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武汉大学 2008 年博士研究生入学考试试题马克思主义思想政治教育原著选读1、试论述“凡属于思想性质的问题，凡属于人民内部的争论问题，只能用民主的方法去解决，只能用讨论的方法、批评的方法、说服教育的方法去解决，而不能用强制的，压服的方法去解决。
”试述正确处理人民内部矛盾。
（30 分）2、试分析列宁的“工人阶级本来也不可能有社会主义民主主义意识。
这种意识只能从外面灌输进去。
”试述“灌输”理论。
（ 30 分）3、论述马克思主义“人的本质”理论，以及对正确加快人的社会化的影响。
马克思主义人的本质理论是什么？如何促进人的社会化？（40 分）思想政治教育理论与方法1、试论述推进当代中国马克思主义大众化。
如何推进当代中国马克思主义大众化？（30 分）2、试论述心理咨询的思想政治教育价值及其实现。
心理疏导的思想政治教育价值的实现。
（ 30 分）3、阐述国家文化软实力的科学内涵及其提升。
国家文化软实力的科学内涵和提升的措施。
（40 分）武汉大学 2010 年思想政治教育专业考博真题科目一：马克思主义思想政治教育经典原著选读（共三题）1、为什么说马克思列宁主义的基本原则就是要使群众认识自己的利益并且团结起来为自己的利益而奋斗？（ 30 分）2、为什么说思想掌握群众是精神变物质的先决条件？（30 分）3、恩格斯曾经指出 : “就个别人来说 , 他的行动的一切动力 , 都一定要通过他的头脑 , 一定要转变为他的意志的动机 , 才能使他行动起来。
”为什么？循此如何增强人们的精神动力？（ 40 分）科目二：思想政治教育原理与方法（共三题）1、论科学建构思想政治教育主客体关系的意义及其重点。
（30 分）2、为什么说人们思想的形成是客观反映和主观建构的统一？（30 分）3、论全球思想文化交流交融交锋的新特点及其对思想政治教育提出的新课题。
（40 分）答题心得体会：1、夯实学科理论的基础知识（如思想政治教育主体及其争论焦点；精神鼓励与物质鼓励相结合的原则）；2、关注出题教师的研究兴趣（如骆郁廷老师的学术专长和研究偏好——《精神动力论》，精神力量与物质力量之间的关系）；3、掌握学科研究的前沿动向（如提升文化软实力；马克思主义大众化、中国化、时代化）。
918 结构力学：龙驭球：《结构力学教程1，2》，高等教育出版社919 建筑工程经济：何亚伯：《建筑工程经济与企业管理》，武汉大学出版社920 给水排水水力学：西南交大编：《水力学》，高等教育出版社921 道路工程材料：李立寒、张南鹭编著：《道路建筑材料》，同济大学出版社1999年版892 水力学：李炜：《水力学》，武汉大学出版社894 材料力学：邓训：《材料力学》，武汉大学出版社896 工程地质：杨连生：《水利水电工程地质》，武汉大学出版社复试科目参考书目：固体力学：章监才：《结构力学》，武汉大学出版社徐芝伦：《弹性力学及有限元》，高等教育出版社土力学：侍倩：《土力学》，武汉大学出版社钢筋混凝土结构：清华大学、同济大学、东南大学等合编：《混凝土结构》，中国建筑工业出版社钢结构：魏明钟：《钢结构》，武汉理工大学出版社土木工程施工：杨和礼：《土木工程施工》，武汉大学出版社城市给水与污水处理：严煦世编：《给水工程》，中国建筑工业出版社张自杰：《排水工程》（下册），中国建筑工业出版社基础工程：浙江大学、华南理工大学、同济大学、东南大学合编：《基础工程》，中国建筑工业出版社道路工程：张京穗、傅少君、邹维列：《道路工程》，武汉理工大学出版社2002年版水利水电工程概论：田士豪：《水利水电工程概论》，中国水利水电出版社2004年版（注：另包括其他水利工程二级学科专业）加试科目参考书目：工程水力学：李炜：《水力学》，武汉大学出版社河流动力学：陈立、明宗富：《河流动力学》，武汉大学出版社岩土力学：张振营：《岩土力学》，中国水利电力出版社水工建筑物：陈胜宏：《水工建筑物》，中国水利电力出版社2004年版交通工程：李作敏主编：《交通工程学》（第二版），人民交通出版社2001年版工程项目管理：李世蓉：《建设工程项目管理》，武汉理工大学出版社土木工程概论：江见鲸编：《土木工程概论》，高等教育出版社结构力学：龙驭球：《结构力学教程1，2》，高等教育出版社理论力学：哈尔滨工业大学主编：《理论力学》，高等教育出版社道路勘测设计：张雨化：《道路勘测设计》，人民交通出版社。
一、单选题（满分）1三线表是卡线表的一种，它由三条线组成。
这种说法对吗？答案：B•A、正确•B、错误2学术不端文献检测系统是（），对预防和遏制学术不端行为的发生，维护良好的学术环境能起到积极的作用。
答案：A•A、一个第三方的独立审查平台•B、隶属于研究生教育主管部门的•C、一个学术机构创办的3在学术活动和学术交流中泄露秘密事项，不属于侵犯《保守国家秘密法》，这个观点是对还是错？答案：B•A、正确•B、错误4孙同学将自已相同的研究成果进行改头换面发表，是“一稿多投”行为。
此说法对吗？答案：A•A、正确•B、错误5SCI是指（）答案：B•A、中国科学引文索引•B、科学引文索引•C、社会科学引文索引6在一种刊物上发表过摘要或初步报道，而将全文投向另一期刊发表。
这种行为( ) 答案：C•A、属于剽窃•B、属于一稿多投•C、符合学术规范7在文后参考文献中著录正文中根本没有引用的“参考文献”是否属于学术不端行为？答案：A•A、是•B、否8学术论文讨论的问题如果十分专深，可以不用阐述该问题在专业领域中的位置和背景。
此说法对吗？答案：B•A、正确•B、错误9我国参考文献的规范是遵循中华人民共和国国家标准《GB/T7714-2005文后参考文献著录规则》（该标准于2015年更新为《GB/T7714-2015信息与文献参考文献著录规则》）。
此说法对吗？答案：A•A、正确•B、错误10在呈现历史观点或公认“常识性”内容时要做引注。
此说法对吗？答案：B•A、正确•B、错误11（）是指为进行某项科学研究而开展的全面的信息检索和信息利用的活动。
答案：C •A、田野调查•B、文献综述•C、文献调研12参考文献的作者姓名之间用（)分开。
答案：D•A、顿号•B、分号•C、空格•D、逗号13引用未成文的口语实录,是否可以将作者不同时间多次的口语实录自行综合？答案：A •A、否•B、可以•C、无法判断14只要是涉及国家机密的学位论文,（）不得以任何方式泄露更不能公开发表。
2002年攻读出版发行学硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：图书营销与管理科目代码：432一、名词解释（共5小题，每小题4分，共20分）1、图书产品2、病态需求3、目标市场4、促销组合5、专有出版权二、简答题（共5小题，每小题12分，共60分）1、科学技术的发展对书业营销活动有哪些影响？2、读者的购买过程可以分为哪几个基本阶段？各有哪些特点？3、影响出版社选择图书分销渠道的主要因素有哪些？4、简述著作权法的基本原则。
5、简述著作权的基本内容。
三、论述题（20分）运用图书营销学关于“定价策略”的有关理论分析我国当前图书定价工作中存在的主要问题，并指出相应的改进思路。
考试科目：编辑出版发行学基础科目代码：337一、改错题（将各题中错误部分或不完整处用横线划出，并加以改正或补充；含5小题，每小题4分，共20分）1、出版学之所以是一门社会科学学科是因为我们从事出版学研究，必须运用大量的社会科学知识，如探讨读者服务规律要运用心理学知识，研究网点发展要掌握经济地理学知识等。
2、按著作方式分，图书的作者包括著者、编著者、编纂者、选编者、总策划、策划人、译者、编译者、注释者、责任编辑、总编辑等类型。
3、邹韬奋于1897年创办的生活书店和陆费逵于1912年创办的商务印书馆，是我国近代最有影响的两家民族资产阶级的出版发行企业。
4、在各类图书发行网点中，专业性网点是指专门经营图书零售业务的网点，如新华书店的门市部、集体书店、个体书店等。
5、征订包销与征订经销这两种购销形式的主要区别包括：总发行权不同、存货损失负担责任不同、进发货程序不同等。
二、简答题（含5小题，每小题12分，共60分）1、出版学能够成为一门独立性学科的主要理由是什么？2、什么叫出版资源的优化配置？其衡量的标准是什么？3、书稿的编辑加工包括哪几个方面的具体内容？4、什么叫图书发行代理制？为什么当前我国应当积极推行图书发行代理制？5、概述中国版协于1995年通过的《中国出版工作者职业道德准则》的主要内容，并加以简要述评。
武汉大学2002年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（100）一、名词解释（共六题，每小题5 分，共30 分）1、机会成本2、帕累托改进3、菲利普斯曲线4、欧拉定理5、经济周期6、价格——消费曲线二、简答题（共四小题，每题8 分，共32 分）1、简述影响市场竞争程度的主要因素2、运用弹性理论简要评论“薄利多销”这一传统的经商理念3、简述凯恩斯货币需求动机理论4、宏观经济学认为，政府扩大财政支出会引起私人消费或投资下降的所谓“挤出效应”。
这一效应的程度大小主要受哪些因素影响三、论述题（共2 题，第一题20 分，第二题18 分）1、论述外部不经济及纠正外部不经济所造成的资源配置不当的政策建议2、论述宏观经济政策的目标2003年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题一、名词解释（共8 小题，5 分每题）1、比较优势2、纳什均衡3、需求收入弹性4、资源配置效率5、自然垄断6、购买力平价7、乘数效应8、菲利普斯曲线二、问答题（1－4 题每题15 分，5－9 题每题10 分）1、什么是外部性？其解决的基本方法是什么？2、简述垄断竞争的三个特点。
它如何像垄断？如何像竞争？3、什么是GDP 平减指数？什么是消费物价指数？这二者有什么差别？4、请结合供求曲线图说明税收引起的福利的无谓损失5、市场中存在垄断的原因主要有哪些？6、简述效率工资理论7、公有资源与公共物品有何异同？8、在环境保护方面，经济学家的主张与积极的环保主义者的主张有何不同？9、在什么条件下企业将暂时停止营业？在什么条件下企业将退出市场？2004 年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题一、名词解释1、科斯定理2、庀古税3、需求定理4、人力资本5、竞争市场6、边际收益递减规律7、挤出效应8、市场势力9、自然失业率10、公有地悲剧二、问答题（共九题，1－2 题每题15 分，3－0 题每题10 分，共100 分）1、什么是经济学的十大原理？这十大原理能够解决现实经济中的哪些问题2、影响税收归宿的主要因素是什么？请分具体情形说明税收负担在买者和卖者之间的分摊情况。
武汉大学2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题（满分值100分）科目名称：英语（B卷）科目代码：1011注意：所有的答题内容必须写在答题纸上，凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。
Part I Reading Comprehension (2 20＝40%)Directions: In this part of the test, there will be 5 passage for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. you are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANWER SHEET.Passage OneA hundred years ago it was assumed and scientifically “proved” by economists that the laws of society made it necessary to have a vast army of poor and jobless people in order to keep the economy going. Today, hardly anybody would dare to voice this principle. It is generally accepted that nobody should be excluded from the wealth of the nation, either by the laws of nature or by those of society. The opinions, which were current a hundred years ago, that the poor owed their conditions to their ignorance and lack of responsibility, are outdated. In all Western industrialized counties, a system of insurance has been introduced which guarantees everyone a minimum of subsistence in case of unemployment, sickness and old age. I would go one step further and argue that, even if these conditions are not present, everyone has the right to receive the means to subsist; in other words, he can claim this subsistence minimum without having to have any “reason”. I would suggest, however, that it should be limited to a definite period of time, let’s say two years, so as to avoid the encouraging of an abnormal attitude which refuses any kind of social obligation.This may sound like a fantastic proposal, but so, I think, our insurance system would have sounded to people a hundred years ago. The main objection to such a scheme would be that if each person were entitled to receive minimum support, people would not work. This assumption rests on the fallacy of the inherent laziness in human nature, actually, aside from abnormally lazy people, there would be very few who wouldnot want to earn more than the minimum, and who would prefer to do nothing rather than work.However, the suspicions against a system of guaranteed subsistence minimum are not groundless from the standpoint of those who want to use ownership of capital for the purpose of forcing others to accept the work conditions they offer. If nobody were forced to accept work in order not to starve, work would have to be sufficiently interesting and attractive to induce one to accept it. Freedom of contract is possible only if both parties are free to accept and reject it; in the present capitalist system this is not the case.But such a system would not only be the beginning of real freedom of contract between employers and employees, its principal advantage would be the improvement of freedom in interpersonal relationships in every sphere of daily life.1．People used to think that poverty and unemployment were due to .A．the slow development of the economyB．the poor and jobless people’s own faultsC．the lack of responsibility on the part of societyD．the large number of people who were not well-educated2．Now it is widely accepted that .A．the present system of social insurance should be improvedB．everybody should be granted a minimum of subsistence without any “reason”C．everybody has the right to share in the wealth of the countryD．people have to change their attitude towards the poor3．The writer argues that a system of social insurance should .A．provide benefits for the sick, old and unemployedB．encourage people to take on more social obligationsC．guarantee everyone the right to be employedD．provide everyone with the right to a minimum subsistence for a certain period 4．According to the writer, a system of guaranteed subsistence minimum .A．demands too much from societyB．makes freedom of contract impossibleC．helps people take interest in their workD．helps bring about changes in the relationship among peoplePassage TwoPublic speaking fills most people with dread. Humiliation is greatest fear; self-exposure and failing to appeal to the audience come a close second. Women hate it most, since girls are pressurized from an early age to be concerned with appearances of all kinds.Most people have plenty of insecurities, and this seems like a situation that will bring them out. If you were under pressure to be perfect, you are terrified of falling in the most public of ways.Extroverts, on the contrary, will feel less fear before the ordeal. It does not mean they will necessarily do it better. Some very shy people manage to shine. When I met the British comedian Julian Clary, he was shy and cautious, yet his TV performances are perfect.In fact, personality is not the best predictor of who does it well. Regardless of what you are like in real life, the key seems to be to act yourself.Actual acting, as in performing the scripted lines of a character other than yourself, does not do the job. While politicians may limit damage by having carefully written and rehearsed scripts to speak from, there is always a hidden awareness among the audience that the words might not be true.Likewise, the incredibly perfect speeches of many American academics are far from natural. You may end up buying their book on the way out, but soon afterwards, it is much like fast food, and you get a nameless sense that you've been cheated.But, being yourself doesn’t work either. If you spoke as if you were in your own kitchen, it would be too authentic, too unaware of the need to communicate with an audience.I remember going to see British psychiatrist R. D. Laing speak in public. He behaved like a seriously odd person, talking off the top of his head. Although he was talking about madness and he wrote on mental illness, he seemed to be exhibiting rather than explaining it.The best psychological place from which to speak in public is an unselfconscious self-consciousness, providing the illusion of being natural. Studies suggest that this state of “flow”, as psychologists call it, is very satisfying.5. Women hate public speaking most mainly because of _____.A．their upbringing very early onB．their inability to appeal to the audienceC．their sense of greater public pressureD．their sense of greater humiliation.6．Which of the following is NOT the author’s viewpoint?A．Acting like performers spoils the message in a speech.B．Perfection of scripts is necessary in making good impressions.C．Acting naturally means less dependence on the prepared script.D．There should be a balance between actual acting and acting naturally.7．What is the author’s view on personality?A．Personality is the key to success in public speaking.B．Extroverts are better public speakers.C．Introverts have to learn harder to be good speakers.D．Factors other than personality ensure better performance.8．In the last paragraph the author recommends that you ____.A．forget about your nervousnessB．feel natural and speak naturallyC．may feel nervous, but appear naturallyD．may imagine yourself to be natural.Passage ThreeI am afraid to sleep. I have been afraid to sleep for the last few weeks. I am so tired that, finally, I do sleep, but only for a few minutes. It is not a bad dream that wakes me; it is the reality I took with me into sleep. I try to think of something else.Immediately the woman in the marketplace comes into my mind.I was on my way to dinner last night when I saw her. She was selling skirts. She moved with the same ease and loveliness I often saw in the women of Laos. Her long black hair was as shiny as the black silk of the skirts she was selling. In her hair, she wore three silk ribbons, blue, green, and white. They reminded me of my childhood and how my girlfriends and I used to spend hours braiding ribbons into our hair.I don’t know the word for “ribbons”, so I put my hand to my own hair and, with three fingers against my head. I looked at her ribbons and said “Beautiful.” She lowered her eyes and said nothing. I wasn’t sure if she understood me (I don’t speak Laotian very well).I looked back down at the skirts. They added designs in them: squares and triangles and circles of pink and green silk. They were very pretty. I decided to buy one of those skirts, and I began to bargain with her over the price. It is the custom to bargain in Asia. In Laos bargaining is done in soft voices and easy moves with the sort of quiet peacefulness.She smiled, more with her eyes than with her lips. She was pleased by the few words I was able to say in her language, although they were mostly numbers, and she saw that I understood something about the soft playfulness of bargaining. We shook our heads in disagreement over the price; then, immediately, we made another offer and then another shake of the head. She was so pleased that unexpectedly, she accepted the last offer I made. But it was too soon. The price was too low. She was being too generous and wouldn’t make enough money. I moved quickly and picked up two more skirts and paid for all three at the price set; that way I was able to pay her three times as much before she had a chance to lower the price for the larger purchase. She smiled openly then, and, for the first time in months, my spirit lifted. I almost felt happy.The feeling stayed with me while she wrapped the skirts in a newspaper and handed them to me. When I left, though, the feeling left, too. It was as though it stayed behind in marketplace. I left tears in my throat. I wanted to cry. I didn’t, of course.I have learned to defend myself against what is hard; without knowing it, I have also learned to defend myself against what is soft and what should be easy.I get up, light a candle and want to look at the skirts. They are still in the newspaper that the woman wrapped them in. I remove the paper, and raise the skirts up to look at them again before I pack them. Something falls to floor. I reach down and feel something cool in my hand. I move close to the candlelight to see what I have. There are five long silk ribbons in my hand, all different colours. The woman in the marketplace! She has given these ribbons to me!There is no defense against a generous spirit, and this time I cry, and very hard, asif I could make up for all the months that I didn’t cry.9．Which of the following in NOT correct?A．The writer was not used to bargaining.B．People in Asia always bargain when buying things.C．Bargaining in Laos was quiet and peaceful.D．The writer was ready to bargain with the woman.10．The writer assumed that the woman accepted the last offer mainly because woman .A．thought that the last offer was reasonableB．thought she could still make much moneyC．was glad that the writer knew their way of bargainingD．was tired of bargaining with the writer any more11．Why did the writer finally decide to buy three skirts?A．The skirts were cheap and pretty.B．She liked the patterns on the skirts.C．She wanted to do something as compensation.D．She was fed up with further bargaining with the woman.12．Why did the writer cry eventually when she looked at the skirts again?A．She suddenly felt very sad.B．She liked the ribbons so much.C．She was overcome by emotion.D．She felt sorry for the woman.Passage FourDefinition of “culture” are multiple, broad, and notably ambiguous. While there is no agreed-upon definition of culture, the classic definition by E. B. Tylor in 1871 is widely cited: “culture…is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, moral, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”Most definitions of culture emphasize that it is complex and dynamic, comprised of the shared solutions to problems faced by the group. These solutions include technologies, beliefs, and behaviors.Culture does not determine behavior, but affords group members a repertoire of ideas and possible actions, providing the framework through which they understand themselves, their environment, and their experiences. Culture is a complex set of relationships, responses, and interpretations that must be understood, not as a body of discrete traits, but as an integrated system of orientations and practices generated within a specific socioeconomic context. Culture is ever changing and always being revised within the dynamic context of its enactment.Culture is neither a blueprint nor an identity; individuals choose between various cultural options, and in our multicultural society, many times choose widely between the options offered by a variety of cultural traditions. It is not possible to predict the beliefsand behaviors of individuals based on their race, ethnicity, or national origin. Individuals' group membership cannot be assumed to indicate their culture because those who share a group label may variously enact culture.In its zeal to encourage respect for cultural difference, the cultural competency movement has sometimes lost sight of these important features of the concept of culture. Instead it has too often represented culture as a decontextualized set of traits providing a template for the perceptions and behaviors of group members. A burgeoning literature on cultural diversity presents the reader with veritable laundry lists of traditional beliefs and practices ostensibly characteristic of particular ethnic groups. 49) This approach encourages the questionable notion that immigrants and certain ethnic and racial minorities are particularly driven by traditionalism. The emphasis in this genre is on difference, pitting the exotic and esoteric against mainstream or conventional beliefs that remain unnamed and unexplored.The misconception, common in clinical settings, that culture can be understood as a set of discrete traits, has led some mistakenly to treat culture as an explanatory variable, subject to prediction and control. In such applications, specific ethnic cultures are represented as a codified body of characteristics that can be identified and then either modified or manipulated to facilitate clinical goals.Paradoxically, in such approaches, what originated in a desire to promote respect for individual differences may instead promote stereotyping and essential zing. This process of reifying presumed difference may have the unintended consequence of bolstering a sense of group boundaries.50) It may also reinforce the belief that culture can be diagnosed and treated, that exotic or unfamiliar beliefs and behaviors of members of already disempowered subgroups should be controlled and adjusted to resemble norms of the dominant group.13．Which statement is NOT true according to this passage?A．Definitions of culture are usually difficult, varied and ambiguous.B．There is no agreed-upon definition of culture so far.C．There is no common ground in different definitions of culture.D．Most definitions of culture emphasize that it is complex and dynamic.14．Culture is not an identity because culture .A．does determine behaviorB．does not provide possible actionsC．can predict the beliefs and behaviors of individualsD．is optional and ever changing within the dynamic context15．Emphasizing cultural differences too much would .A．help grasp the most important features of concept of cultureB．treat culture as a contextualized set of traitsC．respect the traditions of immigrants and certain ethnic and racial minoritiesD．lead to regard the exotic and esoteric against mainstream or conventional beliefs 16．Which of the following is the author’s viewpoint?A．Culture can be understood not as a set of discrete traits but as an integrated system of orientations and practices generated within a specific socioeconomic context.B．Culture can be treated as an explanatory variable, subject to prediction and control.C．Culture can be represented as a codified body of characteristics that can be identified and then either modified or manipulated.D．Culture can be diagnosed and treated and the exotic or unfamiliar beliefs and behaviors should be controlled and adjusted to resemble norms of the dominant group. Passage FiveThe other problem that arises from the employment of women is that of the working wife. It has two aspects: that of the wife who is more of a success than her husband and that of the wife who must rely heavily on her husband for help with domestic tasks. There are various ways in which the impact of the first difficulty can be reduced. Provided that husband and wife are not in the same or directly comparable lines of work, the harsh monetary measure of achievement as intolerably crude. Where there are rank, it is best if the couple work in different fields so that the husband can find some special reason for superiority of the lowest figure in his to the most elevated in his wife’s.A problem that affects a much larger number of working wives is the need to re-allocate domestic tasks if there are children. In The Road to Wigan Pier George Orwell wrote of the unemployed of the Lancashire coalfields: “Practically never ... in a working-class home, will you see the man doing a stroke of the housework. Unemployment has not changed this convention, which on the face of it seems a little unfair. The man is idle from morning to night but the woman is as busy as ever - more so, indeed, because she has to manage with less money. Yet so far as my experience goes the women do not protest. They feel that a man would lose his manhood if, merely because he was out of work, he developed in a ‘Mary Ann’.”It is over the care of young children that this re-allocation of duties becomes really significant. For this, unlike the cooking of fish fingers or the making of beds, is an inescapably time-consuming occupation, and time is what the fully employed wife has no more to spare of than her husband.The male initiative in courtship is a pretty indiscriminate affair, something that is tried on with any remotely plausible woman who comes within range and, of course, with all degrees of tentativeness. What decides the issue of whether a genuine courtship is going to get under way is the woman’s response. If she shows interest the engines of persuasion are set in movement. The truth is that in courtship society gives women the real power while pretending to give it to men.What does seem clear is that the more men and women are together, at work and away from it, the more the comprehensive amorousness of men towards women will have to go, despite all its past evolutionary services. For it is this that makes inferiority at work abrasive and, more indirectly, makes domestic work seem unmanly, if there is to be an equalizing redistribution of economic and domestic tasks between men andwomen there must be a compensating redistribution of the erotic initiative. If women will no longer let us beat them they must allow us to join them as the blushing recipients of flowers and chocolates.17．The first paragraph advises the working wife who is more successful than her husband to .A．work in the same sort of job as her husband.B．play down her success, making it sound unimportant.C．stress how much the family gains from her high salary.D．introduce more labour-saving machinery into the home.18．Orwell’s picture of relations between man and wife in Wigan Pier describes a relationship which the author of the passage .A．thinks is the natural oneB．wishes to see preservedC．believes is fairD．is sure must change19．The last paragraph stresses that if women are to hold important jobs, then they must .A．sometimes make the first advances in loveB．allow men to flirt with many womenC．stop accepting presents of flowers and chocolatesD．avoid making their husbands look like “Mary Anns”20．Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about the present form of courtship?A．The woman’s reaction decides the fate of courtship.B．Each man “makes passes” at many women.C．Men are equally serious about courtship.D．The man leaves himself the opportunity to give up the chase quickly.Part II English-Chinese Translation (5 4＝20%)Directions: Reading the following passage, and the translate the underlined parts, numbered from (1) to (4), from English into Chinese. Please write your short essay on the ANWER SHEET.My topic today is “The Car and Air Pollution.”In particular, I want firstly to discuss the ways in which the car causes air pollution; and secondly, how we can control or reduce air pollution from the car.First, then, how does the car cause air pollution? (1)What happens is that the car’s internal combustion engine is a kind of chemical factory on a small scale. It uses a mixture of petrol and air, and this mixture explodesand burns, to produce the energy which propels the car. (2)But while this is happening, many complicated chemical reactions are taking place. In particular, part of the petrol-air mixture is not completely burned up, and so the exhaust gases from the engine contain some very dangerous chemicals, such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, lead and hydrocarbons.This is the situation, then, and it’s going to get much worse, unless we do something about it. So, let’s focus our attention now on ways of controlling or reducing the amount of air pollution caused by the car.First, we can discourage the use of cars. For example, we can put higher taxes on petrol and on cars themselves - especially the larger ones that use a lot of petrol.(3)Second, we can encourage alternative methods of transport both between and within urban areas. For instance, we can make train and bus services cheaper and more convenient. And we can build a mass transit system in large cities, particularly an underground railway system such as those in London, New York, Moscow and Tokyo.Next, we can use a different and cleaner fuel for the internal combustion engine with other designs.Fourth, we can replace the present internal combustion engine with other designs. There are several possibilities being researched at present, such as electric, gas turbine, and “steam” engines. However, each of these engine designs has its own disadvantages.(4)Last but not the least, we are trying to control the emissions from the internal combustion engine much more strictly. This, for example, is a catalytic converter, which converts the most dangerous ingredients of the car exhaust into water and harmless gases.As I’m sure you can see, there are problems with each of these ways; but at least they’re a step in the right direction. Probable the best answer is a synthesis of all five. Part III Chinese-English Translation (20%)Directions: Translate the following paragraph for the Chinese into English. Please write your short essay on the ANWER SHEET.各国文明的多样性，是人类社会的基本特征，也是推动世界文明进步的重要动力。
