英文文献的引用方法与格式
-- APA格式
所谓APA格式是指美国心理学会(American Psychological Association) 所出版的出版手册(Publication Manual) 中，有关投稿该协会旗下所属二十九种期刊时必须遵守的规定而言。学术界通称为APA格式。APA引证格式由两部分组成：论文中的文献引用与论文后面的参考文献。必须注意的是，参考文献部份与文献引用部份息息相关，引用过的文献必须出现在参考文献中，而且参考文献中的每一项文献都被引用过，两者的作者姓氏以及发表年代也必须完全一致。
一、文献引用（Citation in Text）
文献引用的目的，一方面是帮助读者进一步直接查阅有关文献的内容，另一方面是尊重与保障他人的知识产权。文献引用的方式主要有两种，一种是在行文当中直接引用作者姓氏，如：Widdowson (1978) has claimed that native speakers can better understand ungrammatical utterances with accurate vocabulary than those with accurate grammar and inaccurate vocabulary. 另一种是直接引用研究的结果或论点，如：Communicative methods have the common goals of bringing language learners into closer contact with the target language (Stern, 1981). APA文献引用的格式主要有下列几种，分述如下：
(一)作者为一个人时
例1：Stahl (1983) has demonstrated that an improvement in reading comprehension can be attributed to an increase in vocabulary knowledge.[注：若行文中提到作者姓氏，用此例所示格式引用]
例2：During the period of Grammar Translation methodology, bilingual dictionaries became common as reference tools (Kelly, 1969). [注：行文中未提到作者姓氏，用此例所示格式引用；句子本身的标点符号位于括号的后面。]
例3：…, the ability to use etymology was respected as “one way of discovering truth” (Kelly, 1969, p. 30). [注：若行文中有直接引语，须标明引语在原文中的页码。如果直接引语跨越两页（或以上），需用“pp.”；如“(Kelly, 1969, pp. 30-31)”]
如果直接引语超过40个词，所引用的材料须单列一段，左右两边内缩三到五个字符，不用双引号；用来标注引证的圆括号位于引证材料本身的标点符号后面。
例4：It follows, then, that vocabulary, as a bearer of meaning, is considered by the Natural Approach to be very important to the language acquisition process:
Acquisition depends crucially on the input being comprehensible. And
comprehensibility is dependent directly on the ability to recognize the meaning of
key elements in the utterance. Thus, acquisition will not take place without
comprehension of vocabulary. (Krashen & Terrell, 1983, p.155)[注：此例的前两行
是论文作者的叙述，其余是直接引语。因超过40个词，用此格式。]
(二)作者为两人或两人以上时
1.作者为两人时，两人的姓氏全列。
例5：Ulijin and Strother (1990) claim that “while a complete conceptual and lexical analysis may be necessary for reading comprehension, a thorough syntactic analysis is not” (p. 38). [注：页码标记在直接引语的后面。请比较此例与例3的不同。此次论文写作不采纳：Ulijin and Strother (1990, p. 38) claim that “while …”的引证格式。]
例6：Readers tend to disregard information that seems unimportant, add information that ‘should’ be there, and focus their attention on what, in their opinion, is essential (Steffensen & Joag-Dev, 1984). [注：行文中两人的姓氏用“and”连接（例5），在圆括号内用“&” 连接（此例）。]
2.作者为三至五人时，第一次所有作者均列出，第二次以后只写出第一位作者，
并加“et al.”。
例7：According to Ostny, Vandecasteele, Deville, and Kelly (1987), indispensable conditions for reading in L2 are underst anding the text’s words and the knowledge of its subject matter. [注：行文中提到作者，按此例引证。]
例8：Indispensable conditions for reading in L2 are understanding the text’s words and the knowledge of its subject matter (Ostny, Vandecasteele, Deville, & Kelly, 1987).[注：行文中没有提到作者，按此例引证。]
例9：According to Ostny et al. (1987), indispensable conditions for reading in L2 are understanding the text’s words and the knowledge of its subject matter.[注：第二次引证同一著作，按此例格式引证。]
3.作者为六人以上时，仅列第一位作者并加“et al.”，但在参考文献中要列出所有
姓名。
(三)作者为组织、团体、或单位时
1.易产生混淆的单位、每次均用全名。
2.在不产生误会的情况下，第二次以后可用缩写，但在参考文献中一律要写出全
名。
例10：Proficiency level is based on the ACTEF scale developed by the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (1980). [注：此例中的“the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Langua ges”为一团体。]
(四)未标明作者（如法令、报纸社论）时
1.未标明作者的著作，使用著作名的前二、三个词汇（忽略冠词）作为引证标注。
每个词汇都需大写，且用斜体。
例11：There are certain exceptions in the case of comprehension tests, including the Edinburgh
