综合学术英语教程3 答案Unit 1 DefinitionKeys to the ExercisesTask 1 Familiarizing Yourself with DefinitionReading1 Great Leaps in Modern Technology2. Technology, on the other hand, is more of an applied science. It is where tools and knowledgeare used for the study of a particular science. For example, the science of energy can havetechnology as its application. In the case of energy as a subject in science, solar panels can beused for a variety of technologies, an example of which are solar-powered lights. From the following website:/science/difference-between-science-and-technol ogy/#ixzz37toZQcugTask 2 Understanding Lectures through DefinitionListening 11. phobia, hypnophobia, cynophobia, aerophobia2. 1) T 2) F 3) F 4) T 5) T 6) T 7) F 8) F3.1. 1) Indigenous knowledge means knowledge belonging to the country, rather thanbeingbrought there from another country.2) All the list items will probably be included since the title is rather broad and general.3) For open discussion2. 1) International knowledge system.2) Knowledge capital, physical and financial capital.3) It contains the skills, experiences and insights of people, applied to maintain or improve their4) Medicine and veterinary medicine.5) It is considered the social capital, meaning an essential resource for survival and means ofsustenance and livelihood.6) a) It is inappropriate for new challenges or it adapts too slowly; b) The introduction offoreign technologies or development concepts that promise short-term gains or solutions toproblems that they cannot sustain.7) Agriculture, animal husbandry and ethnic veterinary medicine, primary health care,preventive medicine and psychosocial care, saving and lending.8) A higher variance of traits, less susceptible to the frequent droughts, reduce risks.9) a) Indigenous knowledge is vital for its bearers; b) Become fully aware of its value andcontributions to the intended objectives; c) It is an integral part of global knowledge in itsown right.10) An integration or combination of indigenous knowledge and foreign knowledge. Reading 2 Indigenous Knowledge3. 1) r. override 2) j. expertise 3) d. intimate 4) a. unanimous 5) g. intrusion6) u. dissemination 7) c. insights 8) l. susceptible 9) n. incorporating 10)f. vanish11) m. interaction 12) s. scenario 13) i. detrimental 14) p. implement 15) k. alleviation16) b. encompass 17) o. validate 18) h. impending 19) e. interweave 20) t. rational4. For reference:The two articles both employ definitions for the introduction of the terms and examples tovalidate each facet. Both use classifications, descriptions, comparison and contrast for furtheranalysis. One big difference lies in the perspective to view the title, with the first a ratherholistic discussion ranging from the status quo to the settlement of the existing problems andthe second a partial focus on chiefly its applications.Reading 3 Ultrasonics5. 1) component 2) accumulate 3) spherical 4) navigate 5) fatigue6) harness 7) version 8) synonymous 9) inhibit 10) integrity11) uniform 12) detect 13) incidence 14) monitor 15) probe16) intensity 17) convert 18) proceed 19) visualize 20) inspect6. Attention: there is a mistake here, the first should be Para. KPara. K—e Para. B—a Para. C—c Para. D—f Para. E—hPara. F—d Para. G—j Para. H—i Para. I—b Para. J—g7. 1) E 2) F 3) Para. E 4) E 5) F 6) Para. H 7) Para. H 8) E8. For open discussionTask 4 Writing an Essay of DefinitionReading 4 Disruptive Technologies1.1) Natural breathing will be provided by the robot for the patient during surgery.2) The pressure will have to be reduced by us.3) All instruments need to be sterilized.4) For us, some physical and technical factors may be considered/ taken into consideration.5) If we make sustained efforts, there is a chance that the environment will be improved.6) Some specific demands of the scientific establishment have to be made.7) The presence of the country has been felt more than ever by the whole world.8) It seems that other explanations are hard to be found.9) The interaction between organism and environment is being perceived.10) The tests work most effectively if what will be measured can be most precisely defined.Integrated Exercises2. 1) component 2) integrity 3) mobilize 4) option 5) monitor 6) navigate 7) encompass8) compromise 9) incorporate 10) implement 11) impending 12) scenario3. 1) The survey encompasses social, political, and economic aspects of the situation.2) In some countries power is synonymous with corruption.3) The strike shut down many airports, but international f lights were unaffected.4) The scenery is beautiful but inaccessible to most ordinary travelers.5) The conflict deprived him of the means of livelihood.6) Such animals can withstand the extremes of weather.7) The rise in the time spent on the Internet is concomitant with the massive loss ofsociability.8) Many inventions such as gunpowder and the compass originated in China.9) The frequency of mining accidents has decreased over the past 10 years.10) The maximum number of places offered by the medical school for the applicants is 15.5. 1) Scientists should warn people about PM 2.5 and the need to restrict their children’soutdoor activities to avoid even the minimal damage.2) The local government has implemented a development program for the mountain climbersto leave the surrounding region unaffected.3) We can reduce the risks to zero since we are sure of what risks they are running.4) To combat your anxiety, you should compel yourself to visualize a promisingfuture in which a problem has already been settled.5) He holds that developed countries should be held accountable for economicgrowth on a global scale.6) Trash is not yet fully utilized, leading to overlooking the potential in it.7) A large number of females choose the option of personal finance to achievecontrol of their own lives.8)The university has decided to invest in the project because it has manytechnical advantages over other similar ones.9) Trees can provide shelter for both man and animals, which we tend to overlook.10) We are trying to achieve a sound understanding of liberal arts courses, whichencompasses a wide range of subjects.Listening 2A. (1) F (2) T (3) T (4) F (5) T (6) T (7) TB. (1) Clouding computing is about the provision of computer resources like SaaS,PaaS, and infrastructure provision while private computing isn’t.(2) 67.(3) Because the Industrial Revolution is not a thing, and it cannot be definedby some specific products. It is a transformation or a transition involving concepts, ideas, ways of production, changing attitudes, etc.(4) Because it is more than just technology, as the speaker further comparesit to electricity, which has transformed from an innovation to much more ofa utility service.(5) Ubiquitous.Listening 3A. (1) C (2) B (3) A (4) C (5) DB. compressed, whisper, external, pockets, panic, assembly, psychological,reflection, simultaneous, architecture, figure out, legitimate, instantaneous, clicking, addictedC. (1) B, C (2) CUnit 2 ClassificationKeys to the ExercisesTask 1 Familiarizing Yourself with Classification1. 1) Man-made or anthropogenic causes, and natural causes.2) Pollution (burning fossil fuels, mining coal and oil, etc.), the productionof CO2 ( the increase of population, the demolition of trees, etc.).3) CO2 is a greenhouse gas that traps heat in the Earth’s atmosphere.4) Classification helps us to determine and understand the relationship of theparts of a subject which is studied by us. Classification is made on the basis of a clear definition.5) In order to make a clear and logic classification, one needs to follow aprinciple of classification and go on with a system consistently. For example, the categories of classification should be mutually exclusive and no overlapping is allowed.Reading 1 Causes for Global Warming2. Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel resource. It provides about one-quarterof the total energy the world uses, and 40 percent of the electricity generated worldwide is powered by coal. The steel industry also is greatly dependent upon this fossil fuel. Like other depleting sources of global energy, coal reserves are also on a steep decline. Moreover, coal is a greenhouse gas nightmare.Natural gas is comprised mostly of methane, although it also contains ethane, propane and butane. It is a convenient and efficient energy source. The major consumers of natural gas are the residential, commercial and industrial sectors.It is also used to generate electricity. Unlike other fossil fuels, natural gas is cleaner and causes less pollution. Like other fossil fuels, this resource is depleting rapidly.Task 2 Understanding Lectures through ClassificationListening 11. Unconscious motivation, unconscious conflict, the id, the ego, the superego, etc.2. 1) T 2) F 3) F 4) F 5) T 6) F 7) T 8) F3. Idea One: The existence of an unconscious motivationIdea Two: The notion of unconscious dynamics or conflictunconscious motivation; second, the concept of unconscious conflict. Freud believes that unconscious motivation might play an important role in a lot of situations, such as marriage, forgetting a person’s name, calling out the wrong name etc. In his view, there are three processes going on in the head, namely, id, ego and superego, which are in violent internal conflict. Id functions on “the Pleasure Principle”, while ego works on “the Reality Principle” and superego is the internalized rules of a society. Ego is in between id and superego. Task 3 Reading Classification ArticlesReading 2 Renewable Energy Sources—A Brief Summary1. 1) Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such assunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished).2)□√ The purpose of using renewable energy sources.□√ The classification of renewable energy sources.□√ The examples of different types of renewable energy sources.□√ The advantages and disadvantages of various types of renewable energy sources.□√ The history of the use of different energy sources.□ How energy is obtained from various sources.3) I would write:(1) The definition of the renewable energy.(2) The classification of the renewable energy.(3) The advantages and the disadvantages of various types of renewable energy sources.2. 1) The signing of the Kyoto Treaty.2) It converts the sun’s rays into energy.3) The main demerit is that it is limited.4) Sailors, farmers and architects.5) The main advantage is that this doesn’t produce any by-products that canbe harmful to the environment.6) Because the Earth’s crust continuously decays, replenishing the heat.7) They use the force of the water to push the turbine which in turn powers agenerator thus generating electricity.8) It poses a problem for fish and aquatic plants on both sides of the dam.9) They contain no petroleum, and they are nontoxic and biodegradable.10) The Environmental Protection Agency.3. 1) j. evolution 2) s. solar 3) a. architect 4) l. geothermal 5) p. preserve6) b. biodegradable 7) r. radioactive 8) f. crusade 9) h. distribute 10) q. radiant11) i. domestic 12) t. validation 13) k. generator 14) d. capture 15) g. definitely16) n. install 17) e. consumption 18) m. harness 19) o. internal 20) c. blade Reading 3 Types of Pollution5. 1) voluntary 2) construction 3) contamination 4) eruption 5) regulation6) deforestation 7) yield 8) irrigation 9) confine 10) sewage11) hazardous 12) residential 13) vapor 14) decay 15) erosion16) disrupt 17) particulate 18) underground 19) concentration 20) combat 6.has been advancing constantly, thus enabling us to convert heat into electricity, which can be stored, ready for use.Task 4 Writing an Essay of ClassificationReading 4 Types of Sustainability1.5. 1) Declarative sentences are mostly employed in academic writing, despite theoccasional utilizations of interrogative sentences.2) To support the truths, reliable evidence is quoted by scholars in all disciplines.3) Much importance should be attached to the comprehension of the differencebetween education and training.4) A person who exposes himself to the sunlight for excessive time is susceptibleto malignant melanoma.5) Students doing temporary jobs display a better performance in their academic studies.6) American frontier is deeply rooted in many aspects of American character.7) The direct involvement of many a foreign country is evident in the process ofUS territorial expansion.8) Parents need to equipped with much care and knowledge while raising a kid.9) Environment plays a vital role in the growth of plants.10) In the past, Beijing was ravaged by dust storms for 20 days annually. Integrated Exercises2. 1) motivation 2) demolish 3) symptom 4) combat 5) capture 6) distribute 7) assert8) yield9) internal 10) emergence 11) adherence 12) disrupt3. 1) Internet access is av ailable in the students’ dormitory.2) If you can harness your energy, you’ll be rewarded with huge accomplishments.3) It has been confirmed that foul weather is highly hazardous for seanavigation.4) The governmental nuclear waste disposal plan aroused fierce protests fromthe local residents.5) Extinction of this rare species of bird is foreseeable if effective measures are not taken.6) While delivering a public speech, a speaker must articulate his/her arguments.7) I highly esteem his current research on stem cells.8) A speaker cannot always secure the cooperation of the audience.9) The car industry of this country is sheltered by its government from foreign competition.10) Even a moderate elevation of blood pressure leads to shortened life expectancys.5. 1) The effective disposal of the recognized sources of pollution demonstratesto be of great aid in the elevation of people’s quality of life.2) Since the rapid evolution of technology, the lifestyles of the generationsahead of us will witness a revolutionized change.3) Tapping heat from the Earth enables the residents of resource-poor regionsto combat the poor conditions.4) The downside of the practice of fertilizing the soil by burning straws isthe fact that the released dusts and particles pose a serious problem for the health of the respiratory system.5) This campaign, organized by environmentally conscious individuals, has ameasurable effect on the general improv ement of all the people’s environmental protection awareness.6) The history of deforestation can date back to two millenniums ago, which hasdeteriorated constantly in the modern times, leading to a huge loss of wildlife habitat.7) During the visit to Huangshan (Yellow Mountain), the tourists were amazedat how nature works wonders, realizing that beauty is only sustainable if all of us care for the environment around us.8) Drug abuse is a general degradation of lifestyle, causing immediate health effects.9) Oil leakage in the mainstream river considerably decreases the quantity ofdrinkable water; what’s worse, the adverse effects are not confined to areas near the source.10) Luckily, the pollution inflicted by this accident will be effectively removedthrough natural cycles, not having a negative impact on the environment. Listening 2A. (1) T (2) F (3) F (4) F (5) T (6) F (7) FB. (1) The individual’s potential and the importance of growth and self-actualization.(2) The lower one.(3) By providing lunch breaks, rest breaks and sufficient wages to purchaseessentials.(4) The love and belonging needs.(5) They are self-aware, concerned with personal growth, less concerned withthe opinions of other people, and interested in fulfilling their potential.C. This lecture is about Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs, namelyphysiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. Physiological needs are the most basic and instinctive ones, which must be satisfied first. Safety needs refer to the needs for safety and security, also important for survival. Social needs include the needs for belonging, love and affection, the deprivation of which leads to unhappiness. Esteem needs reflect on personal worth, social recognition and accomplishment; if unmet, it may lead to inferiority complex.Self-actualization needs are at the highest level, meaning to realize a person’s full potential, capacities and talents.Listening 3A. (1) A (2) A (3) D (4) C (5) BB. classically, runny nose, sore throat, intrigued, initially, clinically,alludes to, building up, immune, alongside, shuffling, rip through, hospitalizationsC. (1) B C E(2) ① A B C ② A B ③ A B ④ A B ⑤ A B C ⑥ C ⑦ A ⑧ A ⑨ A ⑩ A CUnit 3 Comparison and ContrastKeys to the ExercisesTask 1 Familiarizing Yourself with Comparison and Contrast1. 1) Electric vehicles and gas vehicles.2) The energy they used, the distance, the cost and convenience.3) The electric vehicles and gas vehicles share some similarities: theappearance of muscle cars, all the standard features and they even perform similarly. The differences are listed below:pattern, the writer structures his paragraph around points of comparison, moving back and forth between the subjects.5) The former one—list all similarities of the two subjects, then their differences.Reading 1 Electric Vehicles and Gas Vehicle2. What’s more, there is a health factor that affects both of them. Canned foodloses some of the original fresh food nutrients when stored, and also has to be tinned with many preservatives and chemical factors that prolong the shelf life and apparent freshness of the food but could become toxic if consumed too often. Fresh food, on the other hand, often comes straight from a farm and has all the nutrients Mother Nature intended for it. As we can see, fresh food offers many benefits that canned food lacks. Therefore, an informed diner should always choose to eat fresh. After all, we could all use to improve our health. Task 2 Understanding Lectures Through Comparison and ContrastListening 12. 1) T. What I’m just beginning to realize right now, is that we pay a huge pricefor the speed that we claim is a big advantage of these computers.2) F. And they consume one and a half megawatts of power. So that would be reallygreat, if you could add that to the production capacity in Tanzania. It would really boost the economy.3) F. Now, how much computation does the brain do? I estimate 10 to the 16 bitsper second, which is actually about very similar to what Blue Gene does. So that’s the question.4) T. So what we are doing right now with computers with the energy consumedby 1,200 houses, the brain is doing with the energy consumed by your laptop.5) F. How does that compare with the way computers work? In the computer, youhave all the data going through the central processing unit, and any piece of data basically has to go through that bottleneck, whereas in the brain, what you have is these neurons.6) T. This is something that we’ve been working on for the last couple of years.3. 120,000 processors10 to the 16 bits per second1.5 megawatts10 quadrillion bits per second10 watts4. Although computers have strong power to process data, they still cannot compareto the brain of human beings in which an unbelievable number of neurons connect and react with each other so that a real net could be accomplished perfectly.The research on how the computer could be as powerful as a brain will continue going on.Task 3 Reading Comparison and Contrast Articles2. 1) Consumer perceptions of organic processes and products and those involvingbiotechnology.2) Health, environment, risk and ethics.3) No study has directly elicited comparable attitudes about organic and GMproducts and processes.4) The average participant slightly, but not strongly, agreed with thepositively worded health attributes (e.g., organic food is healthier), anddisagreed with the negatively worded health attributes (e.g., organic foodis less healthy). The average response about the healthfulness of GM foodswas generally neutral.5) Both were thought to have higher levels of nutrients than traditional food.6) Generally, consumers perceive organic food production as environmentally friendly.7) Respondents perceived GM foods as possessing a higher level of risk thanother classes of food.8) Social acceptability is one motive driving the purchase of organic food.9) Respondents did not have major ethical objections to GM food.10) Forty-five percent.Reading 2 Perceptions of Genetically Modified and Organic Foods and Processes 3. 1) p. prevalent 2) a. perception 3) i. moderate 4) f. construct 5) q.advantageous 6) k. attribute 7) c. organic 8) h. volume 9) l. nutrient 10) d.elicit 11) g. explicitly 12) b. warrant13) m. inherent 14) t. respondent 15) e. empirical 16) j. contradict 17) o.obesity18) n. cure 19) s. neutral 20) r. motiveReading 3 A Comparative Report of Organic Food vs. Genetically Modified Food 5. 1) synthetic 2) manure 3) botanical 4) alter 5) regulation 6) compost 7)recommendation8) mineral 9) federal 10) potent 11) organism 12) network 13) transformation14) normal\15) chemical 16) trace 17) negative 18) poll 19) facilities 20) modification 6.7. 1) Para. A 2) E 3) F 4) E 5) Para. F 6) Para. I 7) Para. J 8) F8. My summary is: Fueled by health concerns, people have focused more on the originof food over the past decade; so to answer their questions, this report shows that organic foods are the best choice compared with genetically modified food. Task 4 Writing an Essay of Comparison and ContrastReading 4 Fast Food Restaurant: McDonald’s vs. Wendy’s1. B. Wendy’s1) the Ultimate Chicken Grill2) small order of chiliMcDonald’s1) fruit yogurt parfait2) green apple slices (kid’s menu)3) healthier sandwich choices (such as McVeggie Burger, Chicken Fajitas, andWhole Wheat Chicken McGrill)C. Presentation of food: At Wendy’s, not only are the meal options excellent,the presentation of healthy menu choices is superior.Wendy’s salads are large and fresh with only one hindrance: excess water at the bottom of the bowl.McDonald’s salads lack in appearance and freshness. These salads appear thrown together and often look wilted.D. Wendy’s:the first major fast food chain to offer fast food salad as a meal’s main course.McDonald’s: n ow also offers salads as a main course menu choice, in reaction to the popularity of Wendy’s salads.E. Meal variety, good presentation and several salad choices are all consideredwhen evaluating a fast food restaurant. With fast food restaurants such as Wend y’s and McDonald’s available, it is considerably easier for people to make healthier food choices.5. 1) None of his speech is imperfect in organization and wording.2) The manager will not miss the opportunity to accept the students’ proposals.3) Kevin did not deny he took risky bets and lied to cover them up but claimedhis superiors were not ignorant of his doing.4) It was told that their work needed to be improved as it wasn’t done well.5) It is not avoidable that the public won’t miss such scan dals in the business world.6) Never will my parents be unready to help me out.7) Hardly did the idea of returning to his hometown stop recurring in his dreams.8) The islands failed to find that they were ready to fight against the outside intruders.9) It was not until failing to catch the last bus to the city late one nightdid Mike not know what to do next.10) Never does he lose the optimistic confidence for life even though thingsdon’t always go smoothly.Integrated Exercise2. 1) accommodate 2) exhibition 3) consistent 4) negative 5) considerably 6) response7) version 8) regulation 9) capacity 10) alter 11) trace 12) involve3. 1) Older people are less likely to perceive situations negatively becausethey’re typically more tolerant.2) In most cases, the major reason for conducting an analysis, although not oftenexplicitly stated, appears to be to justify taxpayer spending.3) The organization of the novel allowed readers to reconstruct the story byadding missing elements and arranging the sequence of the events.4) These skills are easy to learn and can add considerably to the overallenjoyment of spending time out-of-doors.5) He was asked to refine his draft headline to make it clearer and more exact.6) It is inevitable that success in most work is evaluated by income.7) The rejection of the parents’ political and religious beliefs put theirchildren in a difficult position.8) It is well-known that the government will be consistent in its positions oncivil rights legislation.9) The public figures who are seeking to further their careers cannot makeselections about the publicity they desire.10) Considerable modification of the existing system is needed to increase efficiency.5. 1) An appropriate use of limited natural resources is advantageous for the Earthenvironment where human beings live.2) The uncertainty over this region continues to grow; what is more unfortunate,people may need some time to adapt.3) Conventional notions holds that organic food is much healthier thangenetically modified food.4) The brand gown designed by Marina comes to accommodate the need for a numberof occasions, including churches, dinners, business and other special occasions.5) There is a more prevalent concern that the shortage of this research is dueto the overall lack of knowledge of AIDS groups and the difficulty of access to those groups.6) After being exposed to and weighing the information about those risks, USresearchers suggested that childhood obesity prevention should occur/happen as early as possible, as much as possible before birth.7) If this change is made, you are likely to run the risk of losing the audienceand your reputation.8) In the modern society, in rejection of the traditional stereotype that womenneed more care and tendance, many women assume/undertake the responsibility of raising a family.9) Since the 21st century, the short-term certificates are rapidly gainingpopularity, especially for non-white students.10) The research found that 75 percent of American teenagers always boast ahealthy self-image.Listening 2A. (1) F (2) T (3) F (4) F (5) T (6) F (7) TB. (1) When the speaker was 15 years old, he first discovered the good waste problem.(2) He grabbed hold of it, sat down, and ate his breakfast with pigs.(3) It gave him faith that the people do have the power to stop this tragic wasteof food resources and bring about that change.(4) 40 to 60 percent.(5) The best thing is to feed pigs with food waste, and then their meat will be turned back intofood.(6) “Feeding the 5,000” is an event the author first organized in 2009. Theyfed 5,000 people all on food that otherwise would have been wasted.C. Food waste has always been a tragic result for both humans and the food. Peoplediscard some food may be just because of its wrong size or shape. These foods include not only vegetables and fruits, but also some animal products. The waste food ends up in pigs’ stomachs or landf ill sites. The author has gone to many corners of the world to spread the belief that food should not be wasted, for the resources on the Earth are limited and people should learn to share and cherish them. Excessive food waste could lead to serious outcomes for the environment.Listening 3A. (1) A (2) B (3) D (4) C (5) DB. difference, farmers, life, grass, roll, volunteer, close, fresh, know, community, actually, goC. (1) D (2) EBCDAUnit 4 CAUSE AND EFFECTKeys to the ExercisesTask 1Reading 11. 1) For essential hypertension, there are age and race, diet and lifestyle, obesity, diabetes, stress; insufficient intake of potassium, calcium, and magnesium, lack of physical activity, and chronic alcohol consumption. For secondary hypertension, there are kidney diseases, tumors or other abnormalities.2) For essential hypertension, the supporting evidences are“high blood pressure tends to run in families and is more likely to affect men than women. Age and race also play a role. In the United States, blacks are twice as likely as whites to have high blood pressure, although the gap begins to narrow around age 44. After age 65, black women have the highest incidence of high blood pressure”; the link between salt and high blood pressure is especially compelling. For secondary hypertension, the supporting evidence is“hypertension can also be triggered by tumors or other abnormalities that cause the adrenal glands (small glands that sit atop the kidneys) to secrete excess amounts of the hormones that elevate blood pressure”.。
