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第十讲翻译批评第33课翻译批评--翻译批评原则(1)一、什么是翻译批评？翻译批评是指在一定的社会条件下、遵循一定的翻译原则、并运用一定的方法，对某一译作所作的评价。
这种评价必须避免随意性和盲目性、杜绝胡批乱评和感想式的点评，应该在一定的理论指导下，历史地、客观地、全面地、系统地去观察和分析翻译过程和翻译结果，必须尽可能做到客观、科学和公正。
从事翻译批评的人必须对翻译本身，对它的实质、可行性、原则、方法、目的、作用等基本问题有一个系统的认识。
他不仅具有良好的职业素质、严肃认真和一丝不苟的工作态度，而且应当同时是一"译者、译文阅读者、译文分析家、翻译理论家与翻译史家"（Berman,1995）（许钧，袁筱一："试论翻译批评"，《翻译学报》1997年第1期）。
翻译批评就其目的而言可分为两类：1）为欣赏而作的翻译批评；2）为纠正错误而作的翻译批评。
前者重在分析出自优秀翻译家笔下的模范之译作，评价其艺术价值、所遵循的翻译原则及采用的相关技巧，意在立为范文，为翻译界同行或初学者视为楷模而学之；后者则重在剖析粗制滥造之译作，分析并纠正其中的错译和误译，意在警示他人以此为鉴。
不过，这两类翻译批评并不能截然分开，因为二者之间有时也会出现互相交叉的现象（如为欣赏而作的翻译批评有时也带有一点有关误译或败笔的批评）。
翻译批评就其思想方法而论可分为3类：1）功能性批评（functional approach）, 2）分析性批评（analytical approach）和3）对比性批评（comparative approach）。
功能性批评在分析和评论译文时较为笼统，其重点在整个译作的思想内容而不顾及语言细节。
在某种程度上来说，它是一个主观的批评方法，类似老师凭印象给学生打分。
分析性批评则是较为细致客观的剖析，译文中的每一个词语、每一句话、每一语段和段落都会对照原文加以对比和分析，错误的译文被分门别类地挑出来加以评论，并提出改进意见；好的译文挑出来加以褒扬。
英汉翻译评析(附参考译文)英汉翻译讲解（1）I.英汉之间的差别：“对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他认识英语和汉语的差别。
”------吕叔湘国内学者的共识是：汉语是综合性的，描写性的，而英语是分析性的，逻辑性的。
在语言学上最重要的区别在于形合和意合的对比（contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis），英语重形合（形式上的融合），汉语重意合（意思或意境的融合）。
在句法方面，有学者形象地把英汉比喻为以下几种：1．雄孔雀/雄狮-----即英语习惯于把最着重的事物放在句首先说出来，开门见山，一语破的，然后再把各种标志一条条补述，一步步交代，慢条斯理，从容不迫，形成一条头短尾长地线性链，象头小尾大地雄孔雀。
而汉语则相反，其线性序列的展开好比画龙点睛，先把外围的环境与衬托一一交代周到，最后点出话语的信息中心，水到渠成，给人以豁然开朗之感，形成雄狮型头大尾小地局式。
例如：I was all the more delighted when, as a result of the initiative of your Government it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly.译文：由于贵国政府的提议，才得以这样快地重新实现访问。
这使我感到特别高兴。
又如： The assertion that it was difficult, if not impossible, for a people to enjoy its basic rights unless it was able to determine freely its political status and to ensure freely its economic, social and cultural development was now scarcely （不足地，不充分地；一定不，绝不）contested （斗争；比赛）.译文：如果一个民族不能自由地决定其政治地位，不能自由地保证其经济、社会和文化的发展，要享受其基本权利，即使不是不可能，也是不容易的。
Lecture OneOn Verse TranslationI. Part One: On Verse Translation1. Marcus Tullius Cicero (马尔库斯·图留斯·西塞罗，106 B.C.-43 B.C.)[荷马史诗《奥德赛》译者]His opinions on translation:Translate not as an interpreter, but as an orator, keeping the same ideas and forms, namely, the figures of thought;In language, conform to our usage; not hold it necessary to render word for word, but preserve the general style and force of the language;Count the words out to the reader like coins, but pay them by weight;Translate flexibly to make the version superior to the original.2. Quintus Horatius flaccus (贺拉斯，65 B.C.-8 B.C.)[诗人、翻译家]His opinions on translation:Do not be a literal translator, faithfully rendering word for word from the original language;A translator who is faithful to the original will not translate word for word.3. St. Jerome (347?-420)In literary translation, he translated the original into his own language by conquest.4. Gavin Douglas (1475-1522) [A famous Scot poet and literary translator]Flexible and free translation rather than literal translation;5. Nicolas Grimald (1519-1562) [A poet and translator; A translator of Cicero’s works]The Version should be as concise as the original so as to keep the complete original style;The faithfulness to the original should be the top principle of translation;6. George Chapman (1559-1634) [poet, translator of Greek classics]Against rigid word-for-word translation;Against over-free translation. (two extremes)7. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832)Translate the poetry in essay style;(What is the essence of poetry? Something left after the original poem has been translated into the version in the form of essay; the poetic form is nothing but shining outer ornament or decoration.)8. John Denham (1615-1669) [A famous translator in the 17th century;A poet and literary critics]No faithfulness in verse translation;Translate poetry in form of poetry;Faithful to the original meaning rather than the original form;Add something new to compensate for the loss aroused by the alteration of thetimes, languages, and places.9. Abraham Cowley (1618-1667)[An important poet, critic, and translator; Famous for his translation of pindar’s poems]It’s ridiculous to translate a poem literally;Recreate freely with the original theme to make the version superior or equal to the original.10. Wentworth Dillon, earl of Roscommon (1633-1685)[A poet and translator; His main contribution to translation: translation theory; Essay on translated verse.] Poetry must be translated by poets.A friendly relationship must be set between the original author and the translator; Choose the original materials of his own style to translate;Comprehend the original thoroughly, and be faithful to the essential meaning of the original without addition or distraction.11. John Dryden (1631-1700)Translation is an art;The equivalence of beauty between the original and the version12. Alexander Pope (1688-1744)A translator must be faithful to the original to the most degree;A translator should not try to surpass the original author;Equivalent to the original style;Against literal translation as well as imitation.13. William Cowper (1731-1800)[ A famous translator of Homer’s epics]Against Pope’s free style of wording;A midway between metaphrase and imitation;The highest principle of translation: faithful to the original; tightly close to the original;Against translating Homer’s epic in English rhyme pattern.14. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784)[ poet and critic]Different language is formed with different principle; hence the same expressions of the different languages do not mean the same beauty and grace all the way;The successful translation depends on the choice of the style.15. Pushkin (1799-1837)[The greatest people’s poet in Russia; a prominent representative of Russian literature in 19th century; a verse translator.]A translator must have his own freedom in the choice of original materials;A translator should enjoy sufficient freedom in translation; (imitation and adaptation);A translator must convey the original features as completely as possible.16. Rukovsky (茹科夫斯基，1783-1852)[The first true lyric poet in Russia]A verse translator should have more freedom in translation than an essay translator does; (An essay translator is a slave of the original author, while a verse translator an enemy.)A translator should only translate the original works with the same quality and flavor of his own. (Roscommom)17. Lermontov (莱蒙托夫，1814-1841)[A great poet after Pushkin]Translated freely and creatively to show the representative features of the original; The evaluation of a version depends on the literary value of the version as a Russian literary work.18. Fet (费特)[A typical representative of the pure-art poets]The artistic works have nothing to do with the people;The poetic creation should break away from the vulgar people;The wonderfulness in form cannot be separated from the genius of the work. Translate as literally as possible;19. Theodore H. Savory [A lingual scholar; his major work: The Art of Translation] Translation is an art: Literary translation as painting; scientific translation photography;His 12 descriptive principles on translation:1) A translation must give the words of the original;2) A translation must give the ideas of the original;3) A translation should read like an original work;4) A translation should read like a translation;5) A translation should reflect the style of the original;6) A translation should reflect the style of the translator;7) A translation should read as a contemporary of the original;8) A translation should read as a contemporary of the translator;9) A translation may add to or omit from the original;10) A translation may never add to or omit from the original;11) A translation of verse should be in prose;12) A translation of verse should be in verse;20. 苏曼殊：诗歌之美，在乎气体；然其情思幼眇，抑亦十方同感。
