医学考研英语历年真题

考研英语真题：阅读理解试题及名师解析（14）考研英语真题：阅读理解试题及名师解析(14)The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering。

Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect", a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect。

Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient。

Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. "It's like surgery, "he says. "We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you're a physician, you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."On another level, many in the medical communityacknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modem medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying。

考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案：医学类(26套)Valeta Young， 81， a retiree from Lodi， Calif.， suffers from congestive heart failure and requires almost constant monitoring. But she doesn't have to drive anywhere to get it. Twice a day she steps onto a special electronic scale， answers a few yes or no questions via push buttons on a small attached monitor and presses a button that sends the information to a nurse's station in San Antonio， Texas. “It's almost a direct link to my doctor，” says Young， who describes herself as computer illiterate but says she has no problems using the equipment.Young is not the only patient who is dealing with her doctor from a distance. Remote monitoring is a rapidly growing field in medical technology， with more than 25 firms competing to measure remotely——and transmit by phone， Internet or through the airwaves——everything from patients' heart rates to how often they cough.Prompted both by the rise in health-care costs and the increasing computerization of health-care equipment， doctors are using remote monitoring to track a widening variety of chronic diseases. In March， St. Francis University in Pittsburgh， Pa.， partnered with a company called BodyMedia on a study in which rural diabetes patients use wireless glucose meters and armband sensors to monitor their disease. And last fall， Yahoo began offering subscribers the ability to chart their asthma conditions online， using a PDA-size respiratory monitor that measures lung functions in real time and e-mails the data directly to doctors.Such home monitoring， says Dr. George Dailey， a physician at the Scripps Clinic in San Diego，“could someday replace less productive ways that patients track changes in their heart rate， blood sugar， lipid levels， kidney functions and even vision.”Dr. Timothy Moore， executive vice president of Alere Medical， which produces the smart scales that Young and more than 10，000 other patients are using， says that almost any vital sign could， in theory， be monitored from home. But， he warns，that might not always make good medical sense. He advises against performing electrocardiograms remotely， for example， and although he acknowledges that remote monitoring of blood-sugar levels and diabetic ulcers on the skin may have real value，he points out that there are no truly independent studies that establish the value of home testing for diabetes or asthma.Such studies are needed because the technology is still in its infancy and medical experts are divided about its value. But on one thing they all agree： you should never rely on any remote testing system without clearing it with your doctor.注(1)：本文选自Time;8/9/2004， p101-101， 1/2p， 2c;注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2004年真题text 1;1. How does Young monitor her health conditions?[A] By stepping on an electronic scale.[B] By answering a few yes or no questions.[C] By using remote monitoring service.[D] By establishing a direct link to her doctor.2. Which of the following is not used in remote monitoring?[A] car[B] telephone[C] Internet[D] the airwaves3. The word “prompted” (Line 1， Paragraph 3) most probably means ________.[A] made[B] reminded[C] aroused[D] driven4. Why is Dr. Timothy Moore against performing electrocardiograms remotely?[A] Because it is a less productive way of monitoring.[B] Because it doesn‘t make good medical sense.[C] Because it‘s value has not been proved by scientific study[D] Because it is not allowed by doctors5. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Computer illiterate is advised not to use remote monitoring.[B] The development of remote monitoring market is rather sluggish.[C] Remote monitoring is mainly used to track chronic diseases.[D] Medical experts agree on the value of remote monitoring.答案：CADBCDr. Wise Young has never met the hundreds of thousands of people he has helped in the past 10 years， and most of them have never heard of Wise Young. If they did meet him， however， they'd want to shake his hand——and the remarkable thing about that would be the simple fact that so many of them could. All the people Young has helped were victims of spinal injuries， and they owe much of the mobility they have today to his landmark work.Young， 51， head of the W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience at Rutgers University in New Brunswick， N.J.， was born on New Year's Day at the precise midpoint of the 20th century. Back then， the thinking about spinal-cord injury was straightforward： When a cord is damaged， it's damaged. There's nothing that can be done after an injury to restore the function that was so suddenly lost. As a medical student at Stanford University and a neurosurgeon at New York University Medical Center， Young never had much reason to question that received wisdom， but in 1980 he began to have his doubts. Spinal cords， he knew， experience progressive damage after they're injured， including swelling and inflammation， which may worsen the condition of the already damaged tissue. If that secondary insult could be relieved with drugs， might some function be preserved?Young spent a decade looking into the question， and in 1990 he co-led a landmark study showing that when high doses of a steroid known as methylprednisolone are administered within eight hours of an injury， about 20% of function can be saved. Twenty percent is hardly everything， but it can often be the difference between breathing unassisted or relying on a respirator， walking or spending one's life in a wheelchair. “This discovery led to a revolution in neuroprotective therapy，”Young says.A global revolution， actually. More than 50，000 people around the world suffer spinal injuries each year， and these days， methylprednisolone is the standard treatment in the U.S. and many other countries. But Young is still not satisfied. The drug is an elixir for people who are newly injured， but the relief it offers is only partial， and many spinal-injury victims were hurt before it became available. Young's dream is to help those people too——to restore function already lost——and to that end he is studying drugs and growth factors that could improve conduction in damaged nerves or even prod the development of new ones. To ensure that all the neural researchers around the world pull together， he has created the International Neurotrauma Society， founded the Journal of Neural Trauma and established a website () that receives thousands of hits each day.“The cure for spinal injury is going to be a combination of therapies，” Young says. “It's the most collaborative field I know.” Perhaps. But increasingly it seems that if the collaborators had a field general， his name would be Wise Young.注(1)：本文选自Time;8/20/2001， p54;注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2004年真题text 3;1. By “the remarkable thing about that would be the simple fact that so many of them could”(Line three， Paragraph 1)， the author means_______________.[A] The remarkable thing is actually the simple fact.[B] Many people could do the remarkable things.[C] When meeting him， many people could do the simple but remarkable thing.[D] The remarkable thing lies in the simple fact that so many people could shake hands with him.2. How did people think of the spinal-cord injury at the middle of 20th century?[A] pessimistic[B] optimistic[C] confused[D] carefree3. By saying “Twenty percent is hardly everything”(Line 3， Paragraph 3)，the author is talking about_____________.[A] the drug[B] the function of the injured body[C] the function of the drug[D] the injury4. Why was Young unsatisfied with his achievement?[A] The drug cannot help the people who had spinal injury in the past.[B] His treatment is standard.[C] The drug only offers help to a small number of people.[D] The drug only treats some parts of the injury.5. To which of the following statements is the author likely to agree?[A] Wise Young does not meet many people.[B] When Young was young， he did not have much reason to ask questions.[C] If there needs a head of the spinal-injured field， Young might be the right person.[D] Young‘s dream is only to help the persons who were injured at early times.答案：D A B A CScientists have known for more than two decades that cancer is a disease of the genes. Something scrambles the Dna inside a nucleus， and suddenly， instead of dividing in a measured fashion， a cell begins to copy itself furiously. Unlike an ordinary cell， it never stops. But describing the process isn't the same as figuring it out. Cancer cells are so radically different from normal ones that it's almost impossible to untangle the sequence of events that made them that way. So for years researchers have been attacking the problem by taking normal cells and trying to determine what changes will turn them cancerous——always without success.Until now. According to a report in the current issue of Nature， a team of scientists based at M.I.T.'s Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research has finally managed to make human cells malignant——a feat they accomplished with two different cell types by inserting just three altered genes into their DNA. While these manipulations were done only in lab dishes and won't lead to any immediate treatment，they appear to be a crucial step in understanding the disease. This is a “landmark paper，” wrote Jonathan Weitzman and Moshe Yaniv of the Pasteur Institute in Paris，in an accompanying commentary.The dramatic new result traces back to a breakthrough in 1983， when the Whitehead's Robert Weinberg and colleagues showed that mouse cells would become cancerous when spiked with two altered genes. But when they tried such alterations on human cells， they didn't work. Since then， scientists have learned that mouse cells differ from human cells in an important respect： they have higher levels of an enzyme called telomerase. That enzyme keeps caplike structures called telomeres on the ends of chromosomes from getting shorter with each round of cell division. Such shortening is part of a cell's aging process， and since cancer cells keep dividing forever， the Whitehead group reasoned that making human cells more mouselike might also make them cancerous.The strategy worked. The scientists took connective-tissue and kidney cells and introduced three mutated genes——one that makes cells divide rapidly; another thatdisables two substances meant to rein in excessive division; and a third that promotes the production of telomerase， which made the cells essentially immortal. They'd created a tumor in a test tube. “Some people believed that telomerase wasn't that important，” says the Whitehead's William Hahn， the study's lead author. “This allows us to say with some certainty that it is.”Understanding cancer cells in the lab isn't the same as understanding how it behaves in a living body， of course. But by teasing out the key differences between normal and malignant cells， doctors may someday be able to design tests to pick up cancer in its earliest stages. The finding could also lead to drugs tailored to attack specific types of cancer， thereby lessening our dependence ontissue-destroying chemotherapy and radiation. Beyond that， the Whitehead research suggests that this stubbornly complex disease may have a simple origin， and the identification of that origin may turn out to be the most important step of all.注(1)：本文选自Time; 08/09/99， p60， 3/5p， 2c注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2002年真题text 41. From the first paragraph， we learn that ________________.[A] scientists had understood what happened to normal cells that made them behave strangely[B] when a cell begins to copy itself without stopping， it becomes cancerous[C] normal cells do no copy themselves[D] the DNA inside a nucleus divides regularly2. Which of the following statements is true according to the text?[A] The scientists traced the source of cancers by figuring out their DNA order.[B] A treatment to cancers will be available within a year or two.[C] The finding paves way for tackling cancer.[D] The scientists successfully turned cancerous cells into healthy cells.3. According to the author， one of the problems in previous cancer research is ________.[A] enzyme kept telomeres from getting shorter[B] scientists didn‘t know there existed different levels of telomerase between mouse cells and human cells[C] scientists failed to understand the connection between a cell‘s aging process and cell division.[D] human cells are mouselike4. Which of the following best defines the word “tailored” (Line 4， Paragraph5)?[A] made specifically[B] used mainly[C] targeted[D] aimed5. The Whitehead research will probably result in ___________.[A] a thorough understanding of the disease[B] beating out cancers[C] solving the cancer mystery[D] drugs that leave patients less painful答案：B C B A DWhen Ellen M. Roche， 24， volunteered for the asthma experiment， she didn't expect to benefit from it——except for the $365 she'd be paid. Unlike clinical trials，in which most patients hope that an experimental therapy will help them， this study was designed just to answer a basic question： how does the way a normal lung reacts to irritants shed light on how an asthmatic lung responds? To find out， scientists led by Dr. Alkis Togias of Johns Hopkins University had Roche and other healthy volunteers inhale a drug called hexamethonium. Almost immediately Roche began to cough and feel short of breath. Within weeks her lungs failed and her kidneys shut down. On June 2 Roche died——a death made more tragic by the possibility that it was preventable. Last week the federal Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) ruled that Hopkins's system for protecting human subjects is so flawed that virtually all its U.S.-supported research had to stop.The worst part is that Hopkins， one of the nation's premier medical institutions， is not alone. Two years ago the inspector general of the Department of Health and Human Services warned that the system safeguarding human subjects is in danger of a meltdown. The boards that review proposed studies are overburdened，understaffed and shot through with conflicts of interest. Oversight is so porous that no one knows how many people volunteer to be human guinea pigs (21 million a year is an educated guess)， how many are hurt or how many die. “Thousands of deaths are never reported， and adverse events in the tens of thousands are not reported，”says Adil Shamoo， a member of the National Human Research Protections Advisory Committee and professor at the University of Maryland. Greg Koski， head of OHRP，has called the clinical-trials system “dysfunctional.”The OHRP findings on Hopkins are nothing short of devastating. After a three-day inspection last week， OHRP concluded that the Hopkins scientists failed to get information on the link between hexamethonium and lung toxicity， even though data were available via “routine” Internet searches and in textbooks. The drug is not approved for use in humans; the hexa-methonium Togias used was labeled [F]OR LABORATORY USE ONLY. The review board， OHRP charges， never asked for data on the safety of inhaled hexamethonium in people. The consent form that Roche signed states nowhere that hexamethonium is not approved by the FDA (the form describes it as a “medication”) and didn't warn about possible lung toxicity.Hopkins itself concluded that the review board did not do all it could to protect the volunteers， and suspended all 10 of Togias's studies. Still， the university ——whose $301 million in federal grants for 2，000 human studies made it the largest recipient of government research money last year——is seething. “Hopkins has hadover 100 years of doing clinical trials，” says Dr. Edward Miller， CEO of Johns Hopkins Medicine. “We have had one death in all of those years. We would have done anything in the world to prevent that death， but [suspending the studies] seems out of proportion.” Hopkins calls the shutdown of its experiments “unwarranted，unnecessary， paralyzing and precipitous.” OHRP is letting trials continue “where it is in the best interests” of subjects. The rest of the studies can resume once Hopkins submits a plan to restructure its system for protecting research subjects. How quickly that happens， says a government spokesman， depends on Hopkins.注(1)：本文选自Newsweek; 7/30/2001， p36;注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2005年真题Text 1;1. In the opening paragraph， the author introduces his topic by[A]explaining a phenomenon[B]justifying an assumption[C]stating an incident[D]making a comparison2. The statement “The OHRP findings on Hopkins are nothing short of devastating.”(Line1， Paragraph 3) implies that[A]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too impressive.[B]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too shocking.[C]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too convincing.[D]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too striking.3. The main reasons for Roche‘s death are as following， except that _______.[A]the protecting system hasn‘t been set up[B]the review board has neglected their duty[C]the research team was not responsible enough for its volunteers[D]the possibility of lung toxicity was overlooked4. The OHRP has found that[A]Hopkins has loose control over the experiment.[B]the volunteers knew nothing about the experiment.[C]there is something wrong with every aspect of the experiment.[D]there exist many hidden troubles in human subjects safeguarding system.5. What can we infer from the last paragraph?[A]Hopkins had no fault in this accident.[B]Hopkins seemed not to quite agree with The OHRP[C]Togias's studies shouldn‘t be suspended.[D]Hopkins wanted to begin their experiments as soon as possible.答案：CBACBYou hop into your car， but， wait， where are the keys? You meet someone new， but her name is gone before the handshake's over. Those are failures of your short-term，or “working，” memory——the place you file information for immediate， everyday retrieval. It isn't perfect. But researchers are increasingly convinced that the hormone estrogen could play a key role in maintaining and perhaps even improving memory. Last week a team of Yale scientists provided dramatic new evidence that bolsters the theory. Using MRIs——detailed snapshots of the brain——researchers found that women taking estrogen show significantly more activity in brain areas associated with memory than women on a placebo. “This is very exciting，” says Yale's Dr. Sally Shaywitz. “It means that the brain circuitry for memory had altered.”After menopause， when estrogen levels plummet， some women become forgetful. Past research has demonstrated that those who take estrogen do better on memory tests than their nonmedicated peers do. The hormone may even reduce the risk of Alzheimer's. The new study， published in last week's Journal of the American Medical Association，is the first to visually compare the neurocircuitry of memory both on and off estrogen. The drug made a big difference to participant Bernadette Settelmeyer：“All of a sudden I was remembering things.”The women (whose average age was 51) lay down in a brain-imaging machine where they were shown two types of information： nonsense words (“BAZ” or “DOB”) to test verbal memory and geometric patterns to assess visual memory. After a 20-second “storage” period， participants saw a mix of old and new and were asked if anything looked familiar. During each stage of the test——as the women encoded， stored and retrieved data——researchers took pictures of their brains. The 46 women underwent the test twice——once while taking a standard daily dose of estrogen and again while taking a placebo. Beyond the power of estrogen， the difference in MRIs suggests that the adult brain maintains “plasticity”——the ability to rewire itself——even as it ages.There is still plenty of research to be done. Scientists can't yet be sure estrogen is directly responsible for better memory performance. Despite the difference in brain activity on and off estrogen， participants' scores did not change. Researchers say that is probably because the tasks were so simple (the women got more than 90 percent correct overall)。

考研英语历年真题例句详解含译文翻译Surge1.surgeon ['sə:dʒən]n. 外科医生【同义词】sawbones chirurgeon【真题例句】Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O’Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s.（2003阅读4）参考译文：最高法院法官桑德拉·欧康奈70有余，前卫生局医务主任C. Everett Koop 80多岁还出任了一家互联网创业公司的CEO。

2.surgery ['sə:dʒəri]n. 外科，外科学；手术室，诊疗室【同义词】theater surgical department【真题例句】A robot that can fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.（2002阅读2选项）参考译文：机器人可以完成很多细致的任务，如做脑部手术。

3.suicide ['sjuisaid]n. 自杀；自杀行为；自杀者a. 自杀的vt. 自杀vi. 自杀【同义词】dutch act self-destruction【真题例句】There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide.（2000阅读2）参考译文：另一种进行进化性自杀的方法。

Sure1.assure [ə'ʃuə]vt. 使确信，使放心；（of）向…保证/担保【同义词】ensure［真题例句]When assured that they do, she replied, “Then I would have to say yes.”（2003考研英语阅读Text 2）参考译文：当被告知的确如此，她回答道：“那么我不得不说，是的，我反对接种。

2010 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题答案与解析Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文是取材于新闻报道，叙述了猪流感的爆发，产生的严重影响以及政府采取的针对性措施。

首段和第二段简述了猪流感的爆发引起世界各国的重视。

第三段引用专家的观点，认为瘟疫并不严重。

第四段和第五段以墨西哥及美国的情况为例，说明了猪流感的严重性和致命性。

第六段叙述了联邦政府针对猪流感的具体措施。

二、试题解析1.【答案】 D【解析】上文提到“，was declared a global epidemic,”，根据declare 的逻辑（“宣布为”），可知应该选 D 项designated“命名，制定”，而不是 C 项commented“评论”，这是典型的近义词复现题目。

2．【答案】 C【解析】本题目可依据“句意”找到意思线索，选出答案，难度在于出处句是个长难句。

本句的理解应该抓住alert、meeting 和 a sharp rise 三者的关系，根据after a sharp rise 可知是rise（“病例数的增加”）是meeting（“日内瓦专家会议”）的原因，由此可推导出alert 并非是meeting 的原因，而是结果，即meeting 使得alert 升级。

根据上述分析可以排除B、D 选项，B 项activated“激活，激起”，D 项“促使，引起”，此两项的选择都在讲alert 导致了meeting的召开。

而 C 项followed 意思是“紧随，跟在,,之后”，体现出after 的逻辑，完全满足本句rise 之后是meeting，meeting 之后是alert 的逻辑，所以是正确项。

而 A 项proceeded“继续”，属不及物动词，不可接宾语，用法和逻辑用在此处都不合适。

3．【答案】 B【解析】本题目应该关注并列连词and，从并列呼应来看：空格后的表达in Britain,对应前面的in Australia，所以空格处rising _____ 应该对应 a sharp rise in cases（“病例数的剧增”），因此空格处是“数量”的逻辑才对。

EXam in ati On PaPer (For medical StUde nts)学号________ 姓名__________ 分数____________I. Choose the COrreCt meaning for each PrefiX or suffix. 8%1. masto - A. breast. B. womb. C. men ses. D. orary2. extra - A. in side. B. outside. C. across. D. backward3. spleno - A. cell . B. bone marrow. C. thymus. D.spleen4. -ectomy A. CUtt ing. B. stomy. C. CUtt ing out. D. outlet—forming5. dermo - A. skin. B. below. C. Under. D. CUti6. proteo - A. sweet. B. bile. C. protein. D. fat7. chromo - A. time. B. color. C. for. D. disease8. necro - A. life. B. colour. C. time. D. dead.II. Filli ng in the bla nks With PrOPer words. 8%9. We will USe the term ________ to refer to the data that Can be gathered about anin dividual Patie nt, n amely, symptoms, Sig ns, and laboratory abno rmalities.10. __________________ are those diseases CharaCteriZed by StrUCtUraI Changes Within the body as the most basic abno rmality.11. The SUrge On should n ever leave the OPerati ng room area Un til thereport i s dictated, Unl ess his or her _________ is required for an emerge ncy elsewhere.12. The function Of the ________________ is to PrOteCt US fromorganiSmS thatCaUSe disease, and from other materials that would be harmful to the body.13. AIDS, abbreviation o __________________________________________ , is a viral disease that impairs the immune SyStem of the huma n body, leavi ng it Prey to a great Variety of infections that would be readily SUPPreSSed by a functioning immune system.14. APPrOXimateIy 10% of the Patie nts ______ b reast CanCer PreSe nt With a history of trauma.15. ObeSity in ChiIdren and adolescents may be associated With sociopsychologic16. Most people who have recently been infected by HlV look and feel PerfeCtIII.17. Choose the best an SWer to each of the follow ing questi ons. 8% Gen etic and developme ntal diseases .a.b. cover a Wide range of abno rmalitiesare in flue need by environment so as to appear early in lifeC.d.18. are defi ned as injuries, in flammati on, Or even n eoplasms are CaUSed by biochemical Cha nges PreSe nt at birth StrUCtUraI Cha nges With in the body .a.b. are the most basic abno rmalityare usually at the microscopic or electr On microscopic levelC. may be either biochemical or morphologicd.19. are difficult to CIaSSifyWhiCh of the followi ng Stateme nts are not true?a.b. StrUCtUraI diseases SOmetimeS fall into more tha n One category. StrUCtUraI diseases are not always to classify.C.d.20. StrUCtUraI diseases usually fall into more of the three broad categories. StrUCtUraI diseases are called lesi OnS that may be biochemical or morphologic. The author SUggeStS that all of the following means be USed to help ChiIdren Withelevated blood cholesterol levels excepta.b. formal nu triti On CoUn seli ngregular follow-up, in clud ing measureme nt of blood levels.C.d.21. dietary in terve ntio ns as first therapyIiPid-loWeri ng medicati OnSThe Onething that the author does not recomme nd is that .a.b. young people should be SCree ned to detect elevated blood cholesterol levels a low-fat, bala need diet should become the normC.d.22. efforts to lower fat i n food should be en COUraged dietary educati On should be promotedWhiCh of the followi ng is true of the StUde nts in the Control of the DISC?a.b. They ShOWed the Same reduct ions in blood lipid levels. They made Cha nges toward healthier behaviors.C.d.23. They Were aware of the high risks of the study.They made in formatio n in this trial available to PhySiCia ns. How does HIV damages the immune system?a.b. By in tegrati ng With and tak ing over RNA of cells. By in filtrat ing and blood stream.C.d.24. By infecting and damag ing helper T cells.By in CreaS ing the CrUCiaI activities of the killer T cells.The author believed that the best Way to CheCk the SPread of the AIDS is .a.b.to Con duct global educati On about the disease to treat the known CaSeS With AZTC.d. to limit the PrOCeSS of the diseaseto USe Condoms and other “ Safe SeX ” PraCtiCeSIV. Readi ng COmPrehe nsion. 30%PaSSage AHlV is SPread Or tran Smitted from the PerS On to ano ther by bodily fluids SUCh as bloods, Seme n and Vag inal fluid. ThiS happe ned in two main ways:1. by SeXUaI in tercourse With an in fected PerS on.The VirUS Can be tran Smitted Whe n an in fected in dividual has SeXUaI in tercourse With ano ther PerS on. The lager the nu mber of SeXUaI Part ners and in dividual has, the more likely he or She is to have a Partner who has HIV in fectio n, thereby in CreaS ing the Cha nces of beco ming in fected.The VirUS is PaSSed On more easily by anal in tercourse tha n by Vagi nal in tercourse. The in fecti On Can be tran Smitted not only from man to man and man to woma n, but also from woma n to man.Although tran SmiSSi On is more likely to occur from males to females tha n from females to males, the risk of female to make tran SmiSSi On is Sig ni fica nt.2. by in fected blood and blood products.Although tranSmiSSiOn Of HlV has OCCUrred through tranSfUSiOnS of infected blood and blood PrOdUCtS in the past, don ati OnS to the Red Cross Blood Tran SfUSi On SerViCe are now rout in ely tested for HIV an tibodies. ThiS SCree ning and other measures in troduced by the Red Cross Blood Tran SfUSi On SerViCe make the Cha nces of anyone being in fected though this route very, Very slim.a. Tran SmiSSi On through blood from a PerS On in fected With VirUS OCCUrS Whe n in fectedn eedles and / or Syri nges are Shared by people USing illicit drugs.b. There is absolutely no risk of blood donors acquiri ng HIV infection by giv ing blood to the Red Cross Tran SfUSi On Service.3. from mother to baby duri ng Preg nan cy.The VirUS is Very likely to be PaSSed from an in fected mother to her child duri ng Preg nancy. There is also a POSSibiIity of the VirUS being tranSmitted through breast milk. Women who intend to become Preg nant should Con Sider hav ing an HIV an tibody test.We do know how the VirUS is NoT spread:It is NOT SPread through the air. You Cannot become in fected by breath ing the air breathed out by an in fected PerS On Or the air from an air Con diti oner.It is NOT SPread through people swallow ing in fected liquids. HIV has bee n found in saliva, but infection does NOT take place through USing cups, glasses, plates, other CrOCkery or CUtIery WhiCh has bee n USed by people With AIDS. There is no evide nce that HIV Can be acquired by in timate kissi ng.It is NOT SPread by mosquitoes. StUdieS in the USA have NOT linked the SPread of HIV With mosquitoes.25. HIV Cannot be spread.a. by Seme nc. by Vagi nal fluid26. The VirUS is PaSSed On more easily.a. by Vagi nal in tercoursec. by PerS OnalCon tact27. HIV Can be more easily tran Smitted.a. from male to femalesc. from an mother to her child28. Wome n who Intend to become Preg nant should Con Sider.b. by foodd. by breast milkb. by anal in tercoursed. by mosquitoesb. from females to malesd, from SaIiVaPaSSage BOnline doctors Offeri ng advice based On Sta ndardized SymPtomS are the most obvious example. InCreaSingly, however, remote diagnoSiS (telemedicine) will be based On real physiological data from the actual Patient. A group from the UniVerSity of Kentucky has shown that by USing an off-the shelf PDA (PerSOnal data assistance) SUCh as a Palm Pilot plus a mobile phone, it is PerfeCtIy feasible to tranSmit a Patient ' S vital Signs eveVi th eihsldpioiof equipmentin a first-aid kit, the Cry ask ing Whether there WaS a doctor in the house could well be a thing of thepast.Other medical tech no Iogy groups are worki ng On appl ying telemedici ne to rural care. And at least One team WantS to USe telemedic ine as a tool for disaster resp OnSe ——especially after earthquakes. Overall, the trend is towards PrOVidi ng global access to medical data and expertise.BUt there is One problem. Bandwidth is the limiting factor for tranSmitting complex medical images around the world ——CT SCans being One of the biggest bandwidth ConSUmers. CommUn icatio n satellites may be able to cope With the ShOrt-term n eeds duri ng disasters SUCh as earthquakes, WarS or famines. BUt medicine is looking towards both the SeCOnd-generatiOn Internetand third-ge nerati On mobile PhoneS for the future of distributed medical in tellige nce. 30. The basis of remote diag no SiS will be ___ . a. PerS Onal data assista nceb. Sta ndardized SymPtOmS of a Patie ntc. real physiological data from a Patie ntd. tran Smitted complex medical images31. The SentenCe “ the Cry ask ing Whether there WaS a doctor in the house could well be a thing of the PaSt ” means _______ .a. Patie nts USed to Cry and ask if there WaS a doctor in the houseb. now people PrObabIy would not ask if there is a doctor in the housec. Patie nts are now still ask ing if there is a doctor in the housed. little kids ofte n Cried and asked if there WaS doctor in the house 32. All the followi ng Stateme nts are true EXCEPT that __ . a. flood is not among the disasters men ti Oned in the PaSSage b. it is now feasible to tranSmit a Patient' S vital Signs over telephOnec. telemedici ne is being USed by many medical teams as a tool for disaster resp OnSed. the trend in appl ying telemedici ne is toward PrOVid ing global access to medical data 33. The word “ problem ” in the fourth ParagraPh refers to the fact that ______ . a. CT SCa ns are One of the biggest ban dwidth Con SUmerSa, havi ng an HIV an tibody test c. receivi ng a blood tran SfUSi On 29. HIV Can be spread. a. through USing cups, glasses, PIateSc. through the air b. havi ng blood testd. bread feedi ngb. ∙breathi ng the in fected aird. duri ng Preg nancyb. there are not eno Ugh mobile PhoneS for distribut ing medical in tellige ncec. com muni Cati On satellites Can On Iy cope With the ShOrt-term n eeds duri ng disastersd. ban dwidth is not adequate to tran Smit complex medical images around the world34. A PrOPer title for the PaSSage may be ___ .a. The On Ii ne Doctor Will Be Inb. Improveme nt in Com mun icatio nsc. HoW to Make RemOte Diag no sis.d. The AdVa ntage of TeIemediC inePaSSage CMediCaI researchers believe they may Soon be able to PreVent One of the world ' nsost feared diseases, leprosy（麻风病）.The SCientists StUdying leprosy have developed a VaCCine that appears to PreVe nt the disease in some ani mals. Later this year the doctors pla n to Carry out the tests of VaCCi ne On huma ns in the Un ited States, NOrWay and Britai n.About fiftee n milli On PerS OnS are ViCtimS of leprosy today. The disease PrOdUCeS Skin sores and high body temperatures. It also deade ns the nerve endings in the han ds, feet and no se. Do many leprosy ViCtimS Can not feel Whe n their hands or feet get bur ned, CUt or froze n.Doctors found that leprosy grows easily in armadillos （犰狳）.The armadillos are chosen for the StUdieS because its body temperature is SimiIar to the cooler Ski n area of huma ns Where leprosy SPreadS fastest, the fin gers, toes and no se. One gram of in fected armadillo liver Can PrOVide large amounts of leprosy bacteria. Doctors cook the bacteria Un til they are dead. The dead bacteria the n are made into the VaCCine. So far the VaCCine has SUCCeSSfully PreVented the development of leprosy in mice and armadillos.35. WhiCh of the followi ng area is n Ot in CIUded in the tests of the VaCC ine Carried out On huma ns?a. AmeriCab. NOrWayc. Brita ind. ASia36. ______ i s not the direct cli nical man ifestatio n Of leprosy.a. High body temperatureb. Skin soresc. Deade ning of n erve ending in the han ds, feet and nosed. I nfectio n37. SCien tists choose armadillos for their StUdieS because ___ ?a. they are easy to feedb. they Can be easily CaUghtc. their body temperature is SimiIar to that of the leprosy Patie nts.d. they exist everywhere in the world.38. The less likely to be attacked Part of huma n body by leprosy bacteria is ___ .a. heartb. toesc. nosed. fin gers39. Among the followi ng Stateme nts, WhiCh is not true?a. About 15,000,000 PerS OnS are ViCtimS of leprosy today.b. LeProSy ViCtimS feel Pain Whe n their hands get bur ned.c. SCien tists USe dead bacteria in the VaCC ine.d. LePrOSy is One of the world ' S most frightening diseases.V. Tran slatio ns. 26%A. from Chin ese into En glish40. 单词血胆固醇测定在生物学和检测方面的不稳定性，对儿童打上高危”标记（经常不适当）的危险性，以及折现筛选计划成果的有限性，都表明了全国胆固醇教育计划指导方针是合理的。

中医学考研英语试题及答案# 中医学考研英语试题及答案## 一、阅读理解（共4篇，每篇5题，每题2分，共40分）### 阅读理解A文章Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Holistic Approach to Health文章摘要：Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a comprehensive system of health care that has been practiced for over 2,000 years. It includes various practices such as herbal medicine, acupuncture, massage, and dietary therapy, all aimed at restoring the balance of Qi and preventing disease.问题1：What is the main focus of Traditional Chinese Medicine?A. Preventing diseases onlyB. Restoring the balance of QiC. Using only herbal medicineD. All of the above答案1：B问题2：How long has TCM been practiced?A. 100 yearsB. 500 yearsC. 2,000 yearsD. 5,000 years答案2：C问题3：Which of the following is NOT a practice of TCM?A. AcupunctureB. SurgeryC. MassageD. Dietary therapy答案3：B问题4：What is the ultimate goal of TCM practices?A. To cure diseasesB. To prolong lifeC. To restore health balanceD. To increase body strength答案4：C问题5：According to the passage, which of the following statementsis true?A. TCM only focuses on treating symptoms.B. TCM is a relatively new field of medicine.C. TCM has a long history and a holistic approach.D. TCM practices are limited to China.答案5：C### 阅读理解B文章标题：The Role of Acupuncture in Modern Medicine文章摘要：Acupuncture, a key component of TCM, has been increasingly recognized by modern medicine for its efficacy in treating various conditions, including chronic pain and stress-related disorders.问题1：What is the significance of acupuncture in TCM?A. It is a minor aspect of TCM.B. It is the only recognized practice in TCM.C. It is a key component with wide applications.D. It has been largely dismissed by modern medicine.答案1：C问题2：What conditions can acupuncture help treat?A. Only acute conditionsB. Chronic pain and stress-related disordersC. Only psychological disordersD. None of the above答案2：B问题3：How is acupuncture perceived by modern medicine?A. It is not recognized at all.B. It is recognized for its efficacy.C. It is considered a pseudoscience.D. It is only used as a last resort.答案3：B问题4：What is the main purpose of acupuncture?A. To cure all diseasesB. To restore the balance of QiC. To replace modern medicineD. To provide quick relief only答案4：B问题5：According to the passage, which of the following is a benefitof acupuncture?A. It has no side effects.B. It can cure any condition.C. It is a scientifically proven treatment.D. It is a cost-effective alternative.答案5：C### 阅读理解C & D（此处省略，以满足800字以下的要求）## 二、完形填空（共10题，每题1分，共10分）文章标题：The Integration of TCM and Western Medicine文章摘要：The integration of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western medicine has the potential to offer patients a more comprehensive approach to health care, combining the strengths of both systems.（此处省略具体完形填空题目及答案，以满足字数要求）## 三、翻译（英译汉，共5题，每题3分，共15分）1. The concept of Yin and Yang is fundamental to TCM.- 中医的基本理念是阴阳平衡。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-全国医学统考考试预测题精选专练VII（附带答案）第1套一.综合题(共25题)1.单选题14.问题1选项A.She is seriously ill.B.She has to look after her husband at home.C.She will persuade her husband to go to hospital.D.She will be taken good care of by her sister and daughter.【答案】C【解析】W: Oh, I couldn't possibly do that. I couldn’t tell my husband and anyway, who’d look after him?M: I can understand your concerns. If you knew that he would have come here today, what do you think he would say?W: He’d be so worried.He doesn’t like it when anyone is sick and he hates hospitals. M: Well, you might also think about what you would say to your sister and daughter?Q: What can be inferred about the woman?【解析】女士说：I couldn’t tell my husband and anyway（我不知道怎么开口告诉他），He’d be so worried. He doesn’t like it when anyone is sick and he hates hospitals（他平时就恨生病，也讨厌来医院），因此她一直焦虑如何说服丈夫来医院。

医学考研英语真题在此提供一篇医学考研英语真题的文章。

请注意这只是一个示例，不代表真正的医学考研英语真题内容。

Title: Advances in Cancer ImmunotherapyAbstract:Cancer immunotherapy, an emerging field in cancer research and treatment, has shown promising results in recent years. This article aims to explore the latest advancements in cancer immunotherapy and their potential impact on cancer patients.Introduction:Cancer immunotherapy, also known as immuno-oncology, utilizes the body's immune system to fight cancer cells. Unlike traditional cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, immunotherapy aims to enhance the immune response against cancer, leading to more targeted and effective treatment options. Over the years, significant progress has been made in this field, revolutionizing cancer treatment approaches.Checkpoint Inhibitors:One of the breakthroughs in cancer immunotherapy is the development of checkpoint inhibitors. These inhibitors target specific proteins on cancer cells or immune cells, preventing them from sending inhibitory signals that suppress the immune response. By blocking these inhibitory signals, checkpoint inhibitors unleash the immune system's ability to recognize and eliminate cancer cells. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, such aspembrolizumab and nivolumab, have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in treating various types of cancer, including melanoma, lung cancer, and bladder cancer.CAR-T Therapy:Another promising approach in cancer immunotherapy is chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy. This cutting-edge technique involves modifying a patient's own T cells to express a specific receptor, called a CAR, which enables them to recognize and attack cancer cells. CAR-T therapy has shown remarkable success in treating certain types of hematological malignancies, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. However, there are challenges associated with CAR-T therapy, including high costs, potential side effects, and limited application in solid tumors.Cancer Vaccines:The development of cancer vaccines is another area of active research. Cancer vaccines aim to stimulate the immune system to recognize and target cancer cells, similar to how traditional vaccines prevent infections. Different types of cancer vaccines are being investigated, including peptide vaccines, whole-cell vaccines, and dendritic cell vaccines. Although cancer vaccines are still in the early stages of development, they hold great potential for preventing cancer recurrence and improving patients' survival rates.Combination Therapies:To further enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy, researchers are exploring combination therapies. This approach involves combiningdifferent immunotherapies or combining immunotherapy with other treatment modalities, such as chemotherapy or targeted therapies. Combination therapies have shown promising results in clinical trials, demonstrating improved response rates and survival outcomes. Ongoing research is focused on identifying optimal combinations and sequencing strategies to maximize therapeutic benefits.Conclusion:Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized the approach to cancer treatment, offering new hope for patients. The advancements in checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T therapy, cancer vaccines, and combination therapies have significantly improved treatment outcomes and survival rates. However, challenges such as high costs and potential side effects need to be addressed to ensure wider accessibility and safer implementation of these therapies. Continued research and development in this field are crucial for further advancements and ultimately achieving better outcomes for cancer patients.。