中国文化一至四章课后习题答案

第5章汉字1．汉字的产生与发展说明了什么问题？答：（1）汉字的产生①汉字是由伏羲发明的，因为伏羲发明了八卦，而文字是从八卦演变来的；②汉字起源于结绳记事，而据说结绳记事是从神农氏开始的，因此汉字最早是由神农创造的；③汉字的创造者为黄帝的史官仓颉。

这些说法表明了汉字的起源最早应该是原始社会的图画和象形符号；它的产生是由于当时交流和传递信息的需要。

（2）汉字的发展汉字的发展经历了由甲骨文到金文，由金文到篆书，由篆书到隶书，然后才是现在使用的行书和楷书。

这说明汉字的演变发展是跟中国人重实际、多想象、包容万物的实用理性思维和天人合一、物我一体的精神密切相关。

综上所述，汉字的产生与发展深刻烙印这中华民族文明发展的历史，汉字与中国人重实际、多想象、包容万物的实用理性思维和天人合一、物我一体的精神有着密切联系。

2．汉字的六书是怎样确定的？它能反映汉字构成的特点吗？答：（1）汉字六书的确定①对汉字的研究，早在先秦时代便已开始，《史籀篇》就是那时的研究成果，可惜已经失传。

②秦代，有李斯的《仓颉篇》、赵高的《爰历篇》、胡毋敬的《博学篇》等。

③汉代，将三书合一，仍称《仓颉篇》。

此外，又有史游的《急就篇》。

这些著作主要是给儿童识字用的，因而统称为“小学”。

④东汉许慎的《说文解字》，系统分析了汉字的六种结构，学术上称为“六书”，即象形、指事、会意、形声、转注和假借。

（2）六书能反映汉字构成的特点①象形。

“象形者，画成其物，随体诘诎，日、月是也。

”意思是依照物体的轮廓，用弯曲的线条，画出那个物体的形状来，这就是象形字。

②指事。

“指事者，视而可识，察而见意，上、下是也。

”意思是看一下就可以知道它代表什么，但要仔细观察以后才能明白它的意义。

③会意。

“会意者，比类合谊，以见指撝，武、信是也。

”意思是把两个或两个以上的字合并在一起，并把它们的字义合起来，就出现一个新义的指向。

这里的“谊”同“义”，“指撝”即“指向”。

因此，会意字多为合体字。

Chapter 1答案1. 1) c 2) b 3) a 4) d 5) c2. 6) Sumerian, Egyptian, Chinese characters7) red, rectangular, five stars8) form, sound, meaning9) family name, the given name, xing, shi, ming, zi3.10) a. the Imperial palace/the Forbidden City b. nature reserve c. autonomous region d. special administrative region11) a. the Han nationality b. ethical tradition c. social status d. Chinese character4. Explain the following in English.12) paper making, printing, the compass and gunpowder.13) 甲骨文，钟鼎文，小篆，隶书，楷书5. Answer the following questions.14) Chinese characters mainly have four ways of formation, namely pictographs, indicatives, ideatives and harmonics.15) A person‟s ming and zi were normally given by his or her elders. Hao was different from both min g and zi in that it waschosen by oneself rather than by others. A person often had more than one hao. Hao was not used to address one another but as a signature in one‟s poetic and artistic works. Hao usually revealed one‟s aspirations and moral values.16) A Chinese surname is generally composed of one character or syllable, such as Zhang, Wu, Li, or Yang. There are alsotwo-syllable, three-syllable or even four-syllable surnames, such as Ouyang, Zhuge, Sima, Gongsun, Zhukehun, Buliugu, Houmochen and Jingjiangliushi.Chapter 2答案1．Multiple choice (choose the best answer).1) c 2) d 3) a 4) d 5) a2. Fill in the blanks.6) 221 B.C.7) Silk Road, Chang'an, Xinjiang, Mediterranean Sea8) Opium War9) Sun Yat-sen, feudal monarchical system3. Translate the following terms into English.10) a. the Paleolithic Era b. the Neolithic Age c. slave society d. Dream of Red Mansions11) a. painted pottery b. the spring and Autumn Period c. socialist market economyd. Opium War4. Explain the following in English.12) During the reign of Emperor Wudi (Liu Che, r. 140-87 B.C.), the Han regime reached the period of its greatest prosperity:The emperor conquered the Xiongnu nomads, and sent Zhang Qian as envoy to the Western Regions (Central Asia), and in the process pioneered the route known as the "Silk Road" from the Han capital Chang'an (today's Xi'an, Shaanxi Province), through Xinjiang and onward, finally reaching the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea.13) During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, philosophy and other branches of scholarship wereunprecedentedly thriving, with the representatives of various schools vying with each other in writing books to discuss politics and analyze society. Hence the appearance of a situation in which "a hundred schools of thought contended."5. Answer the following questions.14) The Opium War was the turning point in Chinese history in that it marked the close of the ancient period and the beginningof the modern history.15) The reason why the construction of the Dujiang Dam was so important in Chinese ancient times is that it made possiblerationalized irrigation supply, flood diversion and sand discharge.16) During his reign, Qin Shi Huang standardized the script, currencies, and weights and measures, established the system ofprefectures and counties, and constructed the world-renowned Great Wall as well as a large palace, mausoleum and temporary regal lodges respectively in Xianyang, Lishan and other places. In addition, the life-size terracotta horses and armored warriors excavated from sites near the mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang are known as the eighth wonder of the world.Chapter 3答案1．Multiple choice (choose the best answer).1) d 2) b 3) a 4) b 5) d2. Fill in the blanks.6) 3000, 727) li, yi, yi8) Mo Zi9) Xun Zi, nature, materialism, atheism3. Translate the following terms into English.10) a. Confucianism b. (Sun Wu‟s) the Art of War c. Confucian analects d. Second Sage11) a. the feudal landlord class b. conservatism c. the policy of benevolence d. the nine-square field system4. Explain the following in English.12) The six documents (The Six Classics) under Confucius compilation include Shi (The Book of Songs), Shu (Collection ofAncient Texts), Li (The Rites), Yue (The Music), Yi (I Ching, or The Classic of Changes), and Chun Qiu (The Spring and Autumn Annuals), which are considered as the classics of Confucianism.13) Mencius believed that human beings are good by nature. He held that this goodness is innate and can be acquired withoutlearning or thinking; one‟s natural goodness is presented by the exercise of benevolence, righteousness, proprieties and prudence. Evil comes into being when one rejects their natural goodness.5. Answer the following questions.14) According to Mencius, the ideal moral personality is that one should never be “corrupted by neither riches nor honors,shaken by neither poverty nor adversity, faltered by neither threats nor force”.15) Han Feizi argued that human nature is basically selfish, and thus the social order can be maintained only when the rulerimposes rules and his subjects must obey without questioning and enforces them with strict punishments. As a moral and ethical system, “ren” is the central theme of Confucius Analects, which focuses on human love that is hierarchical and differentiated. Thus Confucius created his version of humanism. In his idea, human nature is partially good and partially evil. Based on “ren”, Confucius objected to the fantastic powers that confused the human spirit.16) As one of the greatest thinkers and educators in the history of China, Confucius‟ contributions lie in the following thre easpects. Firstly, he compiled and preserved literary works of three generations. The six documents (The Six Classics) under his compilation, including Shi (The Book of Songs), Shu (Collection of Ancient Texts), Li (The Rites), Yue (The Music), Yi (I Ching, or The Classic of Changes), and Chun Qiu (The Spring and Autumn Annuals), are considered as the classics of Confucianism. Secondly, Confucius established a system of philosophical thoughts with “ren”(benevolence) as its fundamental virtue. Thirdly, Confucius established private schools and founded a systematic educational framework.Chapter 4答案1．Multiple choice (choose the best answer).1) d 2) d 3) b 4) b 5) c2. Fill in the blanks.6) naturalistic, primitive7) the simplicity, true nature, selfishness, desire8) Old Master9) the social order, individual freedom3. Translate the following terms into English.10) a. prehistoric times b. pessimism c. Taoism d. men-cosmos correspondence11) a. Chinese martial arts b. astrology c. Chinese alchemy d. social order4. Explain the following in English.12) compassion, moderation, and humility13) Mount Longhu (Mount Dragon and Tiger) in Jiangxi Province, Mount Qingcheng in Sichuan Province, Mount Wudang inHubei Province, and Mount Qiyun in Anhui Province.5. Answer the following questions.14) The core of Lao Zi‟s thought is “Tao” (the Way), by whi ch he refered to the condition of the universe before the creation ofthe heaven and the earth. Therefore, it is from Tao that all the elements of the universe are derived. Reversal enables Tao to have a circular movement, that is, when the development of anything brings it to one extreme, a reversal to the other extreme takes place.15) Taoism is one of the most important religions in China, which refers to a variety of related philosophical and religioustraditions and concepts. These traditions have influenced East Asia for over two thousand years and some have spread to the West. As the native religion of China, Daoism, together with Confucianism and Buddhism, comprises the main body of traditional Chinese culture. Daoists, in pursuit of the ideal of becoming immortals by practicing Dao, made great efforts to transcend conventional wisdom about life and knowledge and thus helped both to define ancient science in China and to advance it through a great number of inventions. Chinese alchemy, astrology, cuisine, several Chinese martial arts, Chinese traditional medicine, fengshui, and many styles of qigong breath training disciplines have been intertwined with Daoism throughout history.16) Lao Zi‟s “ruling by non-action or inaction” reflects the exploration of an intellectual for the ultimate solution of the socialorder and individual freedom. His pursuit of vacuity and action through non-action echoes the reality of his time, a period torn by ceaseless wars among states. Lao Zi used the term broadly with simplicity and humility as key virtues, often in contrast to selfish action. On a political level, it means avoiding wars, harsh laws and heavy taxes. For him, it was more important to “see the simplicity, to realize one‟s true nature, to cast off selfishness, and to temper desire”.Chapter 5答案1. Multiple choice (choose the best answer).1) c 2) c 3) a 4) a 5) d2. Fill in the blanks.6) the Han Dynasty, the Sui and Tang7) Confucianism, Taoism8) Wutai, the “roof of northern China”9) Buddhist temples, 76 temples, first3. Translate the following terms into English.10) a. Buddhism b. meditation c. Confucianism d. Buddhist temple11) a. the Great Buddha Hall b. Buddhist scripture c. joss stick d. summer resort4. Explain the following in English.12) The Four Wonders of Mount Emei are the “Golden Summit Sunrise”, “Sea of Clouds”, “Buddha‟s Halo” and the “Holy Lamp”.13) The Ten Schools of Chinese Buddhism are as follows:a. Reality School or Kosa School or Abhidharma School.b. Satysiddhi School or Cheng-se School.c. Three Sastra School or San-lun School.d. The Lotus School or T'ien-t'ai School.e. The Garland School or Hua-yen.f. Intuitive School or Ch'an School or Dhyana School.g. Discipline School or Lu School or Vinaya School.h. Esoteric School or Chen-yien School or Mantra School.i. Dharmalaksana School or Ch'u-en School or Fa-siang School.j. Pure-land School or Sukhavati School or Ching-t'u School.5. Answer the following questions.14) The cornerstone of Buddhist philosophy is the view that all life is suffering.15) the doctrine of Four Noble Truths refers to: life is suffering, the cause of suffering is desire, the answer is to quench desire,and the way to this end is to follow the Eight-Fold Path, which consists of right knowledge, right thought, right speech, right behavior, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness and right concentration.16) When Li Bai, famous Chinese poet of the Tang Dynasty, was invited to Mount Jiuhua, he was overwhelmed by the scene ofnine peaks that look like lotus blooms from heaven. Out of admiration he composed the lines: “Two forces preserve between the World and the Heaven; Nine lotuses blossom on the Jiuhua Mountain.” Since then the mountain has been attracting men of letters throughout the ages, and thus Jiuhua obtained its fame.Chapter 6答案1 Multiple choice (choose the best answer).1) d 2) d 3) d 4) d2 Fill in the blanks.5) Feng, Ya, Song, Fu, Bi, Xing6) The Classic of Poetry; The Classic of History; The Classic of Rites; The Classic of Rites; The Classic of Changes; The Spring and Autumn Annals.7) Feng (Ballads); Ya (Odes); Song (Sacrificial Songs)3 Translate the following terms into English8) a. The Great Learning b. The Analects of Confucius9) a. The Doctrine of the Mean b. The Classic of History10) a. The Classic of Changes b. The Four Books and Five Classics4 Explain the following in English.11) “Confucius Way of the Heart” means if everyone makes strict demands on himself/herself, and does everything according to the Confucian rites, then the relations between the king and the minister, the father and the son will eventually be harmonized, and the society will go smoothly.12) “To know something is not so good as to like it; to like it is not so good as to delight in it.” It means a person who pr efers it can learn better than one who merely understands it; but a person who delights in it learns even better than one who only prefers it.5. Answer the following questions.略Chapter 7答案1 Multiple choice (choose the best answer).1) a 2) b 3) a 4) a2 Fill in the blanks.5)controlling flood, Yv the Great, Shun6)Pan Gu, Nv Wa, her own modal, yellow clay3 Translate the following terms into English7)a. the descendants of Yan and Huang b. Yv the Great controlling the flood8)a. the Eight Immortals crossing the sea. b. Nv Wa creating man9)a. Pan Gu creating the world b.Kua Fu chasing the Sun4 Answer the following questions.10)Huang Di is resourceful in invention as well as in war and is credited with the invention of many things, like carts and boats, clothes, houses, writing and silkworm breeding and Silk weaving. Yan Di is credited with the invention of farming and medicine. He invented the wooden plow and taught people how to treat diseases. Wars urged the mixture and the assimilation of different tribes and eventually formed a tribal alliance of Huang Di and Yan Di. Traditions has it that Chinese civilization originated from the era of Huang Di and Yan Di, for they are the ancestors of the Chinese people. That is why the Chinese call themselves the descendants of Yan and Huang.11)略5 Retell the stories with the help of the following pictures.略Chapter 8答案:1 Multiple choice (choose the best answer).1) a 2)d 3)d 4) a2 Fill in the blanks.5) the guti verse forms, jinti verse forms, classical, verse form, moder6) Shijing7) Li Sao8) Sage Poet, the greatest realist poet9) Su Shi, Li Qingzhao3 Translate the following terms into English10) a. Tang Poems b. Songci11) a. yuanqu b. Chuci4 Explain the following in English12) Yuefu originally referred to the “music bureau” in the Han Dynasty, responsible for collecting or writing poems, folk son gs and ballads, and having them set to music. Later, poems, folk songs and ballads collected and compiled by yufu were given the name Yuefu.13) Ci is a kind of poetry written to certain tunes with strict tonal patterns and rhyme schemes, in fixed numbers of lines and words, originated in Tang Dynasty and fully developed in Song Dynasty.14) Apart from the above verse forms, there is also Fu, it‟s something between poetry and prose, similar to rhapsody: a descriptive poem, and much cultivated from Han times to the Six Dynasties. Examples are Su Shi's “Fu on the Red Cliff”, Ban Gu‟s Rhapsody on Two Capitals”, etc.5 Answer the following questions略Chapter 9答案:1 Multiple choice (choose the best answer).1) b 2)d 3)c 4) d 5)a 6)d2 Fill in the blanks.7) A Dream of Red Mansions, The Pilgrim to the West, Romance of theThree Kingdoms, and Outlaws of the Marsh.8) Monkey King9) Cao Xueqin , Gao E10) Wei, Shu, Wu11) Jin Ping Mei12) The Family, The Spring and The Autumn3 Translate the following terms into English13) a. vernacular novel b. Grand View Garden14) a. trilogy Torrent b. Three Kingdoms4 Explain the following in English.15) Hua Ben is actually a kind of monologue for actors to tell stories to the lower-class audience who were unable to read forthemselves.16) The Grand View Garden is a large landscaped interior garden in the classic Chinese novel Dream of the Red Chamber, builtwithin the compounds of the Rongguo Mansion. It is the setting for much of the story. When the Jia family estates are confiscated, the Garden is ransacked. Being farther from the inner apartments, it is also destroyed by the Imperial Guards.5. Answer the following questions.略6. Group Discussion略Chapter 10答案:1 Multiple choice (choose the best answer).1) b 2)a 3)b 4) a2 Fill in the blanks.5) Qin-Han6) Four Great Playwrights of Yuan Dynasty7) The Midsummer Snow, Raindrops on Phoenix Tree , Autumn in the Han Palace and The Orphan of the Zhao‟s3 Translate the following terms into Chinese8) a. 《牡丹亭》b. 《窦娥冤》9) a. 《梧桐雨》b. 《汉宫秋》10) a. 《赵氏孤儿》b. 《雷雨》4 Explain the following in English.11) Kunqu is one of the oldest and most refined styles of Chinese opera. It is regarded as the …mother‟ of Chinese theatre, having spawned many other forms, and is listed as one of UNESCO‟s Masterpieces of t he Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.12) The Peony Pavilion is the most frequently piece played in Chinese Kunqu Opera by Tang Xianzu. The story takes place in the Southern Song period: Du Liniang, a sheltered, lonely girl of sixteen, dreams of a handsome young scholar. Saddened that he was only a dream, she pines away. Before she dies, she paints a self-portrait and hides it in the garden. Her mother buries her under a plum tree, and a shrine is erected to her memory.Liu Mengmei, an impoverished scholar, and dreams of a beautiful young woman under a plum tree who prophesies that only she will bring him happiness. While traveling, he finds Du Liniang's portrait, and falls in love with the image. Liniang‟s ghost appears. Convinced of Mengmei's love, s he reveals that she is a ghost, but that she can be revived. Braving his own fears, Mengmei opens the grave. Liniang returns to life.5. Answer the following questions.略。

第一章中国历史文化一、单项选择题1、家畜饲养业开始于＿＿阶段。

A晚期智人B早期智人C母系氏族公社D父系氏族公社2、原始手工业是＿＿阶段的突出成就。

A晚期智人B早期智人C母系氏族公社D父系氏族公社3、实行＿＿是氏族产生的前提。

A对偶婚B一夫一妻制C族内婚D族外婚4、从血缘家族进入氏族公社阶段是在＿＿＿时期。

A早期智人B山顶洞人C晚期智人D北京人5、＿＿＿时期，普遍使用磨制石器。

A晚期智人B早期智人C母系氏族公社D父系氏族公社6、母系氏族公社时期的婚姻开始向＿＿＿过渡。

A对偶婚B一夫一妻制C族内婚D族外婚7、婚姻制度向＿＿＿的变化是父权制确立的标志。

A对偶婚B一夫一妻制C族内婚D族外婚8、传说黄帝造屋宇、作舟车、制衣服。

他的＿＿＿教会人们养蚕缫丝；他的＿＿＿作书；＿＿＿造律吕；＿＿＿作甲子。

A臣子仓颉B臣子大挠C妻子D臣子伶伦9、从＿＿＿阶段开始，形成了语言，并且不仅能使用火还能控制火。

A元谋人B北京山顶洞人C北京人D陕西大荔人10、从＿＿＿阶段开始，人类已经学会了人工取火。

A猿人B早期智人C晚期智人D母系氏族公社11、中国进入有文字可考的时代是在＿＿＿。

A夏朝B商朝C周朝D秦朝12、＿＿＿是我国历史上第一个奴隶制国家。

A夏朝B商朝C周朝 D秦朝13、＿＿＿年，是我国有确切纪年的开始。

A公元前840 B公元840 C公元841 D公元前841年14、战国时期，为了进一步发展封建制，各国纷纷开始变法运动，其中最彻底的是＿＿＿。

A魏李悝变法B楚吴起变法C秦商鞅变法D王安石变法15、春秋后期开始使用＿＿＿做冶铁燃料。

A焦炭B煤C木炭D天然气16、战国时期出现“百家争鸣”的局面。

道家代表人物是＿＿；儒家代表人物是＿＿和＿＿；法家代表人物是＿＿；兵家代表人物是＿＿；墨家创始人是＿＿；其中＿＿被尊为“亚圣”。

A庄子B孟子C墨子D孙膑E韩非子F荀子17、诸子百家中孟子的主张是＿＿＿。

A“兼爱”、“非攻” B法治C“王道”、“仁政”D古代朴素唯物主义18、春秋末年，吴国开凿的＿＿＿是我国最早的运河。

〖中国传统文化〗课后答案绪论1【单选题】(1分)1.亨廷顿认为：文化的重要作用是用价值观影响人类的进步。

正确2【单选题】(1分)《文化经济学》认为“文化是明天的生产力”。

正确3【单选题】(1分)文化精神是指：民族文化中占主导地位的基本思想与观念，或者说是文化传统的主流。

正确4【多选题】(1分)文化精神与民族精神的关系：（ABCD ）A.民族精神是指文化精神中的优秀成分。

属于价值判断范畴。

B.文化精神是指一个民族文化中占主导地位的思想与观念。

属于事实判断范畴。

C.文化精神属于事实判断范畴。

D.民族精神属于价值判断范畴。

第一章1【多选题】(1分)“以人为本”的思想包括：ABCA.以仁为本B.以人为尊C.以民为贵2【多选题】(1分)礼教的核心是：（ABCDE ）A.夫妇有别B.君臣有义C.父子有亲D.长幼有序E.朋友有信3【多选题】(1分)有关孟子倡导“五伦”的说法，哪些是正确的？（ABCD）A.“五伦”指父子有亲，君臣有义，夫妇有别，长幼有序，朋友有信。

B.五伦的观念是几千年来支配了我们中国人的道德生活的最有力量的传统观念之一。

C.五伦里的权利和义务受到适当的遵循，社会就会稳定和有秩序。

D.“五伦”是我们礼教的核心，它是维系中华民族的群体的纲纪。

第二章1【单选题】(1分)孔子思想体系的核心概念是：（仁）2【单选题】(1分)颜渊问仁，子曰：（克己复礼为仁）3【单选题】(1分)孔子关于仁的答案的共同之处，是强调（自我修养）4【单选题】(1分)孔子关于仁的回答，正确的答案应该在所有那些答案的（共性）中寻找5【单选题】(1分)传统中国人的基本思维方式是：（天人合一6【单选题】(1分)天的涵义包括：（神性义道德义自然义）7【单选题】(1分)天人感应思想的提出者是：（董仲舒）8【单选题】(1分)天人合一的涵义包括：（人与自然、人与人以及人自身的和谐）9【单选题】(1分)达到天人合一的途径是：（仁礼的统一）10【单选题】(1分)荀子提出过：（制天命而用之）第三章1【单选题】(1分)道家思想产生的职业渊源是（史官）2【单选题】(1分)以下说法可以概括道家宗旨的是（清虚卑弱）3【单选题】(1分)老子对于鬼神的看法是（无神论）4【单选题】(1分)在《道德经》中，老子认为水具有多种品德，下列选项中不属于水的品德的是（推己及人）5【单选题】(1分)下文可以体现老子节俭思想的是（治人事天莫若啬）6【多选题】(1分)关于《道德经》所讲内容，下列说法正确的是（ABD ）《道德经》是一部讲战争用兵的书B.《道德经》是一部讲哲学智慧的书C.《道德经》是一部最早的散文集D.《道德经》是一部讲治国管理的书7【多选题】(1分)在《道德经》中，对于“反”的理解正确的是（BCD ） A.道法自然B.反向思维C.祸福相依D.相反相成8【多选题】(1分)下列有关老子所讲“无为”的含义正确的是（ACD） A.不妄为B.不作为C.不多为D.有所不为9【多选题】(1分)下列选项中不属于对《道德经》评价的是（A CD ）A.中国历史上第一部编年体通史B.“帝王之上师臣民之极宝”C.“史家之绝唱，无韵之离骚”D.中国最早的一部诗歌总集【多选题】(1分)下列对于“道”的认识属于《道德经》观点的有（AB ） A.天之道，利而不害B.弱者，道之用C.天道酬勤D.忠恕之道第四章1【单选题】(1分)“佛”意思是什么？(B)A.庙里的塑像B.智者、觉者C.传说中的人物D.神仙2【单选题】(1分)释迦牟尼是那个国家的人？(B)A.中国B.古印度C.尼泊尔D.泰国3【单选题】(1分)佛教传入中国大约在什么时间？(D)A.公元前6世纪B.秦代C.三国时期D.西汉末、东汉初4【单选题】(1分)佛教传入中国后行健的第一座寺院是：(B)A.少林寺B.白马寺C.南华寺D.普救寺5【单选题】(1分)“今于众前，发诚实誓：若所传无谬者，当使焚身之后，舌不焦烂”。

练习答案Unit 1Before You Read2. Give the name of the following myths according to the pictures.1) Houyi Shot the Suns 2) Chang’e Flying to the Moon3) the Eight Immortals4) Kua Fu Chasing the SunKnowledge Focus2.Fill in the blanks according to the knowledge you’ve learned about Chinese mythology.1)myths 2)religion 3)myth, legend 4)encyclopedia 5) Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism 6) Reverence 7) Pangu3.Match the information in Column A with the time period in Column B according to Chinese culture.1) C 2) E 3) A4) B5) D4.Tell whether the following statements are true or false. Write T if the statement is true and F if it is false.1) F 2) F 3) F 4) F 5) T 6) F7) TLanguage Focus1. Write the correct word next to its definition.1)potion 2)extol 3)worship 4)chaos 5)intertwine 6)cult 7)gigantic 8)stifle 9)tenet 10)tapestry 11)deity 12)prophecy 13)reverence 14)reincarnation15)hierarchy 2. Fill in the blanks with the words or expressions taken from Exercise 1 andtranslate the sentences into Chinese.1)tenets: 他是信奉自然主义信条的作家之一。

《中国文化概论》习题参考绪论1、为什么说文化就是“自然的人化”?“自然”有两方面的含义:一是指存在于人类自身之外的自然界，二是指人类的本能及人身体的自然属性。

文化是人类影响自然、改造自然的活动。

自然界的山川河流花草虫鱼，只有渗透人审美的或价值的观念，它才具有文化的内涵。

文化又是人类完善自己、改造自己的过程。

人类在生活实践、社会实践中，不断提高适应、利用、改造自然界的能力，不断提高个体与群体的素质。

从这个意义说，人也是文化的产物。

2、怎样理解广义文化与狭义文化的联系和区别?广义文化一般指人类社会历史实践过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和。

狭义文化指社会的意识形态，以及与之相适应的制度和组织机构。

显然，广义文化与狭义文化的区别主要是范围大小之别，狭义文化在逻辑上从属于广义文化。

但是二者有密切的联系:物质创造活动是精神创造活动的基础，精神创造活动也反作用于物质创造活动。

二者不应割裂开来。

第一章1、哪些地理因素对中国文化的形成和发展产生过较大的影响?适宜农业生产及人居的环境使黄河中下游地区成为中国上古文化中心地区，奠定了中华民族农业文明的基础。

中国农业区自然条件的稳定，为中国文化的延续提供了稳定的物质基础。

中国多样化的地理环境决定了中国文化的多样性。

不同的地理环境，使各地产生不同的社会、政治、行政制度，形成不同的生活方式与思想观念，也使各地受外来文化影响程度也不相同。

中国相对封闭的地理环境为中华民族提供了免受外敌入侵的天然屏障，保护了中国文化的延续，也给我们民族与外界交流带来地理障碍。

2、为什么同样的地理因素在不同的历史时期会起到不同的作用?地理环境是人类赖以生存和发展的基础，对人类社会起着重要的影响。

但是不同历史时期、不同地区人们对地理环境的利用程度存在着悬殊的差异，利用的方式也迥然不同，所以同样的地理因素在不同的历史时期会起到不同的作用。

第二章1、中国传统社会的农耕经济有哪些特点？持续性、多元结构、早熟2、宋明以来中国社会经济为何长期迟滞不前？中国农耕经济和中国文化的早熟性，与中国社会的多元结构相互配合，加强了传统社会的坚韧性。

第1章简论1.1复习笔记一、文化与中国文化1．中国古代对“文化”一词的认识（1）最早出现在《周易·贲》里，书云：“观乎天文，以察时变；观乎人文，以化成天下。

”但“文化”二字还没有连在一起。

它的意思是，统治者通过观察天象，可以了解时序的变化；通过观察人类社会的各种现象，可以用教育感化的手段来治理天下。

（2）对“文化”概念的这种规定性从汉唐时代起，一直影响到明清。

汉代出现“文化”一词，但人们的理解并不一致。

如汉代刘向、晋人都认为它是与国家的军事手段（即武功）相对立的一个概念，即国家的文教治理手段。

唐代的孔颖达则认为人类社会的文化，主要是指文学艺术和礼仪风俗等属于上层建筑的那些东西。

（3）顾炎武认为，人自身的行为表现和国家的各种制度，都属于“文化”的范畴。

可见，中国古代的“文化”概念，指的是狭义的精神层面的东西。

2．西方对“文化”一词的认识（1）西方“文化”的含义比中国古代“文化”的含义要宽泛得多西方的“文化”一词，来源于拉丁文Cultura，意思是耕种、居住、练习、注意等等。

法文的Culture，也是栽培、种植之意，引申为对人的性情的陶冶和品德的培养。

这里就包含了人的物质生产和精神生产两个领域。

（2）19世纪下半叶，英国文化学家泰勒出版的《原始文化》一书，给“文化”下了定义：“包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗和任何人作为一名社会成员而获得的能力和习惯在内的复杂整体”。

这一观点在文化史的研究方面具有开先河的作用，可以作为我们了解和认识“文化”的参考。

后来人们理解和认识，有的侧重于历史性，有的侧重于规范性，有的侧重于心理性，有的侧重于结构性，有的侧重于遗传性，等等。

（3）马克思主义理论家把“文化”分为广义和狭义两种广义上，文化是人类在社会历史实践过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和。

狭隘上，文化就是在历史上一定的物质资料生产方式的基础上发生和发展的社会精神生活形式的总和。

我国l979年出版的《辞海》基本上采用了这个说法。

《中国文化概观》平时作业(1一、判断题(每题 1分,共 20分1、“文明”与“文化”是两个概念,既相互联系又存有区别。

(√2、广义的“文化”是指人类社会活动过程中所创造的一切成果,表现为物质和精神两方面的内容。

(√3、目前学术界一般接受从物质、精神两个层面对文化分类。

(×4、地球上的一切地形中国几乎都有,但以山岭为标志。

(×5、宗谱, 又称祠堂, 是供奉祖先神主、进行祭祀活动的场所, 被视为宗族的象征。

(√6、中华民族的人文始祖伏羲、炎帝和黄帝即为先秦时代的历史人物。

(×7、法家学派的先驱为春秋时期的管仲、子产。

(√8、作为兵学鼻祖的孙子以自然天论为前提。

(√9、中国文化精神和中华民族精神既相互联系、内在贯通, 又相互区别、各有其旨趣。

(√ 10、中华民族文化是一个多元一体的有机的价值体系,是统一的中华民族的创造力的反映。

(√11、“天人合一”源于奴隶社会的需要。

(×12、董仲舒认为“天” 的性质“与地无异” , 是无意志、无目的、无人格的自然物体。

(× 13、佛、儒分歧的焦点就是生死问题,儒家重生轻死;佛家重死轻生,以神不灭论为其理论根本。

(√14、中国传统人本主义坚持“民为贵”的民本主义精神。

(√15、中国传统文化在人与神之间, 坚持以人为本, 重视现世的人伦生活, 而将宗教和鬼神信仰置于其后,神本主义始终未居主导地位。

(√16、中国文化具有贵和尚中的精神。

“中”是把众多矛盾的事物有机地统一起来,构成一个和谐的整体。

(×17、西方文化强调通过斗争来解决矛盾,中国文化则主张通过调和来化解矛盾。

(√ 18、所谓六经,即《诗》、《书》、《礼》、《乐》、《易》、《春秋》。

(√ 19、董仲舒“君权神授”的理既维护了君主的权利也制约了君主的胡作非为。

(√ 20、宋明理学自宋代兴起后, 在政治思想领域占有统治地位, 封建礼教所鼓吹的“三纲五常” 成了人们的基本规范。

第一章绪论答案要点：1、文化是指人类历史活动中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和。

文化的含义众说纷纭，最权威的说法就是英国人类学家泰勒在《原始文化》一书里的定义，“文化，或文明，就其广泛的民族学意义来说，是包括全部的知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及作为社会成员的人所掌握和接受的任何其他的才能和习惯的复合体。

”美国文化人类学家克罗伯和克拉克洪对161种文化的定义进行了归纳和总结，“文化是由各种外显和内隐的行为模式构成的，这些行为模式是通过符号习得和传播的，它们构成了人类群体的独特成就，其中包括体现在人工制品方面的成就。

2、旅游文化是人类创造的过去和现在与旅游有关的物质财富与精神财富的总和；旅游文化，是旅游主体、旅游客体和旅游媒介三要素相互作用的结果，其中的任何一项都不能单独形成旅游文化；旅游文化是旅游生活过程中的一种文化形态，是旅游这一独特的社会现象体现出来的文化内涵；对于旅游文化来说，其它各种文化都是“原材料”。

旅游文化不是一般社会文化向旅游领域的简单移入或嫁接,而应该是以一般文化形态为基础创造出来的新型文化。

3、文化旅游如同旅游文化，说法莫衷一是；可以说文化旅游就是以旅游经营者创造的观赏对象和休闲娱乐方式为消费内容，使旅游者获得富有文化内涵和深度参与旅游体验的旅游活动的集合，旅游是形式，文化是内涵；文化旅游强调的是一种旅游方式，而旅游文化的重点是强调一种文化形态。

4、文化是旅游业的灵魂，有助于弘扬民族文化,提高国民素质，旅游文化是一个国家旅游业保持自身特色的决定因素；旅游文化有助于提高旅游从业人员的素质，提高管理水平的关键；旅游文化是旅游业创建名牌、提高竞争力的法宝。

5、发展旅游业可以促进文化的交流和发展，但同时也造成对社会文化环境的影响。

因此旅游文化与旅游可持续发展存在相辅相成、辨证统一的关系。

旅游文化是旅游可持续发展的方向和动力，必须以可持续的旅游发展观来对待旅游文化，具体讲就是整体观，持续观，公平观，资源观和全球观。

书本绪论一为什么说文化就是“自然的人化”？1.文化的实质性含义是指：人化或人类化，即人类主体通过社会实践活动，适应、利用、改造自然界客体而逐步实现自身价值观念的过程。

2.其体现即有自然面貌、形态、功能的不断改观；也有人类个体与群体素质的不断提高和完善。

二文化结构的四层次包括哪些内容？物质、制度、风俗习惯、思想与价值。

第一章中国文化的历史地理环境三历史上哪些地理因素对中国文化的形成和发展产生过较大的影响？举例说明。

1对中国文化的延续性起了很大的作用。

黄河中下游一带适宜百姓生存和繁衍。

在中国占主导地位的传统文化，无论是物质的，还是精神的，都是建立在农业生产的基础上的，它们形成于农业区，也随着农业区的扩大而传播。

2 对中国文化多样性的影响主要表现为，地理障碍对人类活动（交通运输）和文化传播的影响。

不同的地理环境与物质条件，形成了不同人群的不同生活方式与思想观念，受到了不同程度的外来文化影响。

3 对开放与封闭的影响是相对的，首先，不存在绝对的开放或封闭的地理环境；其次在不同的生产力条件下，影响的程度是不同的；再次自然地理环境也不是决定开放与否的唯一条件，海洋并不是开放的唯一途径。

(中国历史上确实长期缺乏开放的动力，但从某种意义上说，根本的原因并不是地理阻隔，而是中国的地理条件过于优越。

)第二章中国文化植根的经济基础四中国传统社会的农耕经济有哪些特点？1中国农耕经济体制下的经济成分是多元化的，从纵的方面讲，它始终保留着各个历史发展阶段的经济成份；从横的方面讲，它是与自给自足的自然经济联系在一起的。

中国的农耕经济并不仅仅是农业生产，它还包含着手工业、商业等多方面的经济成份（到了封建社会晚期，商品性农业和为市场而生产的手工产品更在农家经济中占据重要地位）2以农耕经济为主的中华文明是一种主张和平自守的内向型文化。

它决定了中国的海洋贸易不可能是向外扩展的外向型经济，而是一种内敛型经济。

海洋贸易仅仅是农耕经济一种补充形式而已。