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Chapter 2 Syntax2.1 Coordination and Subordination Coordination and subordination are two basic and major ways to join sentences. Coordination gives clauses equal syntactic status, whereas subordination places one or more clauses in dependent status.2.2 Periodic sentence and Loose SentenceA loose sentence puts the main idea before all supplementary information and lets thereader know what it is mainly about when he has read the first few words. The reverse arrangement makes a periodic sentence.Eg:It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a fortune must bein want of a wife.分析：This sentence follows a climactic order, the last word being the most important, andthe sense of climax is made very strong.2.3 Sentence LengthShort sentences are usually emphatic, whereas long sentences are capable of expressingcomplex ideas with precision.Short sentences:A series of short coordinate sentences can produce a succession of fast-moving picturesand make their points with admirable economy of language. (短句便于组织和表达，同时，干脆利落，简洁明快，用短句表达信息，能迅速抓住对方注意力，收到一目了然，立竿见影的效果。
Lecture 6From Word to TextSyntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures.⏹syntactic Relations⏹grammatical construction and its constituents⏹syntactic function⏹category⏹phrase, clause and sentence⏹recursiveness⏹beyond the sentence1. Syntactic Relations⏹Positional Relations⏹Relation of Substitutability ⏹Relation of Co-occurrencePositional RelationPositional relation, or word order, refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language. If the words in a sentence fail to occur in a fixed order required by the convention of a language, one tends to produce an utterance either ungrammatical or nonsensical at all.(a) The boy kicked the ball.(b) * Boy the ball kicked the(c) * The ball kicked the boyPositional relations are a manifestation of one aspect of “syntagmatic relations”（组合关系）observed by F. de Saussure. Syntagmatic relations is also called horizontal relations or chain relations.There are totally six possible types of language:⏹SVO (Chinese, English, French)⏹SOV (Japanese, Korean, Turkish)⏹VOS⏹VSO⏹OSV⏹OVSThe most important types …⏹Among natural languages with a word order preference, SOV is the most common type, followed by SVO.⏹The two types account for more than 75% of natural languages with a preferred order.SOV: JapaneseSentence: 私は箱を開けます。
SYNTAX积分及应用1 前言最近几年来，随着人民生活水平的不断提高，我国冠心病的发病率和死亡率也逐年升高，并呈现患者年轻化趋势。
目前的要紧医治手腕包括生活方式干与、药物医治、器械医治即血管成形术[1]。
在血管成形术中，包括经皮冠状动脉介入术（PCI）和冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）两种要紧手腕[2]。
在部份冠脉病变的血管成形术术式的选择上，PCI与CABG的选择问题一直存在争辩。
随着药物支架的普遍应用，PCI的医治范围不断冲破禁区[1]，而微创技术、加倍完善的术后护理，也使得部份病人对CABG的同意度得以提高，应该说两种手术方式都是平安和有效的，但又有各自的优缺点。
因此，关于部份病人如何选择术式的争辩从未停止。
到目前为止，何种病人适合何种术式，尚无定论[4]。
如何正确的选择术式，提高成功率，减少并发症，内外科的争辩急需一种方式进行引导。
在欧洲心脏病学会（ESC[5]）2020年会上发布的心脏外科与介入医治狭小冠脉研究（SYNTAX），确实是针对上述问题进行选择及立项设计的，是首个针对左骨干病变和/或三支病变的随机对如实验。
结果一经发布，当即受到世界的注视[6, 7]。
SYNTAX研究的一项重要奉献，是提出了SYNTAX积分的概念，这是一种新的依照冠状动脉病变解剖特点进行危险分层的积分系统，依照病变位置、严峻程度、分叉、钙化等解剖特点定量评判冠脉病变的复杂程度，以期作为手术方式选择的初步判定手腕[1,2]。
SYNTAX积分已愈来愈普遍地引发人们的关注，自其一年和两年结果发布后已引发普遍的讨论。
咱们预测SYNTAX积分将对尔后我国血管成形术的选择与预后判定产生重要的阻碍。
因此，本文将就SYNTAX的实验设计、计分方式、要紧实验结果及其局限性进行综述，以期为正确解读和应用SYNTAX积分方式和为我国血管成形术的选择有一个较客观的标准提供理论依据。
2 SYNTAX实验设计研究在欧美84家医院进行，共入选来自欧洲和美国的3075例左骨干和/或三支病变患者。
Syntax ErrorIntroductionIn computer programming, a syntax error refers to any error in the programming code that violates the syntax rules of the programming language being used. These rules govern the structure and format of the code, and any deviation from them leads to the occurrence of a syntax error.This document aims to provide an overview of syntax errors in programming, understand their causes, and explore various techniques to identify and resolve them. It will also discuss the importance of proper error handling and debugging techniques in dealing with syntax errors.What Causes Syntax Errors?Syntax errors can occur due to various reasons, including:1.Misspelled Keywords: Misspelling keywords orusing reserved words as variable or function names canlead to syntax errors.2.Missing or Extra Parentheses or Brackets: Failingto close a parenthesis or bracket, or adding an unnecessary one, can result in syntax errors.3.Incorrect Syntax Rules: Not following the specificsyntax rules of a programming language can lead to syntaxerrors. This includes improper use of semicolons, commas, or quotation marks.4.Mismatched Braces: In languages that use bracesfor code blocks (e.g., C, Java), forgetting to close a brace or mismatching the opening and closing braces can causesyntax errors.5.Data Type Incompatibility: Assigning a value ofone data type to a variable of a different data type canresult in syntax errors.Identifying Syntax ErrorsIdentifying syntax errors can be challenging, especially for novice programmers. However, here are some techniques that can help in locating and fixing syntax errors:piler/Interpreter Error Messages: Whencompiling or interpreting code, the compiler or interpreter often provides error messages that indicate the linenumber and type of syntax error. These error messages can be valuable in identifying the cause of the error.2.Code Review: Reviewing the code line by line canhelp spot syntax errors such as missing parentheses,misspelled keywords, or incorrect syntax usage.ing a Debugger: Debugging tools provide asystematic way of identifying and resolving syntax errors.By stepping through the code line by line, programmers can observe the program’s execution flow and identify anysyntax errors.4.Pair Programming: Engaging in pair programmingcan be helpful in detecting syntax errors. Working withanother programmer can lead to early identification ofsyntax issues, as the code is being simultaneously reviewed and tested.Resolving Syntax ErrorsOnce a syntax error is identified, it needs to be resolved to ensure the code functions as intended. Here are some common approaches to resolve syntax errors:1.Reviewing the Code: Review the code surroundingthe error line to understand the context and identify anymissing or misplaced elements, such as parentheses orquotation marks.ing an Integrated Development Environment(IDE): IDEs often provide features like codeautocompletion, syntax highlighting, and error indication, which can assist in spotting and fixing syntax errors.3.Referring to Documentation: Consult thedocumentation or official language specification to ensure the proper usage of syntax elements, keywords, and data types.4.Testing and Debugging: Running the code andcarefully observing the execution can help identify anyremaining syntax errors. Debugging tools can be used tostep through the code and locate any issues.Importance of Proper Error HandlingSyntax errors are just one type of error that can occur in programming. It is crucial to implement proper error handling techniques to handle these errors efficiently. Good error handling improves the user experience and enables developers to quickly identify and fix issues in the code.Proper error handling techniques include:ing Try-Catch Blocks: Encapsulating sections ofcode that may throw syntax errors within try-catch blocks can catch the errors and allow graceful handling or errormessages to the user.2.Logging and Error Reporting: Implementing errorlogging and reporting mechanisms helps in gatheringinformation about possible syntax errors, aiding developers in resolving them efficiently.er-Friendly Error Messages: Displayingdescriptive error messages to users can assist them inunderstanding the issue and provide helpful suggestionsfor resolution.ConclusionSyntax errors are a common stumbling block for programmers, irrespective of their experience level. Understanding the reasons behind syntax errors, identifying them through various techniques, and employing proper error handling approaches are essential skills for developers. By adhering to the syntax rules of the programming language andadopting robust error handling practices, programmers can minimize syntax errors, enhance code quality, and deliver reliable software products.。
