Word formation构词法
一、主要构词法
1.转化(conversion)
A.动词转化为名词
Let me have a try.
We stopped there for a swim.
She had a cry about the sad news.
She gave the girl a kiss.
You could make a guess at it.
I bought a bag of bird feed.
His heart beats were getting weaker.
B.名词转化为动词
The results of the experiments are tabled at the back of book.
He pinned the notice on the blackboard.
The expedition will map the South Pole.
His name headed the list.
Many of his friends backed his plan.
He fathered many inventions.
She mothered two children and adopted a third.
The library houses 6000000 books.
He thirsted for knowledge.
We plan to winter in Italy.
C.形容词转化为动词
The city quieted down again.
He was unable to calm her down.
Please warm up the cold meat.
In the bright sunlight she had to narrow her eyes.
He pretends to busy himself writing.
Don’t dirty your new dress.
Living conditions have bettered a great deal.
D.少数其他词类也可用作动词
This will help to further the science.
The employees have downed tools.
They upped the price of petrol.
Truth will out.
E.形容词转化为名词
I enjoyed the quiet of the country.
The temperature reached a new high.
A single to London, please.
Few whites live in West Africa.
F.形容词转化为副词
The eagle flies high.
You can live cheaper in the smaller towns.
Are you staying long?
Her head was bent low.
G.其他
They asked him to give a repeat performance. (动――形) He walked north.(名――副)
2.派生(derivation)
(1) 后缀
A. 构成名词的后缀
-ability: stability capability
-age: shortage marriage
-al: dismissal withdrawal
-an: American Asian
-ance: attendance performance
-ant: immigrant applicant
-ary: dictionary boundary
- ation: examination temptation
- cy: accuracy efficiency
-dom: kingdom freedom wisdom
-ee: employee refugee
-eer: engineer profiteer
-ence: existence preference
-er: driver writer
-ese: Chinese Japanese
-ess: actress princess
-ful: handful spoonful
-hood: childhood neighbourhood
-ian: magician musician
-ibility: possibility responsibility
-ing: feeling shopping
-ion: action collection
-ism: Marxism socialism
-ist: communist novelist
-ity: equality majority
-man: fireman chairman
-ment: arrangement development
-ness: happiness weakness
-or: actor visitor
-ry: slavery bravery
-ship: friendship leadership
-ty: safety loyalty
-ure: failure pressure
-ware: software hardware glassware silverware
-work: housework paperwork
-y: modesty difficulty discovery
B 构成形容词的后缀
-able: valuable comfortable
-al: cultural national
-an: American African
-ant: pleasant ignorant
-ary: imaginary legendary
-ate: passionate fortunate
-ed: excited amazed
-en: golden wooden
-ent: dependent different
-ese: Chinese Japanese
-ful: beautiful hopeful
-ian: Canadian Palestinian
-ible: permissible contemptible
-ic: realistic poetic
-ical: classical economical
-ing: convincing amusing
-ish: selfish foolish
-ive: active effective
-less: endless homeless
-like: warlike childlike
-ly: friendly orderly
-ous: nervous dangerous
-some: troublesome tiresome
-wide: worldwide nationwide area-wide company-wide -worthy: trustworthy praiseworthy
-y: rainy windy
C. 构成副词的后缀
-ly: clearly suddenly
