Essay-Writing上课讲义

曹胖自考英语2024年4月作文冲刺讲义Title: Cao Pang's Self-study English April 2024 Essay Sprint Lecture NotesIntroduction:As we approach the April 2024 self-study English examination, it is crucial to be well-prepared and equipped with the necessary knowledge and skills to excel in the test. This document aims to provide comprehensive lecture notes for Cao Pang to prepare for the upcoming examination.Key Areas to Focus On:1. Essay Writing Skills:- Understanding the essay prompt and organizing ideas effectively- Developing a clear thesis statement and supporting arguments- Structuring the essay with an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion- Using appropriate vocabulary and grammar to convey ideas effectively2. Reading Comprehension:- Practicing reading passages and answering questions within the time limit- Identifying main ideas, supporting details, and inferences in the text- Understanding the author's tone, purpose, and point of view- Summarizing key information and drawing conclusions from the text3. Vocabulary and Grammar:- Expanding vocabulary through reading, listening, and practice exercises- Reviewing grammar rules and common mistakes in sentence structure- Using synonyms, antonyms, and context clues to understand unfamiliar words- Practicing writing sentences and paragraphs to improve grammatical accuracy4. Listening and Speaking Skills:- Listening to English audio materials, such as podcasts, news reports, and interviews- Practicing speaking exercises, such as role plays, debates, and presentations- Improving pronunciation, intonation, and fluency in spoken English- Engaging in conversations with native speakers or language partners to enhance communication skillsConclusion:In preparation for the April 2024 self-study English examination, it is essential for Cao Pang to focus on essay writing skills, reading comprehension, vocabulary and grammar, as well as listening and speaking skills. By studying diligently, practicing consistently, and seeking feedback from teachers or peers, Cao Pang can enhance his English proficiency and perform well in the upcoming test. With determination, perseverance, and a positive attitude, success is within reach.。

写作ESSAY2 BEVERLY 老师Writing Essays （1）The writing paper is Paper 2. It lasts 1 hour and 20 minutes. You dotwo tasks.In part 2, you choose one of three tasks.Part 1 EssaysYou write an essay. The purpose of an essay is for you to discuss a subject, express your opinion and give reasons for your opinion.You are given an essay title and some notes.You have 40 minutes to do this part. (the writing paper lasts 1 hour 20minutes, so if you spend more time on this part, you will have less time for the other part.)写作 EssayMake sure that you：1 Read the question carefully and underline the key words to make sure that you know exactly what to do.2 Answer the question exactly.3 Deal with all points below the question.4 Include your own idea.Essay 写作结构第一段：基本介绍+你的观点第二段：题目给的第1个note+一个具体例子第三段：题目给的第2个note+一个具体例子第四段：你自己的一个观点+解释一下第五段：总结 +升华开头段目的：引入话题+个人观点长度：2-3句 30词内1.划关键词2.构思3.组织句子写作 EssayDo people depend too much on technology nowadays? NotesWrite about:1 communication2 education3______(your own idea)Write your essay. (You should write 140-190 words. )初级：第一句：固定句型+填词/句1.A very common topic that is being discussed is+词/whether+句子2.Currently, more and more people believe that+句子3.More and more people read news on the Internet saying that +句子4.With the development of economy and modern technology,+句子1.A very common topic that is being discussed is Technology ./whether we depend on technology too much nowadays .2.Currently, more and more people believe that we depend on technology too much nowadays .3.more and more people read news on the Internet saying that we depend on technology too much nowadays .4.With the development of economy and modern technology, people depend on them too much nowadays .写作 Essay 真题 Test 1初级：第二句：个人观点In my opinion,…I think that …I feel that …I believe that ….From my point of view,…From my perspective,….肯定态度：主句+do/does +谓语+.. In my opinion , people do depend on technology too much today.More and more people read news on the Internet saying that we depend on technology too much nowadays .In my opinion , people do depend on technology too much nowadays.29words第一句+ 第二句中级：第一句：同义替换+细节证据第二句：个人观点More and more people read news on the Internet saying that we depend on technology too much nowadays .In my opinion , people do depend on technology too much nowadays.中级：第一句：同义替换+细节证据More and more people think that we rely on technology too much at present .In my opinion , people do overuse and trust technology to a disturbing level.中级：第一句：同义替换+细节证据More and more people think that we rely on technology too much at present . We keep checking our phone everywhere and too often, and we solve all problems on computer and machines.In my opinion , people do overuse and trust technology to a disturbing level.中级：第一句：同义替换+细节证据More and more people think that we rely on technology too much at present .My parents and my friends keep checking their phones every three minutes on subway and way to school and work, , and we have classes, do businesses and even cook with computers and machines .In my opinion , people do overuse and trust technology to a disturbing level.高级：修辞：设问/选词/数据/避开模板No matter cosmopolis or small village , now it is a common scene that people keep checking their phones every three minutes on their ways to skyscrapers or cornfield, doing businesses or washing dishes with computers and machines.Haven’t we overused and trusted technology to a disturbing level currently ?高级：修辞：设问/选词/数据/避开模板A recent study conducted by Harvard University shows that 85% people use smart devices and machines in their daily lives and work.And 70% of them admit that they would have big problems if all the technology went down. Haven’t we overused and trusted technology to a disturbing level currently ?简单版Nowadays nearly every aspect of life is affected by technology. Computers are used for communication, education and entertainment, but do we depend on them too much?Do state the topic in your first sentence, but use your own words.Don't start by saying ‘I agree with this’—— your essay should present your own argument.Do use questions to engage the reader with the topic.主体段目的：平行展开论证长度：3-4句 40词/段1.构思2.段落展开Do people depend too much on technology nowadays? Notes Write about: 1 communication 2 education 3______(your own idea) Write your essay. (You should write 140-190 words. )第一步：完成your own idea1.前面两点和题目有什么关系？组成两个句子。

Contents of the Academic Writing CourseLesson 1: Course IntroductionLesson 2-3: Features of Academic WritingLesson 4：Taking Notes and OutliningLesson 5：Writing AbstractLesson 6：Writing IntroductionLesson 7：Writing ConclusionLesson 8：Avoiding PlagiarismLesson 9：Citing SourcesLesson 10: ParaphrasingLesson 11: SummarizingLesson 12: ReportingLesson 13-14: DocumentationLesson 15: ProofreadingLesson 16: Oral DefendingLesson 1: Course Introduction1. Academic Writing requires you to:To evaluate or interpret or in some other way add to and participate in what you writeTo consider the why and how of the topic you choose.To develop a point of view toward your material, take a stand, express some original thought.To analyze, interpret, evaluate the information you gather, and then to draw conclusions from it. 2. Qualities a research paper has:It is defined by a clear audience, a clear purpose and a clear structure.It is a work that shows your originality.It acknowledges all sources you have used.3. Four steps to write an academic essaya. Choosing and narrowing a topicb. Doing the research and readingc. Planning and writing various draftsd. Proof-reading and editingHow to choose a topic?Decide on your research direction:A. Literature is prose, written or oral, including fiction and non-fiction, drama and poetry. Research in literature can be a study of a particular author, a work, or a literary trend.It can also include comparative research of different writers, books, or literary criticisms.B. Translation is the interpreting of the meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an equivalent text that communicates the same message in another language.Research in translation can be an evaluation of the translation of a particular work or an author.It can also include research on a particular translator and his/her translations.It may also include research on translation techniques and theories.C. Linguistics is the study of language.Sub-areas:Phonetics/ Phonology 语音Syntax 句法Semantics 语义学Pragmatics 语用学Language and Socio-CultureLanguage learning and teachingSelecting a General TopicLiterature : which novel or play? which author?Translation : which source text or writer? which translator?Linguistics : which sub-area?Culture: which aspect?The Rule of the Thumb:your interest;your audience’s interest;your knowledge;availability of ample references;freshnessReading and ThinkingAn essay usually draws on common knowledge from a limited or personal point of view.A research paper is based on a thorough review of various sources and document the sources of information.Narrowing down the Scope of TopicNarrowing your topic should be depends on the purpose and length of your research paper. E.g. “An Analysis of Happy Marriages of Three Women in Emma”An Analysis of Emma;An Analysis of Three Women in Emma;An Analysis of Happy Marriages of Three Women in EmmaFormulating the Final TopicCriteria for the final topic:(1) It should be meaningful and serious;(2) It should be within the range of your abilities;(3) It should have sufficient materials available;(4) It can be treated objectivelyL2-3 Features of AWComplexityWritten language is lexically more dense: more noun-based phrases, more nominalizations, and more lexical variation.Written language is grammatically more complex: more subordinate clauses, more "that/to" complement clauses, more long sequences of prepositional phrases, more attributive adjectives and more passives.Formality1) Try to use full forms, avoid contractions. e. g. Don’t should be do not2) Use single-word verbs, avoid phrasal verbs wherever possible because phrasal verbs are generally more colloquial and informal than single word verbs. e.g. instead of using “bring up”we use “raise”3) Use standard or formal words and expressions, avoid informal or nonstandard words and expressions such as colloquialism, slang, and taboo words and expressions.e. g. Informal words formal wordsleave departquit resigntired fatiguedflunk faillab laboratory4) Use concrete words and expressions, avoid vague or imprecise terms. Words like thing, bit should be banned.e.g. Several things must be borne in mind when evaluating EFL textbooks.Improved: Several points must be considered when evaluating EFL textbooks.Objectivity1) Avoid the first person pronoun “I”and the second person pronoun “you”. Always use the third person references, like “the writer, the present author, or this author”.e.g. Don't write: "You can easily forget how different life was 50 years ago."Write: "It is easy to forget how difficult life was 50 years ago."2) When expressing an opinion or belief, try to use impersonal constructions.e.g. you can see--- it can be seen thatI believe --- it is commonly believed thatI hear --- it is saidConciseness1)Find the most direct way to express the idea. Use as few words as possible.2)Avoid repetition of ideas.3)Concentrate on the topic. Anything that is irrelevant and unnecessary, no matter how well written, should be deleted.4). Be precise and specific---reduce unnecessary words5. Hedging: tentative language1)It is often believed that academic writing is factual, simply to convey facts and information. However it is now recognized that an important feature of academic writing is the concept of cautious language, often called "hedging" or "vague language".2)Use affirmative structures only when there is complete certainty.e.g. It is true that…it has been proved that…3) Use tentative structures if there is no complete certainty. Modal verbs, adverbs, and other expressions often help to achieve this purpose.e.g. It is commonly accepted that…There is evidence to suggest that ….The author tends to believe that….Languages used in hedging:Introductory verbs e.g. seem, tend, appearCertain lexical verbs e.g. assume, suggestCertain modal verbs e.g. will, must, wouldAdverbs of frequency e.g. often, sometimesModal adverbs e.g. certainly, definitelyModal adjectives e.g. certain, definite, clear, probableModal nouns e.g. assumption, possibilityThat clauses e.g. It could be the case that…To-clause + adjective e.g. It may be possible to obtain.ResponsibilityIn academic writing you must be responsible for, and must be able to provide evidence and justification for, any claims you make.You are also responsible for demonstrating an understanding of any source texts you use. Examples&ExercisesL4. Taking Notes and OutliningTaking Notes- three principlesKnow what kind of ideas you need to recordDon't write down too muchLabel your notes intelligentlyWays of taking notes1) Keeping your notes on separate cards keeps you from relying too heavily on one source, it is also a flexible way of recording information because they can be easily sorted.2) On each card identify the source by a short name, and note the page number; give each listing a simple descriptive heading.3) Compare your notes to your outline regularly to determine where you have accumulated enough support and where you still need to find more.3. Main Components for Effective Outline1). Parallelism: Each heading and subheading should preserve parallel structure. If the first heading is a verb, the second heading should be a verb.e.g.3.1 Chinglish in pronunciation3.2 Chinglish in words and expressions3.3 Chinglish in word order3.4 Chinglish in grammar3.5 Chinglish in conventionCoordination : All the information contained in Heading 1 should have the same significance as the information contained in Heading 2. The same goes for the subheadings (which should be less significant than the headings)Subordination: The information in the headings should be more general, while the information in the subheadings should be more specific.e.g.Chapter Three Questionnaire or Investigation of English Majors in Independent College and Results Analysis3.1 Chinglish in pronunciation3.2 Chinglish in words and expressions3.2.1 Unnecessary words3.2.2 Misused words3.2.3 Incorrect subjects3.3 Chinglish in word order3.4 Chinglish in grammar3.5 Chinglish in conventionForms of an Outline: The most important rule for outlining form is to be consistent! An outline usually uses topic structure. A topic outline uses words or phrases for all entries and uses no punctuation after entries.E.g. Chapter Two Shakespeare’s Early life in Stratford2.1. Shakespeare's family2.1.1. Shakespeare's father2.1.2. Shakespeare's mother2.2. Shakespeare's marriage2.2.1. Life of Anne Hathaway2.2.2. Reference in Shakespeare's PoemsL5 Writing AbstractsFeatures of an Abstract:Brevity: to covey in as few words as possible the essential information contained in the paper you have written.Objectiveness: to state objectively your own ideas and main points in the paper.Integrity: to confine the abstract to a single paragraph with limited words (within 200-300) and necessary elements of information.Concentration: to omit such elements of information as figures, tables, or literature references in a summary or abstract, to avoid repeating the unnecessary elements that conventionally appear in other sections of the paper.Consistency: to be consistent with the other parts of the whole paper, and never to include what has not been mentioned in the paper.Completeness: to include what you have done and what you have achieved within the scope of the topic, such as the research theories, research methods, investigations and results and conclusions, and to differentiate your paper work from others by stressing this paper‟s contribution.2. Typical Organization of an abstract:Part One: Introduction---to define the context, the argument, the purpose of the present studyPart Two: Contents of the study --- to outline the main participants, the methods and the procedures of the study.Part Three: Results, findings and conclusion --- to present the most important results and related findings, and give suggestions of further study.3. Example of an abstractThe focus of this research is in the area of... Such a study is important in order to.... The research approach adopted in this dissertation includes... The findings from this research provide evidence that…The main conclusions drawn from this study are... This dissertation recommends that…Keywords: a, b, c, d, e4. How to choose key words:a. high frequency in the thesisb. focus of the thesisRequirements:a. noun formb. 3-5 words with semicolons in the middlec. without capitalization of the first wordd. under the Abstract textL6 Writing Introduction1. Purposes of introductionTo show your reader what you are doing in your writing(establish the context of the research)To explain why you are doing it (state the purpose of the essay)To explain how you are doing it (briefly explain your rationale and approach and the possible outcomes your study can reveal)2. Parts of an introductionEstablish a research territoryIndicate a gapOccupy the gap3. Languages of each part:Establish a research territory:The increasing interest in ... has heightened the need for ....Of particular interest and complexity are ....Recently, there has been growing interest in ....(2) Indicate a gap:The research has tended to focus on ...,rather than on ....These studies have emphasized ...,as opposed to ....Although considerable research has been devoted to ... , rather less attention has been paid 33to ....(3) Occupy the gap:The purpose / intention of this paper is to ...The primary goal / aim of this research is to ...The overall objective of this study is…This paper reports on the results obtained ....This study was designed to ...3. Frequently asked questions:How long should an introduction be?How detailed should an introduction be?Why is it so hard to write an introduction?What is an introduction for? Is it a summary?What should I put in my introduction?How many paragraphs should I write for the introduction?In a word,You can't write a good introduction until you know what the body of the paper says.Consider writing the introductory sections after you have completed the rest of the paper, rather than before.L7. Writing Conclusion1. Structure:1)Link to previous paragraph: Begin with a sentence that refers to the main subject that was discussed in the body in the essay. Make sure that this sentence also links to the preceding paragraph, or uses words such as In conclusion to signal that these are your final words on the subject.2)Brief summary: you may give a brief summary of your argument and identify the main reasons/causes/factors that relate to the question you have been asked to address. If there are two or more parts to the question, be sure to include responses to each part in your conclusion.3)Reinforce the thesis statement: it is a good idea to add a sentence or two to reinforce the thesis statement which was used in your introduction. This shows the reader that you have done what you said you would do and gives a sense of unity to the essay.4)Recommendations/speculations on future action: Additional elements that may be added include recommendations for future action and speculations on future trends. Generally, although a short pithy quote can sometimes be used to spice up your conclusion, the conclusion should be in your own words. Try to avoid direct quotations, or references to other sources.e.g.It is generally/widely accepted/argued/held/believed/that…In conclusion/it can/may be said that…An important direction for further work might be to study …Further studies should focus on the practical use of …A further experiment should be conducted with …[ a new research method] in order to generalize the effect of …Lesson 8 Avoiding Plagiarism1. Definition of plagiarism:Plagiarism is defined as the unacknowledged use, as one‟s own, of work of another person, whether or not such work has been published.Put it simply, plagiarism is copying the work of another person without proper acknowledgement. There are two parts in the definition:1 copying2 absence of proper acknowledgement2. The term of proper aknowlegementPlagiarism does not mean that you cannot quote f rom others‟ work.The aim of University education is to foster your originality, your independent thinking and analysis, your power to express and convey your own ideas.You are free to quote the work of others to strengthen your arguments provided that the quote is properly identified and t h e s o u r c e i s a c k n o w l e d g e d.3.Forms of plagiarism:Turning in someone else‟s work as your ownCopying words or ideas from someone else without giving creditFailing to put a quotation in quotation marksGiving incorrect information about the source of a quotationChanging words but copying the sentence structure of a source without giving credit.Copying so many words or ideas from a source that it makes up the majority of your work, whether you give credit or notLesson 9 Citing Sources1. Ways of citing sourcesa)Reporting: to report the other writer's ideas into your own words. You can either paraphrase if you want to keep the length the same or summarize if you want to make the text shorter.b) Direct Quotation: to quote another author's words exactly. You have to make it very clear that the words or ideas that you are using are taken from another writer.2. Direct quotationTaking the exact words from an original source is called quoting. You should quote material when you believe the way the original author expresses an idea is the most effective means of communicating the point you want to make. If you want to borrow an idea from an author, but do not need his or her exact words, you should try paraphrasing instead of quoting.3. How much should I quoteConsider quoting a passage from one of yoursources if any of the following conditions holds: The language of the passage is particularly elegant or powerful or memorable.You wish to confirm the credibility of your argument by enlisting the support of an authority on your topic.The passage is worthy of further analysis.You wish to argue with someone else's position in considerable detail.4. Languages in direct quotationAs X said/says, "... ..."As X stated/states, "... ..."As X wrote/writes, "... ..."As X commented/comments, "... ..."As X observed/observes, "... ..."As X pointed/points out, "... ..."To quote from X, "... ..."It was X who said that "... ..."This example is given by X: "... ..."Lesson10 Paraphrasing1. What is paraphrasingParaphrase=para (modifying) + phrase (tell)To paraphrase means to completely reproduce the original meaning in our own words (but never include our own opinion).2. Three essentials of paraphrasingB ecause you are using someone else‟s words and ideas, you must be sure to do the following:(1) Represent the writers‟ views accurately. Don‟t distort the original meaning.(2) Use quotation marks – identify any unique words or phrases that appear in the original.(3) Cite in-text – By referring to the example above, provide a reference on your reference page so that the reader will know where to find the original that you are paraphrasing.3. Strategies of paraphrasing1) Read and understand the text.2) Make a list of the main ideas.3) Change the structure of the text4) Change the grammar and vocabulary5) Rewrite the main ideas in complete sentences; combine your notes critically6) Check your workLesson 11 Summarizing1. Structural features of a summaryA summary is a short version of a longer text, and it gives only the main points.Short sentences are normally required, but numbered points and/or other graphic devices may also be used.The length of a summary varies according to its purpose; however, it should generally be no more than one-third the length of the original.2. Stages of writing a summary1) Read and understand the text carefully.2) Think about the purpose of the text.Ask what the author's purpose is in writing the text?What is your purpose in writing your summary? Are you summarizing to support your points? Or are you summarizing so you can criticize the work before you introduce your main points?3) Select the relevant information. This depends on your purpose.4) Find the main ideas - what is important.They may be found in topic sentences.Distinguish between main and subsidiary information.Delete most details and examples, unimportant information, anecdotes, examples, illustrations, data etc.Find alternative words/synonyms for these words/phrases - do not change specialized vocabulary and common words.5) Change the structure of the text.Identify the meaning relationships between the words/ideas - e.g. cause/effect, generalization, contrast. Express these relationships in a different way.Change the grammar of the text: rearrange words and sentences. Change nouns to verbs, adjectives to adverbs, etc., break up long sentences, combine short sentences.6) Simplify the text. Reduce complex sentences to simple sentences, simple sentences to phrases, phrases to single words.Lesson 12 Reporting1. What is synthesisA synthesis is a combination, usually a shortened version, of several texts made into one. It contains the important points in the text and is written in your own words. To make a synthesis you need tofind suitable sourcesselect the relevant parts in those sources.use your paraphrase and summary skills to write the information in your own words. The information from all the sources has to fit together into one continuous text.Test on ReportingLesson 13-14 Documentation1. In-text References1) Citing one workBy one or two authors:Author‟s surname in main sentence: year of publication in parenthesese.g. More recent work by Troy (2005) has provided support for the notion that memory for faces involves verbal as well as visual information.b. Author not named in main sentence: author‟s surname and year of publication in parentheses, separated by commae.g. It has been argued that teachers‟ role is to provide the students with optimal conditions which can facilitate learning so that students can achieve similar successful results (Bryman & Cramer, 1990).B. By more than two but fewer than six authors: cite the surnames of all the authors the first time the reference appears in text. In subsequent citations, you simply cite the surname of the first author followed by “et al.”e.g. Studies of the good language learner ( for example, Naiman, Frohlich, Stern and Todesco, 1978) have tried to identify the strategies which successful learners use (Ellis, 1994, p.37). (first citation)Naiman et al. (1978) found a similar relationship, although in this case …effort‟ on the part of the learners was also associated with instrumental motivation (Ellis, 1994, p.512).(subsequent citations)C. By six or more authors: cite the surname of the first author followed by “et al.” for the first and subsequent citations.2) Citing two or more works:A. By the same author: give the surname once, then the years of publication from past to the present. e.g.Empirical studies on student learning carried out since the 70s have found that students‟ learning outcomes to a great extent depend on their choice of learning approaches (Biggs, 1979, 1987). B. By different auth ors: arrange the citations in alphabetical order by the first author‟s surnamee.g. One major finding from the earlier studies (Barley, 1969, 1970; Clement et al., 1978; Gardner & Lambert, 1972; Spolsky, 1969) was that learners with an integrative motivation tended to obtain better achievement than those with an instrumental motivation.3) Citing an Indirect "Second-hand" SourceRemember that you can't treat a source like you have it in hand unless you actually have it in hand. If you want to cite an idea or quote which one of your sources uses, you need to indicate that this is a "second-hand" source by showing in your citation that this information is quoted in (qtd. in) the source you actually have in hand.e.g. Peterkin (1978), for instance, envisioned the black folk as sufferers in "a patient struggle with fate, and not in any race conflict at all" (qtd. in Clark, 1989, p.219).Reference List1)Use heading: References/Bibliography2)Use square brackets instead of parenthesis.3)Page numbers should be included for all articles in journals and in collections.4)Use italics (or underlining in handwriting) for titles of books, periodicals, newspapers etc.5)Use alphabetical order.6)All co-authors should be listed.7)If the author of a document is not given, begin the reference with the title of the document.(1) English ReferencesA. Booksa. One author:[1] Smith, F. (1978). Reading. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.b. Two authors:[2] Fromkin, V. & Rodman, R. (1983). An Introduction to Language. London: Holt-Saunders.c. More than two authors:[3] Barr, P., Clegg, J. & Wallace, C. (1981). Advanced Reading Skills. London: Longman.d. Book, no author, or editor:[4] Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. (1978). London: Longman.e. Edited collections:[5] Kinsella, V. (Ed.). (1978). Language Teaching and Linguistics: Surveys. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.[6] Oller, J. W. & Richards, J. C. (Eds.). (1973). Focus on the Learner. Rowley, Massachusetts:Newbury House.f. Book, corporate author:[7] British Council Teaching Information Centre. (1978). Pre-sessional Courses for OverseasStudents. London: British Council.g. Book, third edition:[8] Fromkin, V. & Rodman, R. (1983). An Introduction to Language (3rd ed.). London:Holt-Saunders.h. Book, revised edition:[9] Cohen, J. (1977). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioural Sciences (rev.ed.). New York:Plenum Press.i. Books or articles, two or more by the same author in the same year:[10] Lyons, J. (1981a). Language and Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.[11] Lyons, J. (1981b). Language, Meaning and Context. London: Fontana.B. Periodical Articlesa. One author:[1] Abercrombie, D. (1968). Paralanguage. British Journal of Disorders of Communication, 3,55-59.b. Two authors:[2] Lipinsky, E. & Bender, R. (1980). Critical Voices on the Economy. Survey, 25, 38-42.c. More than two authors:[3] Guiora, A. Z., Paluszny, M., Beit-Hallahmi, B., Catford, J. C., Cooley, R. E. & Dull, C. Y.(1975). Language and Person: Studies in Language Behaviour. Language Learning, 25, 43-61.d. Magazine article:[4] Gardner, H. (1981, December). Do Babies Sing a Universal Song. Psychology Today, 70-76.e. Newspaper article:[5] James, R. (1991, December 15). Obesity Affects Economic Social Status. The Guardian, p. 18.C. Selections from edited collectionsa. One author:[1] Chomsky, N. (1973). Linguistic Theory. In Oller, J.W. & Richards, J.C. (Eds.), Focus on theLearner (pp. 29-35). Rowley, Massachusetts: Newbury House.b. Two authors:[2] Stern, H. H. & Weinrib, A. (1978). Foreign Languages for Younger Children: Trends andAssessment. In Kinsella, V. (Ed.), Language Teaching and Linguistics: Surveys (pp. 152-172).Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Chinese References中文参考资料需要标注类型: [J]代表期刊, [M]代表专著，[A]代表论文集中的论文, [C]代表论文集, [Z]代表其他类型的文献。