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第01讲 语音知识模块一思维导图串知识模块二 基础知识全梳理（吃透教材） 模块三 教材习题学解题 模块四 小试牛刀过关测1. 英语国际音标表及常见字母(组合)的发音。
2. 学会划分音节。
3. 掌握语音的连读、爆破和弱读。
4. 掌握语调。
一、英语国际音标表及常见字母(组合)的发音1.英语国际音标分类表2.英语音标及字母组合对照二、音节1. 音节的构成音节是读音的基本单位，其构成主要有两种形式。
(1)在英语中元音特别响亮，一个元音可构成一个音节，一个元音和一个或几个辅音音素结合也可以构成一个音节。
带元音的音节组成形式有：(2)3个读音响亮的辅音/m/，/n/，/l/和其他辅音音素结合，也可构成音节。
它们构成的音节往往出现在词尾，一般是非重读音节。
2. 划分音节的规则(1)元音是构成音节的主体，辅音是音节的分界线。
两辅音之间不管有多少个元音，一般都是一个音节。
如：seat座位；beat打败；beau·ty美。
(2)两元音字母之间有一个辅音字母时，辅音字母归后一音节，如：stu·dent学生；la·bour劳动。
(3)有两个辅音字母时，一个辅音字母归前一音节，一个归后一音节。
不能拆分的字母组合按字母组合划分音节。
如：let·ter信；win·ter冬天；ex·pen·sive 昂贵的。
注：符号“·”用来划分音节3. 音节的分类音节包括重读音节和非重读音节。
重读音节又分为绝对开音节、相对开音节、闭音节、r音节和re音节。
(1)绝对开音节：以一个元音字母结尾的重读音节。
如：we/wiː/；me/miː/。
(2)相对开音节：在一个元音字母后跟一个辅音字母(除r和字母组合外)，加一个不发音的字母e的重读音节。
如：bike/baIk/；rose/rəʊz/。
(3)闭音节：辅音字母(除r和字母组合外)结尾的重读音节。
如：big/bIɡ/。
第二章 2.2 词汇衔接篇之语音字母组合及发音练习：一．将划线部分的发音填在空白处，并注意字母或字母组合与发音之间的联系。
元音：例词音标1.: sit milk beside pretty money honey study busy Sunday2.: we me see feet tea sea season piece believe thief3.: watch water shop problem stop sorry coffee clock cough4.: short sport talk small warm quarter daughter autumn pour5.: put full wood book could should6.: do who ruler zoo food blue cruel group through7.: cat hat apple bag happy land angry accident glad8.: fast grass father car star start argue heart9.: come some bus butter flood blood double enough10.: seven else get debt many dead ready guess question friend11.: today polite about again famous over monitor measure picture12.: first girl nurse hurt work worst her term early earth13.: late waste wait train play say14.: tiger nine why cry die lie night right15.: soil point voice toy boy destroy16.: go no road goal show own toe17.: about loud cow flower18.: near tear here deer beer engineer19.: fair hair pear bear where there care share20.: poor tour sure辅音：例词音标1.: pen picture apple happy people2.: big table cabbage rabbit bike web3.: tall time fat little bottle worked jumped light4.: dog card middle daddy5.: can music lake seek back truck according Christmas school6.: good dog egg guy guess dialogue league7.: fat knife photo phone enough laugh coffee8.: seven drive vote have very leave9.: seven six pencil ice science miss discuss10.: zoo zero lazy use music eraser11.: think thank mouth three bath birthday12.: they with there father within13.: sugar sure ship short Russia special14.: usual measure decision pleasure15.: china rich teacher match catch church16.: jeep Japan age orange bridge17.: train try truck tree true country18.: drive dress drink dream dragon drew19.: cats students its gets20.: goods birds friends words21.: mine make woman climb common22.: nice fine knife knee announce23.: ink pink spring wing24.: line look tell challenge25.: red road tomorrow arrive wrong write26.: hero hello who whole27.: work window want what when white28.: you young year yellow二．听歌填词Song 1 Take me to your heartHiding from the _____and snow, trying to forget but I won't let goLooking at a __________street ,__________to my own heart beatSo many people all around the world, tell me _____do I find someone like you girl! Take me to your heart take me to your soul, give me your _______before I'm old. Show me what ____is - haven't got a clue. Show me that _______ can be true. They say nothing_______ forever ,We're only here today.Love is now or never,_______me far away ,Take me to your heart take me to your soul Give me your______ and hold me ,Show me what love is - be my guiding star!It's easy take me to your heart!Standing on a __________high, looking at the ______through a ___blue skyI should go and_____ some friends. But they don't really comprehend.Don't need too much ______without saying anythingAll I need is someone who _______me wanna sing.Take me to your heart take me to your soulGive me your hand before I'm oldShow me what love is - haven't got a clueShow me that wonders can be trueThey say nothing lasts foreverWe're only here todayLove is now or neverBring me far awayTake me to your heart take me to your soul Give me your hand and hold meShow me what love is - be my guiding starIt's easy take me to your heartTake me to your heart take me to your soul Give me your hand and hold meShow me what love is - be my guiding starIt's easy take me to your heart.Song 2 Lemon Tree (Fool's Garden)I'm sitting here in the boringIt's just another rainy afternoon I'm wasting my timeI got nothingI'm hanging aroundI'm waiting for youBut nothing ever happens and I wonderI'm around in my carI'm driving too fastI'm driving too farI'd to change my point of viewI feel so lonelyI'm waiting for youBut nothing ever happens and I wonderI wonderI wonder whyYesterday you told me about the blue blue sky And all that I can see is just a yellow lemon-tree I'm turning my head up and downI'm turning turning turning turning turning around And all that I can see is just another lemon-tree Sing, dah...I'm sitting hereI miss the powerI'd like to taking a shower Baby anyhow I'll another toy And everything will happen and you wonderI wonder howI wonder whyYesterday you told me 'bout the blue blue sky And all that I can see is just another lemon-treeI'm turning my head up and downI'm turning turning turning turning turning around And all that I can see is just a yellow lemon-tree Yellow, wonder, wonderBut there's a heavy cloud inside myI feel somyself bedWhile nothing ever happens and I wonder Isolation is not good forIsolation I don't want to sit on the lemon-treeI'm stepping around in the desert of joySong 3 Heal the world (Michael Jackson)There's a place in your (1)_______and I know that it is (2)_________and this place could be much (3)__________ than tomorrow.And if you really try, you'll find there's no (4) ______ to cry. In this place you'll feelthere's no hurt or sorrow.There are ways to get there if you care enough for the (5)________.Make a little space. Make a better place...Heal the world. Make it a better place for you and for me and the entire human raceThere are people (6)_______, if you care enough for the living. Make a better place for you and for meIf you want to know (7)_______there's a love that cannot (8) ______. Love is strong . It only cares of (9)_________ givingIf we try, we shall see in this bliss we cannot feel fear or dreadWe stop existing and (10)______ living. Then it feels that always love's enough for us growing. So make a better world. Make a better world...Heal the world. Make it a better place for you and for me and the entire human raceThere are people dying if you care enough for the living . Make a better place for you and for me.And the dream we were conceived in will reveal a joyful faceAnd the world we once believed in will (11)________ again in grace .Then why do we keep strangling life wound this earth crucify its soul ？Though it's plain to see, this world is heavenlybe God's glow . We could fly so highLet our (12) _________ never die . In my heart I feel you are all my (13)_________.Create a world with no fear Together we’ll cry happy (14) _________.See the (15)________________turn their swords into plowsharesHeal the world. Make it a better place for you and for me and the entire human racethere are people dying if you care enough for the living. Make a better place for you and for me ... ...You and for meYou and for meYou and for mewords1, sorrow ['sɔro] n. 悲伤；懊悔；伤心事2, race [res] n. 属，种；种族3, bliss [blɪs] n. 极乐；天赐的福4,dread [dred] n. 恐惧；可怕的人（或物）5, conceive [kən'siv] vt. 怀孕；构思；以为；持有6, reveal [rɪ'vil] vt. 显示；透露；揭露；泄露7, grace [ɡres] n. 优雅；恩惠；魅力；慈悲8, strangle ['stræŋɡl] vt. 把…勒死；使…窒息9, crucify ['kruːsɪfaɪ] vt. 折磨；十字架上钉死；克制, 10, glow [gləʊ] n. 灼热；光芒plowshare ['plaʊʃeə] n. 犁头，犁刃1、三人行，必有我师。
第二章语音基本知识一、26个英文字母及发音音标A a [eI]B b [bi:]C c [si:]D d [di:]E e [i:]F f [ef]G g [dʒi:]H h [eitʃ]I i [aI]J j [dʒeI]K k [keI]L l [el]M m [em]N n [en]O o [əʊ]P p [pi:]Q q [kju:]R r [ɑ:]S s [es]T t [ti:]U u [ju:]V v [vi:]W w [′d∧blju:]X x [eks]Y y [waI]Z z [zi:][zed]从以上我们可以看出，英语字母中有一些含有共同的元音音素，比如：1）含元音音素[eI]字母：Aa Hh Jj Kk音标：[eI] [eitʃ] [dʒeI] [keI]2）含元音音素[i:]字母：Bb Cc Dd Ee Gg Pp Tt Vv音标：[bi:] [si:] [di:] [i:] [dʒi:] [pi:] [ti:] [vi:]3）含元音音素[e]字母：Ff Ll Mm Nn Ss Xx Zz音标：[ef] [el] [em] [en] [es] [eks] [zed]4）含元音音素[ju:]字母：Uu Qq Ww音标：[ju:] [kju:] [`d∧blju:]5）含元音音素[aI]字母：Ii Yy音标：[aI] [w aI]二、英语音标英语音标一共有48个，具体如下：元音12个单元音长元音[i:] [З:] [ɔ:] [u:] [ɑ:]短元音[e] [ɒ] [ʊ] [ə] [І] [æ] [Λ]8个双元音[aI] [eI] [ɔI] [əʊ] [Iə] [eə] [ʊə] [aʊ]辅音10对清辅音[p] [t] [k] [f] [s] [θ] [∫] [tʃ] [tr] [ts]浊辅音[b] [d] [g] [v] [z] [ð] [ʒ] [dʒ] [dr] [dz] [m] [n] [ŋ]3个似拼音[h] [r] [l]2个半元音[w] [j]新旧英语国际音标对照表最近几年，英语新教材中，逐渐使用了新式音标。
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讲义英语国际音标表（48个）［ɔ:]长元音双唇收得小而圆并向前突出舌身往后缩[ɜ：］长元音嘴形扁平上下齿微开舌身放平舌中部稍抬起[i：］长元音嘴角微微张开舌尖抵下齿嘴角向两边张开流露出微笑的表情与之母E的发音相同［u：]长元音嘴形小而圆微微外突舌头尽量后缩［]短元音嘴唇微微张开伸向两边舌尖轻触下齿舌后部稍稍抬起［］短元音口腔打开嘴张大舌头向后缩双唇稍收圆[]短元音嘴唇微微张开舌身放平舌中部稍微抬起口腔自然放松发声[］短元音口腔打开嘴张大舌头向后缩双唇稍收圆［i］嘴唇微微张开舌尖抵下齿舌的前部抬高嘴型扁平[u］短元音嘴巴张开略向前突出嘴形稍微收圆并放松些［e］短元音嘴型扁平舌尖抵下齿舌前部稍抬起[æ] 短元音嘴张大舌尖抵下齿嘴角尽量拉向两边成扁平形[ei]由[e］和[i］两个单音组成［e］重读［i]轻读口形由半开到合与字母A发音相同［］由[ɑ]和[i]两个单音组成前重后轻口形由开到合与字母I的发音相同[i］由[］和［i]两个单音组成前重后轻双唇从圆到扁口形从开到合[]由[i］和[］两个单音组成［i]重读 []轻读双唇始终半开[]由[］和［］两个单音组成前重后轻舌尖抵住下齿双唇半开［］有些类似于[]［u］由[u］和［］两个单音组成 [u］重读［]轻读嘴唇由收圆到半开[］由［］和[u］两个单音组成 [］的发音也是一个过程口形由半开到小与字母O的发音相同[］由[a］重读[u]轻读口形由大到小[b］和［p]的发音相似双唇紧闭然后快速张开让气流冲出口腔发出爆破音但声带振动[t]舌尖抵上齿龈憋住气然后弹开舌尖让气流从口腔中喷出但声带不振动[d]和[t]的发音相似舌尖抵上齿龈憋住气然后弹开舌尖让气流从口腔中喷出但声带需要振动［k] 舌后部抵住软腭憋住气然后突然离开将气送出来像咳嗽一样但声带不振动[g] 舌后部抵住软腭憋住气然后突然离开将气送出来但声带需振动［f] 上齿轻轻接触下唇然后吹气使气流从唇间通过形成摩擦但声带不振动［v] 上齿轻轻接触下唇然后吹气使气流从唇间通过形成摩擦但声带需要振动[s]双唇微微张开舌端靠近齿龈舌头是自然放松气流从齿间送出但声带不动[z］口形与［s]相似双唇微微张开舌端靠近齿龈舌头自然放松气流从齿间送出但声带需振动[θ］舌尖微微伸出上下齿轻轻咬住舌尖送气但声带不振动[］口形与[θ]相似舌尖微微伸出上下齿轻轻咬住舌尖送气但声带需振动［h］嘴唇自然的张开自然呵气声带是不振动[l］舌尖抵住上齿龈舌尖轻微用力弯曲气流从舌的旁边送出声带振动［r]舌尖向上卷起舌头不要接触任何部位双唇稍微突出声带振动[m]双唇紧闭舌头平放气流从鼻腔送出声带振动［n］双唇微开舌尖抵上齿龈气流从鼻孔里出来声带振动［］双唇张开舌尖抵下齿龈舌后部自然往上顶起气流从鼻腔送出声带振动［∫］双唇收圆并稍微突出舌尖稍微上卷舌尖接近上齿龈送气声带不振动［]口形与［∫］相似双唇收圆并稍微突出舌尖稍微上卷舌尖接近上齿龈送气声带振动［]双唇略微张开突出舌尖抵住上齿龈用力吐气声带不振动[］和［］发音相似双唇略微张开突出舌尖抵住上齿龈用力吐气但声带振动[ts］舌尖抵住上齿堵住气流使气流从舌尖和齿龈间送出声带不振动[dz］和［ts]发音相似舌尖抵住上齿堵住气流使气流从舌尖和齿龈间送出但声带需振动［tr]双唇收圆向前突出舌尖上翘抵住上齿龈采取[r]的姿势声带不振动［dr］和［tr]发音相似双唇收圆向前突出舌尖上翘抵住上齿龈采取[r］的姿势声带需振动［j］嘴形成微笑状舌尖抵住下齿舌面贴住上颚声带振动［w］双唇缩小并向前突出舌后部抬起嘴慢慢的向两旁滑开声带振动音标练习题1。
2020年初升高英语无忧衔接第二章语法知识衔接专题三动词时态和语态原卷版一、根据语境，选择合适的选项。
1.This listening material, together with its CD-ROMS, ______ well.A. sellsB. sellC. is soldD. are sold2.—When should I hand in my paper?—Your paper must ________ as soon as the bell ________.A. hand in; ringsB. hand in; will ringC. be handed in; will ringD. be handed in; rings3.—You look sad. What has happened?—Everyone ____ us to win the match, but we lost.A. expectsB. expectedC. hopesD. hoped4.If everyone ________ the traffic rules, there will be fewer accidents on the road.A. followsB. followC. breaksD. break5.I can't find my notebook anywhere. I'm afraid I ______ it.A. loseB. lostC. have lostD. was losing6.— I'm sorry to hear that your pet dog has died.— Though my dog for three months,I still miss him.A. has diedB. has been deadC. diedD. was dead7.Jenny ________ in the kitchen when you called her at 5 o’clock this afternoon，A. is cookingB. was cookingC. cooksD. cooked8.I saw Jeff in the park.He on the grass and reading a book.A. sitsB. satC. is sittingD. was sitting9.Don't worry. Our bags ________ here until we come back. So just enjoy shopping.A. will keepB. has keptC. will be keptD. has been kept10.There ________ a sports meet next week. The students feel very excited.A. is going to haveB. are going to beC. is going to be11.—Have you finished the poster for the party?—Not yet.I it in two days.A. finishB. finishedC. will finish12.In the past few years, great changes______ in Lianyungang.A. take placeB. took placeC. have taken placeD. have been taken place13.—When will A Bite of China II begin tonight?—It ____ for ten minutes.A. will beginB. has begunC. will be onD. has been on14.Tom ________ Kate since two years ago, and they have had a child.A. got married toB. has been married toC. has been married withD. married15.—Who was calling just now?—I donˈt know. By the time I picked up the phone, it _____.A. has stoppedB. would stopC. had stopped16.By the time I got to the cinema , the movie _______for 15 minutes .A. had been onB. had startedC. has been onD. has started17.He will _______ if he_______ late again, I think.A. punish; will comeB. be punished; will comeC. punish; comesD. be punished; comes18.－Hurry up! The meeting _________ in five minutes.－I’m sorry. I met a traffic jam.A. beganB. will beginC. begins19.－I don’t know if Mr. Wang ________.－I think he ________ if it doesn’t rain.A. will come; comesB. will come; will comeC. comes; comesD. comes; will come20.— Jane ________ her mistakes since she talked with her teacher.—She is really a good girl.A. realizesB. was realizingC. has realizedD. realized21.When you a difficult task, try to continue with it and finish it.A. giveB. are givingC. gaveD. are given22.We're sure that the environment in our city ______ greatly through our work in the near future.A. improvedB. was improvedC. has improvedD. will be improved23.—Do you know the famous artist in red?—Sure. He _________ to the art festival in our city every year.A. invitesB. invitedC. is invitedD. was invited24.A knife can ______ cutting things.A. be used forB. be used byC. used toD. use for25.The new film The Left Ear by Su Youpeng a few months ago, who is also a famous singer.A. is directedB. was directedC. directedD. directs26.Cigarettes must ______ before you go into a room.A. put outB. be put outC. put upD. be put up27.Look at our new school. It ____ last year.A. builtB. was builtC. is builtD. will be built28.The room _______ every day. You can live it now.A. cleansB. is cleaningC. is cleanedD. has cleaned29.－How long haven't you been on vacation？－For a year. I will go to Mexico for a trip when my season project ________．A. is finishedB. have been finishedC. will be finishedD. has finishedlions of red envelopes (红包) out on the eve of the Spring Festival.A. sendB. was sentC. were sendingD. were sent二、用括号内单词的适当形式填空。
新课标初高中英语衔接知识点专题一：名词考点集汇，讲解和训练【名师点睛】一、名词的数1．单数和复数可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。
复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾“-s”构成，其主要变法如下：（1）一般情况在词尾加-s，例如：book→books，girl→girls，boy→boys，pen→pens,doctor→doctors, boy→boys。
（2）以s，x，ch，sh，结尾的词加-es，例如：bus→buses，class→classes box→boxes，watch→watches，brush→brushes。
（3）以ce, se, ze,（d）ge结尾的名词加s，例如：orange—oranges。
（4）以辅音母加y结尾的词变“y”为“i”再加-es,例如：city→cities,factory→factories, country→countries, family→families。
但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s，如：boy→boys, day→days。
（5）以o结尾的词多数都加-es。
例如:hero→heroes，potat o→potatoes，tomato→tomatoes,但词末为两个元音字母的词只加-s。
例如：zoo→zoos，radio→radios，还有某些外来词也只加-s，例如：photo→photos，piano→pianos。
（6）以f或fe结尾的词，多数变f为v再加-es，例如：knife→knives，leaf→leaves, half→halves。
复数词尾s（或es）的读音方法如下表所示。
复数词尾s（或es）的读音方法（7）少数名词有不规则的复数形式，例如：man→men，woman→women，tooth→teeth，foot→feet，child→children，mouse→mice。
【注意】与man和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men和-women。
专题二语音拼读基本知识一、26个英文字母及发音音标A a [eI]B b [bi:]C c [si:]D d [di:]E e [i:]F f [ef]G g [dʒi:]H h [eitʃ]I i [a i]J j [dʒe i]K k [ke i]L l [e i]M m [em] N n [en] O o [əʊ] P p [pi:] Q q [kju:] R r [ɑ:] S s [es] T t [ti:] U u [ju:] V v [vi:] W w [′d∧blju:] X x [eks] Y y [wa i] Z z [zi:][zed]从以上我们可以看出，英语字母中有一些含有共同的元音音素，比如：1）含元音音素[e i]字母：Aa Hh Jj Kk音标：[e i] [eitʃ] [dʒe i] [ke i]2）含元音音素[i:]字母：Bb Cc Dd Ee Gg Pp Tt Vv音标：[bi:] [si:] [di:] [i:] [dʒi:] [pi:] [ti:] [vi:] 3）含元音音素[e]字母：Ff Ll Mm Nn Ss Xx Zz音标：[ef] [el] [em] [en] [es] [eks] [zed]4）含元音音素[ju:]字母：Uu Qq Ww音标：[ju:] [kju:] [`d∧blju:]5）含元音音素[a i]字母：Ii Yy音标：[a i] [w a i]二、英语音标英语音标一共有48个，具体如下：元音12个单元音长元音[i:] [З:] [ɔ:] [u:] [ɑ:]短元音[e] [ɒ] [ʊ] [ə] [І] [æ] [Λ]8个双元音[a i] [e i] [ɔi] [əʊ] [iə] [eə] [ʊə] [aʊ]辅音10对清辅音[p] [t] [k] [f] [s] [θ] [∫] [tʃ] [tr] [ts]浊辅音[b] [d] [g] [v] [z] [ð] [ʒ] [dʒ] [dr] [dz] [m] [n] [ŋ]3个似拼音[h] [r] [l]2个半元音[w] [j]新旧英语国际音标对照表最近几年，英语新教材中，逐渐使用了新式音标。
本图表列出了英语中所有的新、旧音标，以便更好地学习和了解国际音标的变化。
三、英语口腔发音图1、上唇(upper lip)2、下唇(lower lip)3、上齿(upper teeth)4、下齿(lower teeth)5、齿龈(alveolar ridge)6、硬腭(hard palate)7、软腭(soft palate) 8、小舌(uvula) 9、舌尖(tip of the tongue) 10、舌前部(front of the tongue) 11、舌后部(back of the tongue) 12、喉头(larynx) 13、声带(vocal cords) 14、气管(trachea)15、咽腔(pharynx) 16、口腔(oral cavity) 17、鼻腔(nasal cavity)四、48个英语国际音标发音规则及练习元音1、前元音[i:] [i] [e] [æ]所谓前元音是指发音时要使用舌前部，也就是说舌前部要向硬腭抬起，舌尖要抵住下齿，口形扁平，不要收圆。
四个前元音中发[i:]的时候舌前部抬得最高，牙床近乎全合。
发[i]的时候舌前部比[i:]稍低，牙床也开得稍大一些。
上下齿之间的距离大约可以容纳一个小指尖。
发第三个前元音[e]的时候舌前部比[i]又要第一些，牙床也开得更大一些。
上下齿之间的距离大约相当于一个食指尖。
发第四个前元音[æ]的时候舌前部最低，牙床开得最大。
上下齿之间的距离大约相当于一个食指加中指。
[i:]me he she these Chinese meet[i]sit six is it this milk[e]desk pen bed egg red[æ]bag map apple cat hand2、后元音[ɑ:][Λ] [ɔ:] [ʊ] [u:] [ɒ]所谓后元音是指发音时要使用舌的后部，也就是说舌后部要向软腭抬起。
发后元音时舌尖可以不抵下齿。
除了后元音[ɑ:]要用中常唇外，其它四个音都要用圆唇，发音时嘴要拢圆。
个别的音如[ʊ] [u:]嘴唇还要向前突出。
其次，要注意后元音的舌位。
五个后元音中[ɑ:]的舌位最低，开口最大。
[Λ]的舌位比[ɑ:]稍高，开口度比[ɑ:]稍小。
[ɔ:]的舌位比[Λ]又要更高一些。
[ʊ]的舌位比[ɔ:]又要高一些，开口度再小一些。
[u:]的舌位最高，开口最小。
发[ɒ]音时，要注意双唇收圆，不然容易发成[ɑ:]，所以学习这个音时可以先发[ɑ:]，然后将双唇收圆，就会发出[ɒ]音。
[ɑ:]part half ask class father[Λ]cut love touch bus come[ɔ:] sort door saw talk four[ʊ] put book woman look could[u:]do zoo blue ruler move[ɒ] top cock box what want3、中元音[З:][ə]所谓中元音是指发音时要使用舌的中部，也就是说舌的中部要稍稍抬起，舌尖可以轻抵下齿，口形扁平或中常。
[З:]的舌位比[ə]稍高。
[З:]bird serve term work turn[ə] about China letter actor again上面提到了12个单元音。
英语里还有8个双元音。
这8个双元音又可分成两类，合口双元音和集中双元音，下面分别讲解。
4、合口双元音[e i] [a i] [ɔi] [əʊ] [aʊ]所谓“合口双元音”是指两个元音中的第二个元音都是一个合口元音[І]或[ʊ]。
发双元音时要注意从第一个元音向第二个元音滑动。
在滑动过程中，口形、舌位都有明显的变化。
另外，还要注意双元音的下面几个特点：1）、前长后短（前音长后音短）。
2）、前重后轻（前音发得重，后音发得轻）。
3）、前音清楚，后音模糊。
[e i] cake plane snake table baby[a i] bike life light type nice[ɔi] toy voice coin enjoy boy[əʊ]go boat hope know home[aʊ]now how loud house out5、集中双元音[Iə] [eə] [ʊə]所谓集中双元音是指两个元音中的第二个元音都是中元音[ə]。
发音时要注意第一个元音向第二个元音滑动时的口形和舌位的变化。
比如发[Iə]时舌位由前元音[I]向中元音[ə]的滑动。
口形由半合的扁唇变为稍高于半开的扁唇。
发[eə]时由相当于前元音[e]的舌位向中元音[ə]滑动，口形由半开的中常唇变为稍高于半开的扁唇。
发[ʊə]时由后元音[ʊ]向中元音[ə]的滑动，口形由半合的圆唇变为稍高于半开的扁唇。
[iə] fear beer ear hear deer[eə]care bear fair where chair[ʊə] sure tour poor moor cure辅音1、爆破音爆破音一共有六个，根据发音时声带是否振动可以分为清辅音和浊辅音两种。
清辅音有三个：[p]，[t]，[k]；浊辅音也有三个：[b]，[d]，[g]。
这样，六个爆破音就可以归纳为清、浊相对应的三对。
第一对是：[p]，第二对是：[t]，[d]，第三对是[k]，[g] [p]，双唇音，发音时，双唇紧闭，气流从口腔冲出，送气有力；清音，发音时不震动声带。
pen map top pipe cup[b]，双唇音，发音时，双唇紧闭，气流从口腔冲出，送气有力；但它在词尾时发得很轻，不如[p]送气有力；浊音，发音时震动声带。
bee beep about lab bat[t]，齿槽音，发音时，舌端抵齿槽，气流从口腔冲出，送气有力；清音。
butter that fat debt dealer[d]，齿槽音，发音时，舌端抵齿槽，气流从口腔冲出，但在词尾时发得很轻，不如[t]送气有力；浊音。
desk food deep door dot[k]，后舌音，发音时，后舌隆起，气流从喉咙口用力冲出，送气有力；清音，发音时不振动声带。
cook book kick bucket tick[g]，后舌音，发音时，后舌隆起，气流从喉咙口用力冲出，送气有力；但在词尾时发得很轻，不如[k]送气有力；浊音，发音时振动声带。
get game good dog tag2、摩擦音摩擦音一共有十个。
其中八个音又可以分为清、浊音相对应的四对。
第一对是唇齿摩擦音[f]，[v]。
发音时下唇轻触上齿，气流通过时摩擦成音，[f]是清辅音，[v]是浊辅音。
第二对是舌齿摩擦音[θ]，[ð]。
发音时舌尖要轻触上齿边缘。
[θ]是清辅音，[ð]是浊辅音。
第三对是舌端齿龈摩擦音[s]，[z]。
发音时舌端靠近（上）齿龈，气流通过时摩擦成音。
[s]是清辅音，[z]是浊辅音。
第四对是舌端齿龈后部摩擦辅音[ʃ]，[ʒ]。
发音时舌端向齿龈后部靠近，气流通过时摩擦成音。
[ʃ]是清辅音，[ʒ]是浊辅音。
第九个音是声门摩擦辅音[h]。
第十个音是舌尖齿龈后部摩擦辅音[r]。
发这个音时舌尖要卷起来，靠近齿龈后部。
这个音的本音是[r]。
[f]foot fit after knife tough[v] very five live cover carve[θ]thick thank tooth mouth think[ð]other the there they father[s] see saw soup boss say[z]zoo cause pause hers these[ʃ]cash fish short wish sure[ʒ] vision pleasure measure treasure visual[h] home hard head behind whole[r]red write frog carry rose3、破擦音破擦音共有六个：[tʃ]，[dʒ]，[tr] ，[dr]，[ts]，[dz]。
破擦音由两个成分组成：开头是爆破音，结尾是摩擦音。
六个破擦音也可以分成清、浊相对应的三对。
第一对是[tʃ]，[dʒ]。
在[tʃ]，[dʒ]中的第一个成分，即爆破音[t]，[d]由于受了后面摩擦音[ʃ]，[ʒ]的影响，发音时舌位靠后，在齿龈较后部分发音。
这一点也适用于第二对破擦音[tr] ，[dr]。
这里，[t], [d]由于受了后面摩擦音[r]的影响舌位也要靠后，后面再加上[r]，分别念成[tr], [dr]。
