

二十世纪八十年代，这些词语开始流行。

从那时起，这第三圈实际上已扩展到全球范围。

（3）从来没有像英语这样?语言，这既有利也有弊。

曾经有许多“世界语言”，例如：阿拉伯语、汉语、希腊语、拉丁语和梵语。

总的来说，我们现在认为这些语言比较好，经常以赞美、感激的语气谈论与它们相关的文化以及它们给世界带来的变化。

Lesson 11. Yesterday’s terrorism darkened, marked and forever altered the way Americans live their lives. 昨日发生的恐怖主义活动使美国人的生活暗淡无光，在他们的生活中留下了印迹，并永远地改变了他们的生活。

2. “We are going to have to learn what a lot of other countries have gone through: to manage fear at a cultural and national level,” said Charles Figley, a professor of trauma psychology at Florida State University. “We’re getting a lesson in the way fear works.”佛罗里达州立大学创伤心理学教授查尔斯?费格里说:“我们得学一学其它许多国家曾经经历过的东西，那就是从文化上和在全国范围内来应对恐惧。

”他还说:“我们正在体验恐惧是怎样起作用的。

”3. In a country long proud and even boastful of its openness—a country where an ordinary citizen can stroll through the U.S. Capitol unescorted—the terrorist attacks are likely to force Americans to a lot of that. Metal detectors now mark the front door of many government buildings, and security guards are a fixture in the lobby of most large office buildings.美国是一个一向以开放自豪甚至洋洋得意的国家，在这里，人们可以独自在美国国会大楼中闲庭信步，而现在，恐怖袭击很有可能迫使美国人处处小心，惶惶不可终日。

Lesson1READING SELECTION AWorld English: A Blessing or a Curse? Universal languageBy Tom McArthur[1] In the year 2000, the language scholar Glanville Price, a Welshman, made the following assertion as editor of the book Languages in Britain and Ireland:For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk. (p 141)Some years earlier, in 1992, Robert Phillipson, English academic who currently works in Denmark, published with Oxford a book entitled Linguistic Imperialism. In it, he argued that the major English-speaking countries, the worldwide English-language teaching industry, and notably the British Council pursue policies of linguistic aggrandisement. He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguicism (a condition parallel to(equal to/ similar to) racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have [by design(=deliberate) or default(=mistake)] encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion.[2] Phillipson himself worked for some years for the British Council, and he is not alone among Anglophone academics who have sought to point up the dangers of English as a world language. The internationalization of English has in the last few decades been widely discussed in terms of three groups: first, the ENL countries, where English is a native language (this group also being known as the "inner circle"); second, the ESL countries, where English is a second language (the "outer circle"); and third, the EFL countries, where English is a foreign language (the "expanding circle"). Since the 1980s, when such terms became common, this third circle has in fact expanded to take in the entire planet.[3] For good or for ill, there has never been a language quite like English. There have been many "world languages", such as Arabic, Chinese, Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit. By and large, we now view them as more or less benign, and often talk with admiration and appreciation about the cultures associated with them and what they have given to the world. And it is fairly safe to do this, because none of them now poses much of a threat.[4] English however is probably too close for us to be able to analyze and judge it as dispassionately, as we may now discuss the influence of Classical Chinese on East Asia or of Classical Latin on Western Europe. The jury is still out in the trial of the English language, and may take several centuries to produce its verdict, but even so we can ask, in this European Year of Languages, whether Price and Phillipson are right to warn us all about the language that I am using at this very moment.[5] It certainly isn't hard to look for situations where people might call English a curse. An example is Australia, which is routinely regarded as a straightforward English-speaking country. The first Europeans who went there often used Latin to describe and discuss the place. The word Australia itself is Latin; evidently no one at the time thought of simply calling it "Southland" (which is what Australia means). In addition, in South Australia there is a wide stretch of land called the Nullarbor Plains, the first word of which sounds Aboriginal, but nullarbor is Latin and means "no trees". And most significantly of all, the early settlers called the continent a terra nullius. According to the Encarta World English Dictionary (1999) the Latin phrase terra nullius means:... the idea and legal concept that when the first Europeans arrived in Australia the land was owned by no one and therefore open to settlement. It has been judged not to be legally valid.But that judgment was made only recently. When the Europeans arrived, Australia was thinly populated—but populated nonetheless—from coast to coast in every direction. There were hundreds of communities and languages. Many of these languages have died out, many more are in the process of dying out, and these dead and dying languages have been largely replaced by either kinds of pidgin English or general Australian English. Depending on your point of view, this is either a tragic loss or the price of progress.[6] At the same time, however, can the blame for the extinction of Aboriginal languages be laid specifically at the door of English? The first Europeans to discover Australia were Dutch, and their language might have become the language of colonization and settlement. Any settler language could have had the same effect. If for example the Mongols had sustained their vast Eurasian empire, Mongolian might have become a world language and gone to Australia. Again, if history had been somewhat different, today's world language might have been Arabic, a powerful language in West Asia and North Africa that currently affects many smaller languages, including Coptic and Berber. Spanish has adversely affected indigenous languages in so-called "Latin" America, and Russian has spread from Europe to the Siberian Pacific. If English is a curse and a killer, it may only be so in the sense that any large language is likely to influence and endanger smaller languages.[7] Yet many people see English as a blessing. Let me leave aside here the obvious advantages possessed by any world language, such as a large communicative network, a strong literary and media complex, and a powerful cultural and educational apparatus. Let us instead look at something rather different: the issue of politics, justice, and equality. My object lesson this time is South Africa. Ten years ago, South Africa ceased to be governed on principles of racial separateness, a system known in Afrikaans (a language derived from Dutch) as apartheid. The system arose because the Afrikaner community—European settlers of mainly Dutch descent—saw themselves as superior to the indigenous people of the land they had colonized.[8] English-speaking South Africans of British descent were not particularly strong in opposing the apartheid regime, and the black opposition, whose members had many languages, was at first weak and disorganized. However, the language through which this opposition gained strength and organization was English, which became for them the key language of freedom and unity, not of oppression. There are today eleven official languages in South Africa—English, Afrikaans, and nine vernacular languages that include Zulu, Ndebele, and Setswana. But which of these nine do black South Africans use (or plan to use) as their national lingua franca? Which do they wish their children to speak and write successfully (in addition to their mother tongues)? The answer is none of the above. They want English, and in particular they want a suitably Africanized English.[9] So, a curse for the indigenous peoples of Australia and something of a blessing for those in South Africa...[10] How then should we think of English in our globalizing world with its endangered diversities? The answer, it seems to me, is crystal clear. Like many things, English is at times a blessing and at times a curse—for individuals, for communities, for nations, and even for unions of nations. The East Asian symbolism of yin and yang might serve well here: There is something of yang in every yin, of yin in every yang. Although they are opposites, they belong together: in this instance within the circle of communication. Such symbolism suggests that the users of the world's lingua franca should seek to benefit as fully as possible from the blessing and as far as possible avoid invoking the curse. (1, 292 words)ABOUT THE AUTHORDr. Tom McArthur is founder editor of the Oxford Companion to the English Language(1992) and the quarterly English Today: The International Review of the English Language (Cambridge, 1985— ). His more than 20 published works include the Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English(1981), Worlds of Reference: Language, Lexicography and Learning from the Clay Tablet to the Computer (1986), and The English Languages (1998). He is currently Deputy Director of the Dictionary Research Center at the University of Exeter.EXERCISESI. Reading ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the, following statements.1. It can be inferred from Glanville Price's statement that he is ______.A. happy that English is everywhere in Britain and IrelandB. worried about the future of the remaining Celtic languagesC. shocked by the diversity of languages in Britain and IrelandD. amazed that many people in the UK still speak their Aboriginal languages2. Cumbric is used as an example of ______.A. a local dialectB. a victim of the English languageC. a language that is on the verge of extinctionD. a language that is used by only a limited number of people3. Which of the following is the major concern of the book Linguistic Imperialism?A. English teaching overseas.B. British government's language policies.C. Dominance of English over other languages.D. The role of English in technology advancement.4. Both Price and Phillipson are ______.A. government officialsB. advocates of linguistic imperialismC. in support of language policies carried out by the British CouncilD. concerned about the negative effect of English on smaller languages5. According to the text, the EFL countries ______.A. are large in numberB. is known as the "outer circle"C. will be endangered by EnglishD. have made English their official language6. According to McArthur, Chinese is different from English in that ______.A. it has made a great contribution to the worldB. it has had positive influence on other languagesC. it may result in the disappearance of other languagesD. it probably will not endanger the existence of other languages7. When he said the jury is out in the trial" (Line 3, Paragraph 4), McArthur meant ______.A. punishment is dueB. the jury is waiting for a trialC. no decision has been made yetD. there is no one to make the decision8. Australia might be used as an example to show that ______.A. languages are changing all the timeB. some English words are derived from LatinC. English has promoted the progress of some nationsD. English should be blamed for the extinction of smaller languages9. Many people see English as a blessing for people in ______.A. AustraliaB. East AsiaC. South AfricaD. ESL countries10. The main theme of this speech is that ______.A. English should be taught worldwideB. English as a world language does more harm than goodC. we should be objective to the internationalization of EnglishD. we should be aware of (realize) the danger of English as a world languageB. Questions on global understanding and logical structures1. Why does McArthur introduce Glanville Price and Robert Phillipson's points of view on the spread of English? What is his? Intention?McArthur quotes Price’s assertion and cites Pillipson’s viewpoint on the spread of English as sort of cons to initiate his argument. Cons are usually popularly believed arguments or opinions that are against the author’s point of view. Cons are commonly used writing techniques and are often employed in order to appeal the audience and highlight the author’sviewpoint.2. Does McArthur agree with what Price and Phillipson argued? From as early as which section does McArthur show his attitude? Toward the dominance of English as a world English?No. McArthur’s opinion is different from Price and Pillipson’s arguments. He doesn’t believe that English is a killer and should be blamed for the extinction of smaller languages. He sees English as both a blessing and a curse, maybe as a blessing more than a curse. After introducing Price and Pillipson’s viewpoints, McArthur writes about his own ideas on the iss ue of English as a world language. From the sentence “For good or for ill, there has never been a language quite like English”, we can learn that McArthur does not curse English like Price and Pillipson and he has a different point of view.3. By reading "It certainly isn't hard to look for situations where people might call English a curse", could we conclude that McArthur believes English is a curse?No. This sentence is a kind of justification. Although McArthur literally justifies the fact that there are situations where people might call English a curse, he doesn’t believe that English is virtually a curse. By adding the word “certainly” McArthur shows his intent.4. Could you pick up some words and expressions that signal change or continuation in McArthur's thought?“For good or for ill”(paragraph 3) /“however” (paragraph 4) /“But”(paragraph 5) / “At the same time,however”(paragraph 6) /“Yet”(paragraph 7)5. How many parts can this speech be divided? How are the parts organized?Part One: paragraphs 1 and 2. These two paragraphs introduce the situation that many academics argue against English as a world language.Part Two: paragraphs 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Paragraph three is a transitional paragraph that initiates McArthur’s own argument. In these paragraphs McArthur argues that English is not only a curse as many people have believed, but a blessing as well.Part Three: paragraph 10. McArthur concludes in the last paragraph that English may be a curse or a blessing depends on different situations and we should make advantages of world languages and avoid their disadvantages.II. VocabularyA. Choose the best word from the four choices to complete each of the following sentences.1. There has been much opposition from some social groups, ______ from the farming community.A. straightforwardlyB. notablyC. virtuallyD. exceptionally2. The ______ view in Britain and other Western countries associates aging with decline, dependency, isolation, and often poverty.A. predominantB. credulousC. inclusiveD. sustainable3. But gifts such as these cannot be awarded to everybody, either by judges or by the most ___ of governments./ reward rewardingA. toughB. demandingC. diverseD. benign4. The foreman read the ______ of guilty fourteen times, one for each defendant.A. prejudiceB. verificationC. verdictD. punishment5. They fear it could have a(n) ______ effect on global financial markets.A. sizeableB. adverse(negative)C. beneficialD. consequential6. The UN threatened to ______ economic sanctions if the talks were broken off.A. engageB. pursueC. abandon/ abundantD. invoke7. There are at least four crucial differences between the new ______ and the old government.A. regimeB. hegemonyC. complexD. federation/ fedal<->federal, confederate)8. These questions ______ a challenge to established attitude of superiority toward the outside world.A. evolveB. constituteC. tolerateD. aroused9. Because of this, a strong administrative ______ was needed to plan the use of scarce resources, organize production and regulate distribution.A. apparatusB. constitutionC. insistenceD. promotion10. I learnt that there are no genuinely ______ animals in this area, all the animals were brought here from other places.A. endangeredB. domesticatedC. indigenousD. extinctB. Choose the hest word or expression from the list given for each Honk Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.point up by and large take in descent for good or illleave aside crystal clear die out endanger lay... at the door of1. The book concludes with a review of the possible impact (influence) of more intimate computers for good or ill, in various areas of human life.2. Moreover, it had become clear from the opinion polls that the unpopularity of the new tax was being laid at the door of the government which had introduced it, rather than the local authorities who were responsible for levying and collecting it.3. This case gave the example of breaking someone's arm: that is a really serious injury, but one which is unlikely to endanger the victim's life.4. Many of those who hold it live in poor areas and some are Colored, that is (i.e./ namely), of mixed European and African descent.5. This debate is important because it points up (stress/ emphasize) that "the facts" are not necessarily as simple and straightforward as they might at first sight seem.6. In the beginning, the meaning of life might be debated, but once past the first period, many of the conversations follow a well-worn route from one topic to the next and back again, taking in most of human life.7. But since agriculture forms the basis (base) of our industry, it was, by and large (on the whole), also an intensification of the crisis in the national economy in general.8. Let us leave aside other relevant factors such as education, career structure, pay and conditions of service and concentrate on (focus on) manpower management.(relate A to B)9. It is true that the exact nature of this issue is uncertain. However, one thing is crystal clear: it will not endanger the planet and its inhabitants.10. But if animal populations are too small, then they simply die out.III. ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer from the four choices given for each blank. [criteria: (1)semantic/ (2)grammatic]A simplified form of the English language based on 850 key words was developed in the late 1920s by the English psychologist Charles Kay Ogden and 1 by the English educator I. A. Richards. Known as Basic English, it was used mainly to teach English to non-English-speaking persons and 2 as an international language. The complexities of English spelling and grammar, however, were major 3 to the adoption of Basic English as a second language.The fundamental principle of Basic English was that any idea, 4 complex, may be reduced to simple units of thought and expressed clearly by a limited number of everyday words. The 850-word primary vocabulary was 5 600 nouns (representing things or events), 150 adjectives (for qualities and _ 6 ), and 100 general "operational" words, mainly verbs and prepositions. Almost all the words were in 7 use in English-speaking countries. More than 60 percent of them were one-syllable words. The basic vocabulary was created 8 by eliminating 9 the use of 18 "basic" verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be.Numerous words which have the same or similar meanings and by verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be. These verbs were generally combined with prepositions, such as up, among, under, in, and forward. For example,a Basic English student would use the expression “go up”10 "ascend". (Semantic / grammatical criterion)1. A. created B. publicized C. invented D. operated2. A. proved B. provided C. projected D. promoted3. A. advantages B. objections C. obstacles D. facileties4. A. however B. whatever C. wherever D. whenever5. A. comprised of B. made of C. composed of D. constituted of6. A. personalities B. properties C. preferences D. perceptions/ perceive)7. A. common B. ordinary C. average D. nonprofessional8. A. in all B. at times C. for good D. in part/ partially)9. A. experiencing B. exchanging C. excluding D. extending10. A. in spite of =despite B. in favor of C. instead of D. in case ofII. TranslationPut the following passages into Chinese.1. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。

Lesson 71．Big surprise, I thought, tossing the balled-up clipping over my shoulder. That's up there with “money eases stress", “liars make good writers” and …philanderers make even better liars".我认为这个结论太让人吃惊了，然后就把报告团成一团扔在脑后了。

以前还有人说：”金钱可以缓解紧张情绪“，”说谎的人能成为好作家“以及”爱情不专一的男人更会说谎。

“2. Last year, she sadly got her wish, far too soon, living just over half as long as the woman who bore her.可是这一天来得太快了。

去年她就不幸实现了自己的愿望。

她去世时的岁数只有外婆的一半多一点儿。

3. His main character, Enid Lambert, suffers from a depression that acts as a kind of invisible force field, unconsciously repelling everyone away from her fragile core. Enid complains and sulks, manipulates and cajoles, in order to assuage her fundamental dissatisfaction.他小说中的主人公艾妮德·兰伯特所患的抑郁症形成了一个看不见的气场，潜意识中她不准任何人接触那颗脆弱的心灵。

艾妮德抱怨、生气、利用别人，并以甜言蜜语来哄骗别人，为的就是缓解自己的不满。

4. She remains intact because her depression protects her from ever truly suffering, the way those around her must. What doesn't kill you, it seems, moves on to more stubborn quarry.她能完好无损地活下来，就是因为她的抑郁症保护了她不至经受真正的痛苦，而这种痛苦则是她周围的人所必须承受的。

第三课 A焦虑的另一个名字就是挑战詹姆斯林肯克利尔（1）在大二结束、升大三之前的那年暑假，我有个机会可以到阿根廷的一个大牧场去打工。

我的室友 Ted 的爸爸是做养牛生意的，他想让 Ted 去学学。

Ted 说如果能让他带一个朋友去，他就去。

他选择了我。

一想到能到南美洲阿根廷的大平原去度过两个月传奇式的生活就让人兴奋。

可是我转念又一想，我从未远离过新英格兰地区（在美国的东北部），而且我刚上大学时前几周还想家呢。

如果到了一个陌生的国家会怎么样呢？语言不通怎么办？另外，我已经答应我弟弟，暑假的时候要教他开帆船。

我越想越沮丧。

晚上睡觉醒来时浑身冒冷汗。

（2）最后我拒绝了 Ted 的邀请。

可是当 Ted 邀请别人去的时候，我又追悔莫及。

两周后我回到了家还是干我以前暑假打工的工作——在当地的超市里开货箱上货，我感到心情很不好。

我因为害怕，拒绝了我想干的工作，结果感到很郁闷。

有好长一段时间我都缓不过劲来。

等秋季开学时，听说 Ted 和他的朋友暑假过得非常开心，我心里还是不高兴。

（3）这个不愉快的夏天最终给了我一个非常有意义的教训，后来我把它当作生活的一个原则，那就是宁可做使你害怕的事，也不要做那些让你抑郁的事。

（4）当然，我这里指的不是严重的焦虑和抑郁状态，因为严重的焦虑和抑郁状态是需要治疗的。

我这里指的是我们一般称之为怯场，心里不踏实或神经非常紧张的那种状态，比如说我们找工作面试时、我们要组织一次大型的晚会时、或我们必须在办公室做重要报告时的那种感觉。

我指的这种郁闷就是心情不好，感觉很沮丧，对什么事也不感兴趣，什么事也干不进去、也没精力去干。

（5）在我大学四年级快结束时，也遇到了这种情况。

因为毕业临近，我开始尝试考虑把写作作为我的终生职业。

但是我的一个教授极力劝我考研究生，目的是今后可以以教书为职业。

我踌躇了。

一想到以写作为生就使人感到害怕，我想比暑假到阿根廷大平原上打工还可怕。

我想来想去，做了决定又放弃。

突然我意识到每次我想放弃写作，心情都会特别沉重，很沮丧。

Lesson 1II. TranslationPut the following passages into Chinese.1. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。

正是英语造成了康瑞克、康尼施、诺恩、曼科斯等语言的消亡。

在其中一部分岛上还有相当多的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。

然而，英语在日常生活中无处不在。

所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。

英语对现存的凯尔特语——爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，它们的未来岌岌可危。

2. He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguisticism (a condition parallel to racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have (by design or default) encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion.同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（和种族歧视、性别歧视的情况类似）的偏见密切相关。

1 It is a cliché, as it is to talk of apocalypse and nightmare, but when something is beyond our experience, we reach for the points of reference we have.说到世界末日和噩梦又是老生常谈，但是当事情超出我们的经验时，我们总会寻找现有的东西作为参照。

2 Lest you should ever forget the smallness of being human, the iconic Mount Fuji, instantlyrecognisable yet somehow different on every viewing, is an extinct volcano.唯恐你会忘记作为人类的渺小，标志性富士山，一眼即能认出但不知何故每次观看又呈现出不同景象，就是一座死火山。

3 It surprised me, over the following months that the gas attack seemed to dominate the national media coverage, whereas Kobe, after the initial weeks of horrifying footage, slipped somewhat int o the background.在随后的几个月里，让我吃惊的是毒气攻击似乎占据了国家媒体报道的主要内容，而阪神大地震经过了最初几周骇人听闻的电视报道后，已经退居次位了。

4 Rather than immersing ourselves in the language of horror films and the end of the world, when the time is right to try to glimpse this new territory, we might for thought reach for a book by Japan's most popular contemporary novelist.我们不能沉浸在恐怖片和世界末日的语言中，在适合的时间，如果想要了解这一新的领域，我们可以考虑看看日本最流行的现代小说家的一本书。

《21世纪研究生英语教材》阅读教程UNIT1-6课后答案及课文翻译（上册）UNIT ONEThe Belly BurdenAmanda SpakeKey to ExercisesI. Reading Comprehensioni 1. B 2. C 3. C 4. D 5. C 6. D 7. C 8. B 9. B 10. Aii (略)II Vocabulary and Structurei 1.Obesity 2.circulate 3.abdominal 4.break down 5.mortality6.variable7.resistance8.modified9.critically 10. inertii 1. internist 2.supplant. 3.willowy (twiggy) 4.slow down 5.set off 6. nonchalantly 7.accumulate 8. unravel 9.culprit 10. affirm III Cloze1. D2. A3. B4. A5. B6. D7. C8. A9. D 10. C 11. B 12. B 13. A 14. A 15. D 16. C 17. B 18. A 19. A 20. C IV Translationi1. 几个世纪以来，妇女们始终相信一条朴实的真理：腰越细，生活就越好—医学研究者们如今正开始了解这一简单真理背后的生理机能。

2.与腹部脂肪是位于腰部无所事事的惰性软组织这一观念相反，腹部脂肪实际上是一些小的内分泌工厂，会制造一些把信息传送给许多器官的激素。

3. 医学解开代谢之谜是脂肪的难题尚需数十年。

医生们说，在此期间采取的主要行动是制止腰部变粗。

萨瓦德说：“我们每个人都需要放慢让自己体形变得更像苹果的过程。

体形实在不容忽视。

”ii1. Internet is an interactive network on which the customers can release news, joinin discussion, and perform voting or even chatting.2.Contrary to what I had thought, the atmosphere of the multinational company wasnot easy and enjoyable at all.3.After several days’ investigation, FBI agents found all the evidence pointed to hiscommitting a murder.4.In 2004, the government introduced a raft of measures to slow the economy andpaid special attention to the steel sector.5.Our objective is to explore an effective way of AIDS education for collegestudents, and to provide reference for AIDS education model in colleges in China. V. Writing (略)●Key to Text Bi 1. C 2. B 3. B 4. D 5. C 6. A 7. C 8. A 9. D 10.Bii 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T●课文参考译文腹部的累赘新的研究指出，腰围尺寸是更好的健康预报因素。

Lesson1READING SELECTION AWorld English: A Blessing or a Curse? Universal languageBy Tom McArthur[1] In the year 2000, the language scholar Glanville Price, a Welshman, made the following assertion as editor of the book Languages in Britain and Ireland:For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk. (p 141)Some years earlier, in 1992, Robert Phillipson, English academic who currently works in Denmark, published with Oxford a book entitled Linguistic Imperialism. In it, he argued that the major English-speaking countries, the worldwide English-language teaching industry, and notably the British Council pursue policies of linguistic aggrandisement. He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguicism (a condition parallel to(equal to/ similar to) racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have [by design(=deliberate) or default(=mistake)] encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion.[2] Phillipson himself worked for some years for the British Council, and he is not alone among Anglophone academics who have sought to point up the dangers of English as a world language. The internationalization of English has in the last few decades been widely discussed in terms of three groups: first, the ENL countries, where English is a native language (this group also being known as the "inner circle"); second, the ESL countries, where English is a second language (the "outer circle"); and third, the EFL countries, where English is a foreign language (the "expanding circle"). Since the 1980s, when such terms became common, this third circle has in fact expanded to take in the entire planet.[3] For good or for ill, there has never been a language quite like English. There have been many "world languages", such as Arabic, Chinese, Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit. By and large, we now view them as more or less benign, and often talk with admiration and appreciation about the cultures associated with them and what they have given to the world. And it is fairly safe to do this, because none of them now poses much of a threat.[4] English however is probably too close for us to be able to analyze and judge it as dispassionately, as we may now discuss the influence of Classical Chinese on East Asia or of Classical Latin on Western Europe. The jury is still out in the trial of the English language, and may take several centuries to produce its verdict, but even so we can ask, in this European Year of Languages, whether Price and Phillipson are right to warn us all about the language that I am using at this very moment.[5] It certainly isn't hard to look for situations where people might call English a curse. An example is Australia, which is routinely regarded as a straightforward English-speaking country. The first Europeans who went there often used Latin to describe and discuss the place. The word Australia itself is Latin; evidently no one at the time thought of simply calling it "Southland" (which is what Australia means). In addition, in South Australia there is a wide stretch of land called the Nullarbor Plains, the first word of which sounds Aboriginal, but nullarbor is Latin and means "no trees". And most significantly of all, the early settlers called the continent a terra nullius. According to the Encarta World English Dictionary (1999) the Latin phrase terra nullius means:... the idea and legal concept that when the first Europeans arrived in Australia the land was owned by no one and therefore open to settlement. It has been judged not to be legally valid.But that judgment was made only recently. When the Europeans arrived, Australia was thinly populated—but populated nonetheless—from coast to coast in every direction. There were hundreds of communities and languages. Many of these languages have died out, many more are in the process of dying out, and these dead and dying languages have been largely replaced by either kinds of pidgin English or general Australian English. Depending on your point of view, this is either a tragic loss or the price of progress.[6] At the same time, however, can the blame for the extinction of Aboriginal languages be laid specifically at the door of English? The first Europeans to discover Australia were Dutch, and their language might have become the language of colonization and settlement. Any settler language could have had the same effect. If for example the Mongols had sustained their vast Eurasian empire, Mongolian might have become a world language and gone to Australia. Again, if history had been somewhat different, today's world language might have been Arabic, a powerful language in West Asia and North Africa that currently affects many smaller languages, including Coptic and Berber. Spanish has adversely affected indigenous languages in so-called "Latin" America, and Russian has spread from Europe to the Siberian Pacific. If English is a curse and a killer, it may only be so in the sense that any large language is likely to influence and endanger smaller languages.[7] Yet many people see English as a blessing. Let me leave aside here the obvious advantages possessed by any world language, such as a large communicative network, a strong literary and media complex, and a powerful cultural and educational apparatus. Let us instead look at something rather different: the issue of politics, justice, and equality. My object lesson this time is South Africa. Ten years ago, South Africa ceased to be governed on principles of racial separateness, a system known in Afrikaans (a language derived from Dutch) as apartheid. The system arose because the Afrikaner community—European settlers of mainly Dutch descent—saw themselves as superior to the indigenous people of the land they had colonized.[8] English-speaking South Africans of British descent were not particularly strong in opposing the apartheid regime, and the black opposition, whose members had many languages, was at first weak and disorganized. However, the language through which this opposition gained strength and organization was English, which became for them the key language of freedom and unity, not of oppression. There are today eleven official languages in South Africa—English, Afrikaans, and nine vernacular languages that include Zulu, Ndebele, and Setswana. But which of these nine do black South Africans use (or plan to use) as their national lingua franca? Which do they wish their children to speak and write successfully (in addition to their mother tongues)? The answer is none of the above. They want English, and in particular they want a suitably Africanized English.[9] So, a curse for the indigenous peoples of Australia and something of a blessing for those in South Africa...[10] How then should we think of English in our globalizing world with its endangered diversities? The answer, it seems to me, is crystal clear. Like many things, English is at times a blessing and at times a curse—for individuals, for communities, for nations, and even for unions of nations. The East Asian symbolism of yin and yang might serve well here: There is something of yang in every yin, of yin in every yang. Although they are opposites, they belong together: in this instance within the circle of communication. Such symbolism suggests that the users of the world's lingua franca should seek to benefit as fully as possible from the blessing and as far as possible avoid invoking the curse. (1, 292 words)ABOUT THE AUTHORDr. Tom McArthur is founder editor of the Oxford Companion to the English Language(1992) and the quarterly English Today: The International Review of the English Language (Cambridge, 1985— ). His more than 20 published works include the Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English(1981), Worlds of Reference: Language, Lexicography and Learning from the Clay Tablet to the Computer (1986), and The English Languages (1998). He is currently Deputy Director of the Dictionary Research Center at the University of Exeter.EXERCISESI. Reading ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the, following statements.1. It can be inferred from Glanville Price's statement that he is ______.A. happy that English is everywhere in Britain and IrelandB. worried about the future of the remaining Celtic languagesC. shocked by the diversity of languages in Britain and IrelandD. amazed that many people in the UK still speak their Aboriginal languages2. Cumbric is used as an example of ______.A. a local dialectB. a victim of the English languageC. a language that is on the verge of extinctionD. a language that is used by only a limited number of people3. Which of the following is the major concern of the book Linguistic Imperialism?A. English teaching overseas.B. British government's language policies.C. Dominance of English over other languages.D. The role of English in technology advancement.4. Both Price and Phillipson are ______.A. government officialsB. advocates of linguistic imperialismC. in support of language policies carried out by the British CouncilD. concerned about the negative effect of English on smaller languages5. According to the text, the EFL countries ______.A. are large in numberB. is known as the "outer circle"C. will be endangered by EnglishD. have made English their official language6. According to McArthur, Chinese is different from English in that ______.A. it has made a great contribution to the worldB. it has had positive influence on other languagesC. it may result in the disappearance of other languagesD. it probably will not endanger the existence of other languages7. When he said the jury is out in the trial" (Line 3, Paragraph 4), McArthur meant ______.A. punishment is dueB. the jury is waiting for a trialC. no decision has been made yetD. there is no one to make the decision8. Australia might be used as an example to show that ______.A. languages are changing all the timeB. some English words are derived from LatinC. English has promoted the progress of some nationsD. English should be blamed for the extinction of smaller languages9. Many people see English as a blessing for people in ______.A. AustraliaB. East AsiaC. South AfricaD. ESL countries10. The main theme of this speech is that ______.A. English should be taught worldwideB. English as a world language does more harm than goodC. we should be objective to the internationalization of EnglishD. we should be aware of (realize) the danger of English as a world languageB. Questions on global understanding and logical structures1. Why does McArthur introduce Glanville Price and Robert Phillipson's points of view on the spread of English? What is his? Intention?McArthur quotes Price’s assertion and cites Pillipson’s viewpoint on the spread of English as sort of cons to initiate his argument. Cons are usually popularly believed arguments or opinions that are against the author’s point of view. Cons are commonly used writing techniques and are often employed in order to appeal the audience and highlight the author’sviewpoint.2. Does McArthur agree with what Price and Phillipson argued? From as early as which section does McArthur show his attitude? Toward the dominance of English as a world English?No. McArthur’s opinion is different from Price and Pillipson’s arguments. He doesn’t believe that English is a killer and should be blamed for the extinction of smaller languages. He sees English as both a blessing and a curse, maybe as a blessing more than a curse. After introducing Price and Pillipson’s viewpoints, McArthur writes about his own ideas on the iss ue of English as a world language. From the sentence “For good or for ill, there has never been a language quite like English”, we can learn that McArthur does not curse English like Price and Pillipson and he has a different point of view.3. By reading "It certainly isn't hard to look for situations where people might call English a curse", could we conclude that McArthur believes English is a curse?No. This sentence is a kind of justification. Although McArthur literally justifies the fact that there are situations where people might call English a curse, he doesn’t believe that English is virtually a curse. By adding the word “certainly” McArthur shows his intent.4. Could you pick up some words and expressions that signal change or continuation in McArthur's thought?“For good or for ill”(paragraph 3) /“however” (paragraph 4) /“But”(paragraph 5) / “At the same time,however”(paragraph 6) /“Yet”(paragraph 7)5. How many parts can this speech be divided? How are the parts organized?Part One: paragraphs 1 and 2. These two paragraphs introduce the situation that many academics argue against English as a world language.Part Two: paragraphs 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Paragraph three is a transitional paragraph that initiates McArthur’s own argument. In these paragraphs McArthur argues that English is not only a curse as many people have believed, but a blessing as well.Part Three: paragraph 10. McArthur concludes in the last paragraph that English may be a curse or a blessing depends on different situations and we should make advantages of world languages and avoid their disadvantages.II. VocabularyA. Choose the best word from the four choices to complete each of the following sentences.1. There has been much opposition from some social groups, ______ from the farming community.A. straightforwardlyB. notablyC. virtuallyD. exceptionally2. The ______ view in Britain and other Western countries associates aging with decline, dependency, isolation, and often poverty.A. predominantB. credulousC. inclusiveD. sustainable3. But gifts such as these cannot be awarded to everybody, either by judges or by the most ___ of governments./ reward rewardingA. toughB. demandingC. diverseD. benign4. The foreman read the ______ of guilty fourteen times, one for each defendant.A. prejudiceB. verificationC. verdictD. punishment5. They fear it could have a(n) ______ effect on global financial markets.A. sizeableB. adverse(negative)C. beneficialD. consequential6. The UN threatened to ______ economic sanctions if the talks were broken off.A. engageB. pursueC. abandon/ abundantD. invoke7. There are at least four crucial differences between the new ______ and the old government.A. regimeB. hegemonyC. complexD. federation/ fedal<->federal, confederate)8. These questions ______ a challenge to established attitude of superiority toward the outside world.A. evolveB. constituteC. tolerateD. aroused9. Because of this, a strong administrative ______ was needed to plan the use of scarce resources, organize production and regulate distribution.A. apparatusB. constitutionC. insistenceD. promotion10. I learnt that there are no genuinely ______ animals in this area, all the animals were brought here from other places.A. endangeredB. domesticatedC. indigenousD. extinctB. Choose the hest word or expression from the list given for each Honk Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.point up by and large take in descent for good or illleave aside crystal clear die out endanger lay... at the door of1. The book concludes with a review of the possible impact (influence) of more intimate computers for good or ill, in various areas of human life.2. Moreover, it had become clear from the opinion polls that the unpopularity of the new tax was being laid at the door of the government which had introduced it, rather than the local authorities who were responsible for levying and collecting it.3. This case gave the example of breaking someone's arm: that is a really serious injury, but one which is unlikely to endanger the victim's life.4. Many of those who hold it live in poor areas and some are Colored, that is (i.e./ namely), of mixed European and African descent.5. This debate is important because it points up (stress/ emphasize) that "the facts" are not necessarily as simple and straightforward as they might at first sight seem.6. In the beginning, the meaning of life might be debated, but once past the first period, many of the conversations follow a well-worn route from one topic to the next and back again, taking in most of human life.7. But since agriculture forms the basis (base) of our industry, it was, by and large (on the whole), also an intensification of the crisis in the national economy in general.8. Let us leave aside other relevant factors such as education, career structure, pay and conditions of service and concentrate on (focus on) manpower management.(relate A to B)9. It is true that the exact nature of this issue is uncertain. However, one thing is crystal clear: it will not endanger the planet and its inhabitants.10. But if animal populations are too small, then they simply die out.III. ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer from the four choices given for each blank. [criteria: (1)semantic/ (2)grammatic]A simplified form of the English language based on 850 key words was developed in the late 1920s by the English psychologist Charles Kay Ogden and 1 by the English educator I. A. Richards. Known as Basic English, it was used mainly to teach English to non-English-speaking persons and 2 as an international language. The complexities of English spelling and grammar, however, were major 3 to the adoption of Basic English as a second language.The fundamental principle of Basic English was that any idea, 4 complex, may be reduced to simple units of thought and expressed clearly by a limited number of everyday words. The 850-word primary vocabulary was 5 600 nouns (representing things or events), 150 adjectives (for qualities and _ 6 ), and 100 general "operational" words, mainly verbs and prepositions. Almost all the words were in 7 use in English-speaking countries. More than 60 percent of them were one-syllable words. The basic vocabulary was created 8 by eliminating 9 the use of 18 "basic" verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be.Numerous words which have the same or similar meanings and by verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be. These verbs were generally combined with prepositions, such as up, among, under, in, and forward. For example,a Basic English student would use the expression “go up”10 "ascend". (Semantic / grammatical criterion)1. A. created B. publicized C. invented D. operated2. A. proved B. provided C. projected D. promoted3. A. advantages B. objections C. obstacles D. facileties4. A. however B. whatever C. wherever D. whenever5. A. comprised of B. made of C. composed of D. constituted of6. A. personalities B. properties C. preferences D. perceptions/ perceive)7. A. common B. ordinary C. average D. nonprofessional8. A. in all B. at times C. for good D. in part/ partially)9. A. experiencing B. exchanging C. excluding D. extending10. A. in spite of =despite B. in favor of C. instead of D. in case ofII. TranslationPut the following passages into Chinese.1. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。

第十课 A我和松鼠妈妈谈条件玛尔格特戴弗林（1）我和我的丈夫最近从郊区搬到了城里。

（2）两周前我正在书房读书的时候，听到了一阵骚乱声。

为了保护我们新婚的家不受入侵者的骚扰，我拿起了致命的防卫武器——一把扫帚，小心地下了楼。

（3）我走到外面想看看入侵者是从什么地方来的。

正当我四处寻找的时候，看见了这个坏家伙从门廊的屋顶上出现了。

根据它弄出的声音我原以为是一只 50 磅重的浣熊，但是我错了，它只是一只半磅重的灰色的毛茸茸的松鼠。

我拿起扫把嘘声将它赶走，但是第二天我听见它又来了。

（4）我上网搜索了有关松鼠的信息，我发现因为松鼠是啮齿类动物，它们的牙齿会不断地长长，因此它们就必须经常啃食东西来把牙齿磨短。

我了解到它们经常会啃电线，这样房子就有失火的危险。

这倒是挺烦人的。

因此我让我们家的副总裁——也就是我的丈夫——打电话给野生动物管理人员。

星期六的时候，他给第一家公司打电话，他们安排下星期四来处理。

然后他又给另一家公司打电话，他们说可以在星期一上午派人来看看。

（5）星期一上午来了两个抽烟的人。

他们抽完了烟，就大摇大摆地走进了前门廊。

“喂，小夫人！”他们其中的一位摆着一付约翰威恩式样子问到：“捣蛋鬼在什么地方？”（6）我很不自然地指了指门廊的顶部，现在那儿放了一小块写着“欢迎来访”的脚垫。

我看见了洞里的育儿室，而这两个家伙把小松鼠掏出来扔到了雪地上。

我再一次强调让他们不要伤害她。

（7）他们怒气冲冲地说：“我们是慈善学会推荐的”，但是我注意到了他们把电棍放回了卡车，取而代之，拿出了一种有春天香味的除臭剂，在松鼠的窝里喷了几下。

他们告诉我松鼠不喜欢这种味道，因此会逃走。

对此我有点怀疑，因为这种味道挺好闻的。

（8）没有看到松鼠妈妈，所以他们就把洞给堵上了，然后跟我要了一张 250美元的支票，一溜烟地跑了。

他们还给了我一张保修卡。

我是比较容易受骗的那种人，因此我想跟我打交道的这家公司还算是挺有诚信的。

（9）他们走了不一会儿松鼠妈妈大老远的购物回来了。

A Whole Nation and a People[1] There was one storekeeper I remember above all others in my youth, when I was spendinga good portion (part) of my time with a motley (mixed) group of varied ethnic ancestry (racial background). We contended (competed) with one another to deride (laugh at) the customs of the old country (motherland). On our Saturday forays (attack) into neighborhoods beyond our own, to prove we were really Americans, we ate hot dogs and drank Cokes. If a boy didn't have ten cents (dime) for this repast (meal) he went (was) hungry, for he dared not bring a sandwich from home made of the spiced meats our families ate.[2] One of our untamed games was to seek out (found) the owner of a pushcart (wagon) or a store, unmistakably an immigrant (<->emigrant), and bedevil (annoy/ troubled) him with a chorus of insults and jeers. To prove allegiance (loyalty) to the gang it was necessary to reserve (keep) our fiercest malevolence for a storekeeper or peddler belonging to our own ethnic background.[3] For that reason I led a raid (attack) on the small, shabby (old and broken) grocery of old Barba Nikos, short, sinewy (strong) Greek who walked with a slight limp and sported (showed) a flaring, handlebar mustache.[4] We stood outside his store and dared (challenged) him to come out. When he emerged (appeared) to do battle (fight), we plucked (grasped) a few plums and peaches from the basket on the sidewalk (pavement) and retreated (withdrew), I go across the street to eat them while (at same time) he watched. He waved a fist and hurled epithets at us in ornamental (graceful) Greek.[5] Aware (Realizing) that my mettle (courage) was being tested, I raised my arm and threw my half-eaten plum at the old man. My aim was accurate and the plum struck (hit) him on the cheek. He shuddered and put his hand to the stain. He stared at me across the street, and although I could not see his eyes, I felt them sear (burn) my flesh (->meat). He turned and walked silently back into the store. The boys slapped (patted) my shoulders in admiration, but it was a hollow (empty) victory that rested (fell down) like a stone in the pit of my stomach (depressed).[6] At twilight (dusk), when we disbanded (dismissed), I passed the grocery alone on my way home. There was a small light burning in the store and the shadow of the old man's body outlined against the glass. Goaded (Encouraged) by remorse (regret), I walked to the door and entered.[7] The old man moved from behind the narrow wooden counter and stared at me. I wanted to turn and flee (escape; fleet), but by then it was too late. As he motioned (waved) for me to come closer, I braced (prepared) myself for a curse (abuse/ scoring) or a blow (beating).[8] "You were the one," he said, finally, in a harsh (rigid/ fierce) voice.[9] I nodded mutely (silently).[10] "Why did you come back?'[11] I stood there unable to answer.[12] "What's your name?"[13] "Haralambos," I said, speaking to him in Greek.[14] He looked at me in shock (surprisedly), "You are Greek!" he cried. "A Greek boy attackinga Greek grocer!" He stood (was) appalled (shocked) at the immensity (seriousness) of my crime. "All right," he said coldly. "You are (come) here because you wish to make amends (to do sth. as a remedy)." His great mustache bristled (stood on end) in concentration. "Four plums, two peaches," he said. "That makes a total of seventy-eight cents. Call it seventy-five. Do you have seventy-five cents, boy?"[15] I shook my head.[16] "Then you will work it off (pay for it by working)," he said. "Fifteen cents an hour into seventy-five cents makes (equals to)" —he paused —"five hours of work. Can you come here Saturday morning?"[17] "Yes," I said.[18] "Yes, Barba Nikos," he said sternly (seriously/ rigidly). "Show respect."[19] "Yes, Barba Nikos," I said.[20] "Saturday morning at eight o'clock," he said. "Now go home and say thanks in your prayers that I did not [lose(vt.)->loose(a.)->loosen (vt. removed) your impudent (rude/ impolite) head with a solid (strong/ heavy) smack (slap) on the ear." I needed no further urging (scoring) and fled (escaped).[21] Saturday morning, still apprehensive (fearful), I returned to the store. I began by sweeping, raising clouds of dust in dark and hidden corners. I washed the windows, whipping the squeegee swiftly (quickly) up and down the glass in a fever of fear (anxiously) that some member of the gang would see me. When I finished I hurried (ran) back inside.[22] For the balance (Paying the debt) of the morning I stacked (piled) cans, washed the counter, and dusted bottles of yellow wine. A few customers entered, and Barba Nikos served them. A little after twelve o'clock he locked the door so he could eat lunch. He cut himself a few slices (sliced bread) of sausage, tore a large chunk (a piece) from a loaf of crisp-crusted bread, and filled a small cup with a dozen black shiny olives floating in brine. He offered (gave) me the cup. I could not help (from doing sth.) myself and grimaced.[23] "You are a stupid (foolish) boy," the old man said. "You are not really Greek, are you?"[24] "Yes, I am."[25] "You might be," he admitted grudgingly (unwillingly). "But you do not act (like a) Greek. Wrinkling your nose at these fine (excellent) olives. Look around this store for a minute (moment). What do you see?"[26] "Fruits and vegetables," I said. "Cheese and olives and things like that (sth. similar)."[27] He stared at me with a massive scorn. "That's what I mean," he said. "You are a bonehead (fool). You don't understand that a whole nation and a people are in this store."[28] I looked uneasily (anxiously) toward the storeroom in the rear (back), almost expecting someone to emerge (appear).[29] "What about olives?" he cut (wave) the air with a sweep of his arm. "There are olives of many shapes and colors. Pointed black ones from Kalamata, oval ones from Amphissa, pickled green olives and sharp tangy yellow ones. Achilles carried black olives to Troy and after a day of savage (fierce) battle leading his Myrmidons, he'd (would) rest and eat cheese and ripe black olives such as these right here. You have heard of Achilles, boy, haven't you?"[30] "Yes," I said.[31] "Yes, Barba Nikos."[32] "Yes, Barba Nikos," I said.[33] He (move->)motioned (waved) at the row of jars filled with varied spices. "These are all the marvelous (wonderful) flavorings (ingredients) that we have used in our food for thousands ofyears. The men of Marathon carried small of these spices into battle, and the scents reminded them of their homes, their families, and their children."[34] He walked limping from the counter to the window where the piles of tomatoes, celery, and green peppers clustered (gathered together). "I suppose (think) all you see here are somerandom vegetables?" He did not wait for me to answer. "You are dumb (stupid) again. These are some of the ingredients that go to make up a Greek salad. Do you know what a Greek salad really is?A meal in itself, an experience (of life), an emotional involvement. It is created (cooked) deftly (skillfully) and with grace (taste). The story goes (says) that Zeus himself created the recipe and assembled and mixed the ingredients on Mount Olympus one night when he had invited some of the other gods to dinner. Do you understand now, boy?"[35] He watched my face for some response and then grunted (muttered). We stood (were) silent for a moment until he cocked (raised) his head and stared at the clock. "It is time for you to leave," he motioned (waved) brusquely (swiftly) toward the door. "We are square (equal) now. Keep it that way."[36] I decided (thought) the old man was crazy (mad) and reached behind the counter for my jacket and cap and started (headed) for the door. He called me back. From a box he drew out several soft, yellow figs that he placed (put) in a piece of paper. "A bonus because you worked well," he said. "Take them. When you taste them, maybe (perhaps) you will understand what I have been talking about."[37] I took the figs and he unlocked the door and I hurried (ran) from the store. I looked back once and saw him standing in the doorway, watching me, the swirling tendrils of food curling like mist (fog) about his head.[38] I ate the figs late that night. And in the morning when I woke, I could still taste and inhale their fragrance.[39] I never again entered Barba Nikos' store, because shortly afterwards (soon) my family moved from the city. [a nation on the wheel][40] Some (About) twelve years later, after the war, I drove through the old neighborhood and passed the grocery. I stopped the car and for a moment stood before the store. The windows were stained (dirty) with dust and grime, the interior (was) bare (uncovered) and desolate (deserted), a store in a decrepit (old and broken) group of stores marked for razing (felling down) so new structures could be built.[41] I have been in (visited) many Greek groceries since then and have often bought the feta and Kalamata olives. I have eaten countless Greek salads and have indeed found them a meal for the gods. But I have never been able to recapture (re-catch) the flavor (taste and fragrance) of those pleasant to my tongue, but there is something missing (spiritual experience). And to (until) this day I am not sure whether it was the figs or the vision (appearance) and passion (love) of the old grocer that coated the fruit so sweetly I can still recall (call back) their savor (taste) and fragrance after almost thirty years. (1, 478 words) [gold coated; gold graded]ABOUT THE AuthorHarry Mark Petrakis (1923— ) has written novels and short stories about Greek-American life. His characters are people who live with memories of another culture and seek to join the old ways with new customs and attitudes. Petrakis was born in St. Louis, Missouri and worked at an assortment of jobs, in steel mills and driving trucks, before becoming a writer. The text here is taken from his autobiography, Stelmark.EXERCISES1. Reading ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the following statements.1. When the author was young, he and his friends banded together to _____.A. bully new immigrantsB. fight against old customsC. contend that they were real menD. reject their own ethnic background2. The author and his friends often chose a pushcart or a store of their own nationality to attack because _____.A. they hated their own peopleB. they could thus be respected as real AmericansC. they hated all the peddlers and store keepersD. they could thus get free fruits and other food3. Why did the author feel that the attack on the grocer was a hollow victory after he won the respect of his friends?A. Because he only hit the grocer once.B. Because he could have taken more plums.C. Because he felt sort of guilty in his heart.D. Because he wanted to attack the grocer again4. At twilight the author returned to the grocery store and entered because _____.A. he felt regret and wanted to make amendsB. he wanted to play tricks on the grocerC. he felt hungry and wanted to buy some olivesD. he wanted to check whether the grocer was injured5. Mr. Nikos insisted on t he author's saying “Yes, Barba Nikos" because he wanted the boy to _____.A. remember his nameB. recognize his authorityC. learn how to respect othersD. speak more Greek6. Saturday morning the author washed the windows of the store very quickly because he_____.A. didn't want his friends to see himB. wanted to show that he was a good boyC. was afraid that Mr. Nikos would punish himD. wanted to go hack home early7. Mr. Nikos thought that the author was _____.A. a real GreekB. a real AmericanC. scornful of his small businessD. ignorant of his own culture8. Mr. Nikos believed that the ancient Greek cultureA. was the richest and most colorful in the worldB. had shaped the whole nation of Greece and its peopleC. was of the same value as that of the AmericansD. could be tasted in Greek food9. By describing the appearance of the store twelve years later, the author impliesthat _____.A. old customs and culture should be got rid of in AmericaB. the ethnic cultures were giving way to the American mainstreamC. American value should be restructured and rebuiltD. American society changes quickly and dramatically10. The author conveys his thesis in the last paragraph that _____.A. old people can teach young Americans good lessonsB. Mr. Nikos influenced his perspective in appreciating their own cultureC. Greek food is still the best for American GreeksD. Mr. Nikos was the best teacher he had ever seenII. VocabularyA. Read the following sentences and decide which of the four choices below each sentence closest in meaning go the underlined word.1. In July he issued a decree (law) ordering all unofficial armed groups in the country to disband.A. end upB. come upC. stand upD. break up2. The Amazon ant carries out forays (attack) against other ants and brings back some of them to the home nest to serve as slaves.A. (invade->)invasionsB. fightsC. warsD. missions (task)3. The flu virus that are most (prevail->) prevalent one year differ from those that bedevil humans the next year.A. killB. worryC. frustrateD. trouble4. He correctly predicted that the policy against their neighboring countries would goad (force) them into economic nationalism.A. assist (help)B. pressC. drive (make)D. aid (help)5. The King made (declare ~ on country) war on the state of Kalinga, and conquered in 261 B.C. When he saw the suffering he had caused, however, he was overcome (overwhelmed) with remorse.A. regretB. revengeC. hatred (n.)D. emotion6. When she first visited South-West Africa in 1947 as an investigative journalist, she helped reveal the appalling (surprising/ shocking) conditions under which blacks were obliged to work. A. startling B. exotic (foreign)C. (terror->terrible/) terrific (wonderful)D. (amazing->)amusing (interesting)7. In his book the Iliad, Homer describes Thersites as the ugliest and most impudent (rude) of the Greeks.A. toughB. ill-famed (notorious)C. rudeD. harmful8. Apprehensive (Fearful) of their enemy's encirclement, the country enhanced its foreign contacts with its neighbors in Europe.A. ScornfulB. FearfulC. RegardlessD. Careless9. The slave-owners grudgingly (reluctantly) accepted the (abolish->) abolition in 1888, rather than face the massive slave unrest (rebelling) and flight (escape).A. slowlyB. graduallyC. unwillinglyD. eventually (finally)10. They (swear->) swore their allegiance to the nation and received their naturalization papers.A. contributionB. loyaltyC. immensity (greatness)D. epithet (scoring)B. Choose the best word or expression from the list given for each blank. Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.work off contend with deftly sternly brusquelyseek out make amends desolate deride mutely1. It's full of useful facts, information and checklists which will give you some idea of all theaspects a business needs (compete with) in order to survive in today's current economic climate (->weather).2. European market is becoming promising. Now is the time for local companies to seek out business opportunities in Europe.their debt through community service.5. Many students advocate the right of freedom. Some of my students once protested to me recently because I shouted at sternly (severely) a problem boy of seven.6. (Evidence->)Evidently (Obviously) men of great energy and charm, Bouvier and Thierry found friendliness wherever they went, and had the fortunate ability to perceive (see/ find) beauty in8. I crouched by him and grasped his hand, mutely offering (giving) what comfort I could.10. His theory about economic development is widely derided III. ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the right word or phrase from the list given below for each of the blanks. Change the form if necessary.in favor of look down on distinctive traditionally successivediverse despite targetAlthough the United States has been shaped (formed) byhave often viewed immigration as a problem. Establishedespecially arrivals come from a different country than those in the establishedcommunity. such tensions, economic needs have always forced Americans to seekmajority of immigrants to the United States have comea better life for themselves and their families. In all of American history, less than 10 percent ofthe United States has been described as a melting pot,previous identities of each immigrant create anthe image of the mosaic, a picture created by assembling many small stones or tiles. In a mosaic, each piece retains (keep) its own while (at the same time)the society of the United States. Today, many Americans value theirimmigrant heritage (tradition) as an important part of their identity. More recent immigrant groups from Asia have established communities alongside (together with) those populated by the descendants of European immigrants.IV. TranslationPut the following parts into Chinese.1. There was one storekeeper I remember above all others in my youth, when I was spending a good portion of my time with a motley group of varied ethnic ancestry. We contended with one another to deride the customs of the old country. On our Saturday forays into neighborhoods beyond our own, to prove we were really Americans, we ate hot dogs and drank Cokes. If a boy didn't have ten cents for this repast he went hungry, for he dared not bring a sandwich from home made of the spiced meats our families ate.我常和一帮来自各国的移民子弟一起玩。

Cancer & Chemicals-Are We Going Too Far?Marla ConeLast year, California governor George Deukmejian called together many of the state's best scientific minds to begin implementing Proposition 65, the state's Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act. This new law bans industries from discharging chemical suspected of causing cancer (carcinogens) or birth defects into water supplies. Some claim it will also require warning labels on everything that might cause cancer.去年，加利福尼亚州州长乔治·德米加召集本州许多优秀的科学家开会，开始执行第65号提案，即州安全饮用水和毒品实施法案。

这一新法令禁止各工业部门向水源中排放被怀疑致癌和引起先天缺陷的化学物质。

有些人宣称，新法律还要求在一切可能致癌的物品上贴上警告标签。

A day of esotericscience and incomprehensible jargonwas predicted. But Bruce Ames, chairman of the department of biochemistry at the University of California at Berkeley, had plans to liven the proceedings.原来预计，开会那天将全是些玄妙的科学和难懂的术语，但加州大学伯克利分校生物化学系系主任布鲁斯·爱姆兹却打算使会议开得更有生气。

TranslationLesson11. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。

正是英语造成了康瑞克、康尼施、诺恩、曼科斯等语言的消亡。

在其中一部分岛上还有相当多的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。

然而，英语在日常生活中无处不在。

所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。

英语对现存的凯尔特语：爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，它们的未来岌岌可危。

2. He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguisticism (a condition parallel to racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have (by design or default) encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion.同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（和种族歧视、性别歧视的情况类似）的偏见密切相关。

第十一课 A真正的高度戴维纳斯特（1）困难越大，战胜困难就越令人感到自豪。

——莫里哀（2）当天空黑暗到一定程度的时候你就会看到那满天闪烁的星星。

——查尔斯A 比亚德（3）此刻，他的手掌正在冒汗。

他需要一块毛巾来擦干手掌和他紧握着的撑竿。

一杯冰水解除了他的干渴，但是却不能使他那紧张的心冷静下来。

他感到那块坐在身下的阿斯特罗草皮和他今天将面临的全国青少年奥林匹克运动会上的竞争一样炽热。

横竿被设置在 17 英尺的位置，这比他个人的最好成绩要高出 3 英寸。

迈克尔斯通正面临着他撑杆跳高生涯中最富有挑战性的一天。

（4）虽然竞赛决赛已经结束一个多小时了，看台上的观众还有两万多人。

撑杆跳是田径比赛中真正具有魅力的项目。

它将体操的优美和身体的力量结合起来。

它还具有飞翔的因素，而且观众一想到运动员能飞到两层楼那么高真不可思意。

此时此刻不仅是迈克尔斯通的现实和梦想，还是他的探索。

（5）在迈克尔的记忆里，他一直梦想着能够飞翔。

在他的成长过程中，妈妈读了许多关于飞翔的故事给他听。

她的故事为他描述的总是飞翔时俯瞰大地的情景。

每当她读到细节的时候，她就充满了兴奋和激情，这使得迈克尔的梦想也充满了迷人的色彩和美丽。

迈克尔不停地重温着这样一个梦想 : 他沿着乡村小道飞奔，他能感觉到脚下的岩石和大块的泥土。

当沿着镶着金边的麦浪奔跑的时候，他总会超过从身边经过的火车。

就在那一刻，他会深深地吸一口气，然后猛地腾空而起，像一只雄鹰一样高高地“飞翔”。

（6）无论“飞”向何处，他都会飞到妈妈为他讲述的那些故事里 ; 无论“飞”向何方，妈妈的关爱之情都会追随到那里。

但是，另一方面，他的爸爸却不是一个爱做梦的人。

泊特斯通是一位现实主义的铁杆分子。

他坚信做事要付出艰辛的努力和汗水。

他的座右铭是：“如果你想得到什么，那么就努力去干吧！”（7）从 14 岁起，迈克尔就是这么做的。

他首先是从一项谨慎而系统的举重训练开始的。

他每隔一天练举重，每隔另一天练跑步。