毕业设计/论文
外文文献翻译系别环境工程学院
专业班级给水排水工程61101班
姓名宋嘉
评分
指导教师吴宜珍
武汉纺织大学
2014 年6月
多层住宅建筑给排水设计的几个问题
摘要：本文就多层住宅建筑给排水设计中给水管材的选用，管道的敷设方式，水表出户设置，家用热水器的设置及空调冷凝水排放等问题进行探讨，并提出一些具体看法。
关键词：多层住宅,给水管材,管道敷设,水表,太阳能热水器
多层住宅以其配套设施简单，造价低，物业管理方便等特点，很受中小城市房地产开发商和广大居民的欢迎。如何按2000年小康住宅科技产业工程居住区规划设计导则的要求，提高住宅的设计水平，为每个住户营造出一个舒适的生活空间，是每个设计人员的职责所在。作为住宅的心脏――厨房、卫生间，是功能复杂，卫生、安全和舒适度要求高，营造繁杂,技术要求高的空间。因此，设计人员必须以整体设计的观念和方法，综合考虑厨房、卫生间给排水管道和设备的安装等。下面就多层住宅给排水设计中给水管材的选用、管道的敷设、水表出户设置、家用热水器的设置和空调冷凝水排放等问题与同行们一起探讨。
（一）给水管材选用问题
传统的给水管材一般采用镀锌钢管，由于镀锌钢管易锈蚀，使用寿命短，用于输送生活用水不能满足水质卫生标准等缺点，建设部正大力推广塑料给水管的应用。许多地市已明文规定：禁止设计使用镀锌钢管，推广使用塑料给水管。塑料给水管与金属管道相比，具有重量轻，耐压强度好，输送液体阻力小，耐化学腐蚀性能强，安装方便，省钢节能，使用寿命长等优点。给水用塑料管道主要有：硬聚氯乙烯（PVC－U）、高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）、交联聚乙烯（PEX）、改性聚丙烯（PP－R ，PP－C）、聚丁烯（PB）、铝塑复合管（PE－AL－PE，PEX－AL －PEX）和钢塑复合管等。
管材的选择是经济技术的比较过程，技术上应从压力、温度、使用环境、安装方法等方面进行考虑，同时结合业主的要求和住宅的档次，进行经济技术综合考虑后确定。以上所塑料给水管材都可作为住宅生活给水管材。经济适用房和解困房主要面对广大中低收入居民，可选用卫生级硬聚氯乙烯管（PVC－U）作为给水管，以降低造价；中高档商品房可用铝塑复合管（PE－AL－PE，PEX －AL－PEX）或其他塑料给水管材作为给水管。住宅配水点的热水温度不超过600C，因此上述管材中除硬聚氯乙烯管（PVC－U）和铝塑料复合管（PE－AL－PE）外,大多管材可作为住宅的热水管道。
（二）管道敷设问题
1．给排水立管的敷设一般有以下几种方式
1）明装在厨房、卫生间的墙角处。在以往的住宅设计中较多采用这种敷设方式，它施工方便，但明露管道有碍居室美观，住户在二次装修时大多会用轻质材料给予隐藏起来。
2）明装在建筑物外墙阴角处。这种方式仅适用于南方天气较暖和的地区，冬季的最低温度不得低于零摄氏度，以防水管内水冻结成冰，胀裂管道，影响住户使用。管道在外墙敷设，影响建筑美观，也不便于日后管理和维修。
3）敷设在管道井内。这种方式使居室洁净美观，但管道井占用了卫生间的面积，且管道施工、维修都比较困难。卫生间设立集中管道井，把给水管、排水管都集中在管道井里布置，这是小康住宅厨房、卫生间居住文明的重要体现。本人认为：在中高档的商品房建筑方案设计时应考虑卫生间管道井的设置，这样即提高卫生间的使用质量，又可解决硬聚氯乙烯排水管水流噪声大的问题，提高居室的环境质量水平；对于卫生间面积较小的经济适用房和解困房，在南方较暖和地区给排水立管可考虑敷设在外墙，以增大卫生间的使用空间；管道明装在室内时，应不影响厨房、卫生间各卫生设备功能的使用。
2．给水支管敷设
住宅给水支管管径一役de≤32mm，小管径的塑料给水管，呈弯曲状态，故住宅给水支管提介采用暗设。给水支管暗设的方式有：
1）暗设在砖墙里。施工时在砖墙面开管槽，管槽宽度为管子外径de+20mm，深度为管子外径de，管道直接嵌入管槽，并用管卡将子固定在管槽内。
2）对于小管径给水支管de≤20mm，可暗设在楼（地）面找平层里。施工时在楼（地）板面上开管槽，槽宽为de+10mm，深为1／2de，管道半嵌入管槽里，并用管卡将管子固定在管槽内。铝塑复合管和交联聚丙烯管等管道采用金属管件连接，采用暗设时须加大管槽尺寸，且水流局部水头损失较大。对于厨房、卫生间内卫生器具布置相对集中的住宅，可采用分水器进行连接，分水器是一种多分支管接头，各卫生器具给水支管分别从分水器接出。这样既可避免暗埋管道的管接头渗透问题。又可减小局部水头损失，降低管网造价。
3）排水支管敷设
住宅室内排水横管宜设在本层套内，这样排水横管渗透时可避免污水等污染物进入邻户，管道维修时也不会影响到邻户的正常生活。
厨房内洗涤盆的排水横支管一般在本层楼板面上接入排水立管；地漏排水支管须敷设下层空间。现在许多同行都认为：厨房地面都铺设瓷砖，清洁地在时不须用水冲洗，设置地漏意义不大，故厨房内可不设地地漏，这样既避免排水横支管进入邻户，又可增大厨房的使用空间。
卫生间内排水横支管在本层敷设具体措施有：
1）提高卫生间地面。地面势高150mm，采用后排式坐便器，洗脸盆、浴盆和地漏的排水横管暗埋在垫层内。
2）采用下沉式卫生间。卫生间楼板面下沉350mm，卫生器具排水横管暗埋在下沉空间里。
这两种做法均可实现卫生间的排水横支管埋设本层的地面而不进入邻户。暗埋管道安装时，施工质量一定要严格把关，经验收合格后方可施工卫生间地面，以免给日后使用中留下隐患。卫生间地面施工可填充煤灰等轻质材料，亦可采用砌砖架空铺设制板施工地面，地面须做防水处理，做法可参照屋面防水处理，如做两油一布橡塑油膏防水。
（三）水表户外设置问题
水表设在户内，不但抄表的工作量很大，而且使住宅的安全性和私密性大大降低。故住宅的分户水表或分户水表的数字显示宜设在户外。多层住宅水表户外设置有以下几种形式：
1．采用远传水表
把普通水表换成远传水表，由一根信号线连接水表与数据采集机，再传至智能管理（微机）。它的优点在于节省大量人力来抄表，数据准确，缺点是造价高。
2．采用磁卡式水表
用户预先购买自来水公司的电子卡，然后把它插入水表的存贮器内，用水时卡上金额被自动扣除，这种方式用户需预付水费，水表价格较高。
3．采用普通水表设在户外
1）水表设在楼梯休息平台的壁龛里。住户给水支管经水表计量后进入厨房、卫生间。这种方式实现了水表出房设置，工程等价低，但给水立管和水表设在楼梯处影响美观。它适用于南方较暖和地区厨房、卫生间布置靠近楼梯间位置的住宅。
2）水表集中设在水表间（水表箱）。下行上给式供水时，在底层设水表间（水表箱），各层住户给水支管在管道井内敷设，南方地区也可在建筑物阴角处沿外墙敷设；上行下给式供水时，可在屋顶设水表间（水表箱）。这种方式增加给水支管敷设长度、管道沿外墙敷设影响建筑物美观。水表出户布置的方式选择，须结合住宅厨房、卫生间平面布置特点和开发商的具体要求，对以上几种可行性方案进行经济技术比较后确定。物业管理完善的住宅小区的中高档商品房，可采用远传水表，它是今后水表应用发展方向；物业管理不完善的住宅小区的中高档商品房，可采用磁卡式水表（在自来水公司有这种业务的地区可设计）或集中设置水表间（箱）；南方地区单元式住宅可用普通水表设在楼梯的休息平台处，以降低造价。
（四）家用热水器的设置问题
住宅设计时应预留安装热水供应设施的条件，或设置热水供应设施。所以在没有集中热水供应的住宅，应考虑家用热水器的安装位置及冷热水管道布置。家用热水器一般有燃气、电、太阳能等三种。燃气热水器和电热水器一般安装在厨房或卫生间内，在建筑给排水设计时应预留出热水器的安装位置和冷热水管道的接口，便于用户装修时自行安装。太阳能热水器使用简便安全，无需燃料及电力，运行费用低，使用寿命长，无污染，很受广大用户的欢迎，近几年来有不少的住宅小区在设计施工时就全部安装上了太阳能热水器。太阳能热水器一般安装在屋顶上，这样就需要在卫生间与屋面热水器之间设置冷热水管道，住宅设计时若不考虑太阳能热水器的安装，今后住户安装时只能将冷热管道沿建筑物外墙敷设，这样既增加住户安装时的难度，增加管线投资，又影响建筑的美观。所以在建筑给排水设计时需要先征求开发商的意见，是否统一设计，统
一施工太阳能热水器；或只预留出太阳能热水器及冷热水管道的安装位置。太阳能热水器的冷热水管道可敷设在管道井内；不设管道井的住宅，可在卫生间靠近沐浴器的墙角增设一根de110的UPVC排水管作为太阳能热水器热水管道的套管，在每户卫生间距地面1m处设一个de110×75三通，作为冷热水管的接入口。
（五）空调冷凝水排放问题
近几年，空调逐渐进入千家万户，空调冷凝水无组织排放污染建筑物外墙，已是影响生活区美观的一个重要问题。建筑给排水设计时应考虑空调冷凝水的有组织排放。具体做法可在预留空调外机位置旁设置冷凝水排水管，排水立管选用PVC－U排水管 de40，在每层空调机高度预留排水三通，便于空调机排水软管直接接入。
译文来源：美国PE杂志建筑给排水工程师2010年第10期
The multilevel residential housing is given and drains off water several questions designed
Summary: This text give and drain off water on multilevel residential housing design supply water the exertion of the tubular product, Way of laying of pipeline, water gauge produce family set up, establishment and air conditioner condensation water of pot-type boiler discharge issue goes on the discussion, And put forward some concrete views.
Keyword: Skyscraper, supply water the tubular product , the pipeline is laid, The water gauge, the solar water heater
The skyscraper is simple with its auxiliary facility, the fabrication cost is low, the characteristic such as being convenient of estate management, Receive the welcomes of the real estate developer and vast resident of small and medium-sized cities very much. How project planning and design of inhabited region, scientific and technological industry of comfortable house, lead the request according to 2000, Improve the design level of the house, build out a comfortable living space for each household, It is each designers duty. As the heart of the house --The kitchen, bathroom, is that the function is complicated, hygiene, safe and comfortable degree is expected much, It is miscellaneous to build, the space expecting much in technology. So, the designer must consider synthetically with the idea and method of global design that the kitchen, bathroom give installation of the drainage pipeline and equipment etc. Give and drain off water on skyscraper design supply water exertion, to lay pipeline of tubular product, water gauge produce family set up, establishment and empty of pot-type boiler now Transfer condensation water discharge issue discuss together with colleagues.
(1)supply water tubular product select problem for use Traditional water supply tubular product adopt zinc-plated steel tube generally, because zinc-plated steel tube exchange the corrosion, Use short-lived , use for and send domestic water can satisfied with water quality sanitary standard shortcoming, Ministry of Construction is popularizing the application of the feed pipe of plastics energetically . A lot of districts
and cities have already expressed regulations: Forbid designing and using the zinc-plated steel tube, use widely the feed pipe of plastics. The plastics supply water In charge of compared with metal pipeline, light, it is fine to able to bear the intensity of keeping, Send obstruction little liquid , able to bear chemistry better to corrode performance, it is convenient to install, The steel energy-conservation of the province, merit of having long performance life etc.. Supply water and use plastics pipeline: Hard polyvinyl chloride( PVC-U), high density polyethylene( HDPE), pay and unite polyethylene( PEX) , modify the polypropylene( PP-R, PP-C), gather butane( PB), aluminum mould and compound and in charge of and the steel is molded and compound and is managed etc.. Choice of tubular product economic comparative course of technology, technology should from pressure, temperature, environment for use, install method etc. go on and consider, Combine owners at the same time request and the house of grade, carry on and fix after being consider synthetically technology not economic. The above plastics supply water tubular product can supply water tubular product as house life. The economic and functional house conciliating Strand room in the face of the masses of with low- and medium-level incomes resident, can select for use hygiene grades of hard polyvinyl chloride in charge of as feed pipe mainly, In order to reduce the fabrication cost; Medium-to-high grade commodity apartment available aluminum Mould and compound and in charge of or other plastics supply water the tubular product as the feed pipe. House mix hot
water temperature that water order exceed 600 C, so above-mentioned tubular product in charge of except hard polyvinyl chloride and aluminum plastics compound and in charge of( PE-AL-PE), Mostly the tubular product can be regarded as the hot water pipeline of the house.
(2) Pipeline laid problem 1. Give and drain off water it set up there aren’t one that in charge of
1) Will install it in the corner place of the kitchen, bathroom tomorrow. Adopting this kind of way of laying more in the design of house in the past, it is convenient for it to construct, But will reveal the pipeline and hinder the room beautifully tomorrow Watch, the households will mostly be hidden with the light quality material in the equipment two times.
2) Will install it in the overcast angle place of the outer wall of the building tomorrow. Way this suitable for southern weather warm district only, the minimum temperature in winter cant be lower than zero degrees Centigrade, In case water pipe water-logging freeze ice is bloated to split pipeline, influence household use. Pipeline lay in outer wall, influence building to be beautiful, too inconvenient on manage and maintain in the future.
3) Lay it in the pipeline well. This way makes the room clean and beautiful, but the pipeline well has taken up the area of the bathroom,
And pipeline construct, maintain relatively more difficult. Bathroom set up concentrate pipeline well, concentrate pipeline on assign in the well feed pipe, drain pipe; this is that the civilized importance lives in the kitchen of comfortable house, bathroom Embodiment. I think : Should consider the establishment of the pipeline well of the bathroom in the medium-to-high grade building conceptual design of commodity apartment, Improve quality of using of bathroom promptly so , can solve hard polyvinyl chloride drain pipe rivers noise heavy problem, Improve the environmental quality level of the room; Whether for bathroom in the areas for little economic and functional house and Overcome difficulties room, warm area give and drain off water and set up and in charge of and can consider and lay in the outer wall in the South, In order to increase using the space of the bathroom; Pipeline install and in the room, should influence kitchen, bathroom every sanitary equipment use of function tomorrow
(3)Supply water and prop up there aren’t tube House supply water prop up and in charge of pipe diameter one ≤ 32mm, de of battle,, little plastics feed pipe of pipe diameter is the crooked state, So the house supplies water and is propped up and in charge of being recommended and adopted and set up secretly. Supply water to prop up to manage darkly there is this way had:
1) Set up in the brick wall secretly. Wall turn on and in charge of trough in brick when constructing, in charge of trough width tube +20 mm,
de of external diameter,, degree of depth tube external diameter de, The pipeline is imbedded and managed directly Trough, and with in charge of card fix in trough of inning charge of son.
2) Whether pipe diameter supply water and prop up and last de ≤ 20mm, can set up at floor secretly piece make level by layer. Turn on and in charge of trough in floor (ground) the board when constructing, it wide trough have to be de +10 mm deeply 1/2 of the de, Half pipeline imbed and in charge of trough, and with in charge of card fix in trough of inning charge of tube. Aluminums mould compound and in charge of and pay and unite polypropylene in charge of pipeline adopt metal pipe fittings connection, Must strengthen and in charge of trough size when adopting and set up secretly, and rivers some flood peak loss relatively heavy. Assign the relative house that concentrated to the kitchen, bathroom interior hygiene utensil, Can adopt and divide Water device go on and join , divide water device whether one more than branch in charge of and connect, every hygiene utensil supply water and prop up and in charge of and connects and publishes from the water dividing device separately. Can already prevent the tube burying the pipeline secretly from being connected like this Permeate the question. Can reduce some flood peak lost, decrease the fabrication cost of pipe networks
3)Drain off water and prop up the tube to lay House room drain off water and in charge of and should set up at the time of inning this each,
drain off water and in charge of permeating sideways like this canning prevent the sewage from waiting for the pollutant to enter the neighbor family sideways, Will not influence the neighbor either when the pipeline is maintained Normal life of one. Kitchen wash water drainage of basin propped up and in charge of gene rallying inserts draining off water to stand to manage this layer of floor sideways; Floor drain off water propped up and in charge of laying the room of lower floor. A lot of colleagues think now: Whether kitchen the ground it lay ceramic tile of, whose name is clean in when need develop with water, not strong in meaning to set up floor drain, So kitchen set up ground floor drain, avoid and drain off water and prop up and in charge of and enter neighbor family sideways already so, Can increase using the space of the kitchen . Bathroom drain off water and prop up and in charge of and lay concrete measure has in this layer sideways inside:
4) Improve the bathroom ground. Ground tendency high 150mm, adopt back row type take stool pot, washing basin, bath tub, water drainage of floor drain in charge of and bury in cushion layer secretly sideways.
5) Adopt the sinking type bathroom. Bathroom sink 350mm the floor, hygiene utensil drain off water and in charge of and bury on sinking space secretly sideways
Two method these can realize water drainage of bathroom prop up and in charge of earths surface to bury underground this one without
entering the neighbor family sideways. Bury pipeline when installing, construction quality must check on strictly, can construct bathroom ground after confirming qualified secretly, So as not to leave the hidden danger in giving in the future using. Bathroom ground construct and can pack coal ash light quality material, also can adopt and lay bricks impracticable to lay plate making construct ground, Ground must make waterproof to deal with, method can waterproof to deal with according to roofing, make two oil one rubber and plastic ointment waterproof cloth.
6) water gauge the open air set up problem The water gauge is had indoors, not only the work load of checking meter is very heavy , but also make the security and privacy of the house reduce greatly . So house divides into households of water gauge or divides households of figure of water gauge Show that should be set up in the open air. Skyscraper water gauge the open air set up following several kinds of forms: Whether 1.adopt far it pass by water gauge Change the ordinary water gauge into and pass the water gauge far, is joined the water gauge and data gathering machine by a signal line, And then reach intelligence to manage( the computer). Its merit lies in saving a large amount of people Strength comes to check meter, the data are accurate, the shortcoming is that the fabrication cost is high. Whether 2.adopt magnetic stripe card of by water gauge Users buy the electronic card of the running water Company in advance , then insert it in the storing device of the water gauge, Card amount of money deduct automatically on the water, this way user need to prepay the water rate,
The price of the water gauge is relatively high.
(4) Adopt it set up at the open air water gauge not ordinary
1) The water gauge is set up in the stair have a rest in the alcove of the platform. Household water supply to prop up and manage and enter the kitchen, bathroom after the water gauge is measured. Way this realize water gauge produce room set up, equivalence low project have , supply water and set up and in charge of and set up with water gauge office results in aesthetic problems in stair. It suitable for the South warm district kitchen, bathroom assign close to the houses of positions of staircase.
2) The water gauge concentrates on being set up among the water gauges (meter box). Person who give when supplying water, set up water gauge in ground floor (meter box) on falling, every household water supply to prop up and is in charge of applying having in the pipeline well, Southern area can overcast horn place lay along the outer wall in building too; Person who give when supplying water, can set up water gauge in roof( meter box) under up going. This way increases and supplies water to prop up In charge of and lay length, pipeline lay and influence building to be beautiful along outer wall. Water gauge produce way choice that family assign, must combine house kitchen, bathroom plane assign characteristic and concrete request of developer, Carry on to several feasibility scheme the above economic technology fix after comparing. Property well-managed medium-to-high grade commodity apartment of housing district, can adopt
and pass the water gauge far , It is that the water gauge will use the developing direction in the future; Estate management perfect medium- to-high grade commodity apartment of housing district, can adopt magnetic stripe card water gauge( Company have this kind district of business can design in running water) Or concentrate on setting up it among the water gauges( case); Southern area unit type house can set up rest platform office in stair with ordinary water gauge, In order to reduce the fabrication cost.
3) establishment question of the pot-type boiler Should reserve and install hot water supply terms of facility, set up hot water supply facilities with when the design of house. Have and concentrate house that hot water supply on , should consider house assign with installation position and cold hot water pipeline of hot water device. The pot-type boiler generally has three kinds, such as gas, electricity, solar energy, etc. Whether last kitchen gas heater and electric heater or Bathroom inside, give when draining off water design should reserve installation position and cold hot water interface of pipeline of water heater in advance in building, Install by oneself when convenient users fit up. Solar energy and hot water It is simple and convenient and safe for device to use, need fuel and electric power is low to run the expenses, Have long performance life, pollution-free, received by the masses of users favorably very much, Many houses have been small in recent years The district all install the solar water heater at the time of designing and
construct. Solar water heater install and at the roof, need to set up the cold hot water pipeline among bathroom and water heater of the roofing like this generally, Consider installation of solar water heater when the design of house, household can only lay cold and hot pipeline along the building outer wall when installing in the future, Increase household degree of difficulty when installing like this , increase pipeline make the investment, influence building beautiful. Give when draining off water the design needing to solicit the developer’s suggestion first in building interconnected system one design, construct the solar water heater in unison; Reserve solar water heater and cold hot water installation position of pipeline in advance only. The cold hot water pipeline of the solar water heater can be laid In the pipeline well; Set up pipeline house of well , can set up one UPVC drain pipe of de110 as solar water heater hot water sleeve pipe of pipeline close to corner of person who take a shower in bathroom, Set up a de110 *75 three direct links in each hygiene interval ground, as connecting the entry of cold and hot water pipe
4) air conditioner condensation ink discharge the issue In recent years, air conditioner enter huge numbers of families gradually, condensation water amorphous to discharge the building outer wall of pollution air conditioner have, Have influenced a beautiful important problem of biotope already. Building give when draining off water design should consider air conditioner condensation ink discharge in a organized
way. Concrete method can machine set up the water drain pipe of the condensation by the position outside reserving air conditioner, Drain off water and set up and in charge of and select PVC-U drain pipe de40 for use , reserve three direct links of draining off water highly in each air conditioner, It is convenient for air conditioner to drain off water hose insert directly.
译文来源：美国PE杂志建筑给排水工程师2010年第10期
forced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance. Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency. 1、steel mechanical link 1.1 radial squeeze link Will be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linked Characteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.
浮选柱处理含油废水的研究 摘要：本文介绍了一种为处理含油废水而开发的新型溶气浮选柱装置。溶气浮选柱将溶气气浮法和浮选柱巧妙的加以结合运用，溶解空气在柱体分离系统中释放。本文对这种具有潜在应用价值的柱体系统分离含油废水中油分的效果进行了研究，在一系列的 实验中该装置均取得了理想的分离效果，同时还对溶气浮选柱中采用的气泡产生器的曝气效果进行了专门研究。 关键词：含油废水；分离；气浮；气泡发生器；溶气浮选柱 一、引言 含油废水是石油开发利用过程中产生的面积广，数量大的污染源。废水中的油分包括浮油，分散油，乳化油，溶解油和油-固结合物。含油废水常用的处理技术有物理法、物理化学法、化学破乳法、生物化学法和电化学法。分离难易程度取决于油分在水体中的存在形式。含油废水中的浮油一般可以采用重力分离技术予以去除，溶解油可以通过生物处理法将其去除，而以胶体状态存在的分散油和乳化油由于其平均粒径小，化学稳定性咼而难以去除。 近年来，浮选技术由于具有分离效率高，资金投入少，运行费用低的特点而吸引了众多学者的关注，并且已经开发出一些新型的快速高效的含油废水处理装置。Feng P B 和其合作者开发出一种高效节能浮选柱进行含油废水处理，其油分的去除率可以达到90% 左右。GU Xuqing等人开发出一种新型多级环流式浮选柱可处理含油废水，其独特的流体环流模式极大的提高了油珠和气泡之间的接触几率，分离效果显著，5分钟内，分离 效率可以达到96%-97%0Xiao K L等人用多级浮选柱处理含油废水，空气分散在装置的柱体托盘底部，含油废水在柱体的各个托盘中进行处理，除油率达94%。 含有乳化油的废水处理较为困难，为保证浮选效率，分离时要求气泡粒径小，并且在分离区域中形成安静的水力学环境。分离区应当又长又窄这一概念引发了利用柱状体作为分离设备这一设计理念。由此产生了一种叫做溶气浮选柱的新型设备，溶解空气在该装置的柱体分离系统中析出，以此来处理含油废水。 二、材料与方法 （一）材料 实验废水是用胜利油田的脱水脱气原油配制的乳化油经过稀释得到的。水样经过三 十分钟的高速搅拌混合以保证油珠完全地分散到水中。采用激光粒度分析仪分析油珠的 粒径分布；平均粒径为18.15微米，约有77.8%的粒子的粒径在25微米左右或更小（图
本科毕业设计（外文翻译） 题目居住区交往空间规划与设计 院（系部）xxx学院 专业名称xx 年级班级xx 学生姓名xx 指导教师xx xx 年xx 月x 日 Planning and Design of Association Space of residential District
Xia dong liang 【Abstract】:The association space refers to the indoor and outdoor space for communication between residents.The article presents an overall discussion of the necessity，hierarchy and functionality of association space,with a wish to create positive and healthy association atmosphere and stimulate good communication among residents so that the residential area can become a homeland full of love and harmony． 【Keyword】:residential area；association space；necessity；hierarchy；Functionality 【Foreword】：As the housing system reform and the rapid development of real estate, urban residential areas large urban settlements have emerged on the layout of residential buildings, public buildings, public green space, life and living facilities such as roads, to provide urban residents live in the community and The establishment, is an integral part of the city. Exchanges between the living room area residents is to communicate and exchange of indoor and outdoor space. At this stage, people's living standards greatly improved the living environment of continuous improvement district. Developers should not only focus on residential construction and the reasonable comfort, paying greater attention to the construction of residential environment. However, the current environment in the construction of residential areas, they are often the natural ecology of greening the environment is much more to consider, and the promotion of exchanges between the residents of the space environment to consider less, environmental construction can not meet the occupants of the psychological characteristics and needs. From the basic physiological needs gradually to meet the psychological and cultural fields of promoting a higher level, the residential area is not only the function of living, but also people's thinking and feelings of the local exchange. Therefore, the strengthening of exchanges between the residential areas of space construction, increase residential neighbourhood affinity, should be developed in the planning and construction of residential areas should also consider the issue. How to conduct exchanges between the residential areas of space planning and design, improve people's quality of life, the author of his own real estate development
Laminar and Turbulent Flow Observation shows that two entirely different types of fluid flow exist. This was demon- strated by Osborne Reynolds in 1883 through an experiment in which water was discharged from a tank through a glass tube. The rate of flow could be controlled by a valve at the outlet, and a fine filament of dye injected at the entrance to the tube. At low velocities, it was found that the dye filament remained intact throughout the length of the tube, showing that the particles of water moved in parallel lines. This type of flow is known as laminar, viscous or streamline, the particles of fluid moving in an orderly manner and retaining the same relative positions in successive cross- sections. As the velocity in the tube was increased by opening the outlet valve, a point was eventually reached at which the dye filament at first began to oscillate and then broke up so that the colour was diffused over the whole cross-section, showing that the particles of fluid no longer moved in an orderly manner but occupied different relative position in successive cross-sections. This type of flow is known as turbulent and is characterized by continuous small fluctuations in the magnitude and direction of the velocity of the fluid particles, which are accompanied by corresponding small fluctuations of pressure. When the motion of a fluid particle in a stream is disturbed, its inertia
外文文献： Risk Analysis of the International Construction Project By: Paul Stanford Kupakuwana Cost Engineering Vol. 51/No. 9 September 2009 ABSTRACT This analysis used a case study methodology to analyse the issues surrounding the partial collapse of the roof of a building housing the headquarters of the Standards Association of Zimbabwe (SAZ). In particular, it examined the prior roles played by the team of construction professionals. The analysis revealed that the SAZ’s traditional construction project was generally characterized by high risk. There was a clear indication of the failure of a contractor and architects in preventing and/or mitigating potential construction problems as alleged by the plaintiff. It was reasonable to conclude that between them the defects should have been detected earlier and rectified in good time before the partial roof failure. It appeared justified for the plaintiff to have brought a negligence claim against both the contractor and the architects. The risk analysis facilitated, through its multi-dimensional approach to a critical examination of a construction problem, the identification of an effective risk management strategy for future construction projects. It further served to emphasize the point that clients are becoming more demanding, more discerning, and less willing to accept risk without recompense. Clients do not want surprise, and are more likely to engage in litigation when things go wrong. KEY WORDS:Arbitration, claims, construction, contracts, litigation, project and risk The structural design of the reinforced concrete elements was done by consulting engineers Knight Piesold (KP). Quantity surveying services were provided by Hawkins, Leshnick & Bath (HLB). The contract was awarded to Central African Building Corporation (CABCO) who was also responsible for the provision of a specialist roof structure using patented “gang nail” roof
毕业设计英文资料翻译 Tran slati on ofthe En glish Docume nts for Graduati on Desig n 课题名称_____________________________________ 院< 系）_____________________________________ 专业 _____________________________________ 姓名 _____________________________________ 学号 _____________________________________ 起讫日期 _____________________________________ 指导教师 _____________________________________ 2018 年2月25日 原文: Abstract：Gree n buildi ng refers to do its best to maximize con servati on of resources (en ergy, land, water, and wood> , protecti ng the environment and reduce polluti on in its life cycle. Provide people with healthy, appropriate and efficient use of space, and nature in harmony symbiosis buildings. Idescribed more details of green building design ' notion, green building ' design, as well as the sig ni fica nee of the con
芬兰建筑主要因两点而闻名实用而直接的现代主义和一种同自然之间的虚构的关系。从阿尔瓦·阿尔托和他同时代——包括埃里克·布吕格曼和保利·布卢姆斯泰特 . 在内——的那些设计了年前的芬兰现代建筑作品的建筑师开始就是如此。阿尔托在年代的设计特别是完成于年的帕伊米奥疗养院布吕格曼设计的私人住宅和图尔库的公寓区以及布卢姆斯泰特的教堂设计都是芬兰现代建筑早期阶段的标志。在这之后现代主义运动的主流和分支总是成为芬兰建筑学习的对象。如此忠诚于现代主义的原因可以归结到芬兰自年独立以来的社会发展以及北欧人一贯的建筑和设计方向。北部的地理位置和文化在北欧的多种现代主义中建筑是与众多北部 欧洲的文化特性交织在一起的。起决定性的因素是气候和自然环境 同时还有从路德教而来、体现在北欧福利国家的一种共有的精神。这里值得一提的是在当地民众与自然之间的关系形成的过程中有一个关键因素——“自由信步”的理念简而言之即在一定限度内每个人都有权利进入到自然环境及其所赋予的一切中去。这一传统在那些居住环境与自然紧密相联的地方广为人知在北欧国家更是根深蒂固。波罗的海地区的自然环境十分富足、多样且尺度较小。内陆中不计其数的湖面形成了广阔的水路。芬兰被称为“千岛之国”。实际上可以说芬兰的自然环境充满了各种独特的场所。我们没有一望无际的海岸沙滩或巨大的高差但是我们拥有河、湖和群岛。多样且无所不在的水陆交替为芬兰的自然环境提供了一种韵律。这种韵律既是视觉上的也是精神上的。此外四季的变换——温暖明亮
的夏季和寒冷多雪的冬季——强化了景观的多变对自然空间的应用有着显著影响。关于芬兰建筑前文所述都与芬兰人所认知的好建筑密切相关。在这里成为好建筑的关键因素是同地段或场所的联系 及其空间体验。当代芬兰建筑中的自然和现代主义尤哈那·拉赫蒂孙凌波译: . , . , . ' , , ' , ' , , . , , . Finland' , . , , , . ' , , " ", , , , . , , , . , , . Finland . , . . , , . . . , , , , . Finland. , , . , , . ’ . , , . , . , 首先成为好建筑要尊重地段及其历史无论它是在自然环境里还是在城市之中。以阿尔瓦·阿尔托为代表的年代的芬兰建筑师一贯坚持在项目进程中对地段上的树木加以保护。这是让自然成为建筑院落一部分的方式之一。在这个时代区域划分成为城市规划的一部
外文原文 Study on Human Resource Allocation in Multi-Project Based on the Priority and the Cost of Projects Lin Jingjing , Zhou Guohua SchoolofEconomics and management, Southwest Jiao tong University ,610031 ,China Abstract----This paper put forward the a ffecting factors of project’s priority. which is introduced into a multi-objective optimization model for human resource allocation in multi-project environment . The objectives of the model were the minimum cost loss due to the delay of the time limit of the projects and the minimum delay of the project with the highest priority .Then a Genetic Algorithm to solve the model was introduced. Finally, a numerical example was used to testify the feasibility of the model and the algorithm. Index Terms—Genetic Algorithm, Human Resource Allocation, Multi-project’s project’s priority . 1.INTRODUCTION More and more enterprises are facing the challenge of multi-project management, which has been the focus among researches on project management. In multi-project environment ,the share are competition of resources such as capital , time and human resources often occur .Therefore , it’s critical to schedule projects in order to satisfy the different resource demands and to shorten the projects’ duration time with resources constrained ,as in [1].For many enterprises ,the human resources are the most precious asset .So enterprises should reasonably and effectively allocate each resource , especially the human resource ,in order to shorten the time and cost of projects and to increase the benefits .Some literatures have
土木工程概论 摘要：土木工程是个庞大的学科，但最主要的是建筑，建筑无论是在中国还是在国外，都有着悠久的历史，长期的发展历程。整个世界每天都在改变，而建筑也随科学的进步而发展。力学的发现，材料的更新，不断有更多的科学技术引入建筑中。以前只求一间有瓦盖顶的房屋，现在追求舒适，不同的思想，不同的科学，推动了土木工程的发展，使其更加完美。 关键词：土木工程；建筑；力学；材料 土木工程是建造各种工程的统称。它的原意是与“军事工程”相对应的。在英语中，历史上土木工程、机械工程、电气工程、化工工程都属于Civil Engineering ，因为它们都具有民用性。后来，随着工程科学技术的发展，机械、电气、化工都已逐渐形成独立的科学，Civil Engineering 就成为土木工程的专门名词。至今，在英语中，Civil Engineering 还包括水利工程、港口工程；而在我国，水利工程和港口工程也成为与土木工程十分密切的相对独立分支。土木工程既指建设的对象，即建造在地上，地下，水中的工程设施，也指应用的材料设备和进行的勘测，设计施工，保养，维修等专业技术。 土木工程是一种与人们的衣、食、住、行有着密切关系的工程。其中与“住”的关系是直接的。因为，要解决“住”的问题必须建造各种类型的建筑物。而解决“行、食衣”的问题既有直接的一面，也有间接的一面。要“行”，必须建造铁路、道路、桥梁；要“食”，必须打井取水、兴修水利、进行农田灌溉、城市供水排水等，这是直接关系。而间接关系则不论做什么，制造汽车、轮船也好，纺纱、织布、制衣也好，乃至生产钢铁、发射卫星、开展科学研究活动都离不开建造各种建筑物、构筑物和修建各种工程设施。 土木工程随着人类社会的进步而发展，至今已经演变成为大型综合性的学科，它已经出许多分支，如：建筑工程，铁路工程，道路工程，桥梁工程，特种工程结构，给水排水工程，港口工程，水利工程，环境工程等学科。 土木工程作为一个重要的基础学科，有其重要的属性：综合性，社会性，实践性，统一性。土木工程为国民经济的发展和人民生活的改善提供了重要
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原文： DOCTORAL FORUM NA TIONAL JOURNAL FOR PUBLISHING AND MENTORING DOCTORAL STUDENT RESEARCH VOLUME 7, NUMBER 1, 2010 Green buildings Priscilla D. Johnson PhD Student in Educational Leadership Whitlowe R. Green College of Education Prairie View A&M University Prairie View, Texas William Allan Kritsonis, PhD Professor and Faculty Mentor PhD Program in Educational Leadership Whitlowe R. Green College of Education Prairie View A&M University Member of the Texas A&M University System Prairie View, Texas Hall of Honor (2008) William H. Parker Leadership Academy, Graduate School Prairie View A&M University Member of the Texas A&M University System Prairie View, Texas Visiting Lecturer (2005) Oxford Round Table University of Oxford Oxford, England Distinguished Alumnus (2004) College of Education and Professional Studies Central Washington University Ellensberg, Washington Abstract: Green building refers to do its best to maximize conservation of resources (energy, land, water, and wood)，protecting the environment and reduce pollution in its life cycle. Provide people with healthy, appropriate and efficient use of space, and nature in harmony symbiosis buildings. I described more details of green building design’notion, green building’design, as well as the significance of the concept of green building and improve the effectiveness analysis of
河北建筑工程学院 毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译 系别：城建系 专业：给水排水工程 班级： 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Wan Fang foreign languages （用外文写） literature datebase 附件：1、外文原文；2、外文资料翻译译文。
1、外文原文（复印件） Supplying and draining waterin hospital construction With the fact that modern medicine science promptness develops,new technique , the new armamentarium are continuing without end , modernized medical treatment thereby consonant with that is building a hospital , are also are confronted with new design idea and new technology applying. Disregarding secondary hospital building function , what whose gets along environment, still , finclause the hospital builds equipment and is equipped with system, the request is without exception higher and higher. Because of it is to ensure daily work living not only need the rapid and intense life relevance recovering from the illness , avoiding crippling , rescuing, and promote with giving treatment to a patient. Not only the design accomplishing to the special field draining away water need to satisfy the request being unlike a function in hospital building on equipment , but also safety is be obliged to reliable. Following is built according to the hospital. 一HOSPITAL GIVES A SEWERAGE 1) Modernized hospital equipment and equipment system content is numerous , the function is peculiar , the request is very high. Except demanding to swear to continue supplying with the use water according with quality level sufficiently, need more according to demand of different medical treatment instrument and different administrative or tehcnical office to water quality , water pressure , the water temperature, classify setting up water treatment system and be in progress to system to increase pressure reduction. 2) The hospital operating rooms , the delivery room operation the water hygiene, saliva washing hands by shower bath water , the dentistry dentistry chair ought to adopt the water purifying degassing. In the homeland few are large-scale , the high rank hospital centre supplies a room, the centre disinfecting has also adopted to purify the water disinfecting, now that swear to there be no dust , the sterility , to remove the pathopoiesia source , to avoid the blockage infecting , cutting down equipment microtubule. 3) Hospital preparation rooms preparation uses water to adopt distilled water, and sets up in making distilled water system to have part pressure boost facilities. The handicraft responds to according to different hospital preparation handicraft but fixes concrete system distilled water, should satisfy demand of whose handicraft to water quality , water yield , water pressure act in close coordination that the preparation handicraft reserves corresponding to drain-pipe and
建筑设计外文翻译文献 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 外文： Structural Design of Reinforced Concrete Sloping Roof Abstract: This paper point out common mistakes and problems in actual engineering design according immediately poured reinforced concrete sloping roof especially common residential structure.It brings out layout and design concept use folded plate and arch shell structure in order to reduction or elimination beam and column Layout to reduce costs and expand use function for user of garret . The paper also discussed the need to open the roof holes, windows, and with other design with complex forms . The corresponding simple approximate calculation method and the structure treatment also described in this paper. Keywords : sloping roof;folded plate; along plane load;vertical plane load