雅思高分范文 社会消极类
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小作文题型:柱状图主题:大作文In many countries today people are living in a ‘throwaway society’, where things are used in a short time and then thrown away. What are its causes? What are its problems?主题:社会类题型:Problem/solutionOurs is a throw-away society strongly influenced by consumerism as we value convenience over environmental protection. Even though we are environmentally conscious to some extent, we do not appear to be serious enough in taking measures to reduce consumption, let alone repairing and re-using old things instead of buying new ones. Much is known about what is happening whereas little is being done toeffectively prevent the serious situation from becoming worse.The causes of the development of the "throw-away society" are clear, so are its effects on the environment. We throw away out of convenience because societal conventions have us constantly move on to the next new fad or technology. For example, we are dumping large quantities of thrash, such as plastic bags and diapers that can pollute the environment. Likewise, we are discarding televisions, cell phones, computers and other plastics in exchange of new ones that unsurprisingly will become our future garbage. It is as if a product were designed or intended on purpose to fail or become less desirable over time, only to be thrown away after a certain amount of use. So much so, we are filling the environment with more rubbish than we can possibly dispose of, and as a result pollution is the price we are paying for the popular culture of consumerism in the age of mass production.题目的关键词:many countriestoday,living in a ‘throw-away society’,things are used in a short time和thrown away,根据这些必要的关键词,回答题目的问题,是什么原因,造成什么问题就好了。
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.Write about the following topic:There is a general increase of anti-social behavior and a lack of respect to others. What do you think are the causes of this? What solutions can you suggest?Write at least 250 words.[There is an unfortunate phenomenon that an increasing number of people tend to behave like antisocialists with little respect to others. There are a multitude of reasons involved in this phenomenon that should be deeply analyzed in order to put forward effective solutions to reserve the trend. ]This undesirable fact is actually a result of mixed reasons. Chief among the causes of this trend is the poverty-stricken life as well as the unfulfilled ambition, which are due to the deficiency of resources themself and the unfairness of society. Consequently, tortured by the long-term impoverishment and frustration, these citizens are apt to transform the pessimistic motion into the accumulating complaints and dissatisfactions towards society.Another contributing factor lies in the apathy and numbness of our society, which has a detrimental effect on intercommunication. The situation is deteriorating with those civilians who pursuit[at]profits and money blindly, which might lead to the ignorance and disrespect to others. In most cases, the citizens in question are probably treated in this way for a period of time, let alone showing respect to other people.It is, therefore, imperative for measures to be taken to reserve this trend. On one hand, the citizens ought to strive to improve their own lives by mastering a specific skill. In addition, those who fail to fulfill the ambition are supposed to get a clear perspective of what they are hoping to do and how to achieve it instead of endless blaming. On the other hand, it is the responsibility of the authority to narrow the gap between the rich and the poor. Furthermore, the government is obligated to give financial support to the construction of spiritual life of common people.To conclude, there is certain inevitability in this problem owing to civilians’terrible living condition and the defects of society, however, it is hoped that the joint efforts from the citizens and the government can be of positive effects.评分:满分9.0分总分:7.0分评分项评分描述TR(TASK RESPONSE) clearly presents and highlights key features / bullet points but could be more fullextendedC&C(COHERENCE AND COHESION) uses a range of cohesive devices appropriately although there may be some under-/over-uLR(LEXICAL RESOURCE) uses less common lexical items with some awareness of style and collocationG&A(GRAMMAR RANGE ANDACCURACY)uses a variety of complex structures;may make a few errors OVERALL good细节错误统计:错误类型句子成分多余其他评语:文章总的来说十分不错,对于高级词汇和复杂句式的把握也是恰如其分的,但是在个别细节处还是要注意避免句式重复的问题。
广告消极社会影响英文作文Advertising, a ubiquitous force in modern society, has become an integral part of our daily lives. It shapes our consumer behavior, influences our purchasing decisions, and often defines our cultural values. However, despite its widespread influence, advertising often has negative social impacts that cannot be ignored. In this essay, I will explore the negative social impacts of advertising and argue that its excessive commercialization, manipulation of consumer psychology, and promotion of unhealthy lifestyles are harmful to individuals and society at large.Firstly, the excessive commercialization of advertising has led to a culture of materialism and consumerism. Advertising constantly bombards us with messages that encourage us to purchase more products and services, often based on false promises of happiness and fulfillment. This constant barrage of messages creates a culture where material possessions are valued above all else, leading to a society that is focused on short-term gratification and material wealth rather than long-term sustainability and spiritual fulfillment.Secondly, advertising often manipulates consumer psychology in unethical ways. Through the use of psychological tricks and manipulation techniques,advertisers诱使消费者购买他们的产品,即使这些产品可能并不符合消费者的实际需求或利益。
题目是Differences between countries become less evident each year. Nowadays, all over the world people share the same fashions, advertising, brands, eating habits and TV chan-nels. Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages of this?不同国家的社会文化的全球同化现象的利弊。
有何应对措施?范文It is undoubtedly the case that the world today has become a global village. One of the effects of this is that increasingly people in all corners of the world are exposed to similar services and prod-ucts and adopt similar habits. My view is that this is largely a beneficial process and in this essay I will explain why.The first point to make is that there are some downsides to this process of cultural globalisation, but these are relatively minor. The most significant of these disadvantages is that it can weaken national culture and traditions. For example, if people watch films and television programmes pro-duced in the United States, sometimes they adopt aspects of the lifestyle of the American charac-ters they see on television. Typically, however, this only affects minor details such as clothing and does not seriously threaten national identity.When we turn to the other side of the argument, there are two major points to make in favour of this process. The first of these is that the more we share habits, products and services, the better we understand each other and this reduces prejudice against other nations. The other point relates to modernity. It is a sign of progress in a society that people no longer are restricted to brands and advertisements from their own society but are able to access more international goods. If, for ex-ample, there were unable to drink Coca Cola or wear Nike, then that would mean their society was not part of the international community.In conclusion, I understand the point of view of people who worry about cultural globalisation be-cause it is a threat to national traditions. However, this is outweighed by its positive impact on in-ternational understanding and the fact that it represents progress within a society.题目是Unemployment is one of the most serious problems facing developed nations today. What are the advantages and/or disadvantages of reducing the working week to thirty five hours?失业是发达国家的一大难题。
雅思高分作文:用社交网络进行联系的利弊雅思大作文题目:You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.Write about the following topic:Many people use social media every day to get in touch with other people and news events.Do you think the advantages of this outweigh the disadvantages?Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.Write at least 250 words.【话题分类】社会生活【题目解析】题目大意:有很多人每天使用社交网络来联系他人,以及获取新闻。
你认为这其中的优势是否多于劣势?【备注】本题相对简单,更多的同学会倾向于在写作时选择更容易展开的’优势大于劣势’来进行论述,本次将提供‘劣势大于优势’的论述,给同学们更多的参考。
【难点及要点】社交网络的涉及面较广,但题目聚焦在交流和新闻获取两方面,因此同学们也需要注意不过度展开。
【写作思路】开头段:引出社交网络使用的广泛,并表明个人观点。
主体第一段:认可社交网络使用带来的便利;主体第二段:转折到社交网络用于获取新闻的弊端,从新闻的真实性和人们的不良的看新闻习惯着手;主体第三段:进一步指出社交网络用于交流的弊端,从降低交流质量入手;结尾段:重申个人的观点【参考范文】Beyond daily communication, social media has also been used as a platform of spreading news events. Owing to this development, many people now have instant access to current issues. Despite the convenience and efficiency, I personally believe there are more disadvantages in such excessive use of social media.It is true that the current technology and social media make news available to the public sooner than any conventional media like newspapers. This not only enables a faster coverage of news, but reduces the use of printed materials to some extent. What also needs to be acknowledged is the significance of social media in promoting interpersonal communication and information exchange. In extreme cases, like during Corona virus prevention and control, social media has proved its liability as an alternative for offline activities, such as family gatherings and school orientations.However, many people are so tied up with social network that they tend to overlook the long-term side effects. The major problem with using social media in newsreporting is that there tends to be a lack of fact verification before the sharing process happens. People are easily overwhelmed by the political arguments, posted selfies, shared links, and brand videos that enter the average news feed every day. When reading current events on social media, many people are found just scrolling past headlines and not wanting to read them, either because of information overload or the suspicion of fake news.The notion that social media improves communication also tends to be simplistic and idealized. Very often, the quality of an online conversation is unfavorable because one cannot sense the emotion from the other person. Reliance on social media could hurt a person’s ability to have a face-to-face conversation, since it is unusual to convey a thoughtful message through spoken word or instant texting. Thus, the dependence on social network has in fact reduced communication quality.To conclude, my view is that the benefits of using social media as a mean of daily contact and news events are tiny, compared with the negative repercussions in the long run. The excessive use has caused an unhealthy environment in society.(356 words)。
雅思写作之社交媒体弊端分析角度总结
1.沉迷问题:有些人可能会过度使用社交媒体,从而影响学习和工作,甚至可能对他们的生活产生负面影响。
这可能导致注意力分散,降低工作效率,以及可能导致个人的社交和人际关系受到损害。
2.隐私问题:社交媒体使个人信息的传播变得更加容易,但这也带来了隐私问题的担忧。
人们可能会在社交媒体上分享过多的个人信息,这可能会被不法分子利用,从而导致个人隐私泄露和其他安全问题。
3.虚假信息:社交媒体上的信息可能存在虚假、误导或不准确的情况。
这可能会误导用户,使他们做出错误的决策或对某些事情有错误的看法。
4.网络欺凌:在社交媒体上,一些人可能会使用恶意言论、图片或视频来伤害他人。
这种情况可能会导致受害者感到沮丧、无助和绝望,甚至可能导致一些严重的心理问题。
5.时间浪费:过度使用社交媒体可能会导致时间浪费,从而影响个人的学习和工作。
人们可能会花费大量时间在社交媒体上浏览、点赞、评论等,而忽视了其他更重要的任务。
总之,虽然社交媒体在连接人们、分享信息和促进交流方面具有许多优点,但我们也应该认识到它可能带来的弊端。
我们需要谨慎使用社交媒体,避免过度沉迷,并注意保护个人隐私和信息安全。
同时,政府和社交媒体公司也应该采取措施来减少社交媒体的负面影响,例如加强对虚假信息的监管和限制过度使用社交媒体等。
雅思16写作范文一、雅思16 Task 2(假设话题是关于现代科技对人际关系的影响)题目:一些人认为现代科技,如社交媒体和智能手机,对人际关系有负面影响。
你在多大程度上同意或不同意这个观点?范文:Well, in my humble opinion, the idea that modern technology like social media and smartphones have a negative impact on human relationships is both right and wrong, it's a bit of a mixed bag really.On one hand, I can see why some people think it's bad. Take social media for example. People are often so glued to their screens, scrolling through Facebook or Instagram, that they seem to forget the real people around them. I've been to family gatherings where instead of chatting and having a good time together, everyone is just buried in their smartphones, liking pictures and posting comments. It's like we're all in the same room physically, but miles apart in terms of actual connection. And don't even get me started on how people can be really mean on social media sometimes. Cyberbullying is a real thing, and it can seriously damage someone's self esteem and their relationships with others.Another thing is that when we communicate through smartphones, we might lose some of the nuances of face to face interaction. You know, things like body language and tone of voice. A simple text message can be misinterpreted so easily. I remember once I sent a text to my friend that was meant to be a joke, but she took it the wrong way and we had a bit of an argument over it. If we were talking in person, that probably wouldn't have happened.However, on the flip side, modern technology also has its perks when it comes to relationships. Long distance relationships, for instance, would be a real pain without smartphones and video call apps like Skype or Facetime.I have a friend who's studying abroad, and thanks to these technologies, she can still stay in touch with her family and friends back home as if they were just next door. It allows her to see their faces, share her experiences, and maintain those important bonds.Also, social media can be a great way to meet new people and expand our social circles. There are all kinds of groups and communities on platforms like Facebook where people with similar interests can come together. I'm part of a book reading group on Facebook, and I've made some really good friends through it. We started by just chatting about books, but now we also meet up in person from time to time.So all in all, I don't fully agree that modern technology has a solely negative impact on relationships. It's more like a double edged sword. If we use it sensibly, it can enhance our relationships rather than harm them. But if we let it take over our lives and forget about the real world interactions, then yeah, it can be a bit of a relationship wrecker.二、雅思16 Task 1(假设是一个柱状图描述不同年龄段人群使用公共交通工具的频率)范文:Well, let's take a look at this bar graph. It's like a little window into how different age groups get around town.Starting with the 18 25 year olds, they seem to be quite the public transport users. The bar for them is pretty high, which means they use public transport a fair bit. I guess this could be because a lot of themare students or just starting out in their careers and might not have the money for a car yet, or they're more environmentally conscious and like to take the bus or the train.Then we've got the 26 35 year olds. Their bar is a bit shorter than the younger group. Maybe at this age, some of them have started to earn a bit more money and are thinking about getting their own cars or they have more flexible work arrangements that don't require them to rely so much onpublic transport.The 36 45 year olds' bar is even lower. I can't help but think that at this stage in life, they might be more likely to carpool with colleagues if they're going to work, or they have family commitments that make using a private vehicle more convenient.Now, the 46 55 year olds. Their usage of public transport is really low. It's like they've almost given up on it completely. I suppose they might have achieved a certain level of financial stability and prefer the comfort and convenience of their own cars.Finally, the 55 plus age group. Their bar is also quite short. Some of them might be retired and not have as many regular trips to make, or they might be more reliant on family members for transport rather than using public transport.Overall, it's clear from this bar graph that there are some big differences in how often different age groups use public transport. Younger people seem to be the most frequent users, while the older age groups tendto use it less and less as they get older.。
雅思写作真题7分范文及解析:越来越多的人使用名牌产品报告类大作文社会话题More and more people want to buy famous brands of clothes,cars and other items. What are the reasons?Do you think it is a positive or negative development?(题目来源:2018年6月23日大陆雅思大作文)题目大意越来越多的人使用名牌产品,什么原因导致了该现象,产生了怎样的影响。
写作思路可以先结合生活实际,广泛的思考一下自己或者全球范围内人们购买名牌产品的原因。
中西方对买名牌这个问题的概念上可能稍有差异,可对比思考出不同的原因,接下来选择相对说服力更强更好拓展的角度展开论证,并由此可直接引出相应的影响。
审题,找出关键词more and more people:越来越多的人,意味着这种趋势在当下比较流行普及famous brands:只针对名牌产品的购买,不针对其他普通品牌,而且没有限定产品的类型,只要是名牌的东西均可reasons:给出两个原因并展开分析比较合适positive or negative development:文章中要体现出这种趋势所产生的具体消极或积极影响有哪些提纲高分范文Currently,people are bombarded with different sorts of commodities.It is now prevalent that many of us have particular preference for famous brands.While some people consider it an adverse tendency,my viewpoint may be different.In this era of eye-catching economic development,people tend to pursue higher standard of living.When facing a variety of products,well-known brands become some people’s top priority due to their higher quality,more advanced function and fancy appearance.In order to satisfy their real needs in modern life,they choosefamous bands which bring them more convenience and better user experience compared with ordinary brands.Meanwhile,the pursuit of better quality of life also drives innovation as well as promoting the advancement of certain industries such as manufacture and service.This is a reflection of social progress to some extent. Granted,people might suffer from peer pressure at all ages for the consumption of famous brands of products.They consider this behavior a symbol of higher socioeconomic status.They may pursue famous brands blindly and purchase them without consideration regardless of their real financial situation,resulting in a consequence that they possibly need to undertake the financial burden. Nevertheless,it is more of a personal choice to decide what kind of product to purchase.People are supposed to be with good self-discipline in every aspects of life including rational consumption.In conclusion,it is highly recommended that people should be responsible for their own ways of consumption,and as long as having a better sense of self-control,this trend is likely to bring more benefits to both individuals and society.相关词汇be bombarded with使大量面对It is prevalent that……很普遍,很流行have preference for偏爱……eye-catching引人注目的higher standard of living更高的生活水平top priority优先选择advanced先进的satisfy one’s need满足某人的需求drive innovation推动创新suffer from遭受socioeconomic status社会经济地位financial burden经济负担be supposed toself-disciplineIt is highlyself-control。
Some people think playing computer games is bad for children on everything.Others think it has some positive on the way children develop. Discuss both sides and give your opinion. 有人认为计算机游戏对于孩子是有害的,有人认为计算机游戏对于孩子的发展有积极的影响,讨论两种观点,给出你的意见?名师点评:考察网络游戏对于孩子的利弊影响。
【相关题目】Films and computer games containing violence are popular. Some people say they have negative effect on society and should be banned. Others say they are just harmless relaxation. Discuss both views and give your own opinion? 电影和计算机游戏中含有暴力元素,因此受欢迎,有人认为他们对于社会的影响是消极的,有人认为,他们仅仅是无害的娱乐方式,讨论两种观点?A study shows that a lot of children from the age 7 to 11 spend too much time watching television or playing video games. How do you think this problem influence the children their families and the society? What measures should be taken to solve it? 研究显示:7岁到11岁的年轻人花费太多时间看电视,玩游戏,这对于孩子,家庭和社会的影响何在? 应该如何解决?【两种观点讨论布局图】首段:背景介绍(个性开篇)+争议焦点(句型引导)+作家立场(清晰表达)二段:正方观点的展开(三点理由)三段:反方观点的展开(二点理由)尾段:再次亮明观点+(总结理由)【作家立场】沉迷于网络游戏,对于孩子而言,是弊大于利。
关于好处坏处的雅思写作范文Title:Benefits and Drawbacks of Social Media.Social media has become an integral part of our daily lives, offering numerous benefits as well as drawbacks. On the positive side, social media platforms enable us to stay connected with friends and family members, regardless of geographical barriers. They also provide a platform for sharing information, ideas, and experiences with a global audience, fostering communication and collaboration.Moreover, social media has revolutionized the way we access news and information, allowing us to stay informed about current events in real time. It also serves as a powerful tool for networking, professional development, and job opportunities, as many companies use social media for recruitment and marketing purposes.However, there are downsides to social media as well. Excessive use of social media can lead to addiction and negative impacts on mental health, such as feelings of anxiety, loneliness, and inadequacy. Privacy concerns also arise, as personal information shared on social media platforms can be accessed by third parties without consent.In conclusion, while social media offers numerousbenefits in terms of connectivity, information sharing, and networking, it is crucial to use it responsibly and mindfully to avoid its potential drawbacks on mental health and privacy.标题:社交媒体的好处和坏处。
1 Today, many people are afraid of leaving their home because of crime. Some of them believe there is nothing we can do about the increasing crime rate. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 人们因为犯罪而不敢离家。
我们对于增加的犯罪率没有可以做的吗2 Some people think sending criminals to prison is an effective way to deal with them. Others think education an training are better . Discuss both views and give your own opinion. 送罪犯去监狱还是进行教育改造3 Some people think to lower the crime rate, criminals should be given longer terms in prison .To what extent do you agree?服刑更长时间可以降低犯罪率吗4 What are the cause of overpopulation? What should the government do to solve this problem? 人口过剩的原因是什么。
政府如何解决5 Some people believe that there should be fixed punishments for each type of crime. Others, however, argue that the circumstances of an individual crime, and the motivation for committing it, should always be taken into account when deciding on the punishment. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.罪犯被判刑时应该考虑到犯罪动机和犯罪环境。
Today, many people are afraid of leaving their home because of crime. Some of them believe there is nothing we can do about the increasing crime rate. To what extent do you agree or disagree?It is understandable that citizens are worried about the rising crime rate. As for whether this situation can be controlled or even reversed, I hold a positive view. To solve a problem, we need to find the causes of it. I believe education is the most crucial factor in the long-term changes in the crime rate. It is a basic principle that the crime rate would decrease if education could be more popularized among citizens . There, no matter how underdeveloped a country or a region is, the fund for its education system should be guaranteed, which can reduce people’s violent tendencies as time goes on.Another factor that has driven the rise in crime rate is, I believe , the high unemployment rate. Due to the economic crisis, many multinational corporations had laid off employees who then became jobless or even homeless. The government should shoulder the responsibility of providing these laid-off workers with free training courses that can help them find new jobs and give them fresh hope for life.No society can completely avoid the happening of crimes. Some people may even argue it is human nature to commit crimes so whatever we do would be done in vain. However, in my view, education and stability are the most important part of a person’s development, which means if a reasonable standard of education and stability can be maintained; violence can be reduced.To conclude, even though there may be some difficulties in changing this situation, it is not a completely hopeless one yet.Some people think sending criminals to prison is an effective way to deal with them. Others think education an training are better . Discuss both views and give your own opinion.Regarding the treatment of criminals, two options may sound reasonable: jail terms and rehabilitation programs. I believe rehabilitation programs are more valuable. When it comes to the prevention of crimes, rehabilitation equips criminals with the ability to make a living , which will reduce their chance of committing a crime again . In fact , education and training not only offer criminals more career options, they may well lead to productive lives after the program finishes.Although rehabilitation programs often come at great costs to the public, imprisonment of criminals can be much more expensive .It’s psychological costs are even higher if we consider the fact that it deprives criminals of their freedom, while rehabilitation provides offenders with self-respect.To some people it may seen unfair that criminals receive tax-funded education and training. But it is not so unfair if we understand that it is in everybody’s interest to re-introduce these people back into social life.For all these reason, I think rehabilitation programs are necessary . Through them , criminals not only acquire skills, but learn about the importance of socially acceptable behavior as well.Some people think to lower the crime rate, criminals should be given longer terms in prison .To what extent do you agree?The soaring crime rate has led to the proposal that criminals should be sentenced to longer periods in prison.Concerns about the possible harm caused by lengthy jail term are not unfounded . Severe punishments might ruin offenders’ future , both physically and psychologically . For instance , there may a high chance that first-time offenders and those who are charged with a minor crime will be abused by felons who have been in jail for a long time, which may make these victims even more violent than before when they are released from prison.What is also needed , therefore , is treatment that helps criminals recover and function better in society . A more effective prison system should be established to reform criminals by providing them with job training and counseling. Admittedly , keeping the offenders in prison may help to prevent crimes from happening to some extent. If the penalties for crimes were not harsh enough, we should have a high rate of criminals repeating their acts. It is mainly through jail time that the offenders are forced to think about their unlawful acts and then become law-abiding citizens again. In this sense , prison may help to make criminals less dangerous.However ,I still conclude is that a certain degree of restriction of criminals freedom is an efficient method to change them . But to make sure that they can be changed in positive way , a longer time in prison is not necessarily the right way and it is rarely the only way.What are the cause of overpopulation? What should the government do to solve this problem?The population of the world is growing faster than the supply of food and fuel. There will soon be too many people in the world and this is really serious. Everybody knows overpopulation is one of the greatest challenges we now face. However, the course of this problem and its solution are not simple.I think the main factor is people can live longer, including babies. Now the health care is generally better in most countries. The death rate of babies is going down so this is one of the main reasons why the population is larger. The second reason is now people can buy better food that has better nutrition. This makes us healthier than people living in the past. This also means the life expectancy is longer than before. Thirdly, the medicine and hospital service are more effective. Now many people who have illnesses can be treated and cured and live longer lives.I think the government should play an active role in family planning. It can make rules to control the size of families. It can also encourage family planning by offering all parents who do not have children some found. Maybe it can even promise the parents of small families that their children will get free education or better health care because they are not burden on the government. Of course, the media can also encourage married people to think about having fewer children. People are smart. If they know having fewer children can bring benefits to them, for example, more parents’ attention to their children and more money spent on each child, most parents will decide to have smaller families.If the government can help parents make sure that they can have social security and health benefits in their old age, I believe many parents would like to have small family and this problem can be solved quickly.Some people believe that there should be fixed punishments for each type of crime. Others, however, argue that the circumstances of an individual crime, and the motivation for committing it, should always be taken into account when deciding on the punishment. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.Fixing punishments for each type of crime has been a debatable issue. There are many arguments supporting both views, those for and those against fixed punishment. On the one hand, fixed punishments will have a deterring effect on society. Individuals knowing that they will be subject to a certain punishment if they are convicted with a given crime, will reconsider committing this act in the first place. This deterring effect also leads to social stability and security, through minimizing the number of crimes committing.If people knew they would be able to convince the court or the jury of a reason for having committed the crime they are accused of, penal decisions would be largely arbitrary. This would result in criminals getting away with their crimes and into a high level of injustice caused by the subjective approach of different courts. On the other hand, taking the circumstances of a crime and its motivation into consideration is a prerequisite for establishing and ensuring justice and equity.A person killing in self-defense cannot be compared to a serial killer, moving from one victim to the next. In my opinion an intermediary position between both solutions is the perfect way to establish and ensure justice and equity.There have to be fixed punishments for all crimes. However,, criminal laws have to provide for a minimum and a maximum for the punishment and the laws also have to foresee certain cases of exemptions.An example for setting minimum and maximum penalties is Competition Law where a person being held liable of a crime under this law will be convicted to pay a fine, according to the harm caused by the violation and the profit gained by the violator through committing the crime.As for the exemptions, in some countries the law exempts thiefs stealing food during a period of famine taking into consideration the distress and hunger.Also, a person killing in self-defense will be exempted from punishment.。