2017年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研真题解析

2016年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研招生目录，考研参考书，历年真题笔记贸大英语翻译基础书目推荐1、庄绎传，《英汉翻译简明教程》。

北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002。

2、叶子南，《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》。

北京：清华大学出版社，2001。

3、中国日报（China Daily）：英语点睛：新词新译4、王恩冕，《大学英汉翻译教程》，对外经济贸易大学出版社，第三版，2010。

5、金融时报官方网站：双语时评。

6、网站：/7、外贸、金融、经济学、世贸组织等英语专业术语。

8、张曦，《口语与口译300题》，上海交通大学出版社。

9、金焕荣，《商务英语翻译》，苏州大学出版社。

10、赵军锋，《商务英语口译》，高等教育出版社，2009.11、2015年度国家领导人出席的国际会议：演讲稿中英对照。

12、三笔、二笔相应题材的文章。

百科知识和汉语写作书目推荐1、卢晓江.《自然科学史十二讲》.中国轻工业出版社（2007）（矿大）2、叶朗.《中国文化读本》.北京：外语教学与研究出版社（2008）3、杨月蓉.《实用汉语语法与修辞》.重庆：西南师范大学出版社（1999）（北大）4、金元浦.《中国文化概论》.北京：中国人民大学出版社（2007）5、庄锡昌.《西方文化史》.北京：高等教育出版社（2011）6、林青松.《中国文学与中国文化知识应试指南》.南京：东南大学出版社（2005）7、张元忠.张东风.《经济应用文写作与评析》.武汉：华中科技大学出版社（2008）9、俞纪东.《经济写作》.上海：上海财经大学出版社10、张文.《外贸文秘写作全书》.中华工商联合出版社11、郑孝敏.《商务应用文》.东北财经大学出版社12、柯琳娟.《公司（企业）常用文书写作格式与范本》.企业管理出版社13、邵龙青.《财经应用写作》.东北财经大学出版社14、伟业管理咨询公司编著.《商务文书模板速查手册》.中国言实出版社（贸大）15、李玉珊.《商务文案写作》.高等教育出版社16、岳海翔.《商务文书写作要领与范文》.中国言实出版社17、岳海翔.《企划文书写作要领与范文》.中国言实出版社18、程裕祯.《中国文化要略》.外语教学与研究出版社19、朱维之，《外国文学史》（欧美卷），南开大学出版社。

2017年翻译硕士考研参考信息百科知识点总结（二）第三节两汉时期：辞赋乐府民歌历史散文辞赋是中国古代文学样式之一。

（育明教育注：四川外国语学院2010年真题，单选）辞因产生于战国楚地而称楚辞；赋即铺陈之意，以“铺采摛文”“直书其事”为特点。

两者都兼有韵文和散文的性质，是一种半诗半文的独特文体。

其结构宏大，辞藻华丽，讲究文采、韵律，常用夸张、铺陈的手法。

具体代表人物和作品如下：1.司马相如（约公元前179年—前118年）字长卿，汉族，巴郡安汉县（今四川省南充市蓬安县）人，西汉大辞赋家。

司马相如是中国文化史文学史上杰出的代表，是西汉盛世汉武帝时期伟大的文学家、杰出的政治家，其代表作品为《子虚赋》。

作品词藻富丽，结构宏大，使他成为汉赋的代表作家，后人称之为赋圣和“辞宗”。

他与卓文君的爱情故事也广为流传。

鲁迅的《汉文学史纲要》中还把二人放在一个专节里加以评述，指出：“武帝时文人，赋莫若司马相如，文莫若司马迁。

”（育明教育注：四川外国语学院2012年真题，单选）2.贾谊世称贾生，西汉政治家、文学家。

主要文学成就是政论文，有“疏”7篇，《新书》10卷58篇；代表作有《吊屈原赋》、《鵩鸟赋》。

《新书》是我国最早的一部政论文总集。

3.司马迁字子长，夏阳（陕西）人，太史令司马谈之子。

西汉史学家、文学家。

历尽艰辛撰成《史记》，原名《太史公书》。

《史记》是我国第一部纪传体通史，被称为“无韵之离骚”。

（育明教育注：四川外国语学院2010年真题，单选；对外经济贸易大学2011年真题，单选；湖南师范大学2011年真题，名解；天津外国语大学2012年真题，名解）4.班固字孟坚，扶风（陕西）人，东汉史学家、文学家，历尽二十余年修成我国第一部纪传体断代史《汉书》，开创了“包举一代”的断代史体例。

辞赋方面以《两都赋》最著名。

（育明教育注：四川外国语学院2010年真题，单选）5.许慎东汉的经学家、文字学家，代表作是《说文解字》，简称《说文》。

2017对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研真题资料一、百科知识，解释划线词1.韩素音的着作《伤残的树》描写了一个世纪前，一位比利时女子被瓷器中的中国吸引，远嫁重洋，落户动乱、饥饿的四川。

半个世纪前，她的长着高鼻梁、黑眼睛的混血女儿，历时15年，用手中的笔，书写了一部给外国人看的家族史，这是一部纠结着血缘传承、习俗差异、民族矛盾的复杂家族史，更是一部扎根在自己家族，涉及曾国藩、义和团、袁世凯、基督教、共产党的波澜壮阔的民族断代史。

2.钱钟书先生的笔记中不仅包括了《诗经》、《论语》、《史记》、《全唐诗》、《全宋词》、《红楼梦》等经典，更大量涉及历代文人诗文别集、笔记小说、野史杂谈、尺牍日札。

多种形制、各类语体的读数笔记曾伴随钱钟书走南闯北，历经风雨，充分展现了钱先生的国学水平。

3.一方面，新兴市场国家，如金砖四国，希望注资IMF。

据消息人士称，IMF需要3500亿美元来帮助西班牙和意大利等国渡过债务危机。

但西方国家认为，这次注资不应该通过减少西方国家的投票权(增加新兴市场国家的投票权会降低西方国家的投票权)来损害西方国家的利益。

4.加拿大央行行长卡尼表示，希腊问题十分重要，但鉴于更大国际背景，欧洲问题严重性甚于希腊，G20峰会需要认真解决发达国家经济弱点。

5.参加德班气候大会的中国代表团官员8日表示，随着中国“十二五”期间加强控制温室气体排放，中国有望建立自己的碳排放交易系统(ETS)。

6，还有戛纳，欧元区，新闻界的“走，转，改”具体文段想不起来。

二、应用文写作应用文写作纪念辛亥革命一百周年征稿启事写清标题，正文，落款要求有四条1.征文目的，对象，用途，意义2.征文题材体裁字数3.征文起止日期评奖办法4.邮寄方式联系人地址5.不少于450字三、大作文写作：阅读下面一则故事，写一篇800字以上短文；题目：略谈说话的艺术美国的心理学家和人际关系大师卡耐基每个季度都要在纽约的一家大旅馆租用大礼堂用以讲授社交训练课程。

2015年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士MTI 考研真题　各位2016年考研的小伙伴们，欢迎大家来到才思教育，今天给大家着重的分析一下关于对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士MTI 考研的相关内容。

百科知识明星效应 celebrity effect民间文化遗产 folk cultural heritage民事伴侣关系 civil partnership民意 will of the people民怨 social grievance (Officials in southwest China's Guizhou Province have admitted there are social grievances in Weng'an County where a girl's death sparked a violent protest over the weekend.)民族企业 domestic enterprises摸彩 draw lot for prize模仿秀 imitation show抹黑 stain somebody's name; bring shame on模糊逻辑 fuzzy logic模糊战略(美国在台湾问题上奉行的政策) indistinct strategy; ambiguous strategy模块 module摩门教 Mormon Church (the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints)模拟测试 mock test; simulated exam模拟装置 simulator末日论者 doomster莫失良机;趁热打铁 make hay while the sun shines末位淘汰 (under the new personnel system) the person graded last in the performance evaluation will be laid off from his position磨洋工 dawdle along摸着石头过河 test each step before taking it;advance cautiously默哀 silent tribute (President Hu Jintao, who just returned from a three-day visit to the quake-hit areas, paid a three-minute silent tribute to victims of the quake in the central government compound of Zhongnanhai in Beijing. 刚刚结束三天震区支行的胡锦涛主席，在中南海为地震遇难者默哀三分钟。

2017对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研真题详解与名师点评一、百科知识，解释划线词1.韩素音的着作《伤残的树》描写了一个世纪前，一位比利时女子被瓷器中的中国吸引，远嫁重洋，落户动乱、饥饿的四川。

半个世纪前，她的长着高鼻梁、黑眼睛的混血女儿，历时 15年，用手中的笔，书写了一部给外国人看的家族史，这是一部纠结着血缘传承、习俗差异、民族矛盾的复杂家族史，更是一部扎根在自己家族，涉及曾国藩、义和团、袁世凯、基督教、共产党的波澜壮阔的民族断代史。

2.钱钟书先生的笔记中不仅包括了《诗经》、《论语》、《史记》、《全唐诗》、《全宋词》、《红楼梦》等经典，更大量涉及历代文人诗文别集、笔记小说、野史杂谈、尺牍日札。

多种形制、各类语体的读数笔记曾伴随钱钟书走南闯北，历经风雨，充分展现了钱先生的国学水平。

3.一方面，新兴市场国家，如金砖四国，希望注资IMF。

据消息人士称，IMF需要3500亿美元来帮助西班牙和意大利等国渡过债务危机。

但西方国家认为，这次注资不应该通过减少西方国家的投票权(增加新兴市场国家的投票权会降低西方国家的投票权)来损害西方国家的利益。

4.加拿大央行行长卡尼表示，希腊问题十分重要，但鉴于更大国际背景，欧洲问题严重性甚于希腊，G20峰会需要认真解决发达国家经济弱点。

5.参加德班气候大会的中国代表团官员8日表示，随着中国“十二五”期间加强控制温室气体排放，中国有望建立自己的碳排放交易系统(ETS)。

6，还有戛纳，欧元区，新闻界的“走，转，改”具体文段想不起来。

二、应用文写作应用文写作纪念辛亥革命一百周年征稿启事写清标题，正文，落款要求有四条1.征文目的，对象，用途，意义2.征文题材体裁字数3.征文起止日期评奖办法4.邮寄方式联系人地址5.不少于450字三、大作文写作：阅读下面一则故事，写一篇800字以上短文；题目：略谈说话的艺术美国的心理学家和人际关系大师卡耐基每个季度都要在纽约的一家大旅馆租用大礼堂用以讲授社交训练课程。

育明教育孙老师整理，来育明教育赠送资料，更多真题可咨询孙老师。

对外经济贸易大学2011年翻译硕士(MTI)真题翻译硕士英语Part1:Vocabulary and Grammar.（30P）01.The Space Age____in October1957when the first artificialsatellite was launched by the Soviet Union.A.initiatedB.originatedC.embarkedmenced02.John said that he didn’t quite____and asked me to repeat whatI had said.A.snatch upB.summon upC.catch onD.watch out03.When he tried to make a____,he found that the hotel that he wantedwas completely filled because of a convention.plaintB.claimC.reservationD.decision04.A budget of five dollars a day is totally____for a trip roundEurope.A.inadequateB.incapableC.incompatibleD.invalid05.In our highly technological society,the number of jobs for unskilledworkers is____.A.shrinkingB.obscuringC.alteringD.constraining06.The fuel of the continental missile is supposed to be___by thisdevice.A.ignitedB.lightedC.firedD.inspired07.I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time____the last bus.A.to have caughtB.to catchC.catchingD.havingcaught08.Frankly speaking,your article is very good except for some____mistakes in grammar.A.obscureB.glaringC.trivialD.rare09.As it turned out to be a small house party,we____so formally.A.needn’t dress upB.did not need have dressed upC.did not need dress upD.needn’t have dressed up10.Certain species disappeared or became____as new forms arose that were better adapted to the Earth’s changing environment.A.feebleB.extinctC.massiveD.extinguished11.I apologize if I____you,but I assure you it was unintentional.A.offendB.had offendedC.should have offendedD. might have offended12.Franklin D.Roosevelt argued that the depression stemmed from the American economy’s____flaws.A.underliningB.vulnerableC.vulgarD. underlying13.Although a teenager,Fred could resist____what to do and what not to do.A.to be toldB.having been toldC.being toldD.to have been told14.I am afraid that you have to alter your____views in light of the tragic news that has just arrived.A.indifferentB.distressingC.optimisticD. pessimistic15.Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage____avoided.A.is to beB.can beC.will beD.has been16.Stop shouting!I can’t hear the football____.A.judgmentB.interpretationmentaryD. explanation17.Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores,and this is especially true____it comes to classroom tests.A.beforeB.asC.sinceD.when18.Every member of society has to make a____to struggle for the freedom of the country.A.pledgeB.warrantyC.resolveD.guarantee19.David tends to feel useless and unwanted in a society that gives so much____to those who compete well.A.prestigeB.regimeC.superiorityD.legislation20.The terrorists might have planted a bomb on a plane in Athens,set to____when itarrived in New York.A.go offB.get offe offD.carry off21.The younger person’s attraction to stereos cannot be explained only____familiarity with technology.A.in quest ofB.by means ofC.in terms ofD.by virtue of22.By signing the lease we made a___to pay a rent of$150a week.A.conceptionmissionmitmentD. confinementPart2:Identify Stylistic Problems.（18P）01.By the time Julia Roberts was23,she had won two academy award nominations,she had also become the world’s most popular female actress.A.run onma spliceC.correctD.fragment02.Since then,Roberts has appeared in fourteen films.Most recently,“My Best Friend’s Wedding”and“The Conspiracy Theory.”A.fragmentB.choppyC.correctma splice03.She didn’t plan to become an actress.She wanted to be six feet tall.She wanted to be a veterinarian.She wanted to be happy and make others happy.A.fragmentma spliceC.choppyD.correct04.Although Julia Roberts has had much professional success.In spite of her trouble with several failed relationships.A.fragmentB.choppyma spliceD.correct05.Julia Roberts lives in Manhattan,not far from the apartment she once shared with her sister in Greenwich Village.A.fragmentma spliceC.correctD.run on06.She came to New York when she was seventeen.Because her older sister lived there and she was influenced by her sister.A.fragmentB.run onC.choppyma splice07.Roberts was raised in Georgia.Her parents ran a theater school there. Her sister and brother are also actors.The family was always short of money.A.fragmentB.choppyC.correctD.run on08.When Julia was four years old,her parents divorced.After eighteen years of marriage.A.fragmentB.run onC.choppyD.correctPart3:Reading Comprehension（30P）Passage AMany United States companies have,unfortunately,made the search for legal protection from import competition into a major line of work.Since 1980the United States International Trade Commission（ITC）has received about280complaints alleging damage from imports that benefit from subsidies by foreign governments.Another340charge that foreign companies“dumped”their products in the United States at“less than fair value.”Even when no unfair practices are alleged,the simple claim that an industry has been injured by imports is sufficient grounds to seek relief.Contrary to the general impression,this quest for import relief has hurt more companies than it has helped.As corporations begin to function globally,they develop an intricate web of marketing,production,and research relationships.The complexity of these relationships makes it unlikely that a system of import relief laws will meet the strategic needs of all the units under the same parent company. Internationalization increases the danger that foreign companies will use import relief laws against the very companies the laws were designed to protect.Suppose a United States-owned company establishes an overseas plant to manufacture a product while its competitor makes the same product in the United States.If the competitor can prove injury from the imports—and that the United States Company received a subsidy from a foreign government to build its plant abroad—the United States Company’s products will be uncompetitive in the United States,since they would be subject to duties.Perhaps the most brazen case occurred when the ITC investigated allegations that Canadian companies were injuring the United States salt industry by dumping rock salt,used to device roads.The bizarre aspect of the complaint was that a foreign conglomerate with United States operations was crying for help against a United States company with foreign operations.The“United States”company claiming injury was a subsidiary of a Dutch conglomerate,while the“Canadian”companies included a subsidiary of a Chicago firm that was the second-largest domestic producer of rock salt.01.The passage is chiefly concerned with______.A.arguing against the increased internationalization of United States corporationsB.warning that the application of laws affecting trade frequently has unintended consequencesC.demonstrating that foreign-based firms receive more subsidies from their governments than United States firms receive from the United States governmentD.advocating the use of trade restrictions for“dumped”products but not for other imports02.It can be inferred from the passage that the minimal basis for a complaint to the International Trade Commission is which of the following?A.A foreign competitor has received a subsidy from a foreign government.B.A foreign competitor has substantially increased the volume of products shipped to the United States.C.A foreign competitor is selling products in the United States at less than fair market value.D.The company requesting import relief has been injured by the sale of imports in the United States.03.The last paragraph performs which of the following functions in the passage?A.It summarizes the discussion thus far and suggests additional areas of research.B.It presents a recommendation based on the evidence presented earlier.C.It cites a specific ease that illustrates a problem presented more generally in the previous paragraph.D.It introduces an additional area of concern not mentioned earlier.04.The passage warns of which of the following dangers?panies in the United States may receive no protection from imports unless they actively seek protection from import competition.panies that seek legal protection from import competition may incur legal costs that far exceed any possible gain.panies that are United States owned but operate internationally may not be eligible for protection from import competition under the laws of the countries in which their plants operate.panies that are not United States owned may seek legal protection from import competition under United States import relief laws.05.According to the passage,the International Trade Commission isinvolved in which of the following?A.Investigating allegations of unfair import competitionB.Granting subsidies to eompanies in the United States that have been injured by import competitionC.Recommending legislation to ensure fair tradeD.Identifying international corporations that wish to build plants in the United StatesPassage BSince the late1970s,in the face Of a severe loss of market share in dozens of industries,manufacturers in the United States have been trying to improve productivity—and therefore enhance their international competitiveness—through cost-cutting programs.（Cost-cutting here is defined as raising labor output while holding the amount of labor constant.）However,from1978through1982,productivity—the value of goods manufactured divided by the amount of labor input—did not improve;and while the results were better in the business upturn of the three years following,they ran25percent lower than productivity improvements during earlier,post-1945upturns.At the same time,it became clear that the harder manufactures worked to implement cost-cutting,the more they lost their competitive edge.With this paradox in mind,I recently visited25companies;it became clear to me that the cost-cutting approach to increasing productivity is fundamentally flawed.Manufacturing regularly observes a“40,40, 20”rule.Roughly4o percent of any manufacturing-based competitive advantage derives from long-term changes in manufacturing structure （decisions about the number,size,location,and capacity of facilities）and in approaches to materials.Another40percent comes from major changes in equipment and process technology.The final20percent rests on implementing conventional cost-cutting.This rule does not imply that cost-cutting should not be tried.The well-known tools of this approach—including simplifying jobs and retraining employees to work smarter,not harder—do produce results.But the tools quickly reach the limits of what they can contribute.Another problem is that the cost-cutting approach hinders innovation and discourages creative people.As Abernathy’s study of automobile manufacturers has shown,an industry can easily become prisoner of itsown investments in cost-cutting techniques,reducing its ability to develop new products.And managers under pressure to maximizecost-cutting will resist innovation because they know that more fundamental changes in processes or systems will wreak havoc with the results on which they are measured.Production managers have always seen their job as one of minimizing costs and maximizing output.This dimension of performance has until recently sufficed as a basis of evaluation,but it has created a penny-pinching,mechanistic culture in most factories that has kept away creative managers.Every company I know that has freed itself from the paradox has done so,in part,by developing and implementing a manufacturing strategy. Such a strategy focuses on the manufacturing structure and on equipment and process technology.In one company a manufacturing strategy that allowed different areas of the factory to specialize in different markets replaced the conventional cost-cutting approach; within three years the company regained its competitive advantage. Together with such strategies,successful companies are also encouraging managers to focus on a wider set of objectives besides cutting costs.There is hope for manufacturing,but it clearly rests on a different way of managing.01The author of the passage is primarily concerned with______.A.summarizing a thesisB.recommending a different approachparing points of viewD.making a series of predictions02It can be inferred from the passage that the manufacturers mentioned in paragraph1expected that the measures they implemented would______.A.encourage innovationB.keep labor output constantC.increase their competitive advantageD.permit business upturns to be more easily predicted03.The primary function of the first paragraph of the passage is to ______.A.present a historical context for the author’s observationsB.anticipate challenges to the prescriptions that followC.clarify some disputed definitions of economic termsD.summarize a number of long-accepted explanations04.The author refers to Ahernathy’s study most probably in order to ______.A.qualify an observation about one rule governing manufacturingB.address possible objections to a recommendation about improving manufacturing competitivenessC.support an earlier assertion about method of increasing productivityD.suggest the centrality in the Unit States economy of a particular manufacturing industry05.The author’s attitude toward the culture in most factories is best described as______.A.cautiousB.criticalC.disinterestedD. respectfulPassage CIt can be argued that much consumer dissatisfaction with marketing strategies arises from an inability to aim advertising at only the likely buyers of a given product.There are threegroups of consumers who are affected by the marketing process.First, there is the market segment—people who need the commodity in question. Second,there is the program target—people in the market segment with the“best fit”characteristics for a specific product.Lots of people—may need trousers,but only a few qualify as likely buyers of very expensive designer trousers.Finally,there is the program audience—all people who are actually exposedto the marketing program without regard to whether they need or want the product.These three groups are rarely identical.An exception occurs in cases where customers for a particular industrial product may be few and easily identifiable.Such customers,allsharing a particular need,are likely to form a meaningful target,for example,all companies with a particular application of the product in question,such as high-speed fillers ofbottles at breweries.In such circumstances,direct selling（marketing that reaches only the program target）is likely to be economically justified,and highly specialized trade media existto expose members of the program target—and only members of the program target—to the marketing program.Most consumer-goods markets are significantly different.Typically, there are many rather than few potential customers.Each represents a relatively small percentage of potential sales.Rarely do members of a particular market segment group themselves neatly into a meaningful program target.There are substantial differences among consumers with similar demographic characteristics.Even with all the past decade’s advances in information technology, direct selling of consumer goods is rare,and mass marketing—-a marketing approach that aims at a wide audience-remains the only economically feasible mode.Unfortunately,there are few media that allow the marketer to direct a marketing program exclusively to the program target.Inevitably,people get exposed to a great deal of marketing for products in which they have no interest and so they become annoyed.01.The passage suggests which of the following about highly specialized trade media?A.They should be used only when direct selling is not economically feasible.B.They can be used to exclude from the program audience people who are not part of the program target.C.They are used only for very expensive products.D.They are rarely used in the implementation of marketing programs for industrial products.02.The passage suggests which of the following about direct selling?A.It is used in the marketing of most industrial products.B.It is often used in cases where there is a large program target.C.It is not economically feasible for most marketing programs.D.It is used only for products for which there are many potential customers.03.The author mentions“trousers”in paragraph1most likely in order to______.A.make a comparison between the program target and the program audienceB.emphasize the similarities between the market segment and the program targetC.provide an example of the way three groups of consumers are affected by a marketing programD.clarify the distinction between the market segment and the program target04.“the product in question”in Line5,Paragraph2means______.A.“the product in the previous question”B.“the product under discussion”C.“the product on sale”D.“the product in doubt”05.It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is true for most consumer-goods markets?A.The program target and the program audience are not usually identical.B.The program audience and the market segment are usually identical.C.The market segment and the program target are usually identical.D.The program target is larger than the market segment.Cloze TestMost economists in the United States seem captivated by the spell of the free market.__16__.A price that is determined by the seller or, for that matter,established by anyone other than the aggregate of consumers seems pernicious.__17__.In fact,price-fixing is normal in all industrialized societies because the industrial system itself provides,as an effortless consequence of its own development,the price-fixing that it requires.Modern industrial planning requires and rewards great size.Hence,a comparatively small number of large firms will be competing for the same group of consumers.That each large firm will act with consideration of its own needs and thus avoid selling its products for more than its competitors charge is commonly recognized by advocates of free-market economic theories.__18__.Each large firm will thus avoid significant price-cutting,because price-cutting would be prejudicial to the common interest in a stable demand for products. Most economists do not see price-fixing when it occurs because they expect it to be brought about by a number of explicit agreements among large firms;it is not.Moreover,those economists who argue that allowing the free market to operate without interference is the most efficient method of establishing prices have not considered the economies of non-socialist countries other than the United states.These economies employ intentional price-fixing,usually in an overt fashion.Formalprice-fixing by cartel and informal price-fixing by agreements coveringthe members of an industry are common-place.__19__,the countries thathave avoided the first and used the second would have suffereddrastically in their economic development.There is no indication thatthey have.Socialist industry also works within a framework of controlled prices.In the early1970’s,the Soviet Union began to give firms and industriessome of the flexibility in adjusting prices that a more informalevolution has accorded the capitalist system.__20__;rather,Sovietfirms have been given the power to fix prices.A.But each large firm will also act with full consideration of the needsthat it has in common with the other large firms competing for the samecustomersB.Consequently,nothing seems good or normal that does not accord withthe requirements of the free marketC.Economists in the United States have hailed the change as a returnto the free market.But Soviet firms are no more subject to pricesestablished by a free market over which they exercise little influencethan are capitalist firmsD.Accordingly,it requires a major act of will to think of price-fixing（the determination of prices by the seller）as both“normal”andhaving a valuable economic functionE.Were there something peculiarly efficient about the free market andinefficient about price-fixing-o.Part4:Writing.（30P）Write an English essay of250-300words describing Maslow’s hierarchyof human needs and analyze this model with ONE example.Your writingwill be assessed for language,format,structure and content.育明教育考研专业课第一品牌，考研信息可咨询育明教育官网政治【学科概述】不用因为政治纷繁复杂的知识点而担心政治会不过线，只要肯下功夫，60分是很容易达到的。

2017年对外经济贸易大学考研专业课解析Exercise OneMcDonald’’s struggles to rekindle US appetites（673words）McDonaldBy Lindsay Whipp in San Francisco------------------------------------------------------McDonald’s sales and profits sank in the second quarter, underlining the struggle the world’s biggest fast food brand is having rekindling consumers’love for its burgers and fries, particularly at home.Steve Easterbrook,the Chicago-based company’s recently installed chief executive,called the results“disappointing”and told investors on Thursday that operations in the US were working to bring“more discipline back in business[and]react better to trends”.He promised that the third quarter would finally bring a rebound in global comparable sales,and that this rise wouldhappen regardless of the bounce it would receive from a recovery from the Asian supplier scandal last year.Sales tumbled10per cent to$6.5bn,while net income fell13 per cent to$1.2bn,or$1.26a share.The results,however, were in line with analysts’estimates,sending shares0.5per cent lower to$97.09by close of trading in New York.The company said it was also reviewing its dividend policy but declined to give any indication of whether this would be a positive or negative for investors until November as the process was ongoing.The earnings statement highlighted the particular problems McDonald’s is having in its home market,where it will have net restaurant closures for the first time in its60-year history this year.The company blamed about80per cent of the second-quarter decline in operating profit on the US and Japanese markets.Comparable sales in the US fell2per cent and operating income was down6per cent,adding to nearly three years ofdeclines for the market.It blamed the declines on a lack of response to some of its menu features,which have included a“summer break menu”and an“artisan grilled chicken sandwich”,and its promotions.McDonald’s is testing all-day breakfasts and menu simplification to boost the US market,but it faces stiff competition from Taco Bell,the Yum Brand chain,which has seen some significant success in this area.Amid concerns that McDonald’s plans to simplify would be compromised by something as complex as all-day breakfast, Mr Easterbrook emphasised that there would have to be simplifications elsewhere in McDonald’s operations.He said it was important to understand that the improvements the group was making to its core menu—whether better quality beef or tastier salads—were just as important as the locally sourced meals it was developing for the regions,such as a lobster dish in Boston.McDonald’s is also being challenged in the US by new rivals such as Mexican food chain Chipotle and the Shake Shack burger outlets,which have captured the millennial demographic.The group’s struggle to revive its brand and popularity also comes at a particularly difficult time for its international operations as,like other multinational companies,it is hit by adverse currencies,a struggling eurozone amid the Greek debt crisis,and slowing emerging markets.Mr Easterbrook said he was confident of a turnround,however.“I am confident that we will create the transformation necessary for McDonald’s to become a modern,progressive burger company delivering a contemporary restaurant experience,”Mr Easterbook said in a statement,reusing a phrase from his turnround plan announced when he took over earlier this year.That plan left many analysts and investors hungry for more detail.McDonald’s is relying on Mr Easterbrook to bring some of the success that he had in stoking growth in the UK and other European markets to the company’s global operations.The region outperformed others in sales,posting a comparable sales increase of1.2per cent,thanks to demand in the UK and Germany mitigating a difficult quarter in France.However,on an operating basis,income in the region sank by a fifth, reflecting the tricky macroeconomic environment that many multinationals are facing,the euro weakness and some restructuring charges.1.Which of the following regions is mainly blamed by the company for thesecond-quarter decline?B.ChinaC.GermanyD.UK2.Which of the following is not mentioned by the author as McDonaldMcDonald’’s competitor?A.Taco BellB.Yum Brand chainC.KFCD.Shake Shack burger outlets3.WhatMcDonald’’s current situation?author’’s attitude towards McDonaldWhat’’s the authorA.ObjectiveB.SubjectiveC.FavorableD.Disappointed4.Which of the following is mentioned by the author as a challenge thatMcDonald is facing in the domestic market?A.Adverse currenciesB.The Greek debt crisispetitors in USD. Slowing emerging marketsExercise Twomarket””（844words）Uber faces the“last1bn person marketBy James Crabtree in Mumbai------------------------------------------------------Uber chief executive Travis Kalanick often describes India as a “global priority market”.Quite how much of a priority only became clear last week,as the car-hailing service unveiled plans to sink an extra$1bn into the country over the next nine months.Depending on the point of view,Mr Kalanick’s gambit is eithera bold move by one of America’s most daring technology companies,or a last-ditch attempt to avoid being left behind by a larger local competitor,a fate his company has already suffered in China.But while Uber is fighting taxi-app wars with a host of rivals across Asia,its battle with Bangalore-based Ola carries special significance,given the huge potential size of India’s still under-developed market.Uber has deep pockets,having raised close to$10bn in equity and debt since its founding five years ago.But Ola is also well-financed,with backing from Russian billionaire Yuri Milner’s DST Global fund,and Japan’s Softbank.Ola is also nearing closing a new$500m funding round at an implied equity valuation for the company of more than$4bn, according to three people familiar with its plans.A further round at an even steeper valuation is likely later this year.“Cash isn’t the issue,”says one Ola investor,who spoke on condition of anonymity.“They[Uber]are putting in$1bn,but we are going to have at least$1bn too.We won’t beoutgunned.”Elsewhere Mr.Kalanick is playing catch-up.Uber says it can hit1m rides a day by next March,up from about200,000today. Ola,by contrast,already claims500,000daily rides—although both companies routinely accuse each other of inflated figures, making the true picture hard to judge.What is clear is that Uber has often struggled since launching in India in2013.Its growth has been rapid,helped along by its willingness to adapt to local conditions,such as allowing customers to pay in cash or adding cheaper autorickshaws to its service.But India’s sheer complexity has often overwhelmed the small teams Uber deploys to launch in new cities.A temporary ban in New Delhi last December following sexual assault allegations caused a particular crisis,forcing it to beef up its management.Uber’s hopes now rest on quicker expansion.Today it operates in18cities,far behind Ola’s100or more.Amit Jain, Uber’s president in India,says this“rigorous”approach has been deliberate,implying that its narrower footprint allowsbetter service.Either way,a spate of city launches are likely.Serving more customers in existing locations such as Mumbai will be just as important,which in turn means finding extra drivers.In mature markets like America,Uber increases supply by persuading people to turn their cars into part-time taxis.In India,where vehicle ownership levels are minuscule,this is unlikely to work.Instead,it must now find,train and retain a vast pool of new drivers,most of whom will not have worked behind the wheel before.Ola says it will grow from150,000drivers today to about1m by2017.Uber,which now has about50,000,needs a similarly dramatic jump.Then there is the thorny issue of profit.Uber’s deep pockets allow it to lure drivers and passengers from rivals via costly incentives,often losing money on each ride.But eventually these sops must be cut back,often causing resentment.“I earned a lot of money in the beginning,but it has gone down drastically now,because they cut back on special bonuspayments,”says one driver in Mumbai who signed up with Uber six months ago,but who asked not to be named.“They have put in too many cars and now there are not enough customers,”he adds.Other problems are likely too,from regulatory delays to protests from anxious old-style cabbies.Yet India’s taxi-app sector is still set for rapid growth.Morgan Stanley analysts says it will be worth$5bn by2020.Ola founder Bhavish Aggarwal talks even more boldly of India becoming the first country to grow rich without mass car ownership—because Indians will use cheap and readily available taxis instead.That may be far-fetched,but it helps to explain why Uber,Ola, and their various investors,are willing to deploy such vast sums to conquer a market that remains far smaller than China’s—and in which the American company at least is by no means assured of victory.“It’s a bit of a war out there,but it will be winner takes all,and India is the last billion person market left,”says Anupam Mittal, a Mumbai-based entrepreneur and early Ola investor.“Andremember this is India,it isn’t Sweden.We have entrepreneurs with knuckles and sharp elbows.They aren’t going to get knocked over easily.”1.How much did Uber plan to sink into the country over the next nine months?A.$10bnB.$500mC.$1bnD.$4bn2.Which of the following is mentioned as OlaOla’’s investor?A.Japan’s SoftbankB.Menlo VenturesC.Fidelity Investment GroupD.Goldman SachsUber’’s battle with Bangalore-based Ola carry special3.Why does Ubersignificance?A.Ola is as well-financed as UberB.Uber is fighting taxi-app wars with a host of rivals including OlaC.India’s still under-developed market holds great potentialD.Ola is the only local competitor in IndiaUber’’s current problem?4.Which of the following is not mentioned as UberA.India’s sheer complexityB.Fund shortageC.Finding extra driversD.Regulatory delays翻译硕士考研复试学习方法复试是大家成功路上的关键一步，在复试前，除了专业知识要扎实外，还需要了解导师信息、复试的大致程序、考察重点，知识所划定的范围，以及复试备考经验的传授。