➪Producers gain Area a+b+c in profits. 生产者获得a+b+c区利润。
➪Consumers loss Area a+b. 消费者损失:(a+b)区。
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7.3 Export Subsidy
3.The Effects of an Export Subsidy 出口补贴的影响
出口补贴是一国政府为了降低出口商品的价格,增强其在国外市场的竞争力,在出 口某商品时给予出口商现金补贴或财政上的优惠待遇。
7.3 Export Subsidy
2. Two forms of subsidies: 两种补贴:
➪ Direct subsidies 直接补贴 - Definition: a cash subsidy paid directly to an exporter 定义:直接付给出口商的现金补贴
Subsidy,Dumping, Voluntary Export Restraints and Local Content Requirements
理解进口配额、出口补贴、倾销、自愿出口限制和国产化要求的概念
Chapter Organization
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7.1 An introduction to Non-tariff Trade Barriers 简介
7.2 Import Quota
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4. The effects of an Import Quota 进口配额的影响 The truth is that an import quota always raises the domestic price of the imported good. When imports are limited, the immediate result is that at the initial price, the demand for the good exceeds domestic supply plus imports. This causes the price to be bid up until the market clears. In the end, an import quota will raise domestic prices by the same amount as a tariff that limits imports to the same level(except in the case of domestic monopoly, in which the quota raises prices even more). 事实上,进口配额总是会提高进口商品的国内价格。当进口受限时,直接结果 是在初始价格时,对商品的需求超过了国内供应加上进口。这导致价格被抬高, 直到市场出清。最后,进口配额将使国内价格上升的幅度与限制进口在同一水平 的关税相同(国内垄断的情况除外,在这种情况下,进口配额将价格提高得更多)。