1、 Identify the main types of personnel employed in an information systems department.（1）Requirements elicitation and analysisThis might involve:business analysts, systems analysts, sales managers, pre-sales support, sales engineers depending on the environment and the particular circumstances of the project (e.g. is it being developed for an internal or external client?).The ISO 12207 suggests that ‘human factors engineering specifications’ would be produced at this stage which implies the possible deployment of human-computer interface specialistsOther specialists might be involved to deal with other, technical areas, for example security.Note, also, that you would have to have some user and/or client representatives available to provide details of their needs.（2）Architectural designSystem architect–many organizations now have a single person or group that is responsible for ensuring new system components are designed according to organizational standardSoftware designers（3）Detailed designSoftware designers, software developers（4）Code/testSoftware designers, software developers（5）IntegrationSoftware designers, software developers (to deal with problems) hardware designers, testers（6）Qualification testingSystem testers, end-users, software designers and developers (to resolve problems and issues)（7）InstallationBusiness analysts, technical support, trainers, local user management2、A software house has developed a customised order processing system for a client. Youare an employee of the software house that has been asked to organize a training course for the end-users of the system. At present, a user handbook has been produced, but no specific training material. A plan is now needed for the project which will set up the delivery of the training courses. The project can be assumed to have been completed when the first training course starts. Among the things that will need to be considered are the following:●Training materials will need to be designed and created;● A timetable will need to be drafted and agreed;●Date(s) for the course will need to be arranged;●The people attending the course will need to be identified and notified;●Rooms and computer facilities for the course will need to be provided for.Questions:A. Identify the main stakeholders for this project;B. Draw up a statement of the objectives for this project;C. For the objectives, identify the measures of effectiveness;Main stakeholdersThese might include:• Client management• User mana gement –at a lower level than the above, they would share the higher management concerns, but also have operational ones such as cover in the office when staff attend training course.• Users• Trainers• Technical support –set up in a training environment• Premises management (培训场所管理人员)– availability of rooms for training• Catering services（餐饮服务）– to provide refreshments for course delegates• Reprographics services （复印服务）– to produce copies of training material correctly and on timeObjectives‘To have in place by dd/mm/yy all the materials and arrangements needed for the delivery of the training courses relating to the user of the accounting package ABC at organization XYZ within the budget specified’.Note that the actual delivery of the material and training of staff is just outside the boundary of the ‘project’.Measures of effectivenessAn obvious one is that the training courses can actually go ahead. However, this is rather late if things are missing. An alternative would be to produce a checklist that can be used on dd/mm/yy to ensure that the necessary arrangements are in place. e.g.• Rooms and equipment booked• Delegates notified• Training materials prepared横线部分为我加注(第2章)1. List the products created by the Step Wise planning process.This can be seen as a follow-up to Exercise 2.6 in text. The pointers for this show how the steps in the Step Wise planning process could map onto the various sections of a planning document which can be seen as the final deliverable of planning. The further exercise in effect asks the students to identify intermediate products in the process.I find it useful to encourage students to discuss how they are going to do an exercise – after all this is a subject to do with planning. One approach would be to go through each of the steps in the Step Wise framework, identifying the products created. You might end up with something like this.0. Select project:：feasibility report1. Identify project scope and objectives：Terms of reference(责权范围)2. Identify project infrastructure：Standards, procedures relating to progress reporting, change control ,Version Control tool ，cost evaluation tools，etc3. Analyse project characteristics ：Technical plan, risk register4. Identify the products and activities：Product breakdown structure, productdescriptions, product flow diagrams, ‘ideal’ activity network(Coarse one not refined one)5. Estimate effort for each activity：Schedule of task durations and costs6. Identify activity risks.Updated schedule of task durations and costs, updated risk register7. Allocate resources：Gantt chart8. Review/publicize plan: Publicized plan9. Lower level planning:Detailed plans2. What products must exist before the activity ‘test program’ can take place? What products does this activity create?Pre-test. Software specification, testing environment, test cases (including input details and expected results), software to be tested，test plan.Post-test Actual results, list of discrepancies(不一致性), error reports5. Question 4 in the Further Exercises for Chapter 1 refers to a scenario relating to a training exercise. Using that scenario, draw up a Product Breakdown Structure, a Product Flow Diagram and a preliminary activity network.三、2. P57•Illiness;•Other commitments interfering with work e.g. familiy, work;•Hardware or software facilities not being available when needed;•Ambiguity in the assignment speficifcation leadintg to misunderstandings;•Lack of understanding of the techniques to be used•Hostile attitude among stakeholders3. discounted cash flow better than net profit or return on investment？•DCF takes more account of the possibility that investment might more profitably be placed elsewhere than the proposed project;•Projects where the major benefits are only experienced after several years are not favoured. There is more uncertainty about estimates of income and costs ofthe future that you gaze.•NPV values can be calculated for a number of different feasible interest rates –different projects might be favoured as a result.5. Details are given below of the estimated income and outgoings of Projects A. Calculate the return on investment, the payback period and the net present value of the project and comment in which appears to be the most attractive. Assume a discount rate of 5%ProjectAyear income outgoings cashflow discountrate NPVaccum.cashflow0 120000 -120000 1 -120000 -1200001 42000 10000 32000 0.9524 30476.19 -880002 47000 10000 37000 0.9070 33560.09 -510003 51000 9000 42000 0.8638 36281.18 -90004 40000 12000 28000 0.8227 23035.67 1900019000ROI NPV payback3.96%3353.13 4四、1. A building society has a long history of implementing computer-based informationsystems to support the work of its branches. It uses a proprietary structured systems analysis and design method. It has been decided to create a computer model of the property market. This would attempt for example to calculate the effect of changes of interest rates on house values. There is some concern that the usual methodology used for IS development would not be appropriate for the new project.(a) Why might there be this concern and what alternative approaches should beconsidered?(b) Outline a plan for the development of the system which illustrates theapplication of your preferred methodology for this project.a) With traditional business systems analysis there is usually an existing office procedurethat managers are hoping to streamline in some way. There are people who understand the details of the jobs currently done. They can help the analyst draw up precise requirements to be met. There is, in short, a well-defined clerical equivalent of the application that is to be built.With a computer model of the property market there is probably no equivalent of thiswell-defined clerical model.●The analysts will therefore have to seek ideas about the working of such a modelfrom a variety of sources. Experts, such as experienced estate agents, may be able to contribute observations, but these are likely to be fragmentary rules of thumb. The academic literature on economic modeling might be studied.●In the end the analysts will probably have to resort to building a prototype of themodel. They will then trial this to see if it behaves in a similar way to the property market.●There is always the chance that the property market behaves in just too complexand inconsistent manner for a computer model to mimic accurately.All this suggests that t he ‘traditional’ IS development approach based on a waterfall framework would be unsuitable. A more iterative prototyping approach is sensible.b) Expanding on the discussion in 1(a), the following is one method of working:•Define objectives: what does the management of the organization want from the model?•Survey existing software solutions and the literature on the subject. Has anyone done this already?•Consult experts.JAD (joint application development) sessions are mentioned in text as one possible approach. There are many other techniques to elicit relevant knowledge from domain experts which should be considered.•Based on the above draw up an initial prototype design•Build prototype•Test it, probably using real data from the recent past; you can compare the results of the model with what actually happened•Analyse the causes of discrepancies差异; modify the model and rerun•Stop this cycle when you run out of time, or are not getting significant improvements •Carry out a general validation of how accurate the model it is, how easy it is to use –for example is the input data needed easy to collect?•Write up recommendations3. An invoicing system is to have the following components: amend invoice, produce invoice, produce monthly statements, record cash payment, clear paid invoices from database, create customer records, delete customer.(a) What physical dependencies govern the order in which these transactions areimplemented?a)Given the data structure above, the order might be:•Create customer•Delete customer•Produce invoice•Amend invoice•Payment•Clear paid invoices•Produce monthly statements(b) How could the system be broken down into increments which would be of some value to the users (hint – think about the problems of taking existing details onto a database when asystem is first implemented).b) When an application like this is installed,（1．1）careful thought has to go into how the information about existing accounts is to be carried over to the new application.（1．2）Obviously details about existing customers will need to be set up before the new application can become operational.--- It would be helpful to release the functionality to set up customer details well inadvance of the change-over.（2）Details of invoices that have already been sent out but have not yet been paid would also need to be recorded for the new application.---If the invoices have a lot of complex detail it might be worth releasing that functionality earlier, even if the users would have to transfer the invoice number and amount due to their existing accounting system. It might at least save them typing if the old system is a purely clerical one.五、成绩仅根据第2和6题批改，第3题不需要看2. If you were asked as an expert to provide an estimate of the effort needed to make certain changes to an existing piece of software, what information would you like to have to hand to assist you in making that estimate?The estimation of the effort to change a software component requires a different approach to the development of completely new software as a major factor is the structure of the existing software.The estimator might need to know:▪The nature of the changes required▪Ideally they should be told about the reasons for the change, as they may be able to suggest alternatives and more economic ways of meeting the requirement ▪The structure of the software to be changed▪Some idea of which parts of the software need changing▪Who will be carrying out the changes– will it be someone who is already familiar with the software to be changed, or will additional time have to be allocated for familiarization?▪Evaluation, Tools, Risk, Personnel, Delay, Cost3. （此题不需要改）A small application maintains a telephone directory. The database for the application contains the following data types:Staff referenceSurnameForenamesTitleDepartment codeRoom numberTelephone extensionE-mail addressFax numberTransactions are needed which:ii. set up new entries;iii. amend existing entriesiv. delete entriesv. allow enquirers to list on line the details for a particular member of staffvi. produce a complete listing of the telephone directory entries in alphabetical order a) Use this scenario to produce an estimated Mark II FP count. List all the assumptions you will need to make.b) Another requirement could be to produce the listing in (v) in departmental order. In your view should this increase FP count and if so by how much?关于相同功能，工作量是否应当重复计算？1.显示2.报错（不同原因）b) It can argued that the data presented in the two reports are the same, so that they are logically the same and so should be counted only once. Most development environment have easy to use features for sorting data and so the actual amount of work needed to produce the second report would probably be negligible.However, if you have every tried to look up details in an unsorted list, the fact that it is sorted can provide considerable value.There is therefore a debate among FP practitioners about whether FPs should reflect the value of the system to the user or the amount of work that is needed to develop it.This is particularly an issue in r elation to the question of reusable components.6. Given the project data below:a) What items are size drivers?inputs, outputs, entity accesses (system users for certain aspects)b) What items are productivity drivers?Programming languagec) What are the productivity rates for programming languages x, y and z?x 10 FPs a day[0.58*（210+469）+1.66*（40+125）+0.26*（420+1406）]/(30+85)=y 7 FPs a dayz 12 FPs a dayd) What would be the estimated effort for projects X and Y using a Mark II function point count?Project X : 262/7 i.e. 37 daysProject Y 705/7 i.e. 101 dayse) What would be the estimated effort for X and Y using an approximate analogy approach? Project X -- Project 5 22 days, (language is not considered)Project Y -- Project 3 108 days.f) What would have been the best estimating method if the actual effort for X turns out to be30 days and for Y turns out to be 120 days? Can you suggest why the results are as they are and how they might be improved.If we use a measurement based on the percentage error, calculated as absolute (actual-estimate)/actual we get the following:This illustrates that no one estimating method can be assumed to be the most accurate in all cases.The analogy estimate for Project X might have been improved by adjusting for the fact that Project X is to be written in programming language y while Project 5 was written in programming language z六、1. 题目：Activity Depends on Duration(days)A 5B A 7C B 6D A 5E D 10F B 15G B 8H G 8I C 4J G 4K E,F 5L I,H 3(a) Create a PERT activity network using the following details: refer to figure 6-16(b) Calculate the earliest and latest start and end dates and the float associated with each activity. From this identify the critical path.八、第七章风险管理1．In the case of Fiona’s project, the risks might include:P150▪Lack of client commitment –as this could be r egarded as ‘only a student project’ it may be difficult to get the client to spare adequate time for suchthings as the clarification of requirements▪Conflicts between university and business requirements – the business might want, for example, the project to completed to a timescale that does not fit inwith the time when the university expects the project to be done▪Technical problems –including:o Fiona’s placement was spent as a support analyst and then as a network manager. She may have had little recent system-buildingpractice and may find that as a consequence that she runs intotechnical problemso The hardware/software environment at the university may be different from that of the business where the application is actually going to beused.2．a) Provide an estimate of the risk exposure (as a financial value) for the risk that thesenior fire fighter might not be able to attend at the times needed.The cost of an adverse outcome would be £2000.There is a 20% (0.20) probability of the adverse outcome.The risk exposure is therefore 20% of £2000, that is £400.b) Suggest possible risk mitigation actions.Given the risk exposure of £400, there would be a case of paying someone overtime to cover for the firefighter/trainer who is being interviewed.Alternatively, appointments could be made with two trainers at different times within the same week. This would not completely eliminate the risk, as it is possible foremergencies to happen at the times of both arranged interviews.5．▪Lack of awareness of the approach▪Unwillingness to spend additional time and resources on risk management▪Development managers may want projects to go ahead and do not want project sponsors to be deterred by consideration of possible failure九、第7章P1503．In Exercise 7.2 you were asked to identify risks under the four headings of Actors, Technology, Structure and Tasks for the IOE maintenance group accounts and the Brightmouth College payroll scenarios. Now identify risks for each scenario that relate to pairs of domains, for example, Actors-Techinology, Actors-Tasks and so on.▪Actor-Technology e.g. Pc23 pe28unfamiliarity with the new technology. This could be caused by the technology being genuinely novel, or by the fact the developershave simply not had the opportunity to use it previously.▪Actor- Task pc23 pe27 test group not available▪For example, a particular task might be too demanding for the novice developer who happens to be the only one who is available at the required time.▪Actor-Structure. Organizational barriers may make it difficult for people who need to communicate to do so. Pc30 pe36▪Technology-Structure. (Pc24 pe29)Pc22 pe24 no machine availableAn example here might be where software for a control system has to be tested on an expensive hardware configuration, which is used by more than one team. There could be clashes over the use of this valuable resource if an appropriate process was not in place to allocate user in an orderly and rational manner.▪Technology-Task.▪Pc24 pe29 commercial package availablePc29 pe35 estimate cost while using commercial packageThe example immediately above concerning the shared use of a testing facility could also apply here to the task of testing a software component in the shared technological environment.▪Structure-Task.2 points on Pc21 pe25 & extra workFor example, the management process might dictate that a particular task can only be carried out when approval to start had been provided by higher management4、（只分析该项目的主要存在的问题）lack of staff experienceuse of contractorsnovel technologyreal-time performance shortfallslack of monitoringlack risk managementlack necessary checkpointslack clear requirementsbad feasibility evaluationlack cost-profit / business case evaluationbad schedule/bad time cost estimation十、第8章P1661.需要提交的作业A. 3The following might be discussed.The concern of a team leader could be locked onto the successful accomplishment of the project. There are however organizational concerns to be considered. Several projects, all important, might be running in parallel and using the best staff on one project might be the expense of some other.Other concerns might be for staff development: sometimes risks have to be accepted so that staff can be developed in new roles. Allocating the most capable staff member to the most critical activities all the time might lead, in the longer term, to burn-outB.Extra one(a) Draw up an activity network and calculate the earliest finish for the following project:学生答案可能是表，也可能是优先网络图如下(b) Produce a table showing the number of specialists of each type needed on each day of the project. How many of each type of resource will need to be recruited for the project as a whole if the earliest finish date is to be preserved?答案：表可以是excel图，也可以是表格填写的每天需要多少人SA 1 SD 3 SC 2(c) What impact would there be on the project if there were only two systems designers?答案：只要答出no impact，并给出延迟任务C到B结束就可以了，不需要画图。
