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一、什么是翻译批评？翻译批评是指在一定的社会条件下、遵循一定的翻译原则、并运用一定的方法，对某一译作所作的评价。
这种评价必须避免随意性和盲目性、杜绝胡批乱评和感想式的点评，应该在一定的理论指导下，历史地、客观地、全面地、系统地去观察和分析翻译过程和翻译结果，必须尽可能做到客观、科学和公正。
应当同时是一"译者、译文阅读者、译文分析家、翻译理论家与翻译史家"（Berman,1995）（许钧，袁筱一："试论翻译批评"，《翻译学报》1997年第1期）。
：1）为欣赏而作的翻译批评；2）为纠正错误而作的翻译批评。
前者重在分析出自优秀翻译家笔下的模范之译作，评价其艺术价值、所遵循的翻译原则及采用的相关技巧，意在立为范文，为翻译界同行或初学者视为楷模而学之；后者则重在剖析粗制滥造之译作，分析并纠正其中的错译和误译，意在警示他人以此为鉴。
翻译批评就其思想方法而论可分为3类：1）功能性批评（functional approach）, 2）分析性批评（analytical approach）和3）对比性批评（comparative approach）。
功能性批评在分析和评论译文时较为笼统，其重点在整个译作的思想内容而不顾及语言细节。
在某种程度上来说，它是一个主观的批评方法，类似老师凭印象给学生打分。
分析性批评则是较为细致客观的剖析，译文中的每一个词语、每一句话、每一语段和段落都会对照原文加以对比和分析，错误的译文被分门别类地挑出来加以评论，并提出改进意见；好的译文挑出来加以褒扬。
对比性批评是选择同一原作的若干种译文，同时采用译文与原文对比、译文与译文对比的方法找出各自的优劣之处。
好的加以褒奖，劣的予以批评。
翻译批评有助于克服翻译界存在的滥译、乱译等问题，因而对繁荣我国翻译事业有着不可低估的现实意义和深远的历史意义；翻译批评有助于纠正译作中出现的错误、改进不足，因而对提高译文的质量有着积极的作用；翻译批评还是联系翻译理论和翻译实践的重要桥梁，因为任何翻译理论的建立均有待于翻译实践的检验；反之，任何翻译实践都会自觉或不自觉地遵循一定的翻译理论。
98现代交际·2019年8期作者简介：李思博，吉林师范大学研究生院2018级硕士研究生，研究方向：翻译。
翻译批评与赏析李思博（吉林师范大学研究生院 吉林 长春 130103）摘要：翻译批评活动是一个复杂的过程，翻译批评是指在一定的社会条件下，遵循一定的翻译原则，运用一定的方法,对某一译作作出的评价。
这种评价须避免随意和盲目性，杜绝胡乱批评，应该在一定的理论指导下，客观、全面、系统地去观察和分析翻译过程和翻译结果，尽可能做到客观、科学以及公正。
本文将从介绍什么是翻译批评，翻译批评方法步骤、原则、目的、翻译批评的发展方向等几个方面来论述翻译批评与赏析。
关键词：翻译批评 目的 原则中图分类号：H059 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1009-5349（2019）08-0098-02一、什么是翻译批评1.翻译批评的定义翻译批评是翻译理论和翻译练习之间的一种必然联系，它也是一种有利的娱乐性的练习。
尤其是当你正在赏析一个人的翻译时，或者说，在给同一个文本的两种或多种译文做翻译批评时。
2.翻译批评的方法步骤翻译批评是指“参照一定的标准，对翻译过程及其译作质量与价值进行全面的评价”，包括以下四个方法步骤：（1）分析原作，批评者必须了解原文作者的写作目的、写作态度、写作的读者对象、准确评估原作的语言水准和语言风格。
（2）分析译者翻译原作的目的，翻译者是为欣赏而作的翻译批评，还是为纠正错误而作的翻译批评。
前者是重在分析优秀作家的模范翻译，评价其艺术价值，后者重在纠正翻译中的误译和错译，意在警示他人以此为鉴。
（3）比较原文与译文。
从原文与译文中具有代表性的文字进行具体分析。
（4）评估译文。
从宏观、微观的角度评价译文的翻译技巧、翻译质量等。
二、翻译批评的种类翻译批评有功能性批评、分析性批评、对比性批评。
从某种角度看，功能性批评是一种主观性批评方法。
分析性批评是细致客观的分析，译文中的每一个用词都会对照原文，进行对比分析。
最新翻译批评与赏析讲义Lecture OneOn Verse TranslationI. Part One: On Verse Translation1. Marcus Tullius Cicero (马尔库斯·图留斯·西塞罗，106 B.C.-43B.C.)[荷马史诗《奥德赛》译者]His opinions on translation:Translate not as an interpreter, but as an orator, keeping the same ideas and forms, namely, the figures of thought;In language, conform to our usage; not hold it necessary to render word for word, but preserve the general style and force of the language;Count the words out to the reader like coins, but pay them by weight;Translate flexibly to make the version superior to the original.2. Quintus Horatius flaccus (贺拉斯，65 B.C.-8 B.C.)[诗人、翻译家]His opinions on translation:Do not be a literal translator, faithfully rendering word for word from the original language;A translator who is faithful to the original will not translate word for word.3. St. Jerome (347?-420)In literary translation, he translated the original into his own language by conquest.4. Gavin Douglas (1475-1522) [A famous Scot poet and literary translator]Flexible and free translation rather than literal translation;5. Nicolas Grimald (1519-1562) [A poet and translator; Atranslator of Cicero’s works]The Version should be as concise as the original so as to keep the complete original style;The faithfulness to the original should be the top principle of translation;6. George Chapman (1559-1634) [poet, translator of Greek classics]Against rigid word-for-word translation;Against over-free translation. (two extremes)7. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832)Translate the poetry in essay style;(What is the essence of poetry? Something left after the original poem has been translated into the version in the form of essay; the poetic form is nothing but shining outer ornament or decoration.)8. John Denham (1615-1669) [A famous translator in the 17th century;A poet and literary critics]No faithfulness in verse translation;Translate poetry in form of poetry;Faithful to the original meaning rather than the original form;Add something new to compensate for the loss aroused by the alteration of thetimes, languages, and places.9. Abraham Cowley (1618-1667)[An important poet, critic, and translator; Famous for his translation of pindar’s poe ms] It’s ridiculous to translate a poem literally;Recreate freely with the original theme to make the version superior or equal to the original.10. Wentworth Dillon, earl of Roscommon (1633-1685)[A poet and translator; His main contribution to translation:translation theory; Essay on translated verse.] Poetry must be translated by poets.A friendly relationship must be set between the original author and the translator; Choose the original materials of his own style to translate;Comprehend the original thoroughly, and be faithful to the essential meaning of the original without addition or distraction.11. John Dryden (1631-1700)Translation is an art;The equivalence of beauty between the original and the version12. Alexander Pope (1688-1744)A translator must be faithful to the original to the most degree;A translator should not try to surpass the original author;Equivalent to the original style;Against literal translation as well as imitation.13. William Cowper (1731-1800)[ A famous translator of Homer’s epics]Against Pope’s free style of wording;A midway between metaphrase and imitation;The highest principle of translation: faithful to the original; tightly close to the original;Against translating Homer’s epic in English rhyme pattern.14. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784)[ poet and critic]Different language is formed with different principle; hence the same expressions of the different languages do not mean the same beauty and grace all the way;The successful translation depends on the choice of the style.15. Pushkin (1799-1837)[The greate st people’s poet inRussia; a prominent representative of Russian literature in 19th century; a verse translator.]A translator must have his own freedom in the choice of original materials;A translator should enjoy sufficient freedom in translation; (imitation and adaptation);A translator must convey the original features as completely as possible.16. Rukovsky (茹科夫斯基，1783-1852)[The first true lyric poet in Russia]A verse translator should have more freedom in translation than an essay translator does; (An essay translator is a slave of the original author, while a verse translator an enemy.)A translator should only translate the original works with the same quality and flavor of his own. (Roscommom)17. Lermontov (莱蒙托夫，1814-1841)[A great poet after Pushkin]Translated freely and creatively to show the representative features of the original; The evaluation of a version depends on the literary value of the version as a Russian literary work.18. Fet (费特)[A typical representative of the pure-art poets]The artistic works have nothing to do with the people;The poetic creation should break away from the vulgar people;The wonderfulness in form cannot be separated from the genius of the work. Translate as literally as possible;19. Theodore H. Savory [A lingual scholar; his major work: The Art of Translation] Translation is an art: Literary translation as painting; scientific translation photography;His 12 descriptive principles on translation:1) A translation must give the words of the original;2) A translation must give the ideas of the original;3) A translation should read like an original work;4) A translation should read like a translation;5) A translation should reflect the style of the original;6) A translation should reflect the style of the translator;7) A translation should read as a contemporary of the original;8) A translation should read as a contemporary of the translator;9) A translation may add to or omit from the original;10) A translation may never add to or omit from the original;11) A translation of verse should be in prose;12) A translation of verse should be in verse;20. 苏曼殊：诗歌之美，在乎气体；然其情思幼眇，抑亦十方同感。
“翻译批评与赏析”课程教学大纲一、课程基本信息开课单位：翻译学院课程名称：翻译批评与赏析课程编号：04222148英文名称：Stylistics and Translation课程类型：专业任选课总学时：32 理论学时：8学分：2开设专业：翻译专业先修课程：英汉笔译、汉英笔译二、课程任务目标（一）课程任务本课程是翻译专业学生的基础必修课程，也是学生提高翻译能力的必备课程。
本课程的任务是使学生从应用角度出发，在理论和实践上掌握各类文体的翻译方法的基础上，对翻译文本进行批评和赏析，懂得比较和欣赏译文的多样性，通过欣赏和比较不同译者的对同一原文给的不同译文，进而启发翻译实践，提高翻译能力。
同时，让学生了解开展翻译批评的重要性。
（二）课程目标在学完本课程之后，学生能够：1.掌握翻译批评的基本的理论2.掌握各类文体具体的翻译批评方法3.发现并解决翻译实践中的具体问题4.提高翻译综合能力5.了解翻译批评的重要性三、教学内容和要求（一）理论教学的内容及要求第一章翻译批评与赏析的定义1.理论与实践结合，介绍翻译批评、翻译赏析的定义；2.引导学生了解翻译批评与赏析的概念和重要性。
第四章翻译批评与赏析概论的对象与原则1. 理论与实践结合，介绍翻译批评与赏析的原则、对象；2. 引导学生掌握翻译批评与赏析的内容与原则。
第三章翻译批评与赏析的方法1. 理论与实践结合，介绍翻译批评与赏析的方法；2. 引导学生掌握翻译批评与赏析的各种具体方法及其综合利用。
第四章翻译批评与赏析的标准1. 理论与实践结合，讨论翻译批评与赏析标准的重要性；2. 回顾翻译批评标准，引导学生了解翻译的多样性以及翻译批评标准的多样性。
第五章散文翻译批评与赏析1. 理论与实践结合，引导学生掌握散文翻译批评与赏析的方法；2. 针对具体散文翻译实例，引导学生进行善意、合理的批评与赏析。
第十章小说翻译批评与赏析a) 理论与实践结合，引导学生掌握小说翻译批评与赏析的方法；b) 针对具体小说翻译实例，引导学生进行善意、合理的批评与赏析。
翻译批评与鉴赏Translation Criticism and Evaluation一、课程基本情况课程类别：翻译专业任选课课程学分：2学分课程总学时：32学时，其中讲课：32学时，实验（含上机）：学时，课外学时课程性质：专业选修开课学期：笫5学期先修课程：翻译理论与实践适用专业：翻译专业教材：李平、何三宁，《翻译批评与鉴赏》，北京：中央编译出版社,2014年版。
开课单位：语言文化学院英语系二、课程性质、教学目标和任务本课程为翻译专业选修课，本课程以培养学生的翻译鉴赏与批评能力为目标，旨在通过本课程的学习，懂得比拟和欣赏译文的多样性，通过欣赏和比拟不同译者的对同一原文给的不同译文，提高自身的翻译水平，同时让学生了解采用积极的、进取的态度开展翻译批评的重要性。
教学目标：1.通过大量的翻译理论学习与研究，使学生对翻译界存在争议的•些问题有比较明确的认识，树立正确的翻译批评观，学会正确对待翻译珍品中的瑕疵和错误：2.通过对名家译作的比拟与赏析，掌握翻译批评的方法，对译作要从整体上评价，看译者对原作的理解是否正确、译文的表达是否流畅以及能否再现原作的风格等；3.通过理论与实践相结合，提高学生的翻译水平与翻译鉴赏能力。
教学任务：通过教师引导-学生PPT评述-教师点评授课方式，提高学生的翻译理论与实践能力。
三、教学内容和要求第1章引论（6学时）1.1翻译批评入门（2学时）（1）了解课程的基本要求（2）理解翻译的定义、翻译的意义和地位；（3）掌握一些基本概念和思想；重点：翻译批评的定义、翻译批评的功能难点：翻译理论1.2翻译批评的原那么和方法（2学时）（1）了解翻译批评的主体和客体；（2）理解翻译批评的原那么、翻译批评的方法；（3）掌握翻译批评的基本理念；重:点：翻译批评的原那么和方法难点：翻译批评的基本理念13翻译批评史与论（2学时）（1）了解翻译批评的历史和理论；（2）理解中西方翻译家们的一此著名翻译理论；（3）掌握中外翻译家们对翻译标准的不同见解以及可译与不可译、译文可否超过原文等观占. “八、，重点：翻译的不同标准、可译与不可译之争难点:中西翻译理论第2章概念与理论（8学时）2.1翻译鉴赏（2学时）（1）了解如何进行翻译鉴赏；（2）理解翻译鉴赏的原那么和方法；（3）掌握翻译鉴赏的基本理念：重点：翻译鉴赏的原那么和方法难点：翻译鉴赏的基本理念2.2翻译评论（2学时）（1）了解如何进行翻译评论；（2）理解翻译评论的原那么和方法；（3）掌握翻译评论的基本内容和标准；重:点：翻译评论的原那么和方法难点：翻译评论的本质2.3翻译批评（2学时）（1）了解翻译批评的必要性；（2）理解如何对待翻译中的错误；（3）掌握如何写翻译批评；重点：如何写翻译批评难点：翻译批评的模式2.4翻译质量评估（2学时）（1）了解翻译质量评估的基本概念；（2）理解翻译文本的类型与功能；（3）掌握针对不同文本采用不同的翻译批评视角; 重点：文本的类型与功能难点：如何进行翻译质量评估第3章文体与应用（14学时）小说翻译批评与鉴赏（2学时）（1）了解小说的类型（2）理解小说翻译的特点；（3）掌握小说译文的赏析方法；重点：小说的类型及赏析方法难点：如何客观地评论不同译本儿童文学翻译批评与鉴赏（2学时）（1）了解儿童文学的特点（2）理解儿童文学翻译的特点；（3）掌握儿童文学译文的赏析方法；重点：儿童文学的特点及赏析方法难点：如何客观地评论不同译本散文翻译批评与鉴赏（2学时）（1）了解散文的类型（2）理解散文翻译的特点；（3）掌握散文译文的赏析方法；重点：散文的特点及赏析方法难点：如何客观地评论不同译本诗歌翻译批评与鉴赏（2学时）（1）了解诗歌的特点（2）理解诗歌翻译的特点；（3）掌握诗歌译文的赏析方法；重点：诗歌的特点及赏析方法难点：如何客观地评论不同译本科技翻译批评与鉴赏（2学时）（1）了解科技文本的特点（2）理解科技翻译的特点；（3）掌握科技译文的赏析方法；重点：科技文本的特点及赏析方法难点：如何客观地评论不同译本戏剧翻译批评与鉴赏（2学时）（1）了解戏剧文本的特点（2）理解戏剧翻译的特点；（3）掌握戏剧译文的赏析方法；重:点：戏剧的特点及赏析方法难点：如何客观地评论不同译本影视翻译批评与鉴赏（2学时）（1）了解影视的特点（2）理解影视翻译的特点；（3）掌握影视脚本的赏析方法：重点：影视翻译的特点及赏析方法难点：如何客观地评论不同译本第4章课程论文写作规范（2学时）课程论文写作（1）了解课程论文的基本要求（2）理解课程论文的格式、;（3）掌握直接引用与间接引用；重点：课程论文的写作规范难点：选题与论述第5章讨论与总结（2学时）讨论并解答学生在学习过程中遇到的问题，论文选题及引用问题等等。
Lecture OneOn Verse TranslationI. Part One: On Verse Translation1. Marcus Tullius Cicero (马尔库斯·图留斯·西塞罗，106 B.C.-43 B.C.)[荷马史诗《奥德赛》译者]His opinions on translation:Translate not as an interpreter, but as an orator, keeping the same ideas and forms, namely, the figures of thought;In language, conform to our usage; not hold it necessary to render word for word, but preserve the general style and force of the language;Count the words out to the reader like coins, but pay them by weight;Translate flexibly to make the version superior to the original.2. Quintus Horatius flaccus (贺拉斯，65 B.C.-8 B.C.)[诗人、翻译家]His opinions on translation:Do not be a literal translator, faithfully rendering word for word from the original language;A translator who is faithful to the original will not translate word for word.3. St. Jerome (347?-420)In literary translation, he translated the original into his own language by conquest.4. Gavin Douglas (1475-1522) [A famous Scot poet and literary translator]Flexible and free translation rather than literal translation;5. Nicolas Grimald (1519-1562) [A poet and translator; A translator of Cicero’s works]The Version should be as concise as the original so as to keep the complete original style;The faithfulness to the original should be the top principle of translation;6. George Chapman (1559-1634) [poet, translator of Greek classics]Against rigid word-for-word translation;Against over-free translation. (two extremes)7. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832)Translate the poetry in essay style;(What is the essence of poetry? Something left after the original poem has been translated into the version in the form of essay; the poetic form is nothing but shining outer ornament or decoration.)8. John Denham (1615-1669) [A famous translator in the 17th century;A poet and literary critics]No faithfulness in verse translation;Translate poetry in form of poetry;Faithful to the original meaning rather than the original form;Add something new to compensate for the loss aroused by the alteration of thetimes, languages, and places.9. Abraham Cowley (1618-1667)[An important poet, critic, and translator; Famous for his translation of pindar’s poems]It’s ridiculous to translate a poem literally;Recreate freely with the original theme to make the version superior or equal to the original.10. Wentworth Dillon, earl of Roscommon (1633-1685)[A poet and translator; His main contribution to translation: translation theory; Essay on translated verse.] Poetry must be translated by poets.A friendly relationship must be set between the original author and the translator; Choose the original materials of his own style to translate;Comprehend the original thoroughly, and be faithful to the essential meaning of the original without addition or distraction.11. John Dryden (1631-1700)Translation is an art;The equivalence of beauty between the original and the version12. Alexander Pope (1688-1744)A translator must be faithful to the original to the most degree;A translator should not try to surpass the original author;Equivalent to the original style;Against literal translation as well as imitation.13. William Cowper (1731-1800)[ A famous translator of Homer’s epics]Against Pope’s free style of wording;A midway between metaphrase and imitation;The highest principle of translation: faithful to the original; tightly close to the original;Against translating Homer’s epic in English rhyme pattern.14. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784)[ poet and critic]Different language is formed with different principle; hence the same expressions of the different languages do not mean the same beauty and grace all the way;The successful translation depends on the choice of the style.15. Pushkin (1799-1837)[The greate st people’s poet in Russia; a prominent representative of Russian literature in 19th century; a verse translator.]A translator must have his own freedom in the choice of original materials;A translator should enjoy sufficient freedom in translation; (imitation and adaptation);A translator must convey the original features as completely as possible.16. Rukovsky (茹科夫斯基，1783-1852)[The first true lyric poet in Russia]A verse translator should have more freedom in translation than an essay translator does; (An essay translator is a slave of the original author, while a verse translator an enemy.)A translator should only translate the original works with the same quality and flavor of his own. (Roscommom)17. Lermontov (莱蒙托夫，1814-1841)[A great poet after Pushkin]Translated freely and creatively to show the representative features of the original; The evaluation of a version depends on the literary value of the version as a Russian literary work.18. Fet (费特)[A typical representative of the pure-art poets]The artistic works have nothing to do with the people;The poetic creation should break away from the vulgar people;The wonderfulness in form cannot be separated from the genius of the work. Translate as literally as possible;19. Theodore H. Savory [A lingual scholar; his major work: The Art of Translation] Translation is an art: Literary translation as painting; scientific translation photography;His 12 descriptive principles on translation:1) A translation must give the words of the original;2) A translation must give the ideas of the original;3) A translation should read like an original work;4) A translation should read like a translation;5) A translation should reflect the style of the original;6) A translation should reflect the style of the translator;7) A translation should read as a contemporary of the original;8) A translation should read as a contemporary of the translator;9) A translation may add to or omit from the original;10) A translation may never add to or omit from the original;11) A translation of verse should be in prose;12) A translation of verse should be in verse;20. 苏曼殊：诗歌之美，在乎气体；然其情思幼眇，抑亦十方同感。
