Syntax II

Chapter 2 Syntax2.1 Coordination and Subordination Coordination and subordination are two basic and major ways to join sentences. Coordination gives clauses equal syntactic status, whereas subordination places one or more clauses in dependent status.2.2 Periodic sentence and Loose SentenceA loose sentence puts the main idea before all supplementary information and lets thereader know what it is mainly about when he has read the first few words. The reverse arrangement makes a periodic sentence.Eg:It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a fortune must bein want of a wife.分析：This sentence follows a climactic order, the last word being the most important, andthe sense of climax is made very strong.2.3 Sentence LengthShort sentences are usually emphatic, whereas long sentences are capable of expressingcomplex ideas with precision.Short sentences:A series of short coordinate sentences can produce a succession of fast-moving picturesand make their points with admirable economy of language. (短句便于组织和表达，同时，干脆利落，简洁明快，用短句表达信息，能迅速抓住对方注意力，收到一目了然，立竿见影的效果。

Syntax句法学: It is a branch of linguistics hat studies how words are combined to from sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.Syntactic Category:句法范畴It refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. 能在句子起相同作用的词构成相同的句法范畴。

句法范畴不同于词类，两个不同词类的句可能属于同一句法范畴。

Phrase: (短语)：Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrases, the category of which is determined by the word category around which the phrase is built. 英语句法研究中，最常见的是名词短语（NP）、动词短语（VP）、形容词短语（AP）、和介词短语(PP)Phrase that are formed of more than one word usually contain the following elements : head (中心语) , specifier （标志语）, and complement（补足语）Phrase structure rule (短语结构规则)：The special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase.Transformation-generative grammar (转换生成语法)：又美国语言学家乔姆斯基在1957年提出的语法研究模式，认为所以的语言形式都是由人脑中的一些深层结构通过一系列的转换规则衍生而来的。

syntaxSyntaxIntroduction:Syntax refers to the set of rules that govern the structure and arrangement of words and phrases to form meaningful sentences in a language. It plays a crucial role in communication and helps us understand and convey information accurately. This document aims to provide an overview of syntax and its importance across various languages.1. Basic Syntax Rules:1.1 Word Order:Word order refers to the arrangement of words in a sentence. Different languages have different word orders, such as subject-verb-object (SVO) in English or subject-object-verb (SOV) in Japanese. Understanding the correct word order is essential for conveying the intended meaning in a sentence.1.2 Sentence Structure:A sentence typically consists of a subject and a predicate. The subject refers to the noun or pronoun that performs the action, and the predicate includes the verb and other elements that provide information about the subject. The structure and arrangement of these elements may vary depending on the language.1.3 Parts of Speech:Words in a sentence can be classified into different parts of speech, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. Each part of speech functions differently and has its own syntactic characteristics.2. Syntax in Different Languages:2.1 English Syntax:English syntax follows a subject-verb-object (SVO) word order. However, there are exceptions and variations to this rule, such as questions (where subject and verb order is inverted) or imperatives (where the subject is often omitted).2.2 Chinese Syntax:Chinese syntax follows a subject-predicate-object (SPO) or subject-object-verb (SOV) word order. The use of particles,measure words, and the absence of tense markers are some unique syntactic features of the Chinese language.2.3 German Syntax:German syntax follows a subject-verb-object (SVO) word order like English. However, the position of the verb in a sentence can change depending on various factors such as tense, mood, and sentence structure.3. Importance of Syntax:3.1 Clarity and Understanding:Syntax ensures that sentences are structured in a way that allows for clear and unambiguous communication. By following the syntax rules of a language, we can effectively convey our thoughts and ideas.3.2 Grammatical Correctness:Syntax helps us maintain grammatical correctness in our language usage. Adhering to the correct word order and sentence structure ensures that our communication is not only clear but also grammatically accurate.3.3 Stylistic Considerations:Different sentence structures and word arrangements can give a certain flow and rhythm to our writing or speech. Following the syntax rules allows us to create stylistically pleasing and impactful sentences.4. Common Syntax Errors:4.1 Incorrect Word Order:In languages with fixed word orders, placing words in the wrong position can change the meaning of a sentence or render it grammatically incorrect.4.2 Sentence Fragments:A sentence fragment occurs when a group of words is punctuated as a sentence but lacks a subject or a verb. This error can be fixed by revising the sentence to include all necessary components.4.3 Run-on Sentences:A run-on sentence occurs when two independent clauses are joined together without proper punctuation. This error can be corrected by using appropriate punctuation or breaking the sentence into multiple shorter sentences.5. Conclusion:Syntax is an essential aspect of language that helps us understand and communicate effectively. By following the rules of syntax, we can ensure clarity, grammatical correctness, and stylistic excellence in our writing and speech. Understanding the syntax of different languages allows us to appreciate the diversity and richness of human communication.。