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Часть 1 АУДИРОВАНИЕ А.1.а2.а3.в4.а5.б Б.6.в7.б8.а9.а 10.в 11.в 12.а 13.б 14.в 15.в ЧАСТЬ 2 ЧТЕНИЕ 16. В 17. В 18. Б 19. В 20. Б 21. В 22. В 23. А 24. В 25. В 26. В 27. А 28. Б 29. А 30. А ЧАСТЬ 3 СЛОВА И ГРАММАТИКА 31. А 32. В 33. Б 34. А 35. В 36. А 37. Б 38. Б 39. А 40. Б 41. А 42. В 43. Б 44. А 45. А 46. Б 47. В 48. А 49. В 50. Б 51. Ему 52. внимателен 53. выраженная 54. педагогической работой 55. работающий 56. самому 57. в художественной работе 58. себя 59. вошедших 60. над языком ЧАСТЬ 4 ПЕРЕВОД 61. 显然，⼀个⼈周围⽇常社会环境在其成⼈思维的形成中起着很⼤作⽤。
62．甚⾄当代⼤多数家长和⽼师都想让⾃⼰孩⼦们的幸福和周围⼈们的幸福相联系。
63．如果⽗亲⾃⼰躺在沙发上，⽽妻⼦在洗餐具时，他不能强迫⼉⼦去帮助母亲。
64. 所有的好处，给⾃⼰的话，如果你不是最后⼀个，那么剩余的⼈会依次得到这些好处。
65. 应当经常遵循这样⼀个规则：你可以做什么，那么其他⼈也可以做，⽽其他⼈不能做什么，那你也不能去做。
2000年⼤学俄语四级考试答案及详解 ⼀、听⼒理解 (听⼒材料在最后） 1. 根据Ну Маша, ничего нет лучше в молодости, у тебя всё есть: работа, любовь判断。
在《2010年4月德福考试（TestDaF）备考指南》一文中，我曾引用了德福考试院的官方中文介绍的一句话：“德福考试院进行考试出题、考试方法及考试信息学等方面的研究，保证考试内容的难度不变以及评卷的公平性”一句，并从命题与考试解题的角度进行了比较深入的解析。
2010年4月19日北京新东方学校多语种部再次邀请到了德福考试院的首席代表白梅博士为同学们做了德福考试的相关介绍。
本文结合白梅博士的讲座内容，将从评分标准的角度进一步解析德福考试，以使同学们在日常学习德语和准备德福的考试中走出常见的误区，明晰究竟怎样答题才会是德福考试院所希望的，才能获得德福的高分。
常见误区之一：德福考试中只有一道题不错才能拿5分让我们通过下面的表格首先来看看德福考试院关于德福考试中的听力理解与阅读理解的真正的评分标准：这个表格所列的标准，明确告诉了我们德福考试阅读理解一项中30个问题只要答对26个问题就可以获得5分，听力理解一项中25个问题只要答对21题就可以获得5分，而不必全部答对。
而如前所述，根据德福考试考题设立的基本原则是“保证考试内容的难度不变以及评卷的公平性”，所以在阅读理解答对26题和听力理解答对21题的基础上又设立了向下浮动的标准。
即如果某一期的考试所涉及的难度有浮动，相应的评分标准也会下调。
所以当考生在考场上如果觉得本期考试较往年真题或德福考试院认可的模拟题、样题难度加大，也大可不必很惊慌，而是要冷静、耐心在考场上做好每一道题，因为相应的评分标准一定会随之调整，而考生考场上回答的每一题都可能直接关系到考生成绩。
而我们这里不妨再简单做一个计算，阅读理解30题答对24题即可获得5分，也就意味着正确率只要达到80%即可，而远不是100%。
而听力理解25题答对15题即可达到德国大学入学要求，获得4分，而这个答对比率只有60%，按照这个标准来准备考试和在考场上实现时间管理，压力就会小很多，而结合我在《2010年4月德福考试（TestDaF）备考指南》一文中所提到的“考生应该针对自己的水平和特点分配答题时间与精力”的原则，答题的目标也就会愈加明确。
托福TOEFL考试阅读模拟题（含答案）托福阅读文本：The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry, using thereeds,grasses, barks, and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizes — not only trays, containers, and cooking pots, but hats, boats, fish traps, baby carriers, and ceremonial objects.Of all these experts, none excelled the Pomo — a group who lived on or near the coast during the 1800's, and whose descendants continue to live in parts of the same region to this day. They made baskets three feet in diameter and others no bigger than a thimble. The Pomo people were masters of decoration. Some of their baskets were completely covered with shell pendants; others with feathers that made the baskets' surfaces as soft as the breasts of birds. Moreover, the Pomo people made use of more weaving techniques than did their neighbors. Most groups made all their basketwork by twining — the twisting of a flexible horizontal material, called a weft, around stiffer vertical strands of material, the warp. Others depended primarily on coiling — a process in which a continuous coil of stiff material is held in the desired shape with tight wrapping of flexible strands. Only the Pomo people used both processes with equal ease and frequency. In addition, they made use of four distinct variations on the basic twining process, often employing more than one of them in a single article.Although a wide variety of materials was available, the Pomo people used only a few. The warp was always made of willow, and the most commonly used weft was sedge root, a woody fiber that could easily be separated into strands no thicker than a thread. For color, the Pomo people used the bark of redbud for their twined work and dyed bullrush root for black in coiled work. Though other materials were sometimes used, these four were the staples in their finest basketry.If the basketry materials used by the Pomo people were limited, the designs were amazingly varied. Every Pomo basketmaker knew how to produce from fifteen to twenty distinct patterns that could be combined in a number of different ways.托福阅读题目：1. What best distinguished Pomo basketsfrom baskets of other groups?(A) The range of sizes, shapes, and designs(B) The unusual geometric(C) The absence of decoration(D) The rare materials used2. The word "fashion" in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) maintain(B) organize(C) trade(D) create3. The Pomo people used each of the following materials to decorate baskets EXCEPT(A) shells(B) feathers(C) leaves(D) bark4. What is the author's main point in the second paragraph?(A) The neighbors of the Pomo people tried to improve on the Pomo basket weaving techniques.(B) The Pomo people were the most skilled basket weavers in their region.(C) The Pomo people learned their basket weaving techniques from other Native Americans.(D) The Pomo baskets have been handed down for generations.5. The word "others " in line 9 refers to(A) masters(B) baskets(C) pendants(D) surfaces6.According to the passage , a weft is a(A) tool for separating sedge root(B) process used for coloring baskets(C) pliable maternal woven around the warp(D) pattern used to decorate baskets7.According to the passage , what did the Pomo people use as the warp in their baskets?(A) bullrush(B) willow(C) sedge(D) redbud8. The word "article" in line 17 is close in meaning to(A) decoration(B) shape(C) design(D) object9. According to the passage . The relationship between redbud and twining is most similar to the relationship between(A) bullrush and coiling(B) weft and warp(C) willow and feathers(D) sedge and weaving10. The word "staples" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) combinations(B) limitations(C) accessories(D) basic elements11. The word "distinct" in lime 26 is closest in meaning to(A) systematic(B) beautiful(C) different(D) compatible12. Which of the following statements about Pomo baskets can be best inferred from the passage ?(A) Baskets produced by other Native Americans were less varied in design than those of the Pomo people.(B) Baskets produced by Pomo weavers were primarily for ceremonial purposes.(C) There were a very limited number of basketmaking materials available to the Pomo people.(D) The basketmaking production of the Pomo people has increased over the years.托福阅读模拟题答案：BDCBB CBDAD CA。
一、 2008年4月5日中国区德福考试作文真题Titel：Seniorstudierend 引言：目前在德国，“老年大学生”已成成为一个普遍受关注的现象。
越来越多的老年人在职业生涯之后，踏入大学校园，为的只是重圆少年时没有机会实现的梦想——享受大学教育。
据相关机构统计，200X年德国大学校园总有学生X 万人，其中老年大学生Y万人。
（Y约为X的十分之一，具体数据记不清了） Pro und Kontra：1， 老年人拥有和青年人平等的学习机会，所以政府应开放大学，让更多的老年人能踏入校园。
2， 随着越来越多老年人的涌入，大学的资源有限，致使原本应该提供给年轻人的学习资源和位置趋于紧张。
二、2010年4月写作真题：Internet als Chance?两张图表。
第一张图表关于不同地区网络的使用情况；第二张图表关于某一时间段（2000-2005）这些地区网络使用人数的增长情况。
主题：网络带来的政治、经济、文化方面的影响。
发表看法；介绍自己所在国家的相关情况；个人态度。
（与新东方德福专用教材题目一致）解析：∙写作大体按照传统几个出题的范围进行。
只是近年来的考试把两种观点的复述形式给屏蔽掉。
也就是说德福考试近几次出现的形式都是四个基本的Thesen，让学生阐述。
三、2010 年7月中国考场TestDaf考试作文真题 GanztagsschuleDie Ganztagsschulen sind immer mehr in Deutschland. Dennwährend derFinanzkrise müssen viele Mütter eine vollzeitige oder teilzeitige Erwerbstätigkeit übernehmen. Außerdem um das schlechte Abschneiden inPisa‐Studie zu verändern, wird auch vorgeschlagen, dass die Kinder mehrschulische Betreuung erhalten sollten. Deshalb ist die Frage aktuell, ob dieGanztagsschulen die Kinder begünstigen könnten? …Ganztagsschule, ja oder nein“Die Einstellung der Ganztagsschule‐Beschreiben Sie die gesellschaftlichen Umstände von Ganztagsschulen.‐Vergleichen Sie die verschiedenen Einstellungen sowie die Ganztagsschulen‐Besuchenden.Sollten die Kinder die Ganztagsschulen besuchen? Dazu sind 2 Meinungen vorhanden:‐Die Ganztagsschulen sollten sich verbreiten, deshalb können die Lehrer die Schüler nachmittags betreuen. Die Eltern sind in der Lage,sich auf die Arbeit zu konzentrieren.Die Halbtagsschulen sind besser, weil Kinder immer Freizeit brauchen, um sich abzuschalten. Außerdem haben die Eltern die Pflicht, sich um ihre Kinder zu kümmern.‐Geben sie die unterschiedlichen Meinungen mit eigenen Worten wieder.‐Nehmen Sie zu beiden Aussagen Stellung und begründen Sie Ihre Stellungnahme.‐Wenn Sie Kinder hätten, wären die Ganztagsschulen Ihnenvernünftig?Begründen Sie Ihre Meinung in Bezug auf die Situationen in Ihrer Heimat.四．2011年2011年7月德国写作题Der Reichtum bringt Umstellung in den Lebensstile. Somit stellt sich die Frage: Ist Konsum sinnvoller als Sparen?Dabei zeigen die 2 vorliegenden Grafiken den Vergleich zwischen Ausgaben und Ersparnissen. Die obere Grafik beschäftigt sich mit den Entwicklungen der Beträge von Ausgaben und Ersparnissen im Zeitraum 1980 – 2010. Obwohl beide Kurven im Zeitlauf aufwärts gehen (Ausgaben: von 1000 auf 1500, Ergebnisse: 200 ‐ 400), vergrößert sich der Abstand dazwischen. Während im Jahr 1980 die Anzahl von Ausgaben 800 mehr als die Ergebnisse beträgt, liegt die Differenz 2010 schon bei 1100. Im Zusammenhang damit präsentiert die untere Grafik …Wofür sparen die Deutschen“. Vier Umstände werden hier aufgelistet, nämlich für Lebensabend, für teure Sachen, für die Wohnung und für die Notfälle. Auffällig machen sich die Deutschen die größten Sorgen um Lebensabend, mit 75% steht dessen Anteil an der Spitze. Dagegen liegt der Anteil von Notfällen am Ende mit nur 5%, ein fünfzehntel demgegenüber. Die Finanzmittel für das Alltagsleben stehen im Mittelfeld. Es lässt sich feststellen, dass der Konsum eine immer wichtigere Rolle als Sparen spielt.Ob man sparen oder mehr konsumieren sollte, muss man zuerst die Vorteile und Nachteile von Augsgaben und Ersparnissen abwägen. Selbstverständlich bringen die vernünftigen Ersparnisse viele Vorteile für die Einzelnen. Es ist allen bekannt: wenn man bequem leben möchte, werden viele Sachen angeschafft. Z.B. neue Geräte mit innovativen Funktionen. Außerdem ist der langfristige Wohlbefinden auf einen regelmäßigen schönen Urlaub zurückzuführen. Nur mit gewissen Ersparnissen pro Monat ist das oben Genannte realisierbar. Allerdings wenn alle Bürger nur die neue luxuriöse Mode verfolgen würden, wäre es schädlich für die tradtionellen Branchen. Um sich etwas Teures zu leisten, sind viele gezwungen, die Kosten von Lebensmitteln und Kleidung zu kürzen. Weniger Konsum bedeutet beschränkte Entwicklung der grundlegenden Seiten in der Wirtschaft.Auf der anderen Seite sind die Schattenseiten von übertriebenen Ausgaben nicht zu übersehen, besonders für die Leute in sozialen Unterschichten. Beispielweise für eine große Wohnung muss fast jede Familie Schulden tragen, die normalerweise über einige Jahrzehnten dauern. Falls die Familien ohne ausreichende Ersparnisse in Notfälle geraten, verlieren sie ihren Eigentum. Die dauende Mühe wäre endlich umsonst. Zwar sind solche Risiken für armen Familien unvermeidbar, aber der kontinieurliche Kosum fördert die ganze Wirtschaft. Der oberen Grafik zufolge ist die Anzahl von Ausgaben höher als die Ersparnisse und im Zeitlauf vergrößert sich der Abstand. Aus diesem Grund hält Deutschland seine Position von Großmacht. Je mehr Waren umgesetz werden, desto mehr Produkte sind erzeugt, desto mehr Arbeitsplätze werden geschafft. Deswegen bleibt der Wohlstand den Erwerbstätigen durch ihre Steuern. Diese staatlichen Einnahmen werden in Infrastukturen und in Versicherungssysteme investiert. Dann macht man sich keine Sorgen um den Lebensabend und die Notfälle.Meines Erachtens sollte die Regierung den Konsum ermutigen.Denn aus der Sicht aller Bürger sind die Vorteile überzeugender als die Nachteile. Nur unter den schönen Aussichten der Wirtschaft werden der Lebensstandard und die Bequemlichkeit im Alltag garantiert. Wie in meiner Heimat veranlässt die Regierung seit 2000 den Konsum, besonders die Leute in Mittelschichten können unter Aufsicht die angemessenen Kredite von der Bank erhalten. Die Branchen wie Immobilien, Autoindustrie entwickeln sich seitdem sehr rasch, deshalb gilt China als eine der stärksten Großmächte. Ich bin davon überzeugt, dass der gemeinsame Einsatz in den Markt die Armut endlich vernichten könnte.五．2012年2012年4月写作题分析2012年4月的德福考题是写作类型中的第二种类型：offene Fragen! 这种写作题的特征是没有出现两个不同的观点，所以提示信息相比而言较少，但是每个文字几乎都是提示或者是规范，这对审题要求就非常严格了。
——参考范本——【资格考试】2019最新整理-阅读理解部分--德语德福（DaF）考试模拟试题1－1______年______月______日____________________部门Часть 1 АУДИРОВАНИЕА.1.а2.а3.в4.а5.бБ.6.в7.б8.а9.а 10.в11.в 12.а 13.б 14.в 15.вЧАСТЬ 2 ЧТЕНИЕ16. В 17. В 18. Б 19. В 20. Б21. В 22. В 23. А 24. В 25. В26. В 27. А 28. Б 29. А 30. АЧАСТЬ 3 СЛОВАИГРАММАТИКА31. А 32. В 33. Б 34. А 35. В36. А 37. Б 38. Б 39. А 40. Б41. А 42. В 43. Б 44. А 45. А46. Б 47. В 48. А 49. В 50. Б51. Ему52. внимателен53. выраженная54. педагогическойработой55. работающий56. самому57. вхудожественнойработе58. себя59. вошедших60. надязыкомЧАСТЬ 4 ПЕРЕВОД61. 显然，一个人周围日常社会环境在其成人思维的形成中起着很大作用。
62．甚至当代大多数家长和老师都想让自己孩子们的幸福和周围人们的幸福相联系。
63．如果父亲自己躺在沙发上，而妻子在洗餐具时，他不能强迫儿子去帮助母亲。
64. 所有的好处，给自己的话，如果你不是最后一个，那么剩余的人会依次得到这些好处。
65. 应当经常遵循这样一个规则：你可以做什么，那么其他人也可以做，而其他人不能做什么，那你也不能去做。
20xx年大学俄语四级考试答案及详解一、听力理解 (听力材料在最后）1. 根据НуМаша, ничегонетлучшевмолодости, утебявсёесть: работа, любовь判断。
2022年托福阅读练习题及答案（2篇）托福阅读考试时间：1个小时(遇加试时，时间为1个小时40分钟)。
阅读部分包括3篇文章，每篇650至750个单词，每篇对应11至13道试题。
题目类型包括：图表题，篇章总结题(从给出的选项中选择能够概括文章内容的句子)，变换措辞题，词汇题(在肯定的上下文中)，指代关系题，简化句子题，插入文本题，事实信息题，推断题，修辞目的题以及否定排解题(例如，下列各项均正确除……之外)。
在完成答题的过程中，考生可以使用“复查”功能瞬间找出没有回答的题目，而不必每道题都过一遍。
PASSAGE 1By the mid-nineteenth century, the term icebox had entered the American language, but icewas still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice tradegrew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by someforward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War (1861-1865),as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, halfthe ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston andChicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new householdconvenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenthcentury, the knowledge of the physics ofheat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration,was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the icefrom melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling.Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept theice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve thedelicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the righttrack. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the villageof Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport hisbutter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs ofhis competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-poundbricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have totravel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The influence of ice on the diet(B) The development of refrigeration(C) The transportation of goods to market(D) Sources of ice in the nineteenth century2. According to the passage , when did the word icebox become part of the language of the United States?(A) in 1803(B) sometime before 1850(C) during the civil war(D) near the end of the nineteenth century3. The phrase forward-looking in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) progressive(B) popular(C) thrifty(D) well-established4. The author mentions fish in line 4 because(A) many fish dealers also sold ice(B) fish was shipped in refrigerated freight cars(C) fish dealers were among the early commercial users of ice(D) fish was not part of the ordinary person's diet before the invention of the icebox5. The word it in line 5 refers to(A) fresh meat(B) the Civil War(C) ice(D) a refrigerator6. According to the passage , which of the following was an obstacle to the development of the icebox?(A) Competition among the owners of refrigerated freight cars(B) The lack of a network for the distribution of ice(C) The use of insufficient insulation(D) Inadequate understanding of physics7. The word rudimentary in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) growing(B) undeveloped(C) necessary(D) uninteresting8. According to the information in the second paragraph, an ideal icebox would(A) completely prevent ice from melting(B) stop air from circulating(C) allow ice to melt slowly(D) use blankets to conserve ice9. The author describes Thomas Moore as having been on the right track (lines 18-19) to indicate that(A) the road to the market passed close to Moore's farm(B) Moore was an honest merchant(C) Moore was a prosperous farmer(D) Moore's design was fairly successful10. According to the passage , Moore's icebox allowed him to(A) charge more for his butter(B) travel to market at night(C) manufacture butter more quickly(D) produce ice all year round11. The produce mentioned in line 25 could include(A) iceboxes(B) butter(C) ice(D) marketsAnswers:BBACC DBCDA BPASSAGE 2The geology of the Earth's surface is dominated by the particular properties of water. Presenton Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is exceptionally reactive. It dissolves,transports, and precipitates many chemical compounds and is constantly modifying the face oftheEarth.Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transported bywind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential agent ofcontinental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the ground, the water trickles down to formbrooks,streams, and rivers, constituting what are called the hydrographic network. This immensepolarized network channels the water toward a single receptacle: an ocean. Gravity dominatesthis entire step in the cycle because water tends to minimize its potential energy by running fromhigh altitudes toward the reference point, that is, sea level.The rate at which a molecule of water passes though the cycle is not random but is a measureof the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we define residence time as the average time for awater molecule to pass through one of the three reservoirs — atmosphere, continent, and ocean— we see that the times are very different. A water molecule stays, on average, eleven days inthe atmosphere, one hundred years on a continent and forty thousand years in the ocean. Thislast figure shows the importance of the ocean as the principal reservoir of the hydrosphere butalso the rapidity of water transport on the continents.A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over the continents.Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and some magnesium are dissolved andtransported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay where they are and form thethin, fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes soils are destroyed andtransported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of the continents thus results from twoclosely linked and interdependent processes, chemical erosion and mechanical erosion. Theirrespective interactions and efficiency depend on different factors.1. The word modifying in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) changing(B) traveling(C) describing(D) destroying2. The word which in line 5 refers to(A) clouds(B) oceans(C) continents(D) compounds3. According to the passage , clouds are primarily formed by water(A) precipitating onto the ground(B) changing from a solid to a liquid state(C) evaporating from the oceans(D) being carried by wind4. The passage suggests that the purpose of the hydrographic network (line 8) is to(A) determine the size of molecules of water(B) prevent soil erosion caused by flooding(C) move water from the Earth's surface to the oceans(D) regulate the rate of water flow from streams and rivers5. What determines the rate at which a molecule of water moves through the cycle, as discussed in the third paragraph?(A) The potential energy contained in water让知识带有温度。
大学英语四级仔细阅读专项强化真题试卷3(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1.Losing your ability to think and remember is pretty scary. We know the risk of dementia (痴呆症) increases with age. But if you have memory slips, you probably needn’t worry. There are pretty clear differences between signs of dementia and age-related memory loss. After age 50, it’s quite common to have trouble remembering the names of people, places and things quickly, says Dr. Kirk Daffher of Brigham and Women’ s Hospital in Boston. The brain ages just like the rest of the body. Certain parts shrink, especially areas in the brain that are important to learning, memory and planning. Changes in brain cells can affect communication between different regions of the brain. And blood flow can be reduced as blood vessels narrow. Forgetting the name of an actor in a favorite movie, for example, is nothing to worry about. But if you forget the plot of the movie or don’ t remember even seeing it, that’ s far more concerning, Daffner says. When you forget entire experiences, he says, that’ s “ a red flag that something more serious may be involved “. Forgetting how to operate a familiar object like a microwave oven, or forgetting how to drive to the house of a friend you’ ve visited many times before can also be signs of something going wrong. But even then, Daffner says, people shouldn ‘t panic. There are many things that can cause confusion and memory loss, including health problems like temporary stoppage of breathing during sleep, high blood pressure, or depression, as well as medications (药物) like antidepressants. You don’ t have to figure this out on your own. Daffner suggests going to your doctor to check on medications, health problems and other issues that could be affecting memory. And the best defense against memory loss is to try to prevent it by building up your brain’ s cognitive (认知的) reserve, Daffner says. “Read books, go to movies, take on new hobbies or activities that force one to think in novel ways,” he says. In other words, keep your brain busy and working. And also get physically active, because exercise is a known brain booster.1．Why does the author say that one needn’t be concerned about memory slips?A．Not all of them are symptoms of dementia.B．They occur only among certain groups of people.C．Not all of them are related to one’ s age.D．They are quite common among fifty-year-olds.正确答案：A解析：细节题。
新东⽅：2015年8⽉22⽇托福阅读真题及答案解析 20150822阅读机经 机经词汇： altogether=fully tangible=physical sequence=series exploitation=use steadily=unvarying reflect=indicate subsequent=later 第⼀篇 考⽣回忆：本⽂主要讲述的是对于测算地球年龄的各种尝试。
⼀共是三个⽅法。
第⼀个⽅法是试图通过计算演化的速率来来推断地球年龄。
演化的速率是由⽣物来化⽯来推断的，但是这个⽅法得出来的地球年龄只有⼏百万年，和真实的地球年龄(46亿年)相距甚远。
这个⽅法的缺陷有两个，第⼀个是它默认所有的化⽯的演化速率是⼀致的，实际上不是。
第⼆个是⼀些很古⽼的化⽯极度缺失，导致计算结果有偏差。
第⼆个⽅法是试图通过海洋⾥⾯的沉淀物的厚度来推断地球年龄。
具体的计算⽅法就是⽤总体沉淀物的厚度除以每年沉淀的厚度就得到沉淀所花费的时间。
这个⽅法误差还是很⼤，主要是缺陷在于很多沉淀物与别的沉淀物混合在⼀起，形成新的沉淀物。
还有⼀些沉淀进⼊了⽔循环，测算不到。
第三个⽅法是试图通过推算海洋的年龄来推算地球的年龄，因为地球诞⽣之初就有海洋。
然后科学家(哈雷爵⼠，发现哈雷彗星)认为可以通过计算海⾥的含盐量来计算海洋的年龄，⽅法是把海洋的总含盐量除以平均每年进⼊海洋的盐量来最终得出海洋存在的年龄。
同样，这个⽅法计算出来的偏差也是很⼤，⽐地球实际年龄少了50倍。
但是这个⽅法已经是这个⼏个⽅法⾥⾯最靠谱的了，因为它⽀持了达尔⽂和赫胥黎等对于演化速率的观点。
总体⽽⾔还是很有指导意义的。
解析：本⽂在2014年3⽉1⽇以及2014年9⽉21⽇考过，已经是第三次出现在托福考试中了。
本⽂围绕测定地球的年龄的各种科学尝试这个主题展开，分别叙述了三种不同的⽅法。
值得注意的是，每⼀种⽅法的展开都是先介绍此种⽅法的原理，然后再转折去讨论这种⽅法的不⾜之处。
德福考试由四个单项组成：阅读理解、听力理解、书面表达和口头表达，考试的所有内容都与德国的大学生活和学习密切相关。
其中阅读理解、听力理解和书面表达为笔试，口头表达为机器录音。
各单项均单独计分，任何一个单项的等级不会影响另一个单项的评分，语言证书上会分别列出各单项的等级。
考生必须在一次考试中完成全部四项内容，不得单独报考其中一项。
德福考试的等级（TestDaF-Niveaustufe，简称TDN）共分为三级，即TDN5级、TDN4级和TDN3级。
其中TDN5级为最高级，TDN3级为合格，3级以下不计成绩。
一般在四个单项中全部达到TDN4级（即所谓的Test DaF 4×4）即可申请所有大学的所有专业（有特殊要求的除外，如Germanistik）。
评级标准会根据当次考试的难度有所浮动。
德福考试的样卷可以在这里下载。
关于德福考试水平等级说明的信息请点击此处。
阅读理解（Leseverstehen）阅读理解（下文简称LV或阅读）部分考试时间为60分钟，为德福考试的第一项内容，答案必须填写在答题卡上，在其他地方填写的答案均无效。
这一部分包括3篇文章（LV1~LV3），共30道题。
LV1为短文阅读，要求快速阅读多篇短文并提炼关键信息，短文的内容与大学生活相关，通常为小广告。
LV1共10小题，题型类似连线题，即为各篇短文选择恰当的条目。
阅读及答题时间为10分钟。
LV2要求阅读一篇较长的文章（约450~550个单词），文章通常选自日常的报刊或杂志。
LV2共10小题，题型为单选题。
阅读及答题时间为20分钟。
LV3同样的阅读一篇较长的文章（约550~650个单词），文章通常选自学术期刊。
LV3共10小题，题型为判断选择题。
阅读及答题时间为20分钟。
最后10分钟为填涂答题卡的时间。
评级标准TDN5：答对24~26道题以上。
TDN4：答对20~22道题以上。
TDN3：答对14~16道题以上。
听力理解（Hörverstehen）听力理解（下文简称HV或听力）部分考试时间为40分钟，为德福考试的第二项内容，答案必须填写在答题卡上，在其他地方填写的答案均无效。
