习题答案

原子吸收习题及参考答案 一、填空题1、电子从基态跃迁到激发态时所产生的吸收谱线称为电子从基态跃迁到激发态时所产生的吸收谱线称为 . . .在从激发态跃迁回基态时在从激发态跃迁回基态时在从激发态跃迁回基态时..则发射出一定频率的光则发射出一定频率的光..这种谱线称为这种谱线称为 . . .二者均称为二者均称为二者均称为 。

各种元素都有其特有的有的 . . .称为称为称为 。

2、原子吸收光谱仪和紫外可见分光光度计的不同处在于原子吸收光谱仪和紫外可见分光光度计的不同处在于 . . .前者是前者是前者是 . . .后者后者是 。

3、空心阴极灯是原子吸收光谱仪的、空心阴极灯是原子吸收光谱仪的 。

其主要部分是。

其主要部分是。

其主要部分是 . . .它是由它是由它是由 或或 制成。

灯内充以制成。

灯内充以制成。

灯内充以 成为一种特殊形式的成为一种特殊形式的成为一种特殊形式的 。

4、原子发射光谱和原子吸收光谱法的区别在于：原子发射光谱分析是通过测量电子能级跃迁时迁时 和和 对元素进行定性、定量分析的对元素进行定性、定量分析的对元素进行定性、定量分析的..而原子吸收光谱法师测量电子能级 跃迁时跃迁时 的强度对元素进行的强度对元素进行的强度对元素进行 分析的方法。

分析的方法。

5、原子吸收光谱仪中的火焰原子化器是由、原子吸收光谱仪中的火焰原子化器是由 、、 及及 三部分组成。

三部分组成。

6、分子吸收光谱和原子吸收光谱的相同点是：都是、分子吸收光谱和原子吸收光谱的相同点是：都是 . . .都有核外层电子跃迁产生的都有核外层电子跃迁产生的都有核外层电子跃迁产生的 . .波长范围波长范围波长范围 。

二者的区别是前者的吸光物质是二者的区别是前者的吸光物质是 . . .后者是后者是后者是 。

7、在单色器的线色散率为、在单色器的线色散率为0.5mm/nm 0.5mm/nm 的条件下用原子吸收分析法测定铁时的条件下用原子吸收分析法测定铁时..要求通带宽度为0.1nm.0.1nm.狭缝宽度要调到狭缝宽度要调到狭缝宽度要调到 。

第1章 化学热力学参考答案：（一）选择题１.Ａ 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.D 6.C 7.C 8.C 9. A 10. C 11. A 12.C （二）填空题1．40；2．等温、等容、不做非体积功，等温、等压，不做非体积功； 3．＞，＜，＝，＞ 4．增大、不变 5．不变 6．3.990 kJ·mol －1（三）判断题1. ×2. ×3. ×4. ×5. √6. ×7. ×8. ×9. × 10. × （四）计算题1．解：(g)O N (l)H 2N 4242+O(l)4H (g)3N 22+(l)H N 42摩尔燃烧热为2．解：)mol ·(kJ 28.254166.963.502)84.285(401f B r --=-⨯--⨯+=∆=∆∑HH ν)mol ·(kJ 14.627211r-Θ-=∆=H Q pK1077.3109.9824.37333mr r ⨯=⨯--=∆∆=-S T 转)mol ·(kJ 78.34357.86)15.137(36.3941f B r --=---=∆=∆∑G ν)K ·mol ·(J 9.9865.21056.1975.191216.21311B r ---=--⨯+==∆∑νNO(g )CO(g )+(g)N 21(g)CO 22+)mol ·(kJ 24.37325.90)52.110(5.3931f B r --=----=∆=∆∑H ν此反应的 是较大的负值，且)(,)(-∆-∆S H 型反应，从热力学上看，在 T 转的温度以内反应都可自发进行。

3．解：外压kPa 50e =p ，11p nRT V =，22p nRTV =，2e p p = 系统所做功：定温变化，0=∆U0=+=∆W Q U ，所以Q =1 247.1（J ） 定温过程pV =常数 ∆(pV )=0 所以 0)(=∆+∆=∆pV U H 4．解：查表知CaO(s) + SO 3(g) = CaSO 4(s)求得同理求得 因为 所以根据经验推断可知，反应可以自发进行。

习题七一、用适当内容填空1. 数据库技术是【数据处理】的核心和基础；数据库以【文件】形式存储在计算机系统中，主要由【数据库表】构成，此外，还包含索引、【表之间关系】、数据有效性规则和【安全控制规则】等信息。

数据库表必须是【二维】表，是一种【结构化】、【有数据类型】的表格。

2. 计算机数据管理技术主要有【人工管理】、【文件系统】、【数据库系统】和【分布式数据库系统】四个阶段，【人工管理】阶段数据不能共享，【分布式数据库系统】阶段并行访问数据效率最高，【人工管理】阶段处理数据量最小，集中式数据库管理是指【数据库系统】阶段。

3.数据库系统的英文简称为【 DBS 】，它由计算机硬件、软件和相关【人员】组成，计算机硬件搭建了系统运行和存储【数据库】的硬件环境；【软件】除用于管理、控制和分配计算机资源外，还用于建立、管理、维护和使用【数据库】。

软件主要包括【数据库】、操作系统和【数据库管理系统】。

4.在DBMS中，通过【数据定义语言或DLL 】语言建立数据库中的表、视图和索引；用【数据操纵语言或DML】语言进行数据插入、修改和删除操作；用【数据查询语言或DQL】语言进行数据查询。

5.从用户角度来看，事务是完成某一任务的【操作】集合。

多个事务并发更新数据容易引起数据【不一致性】问题。

实现数据项互斥访问要求的常用方法是锁定数据项，常见的数据共享锁定方式是【共享型锁】和【排它型锁】。

6.在现实世界到数据世界的转化过程中，中间要经历【信息】世界；人们用【概念模型】描述信息世界中的对象及其关系，用【实体】表示事物，用【属性】表示事物的特征；用【数据模型】描述数据世界中的对象及其关系，用【一行数据或一条记录】表示事物，用【数据项、列或字段】表示事物的特征。

7.在数据安全性控制方面，DBMS所采取的措施有【用户标识和密码鉴定】、【用户分级授权】和【数据加密】。

8.在数据模型中，除了描述实体本身以外，还要对【实体间联系】进行描述；实体之间存在【一对一】、【一对多】和【多对多】三种联系；对于学生实体而言，―姓名‖是【属性】，―李明‖是【值】。

习题三企业合并习题参考答案E3-120X1年1月1日乙公司的资产负债表如下表所示。

20X1年1月1日甲公司以：（1）60 000元购买乙公司的全部净资产；（2）40 000元购买乙公司的全部净资产；（3）4 000元购买乙公司的全部净资产。

要求：运用购买法编制上述三种情况下的会计分录。

E3-2 甲公司与乙公司20X1年1月1日的资产负债表如下表所示。

甲公司以吸收合并方式取得乙公司的全部资产，并承担全部债务。

甲公司的股票面值为每股10元，乙公司的股票面值为每股5元。

甲公司的股票市价为每股50元。

甲公司以每股面值10元的本公司股票换取乙公司每股面值5元的股票（一股换一股）。

要求：根据上述资料采用合适方法编制甲公司吸收合并乙公司的会计分录。

E3-3甲公司与乙公司20X1年1月1日的资产负债表如下表所示。

甲公司以吸收合并方式取得乙公司的全部资产，并承担全部债务。

甲公司的股票面值为每股12元，乙公司的股票面值为每股5元。

甲公司以每股面值12元的本公司股票换取乙公司每股面值5元的股票两股（一股换两股）。

要求：根据上述资料，运用权益结合法编制甲公司吸收合并乙公司的会计分录。

E3-4在E3-3中，(1)假设甲公司的股票面值为每股15元。

甲公司以每股面值15元的本公司股票换取乙公司每股面值5元的股票两股(一股换两股)。

其他资料同上。

(2)假设甲公司的股票面值为每股20元。

甲公司以每股面值20元的本公司股票换取乙公司每股面值5元的股票两股(一股换两股)。

甲公司的所有者权益为：普通股本为400 000元，资本公积为零，留存利润为120 000元。

其他资料同上。

(3)假设甲公司的股票面值为每股50元。

甲公司以每股面值50元的本公司股标换取乙公司每股面值5元的股票两股(一股换两股)。

甲公司的所有者权益为：普通股本为400 000元，资本公积为零，留存利润为120 000元。

其他资料同上。

要求：根据上述资料，运用权益结合法编制上述三种情况下甲公司吸收合并乙公司的会计分录。

单片机原理与接口技术习题集答案西安航专电气系第1部分答案1-1 简述冯·诺依曼型计算机的主要特征。

1、采用二进制代替十进制运算2、存储程序工作方法3、计算机硬件系统的构成1-2 计算机硬件系统由哪些部件组成？计算机硬件系统由运算器、控制器、存储器、输入设备和输出设备五个部分。

1-3 填空：（1）100D=01100100=64H（2）03CH=00111100B=60D1-4 写出下列各数的原码、反码和补码（用二进制数表示）。

21 -21 59 -59 127 -127 1 -121 原码：00010101反码：00010101补码：00010101 -21 原码：10010101 反码：11101010补码：1111101159原码：00111011反码：00111011补码：00111011-59原码：10111011反码：11000100补码：11000101127原码：01111111反码：01111111补码：01111111-127 原码：11111111反码：10000000补码：100000011原码：00000001反码：00000001补码：00000001-1原码：1000001反码：11111110补码：111111111-5 用十进制数写出下列补码的真值：1FH 69H 89H FCH 97H CDH B3H 10H1FH的真值：31D69H的真值：105D89H的真值：-119DFCH的真值：-4D97H的真值：-105DCDH的真值：-51DB3H的真值：-77D10H的真值：16D1-6 已知X和Y，求（X+Y）补。

（1）X=31D，Y=55D （X+Y）补= 01010000B（2）X=46D，Y=-81D （X+Y）补=11010001B（3）X=-54D，Y=93D （X+Y）补=00100111B（4）X=-23D，Y=-67D （X+Y）补=10100110B（5）X=75D，Y=89D （X+Y）补=10100100B1-7 写出下列各数的8421BCD码。

填空（20×1′）名解（10×3′）问答（3×12′）自主题（1×14′）名解：毒物：在一定条件下，能对活的有机体产生损害作用或使机体出现异常反应的外源化学物称毒物。

毒素：毒素是一类特殊的毒物，是由活的机体产生的，根据其来源可分为植物毒素、动物毒素、霉菌毒素和细菌毒素等。

毒性：指外源化学物对机体的易感部位引起有害生物学作用的能力。

一种化学物对机体损害作用愈大，毒性愈大。

选择毒性：如果一种外源化学物只对某种生物产生损害作用，而对其他种生物不具有损害作用，或者只对机体内某一组织器官产生毒性作用，而对其他组织器官不具毒性作用，这种外源化学物对生物体的毒性作用称为选择毒性。

毒理学：是研究人类生产实践和生活中遇到的各种化学性、物理性、生物性的有害因素对生物体特别是人体产生危害和毒作用的机制的科学，它是由古代毒理学渗透了其他学科的综合性科学。

致死剂量（LD）：指某种外源化学物引起机体死亡的剂量。

LD50：指给受试动物一次或者24h内多次染毒后引起半数动物出现死亡的剂量，也称致死中量。

阈剂量：指一定时间内，一种外源化学物按一定的方式与机体接触，使机体产生不良效应的最低剂量。

效应：指在毒理学研究中，外源化学物与动物机体接触后引起的有害生物学改变，又称毒效应。

反应：指外源化学物引起出现质效应的个体数量在群体中所含的比率，一般以百分比或比值来表示。

剂量：是决定外源化学物对机体造成损害作用的最主要因素，化学毒物进入机体达到一定的剂量，才能引起毒作用效应。

剂量-效应关系：是指外源化学物的剂量与在个体或群体中引起某种量效应（计量指标）强度改变间的关系。

剂量-反应关系：是指外源化学物的剂量与在某一群体中出现某种质效应（全或无类型的计数指标）的个体在这一群体中所占的比例关系。

肝脏首过效应：从胃肠道进入的化学毒物在进入体循环前需通过肝脏代谢（若肝脏是非靶器官），从而减少经体循环到达靶器官组织的化学毒物数量或减轻毒性效应。

Chapter1NAMEThe MarketIntroduction.The problems in this chapter examine some variations on the apartment market described in the text.In most of the problems we work with the true demand curve constructed from the reservation prices of the consumers rather than the“smoothed”demand curve that we used in the text.Remember that the reservation price of a consumer is that price where he is just indifferent between renting or not renting the apartment. At anyprice below the reservation price the consumer will demand one apartment,at anyprice above the reservation price the consumer will de-mand zero apartments,and exactlyat the reservation price the consumer will be indifferent between having zero or one apartment.You should also observe that when demand curves have the“stair-case”shape used here,there will typically be a range of prices where supplyequals demand.Thus we will ask for the the highest and lowest price in the range.1.1(3)Suppose that we have8people who want to rent an apartment. Their reservation prices are given below.(To keep the numbers small, think of these numbers as being dailyrent pay ments.)Person=A B C D E F G HPrice=402530351018155(a)Plot the market demand curve in the following graph.(Hint:When the market price is equal to some consumer i’s reservation price,there will be two different quantities of apartments demanded,since consumer i will be indifferent between having or not having an apartment.)2THE MARKET(Ch.1)012345678102030406050PriceApartments(b)Suppose the supplyof apartments isfixed at5units.In this case there is a whole range of prices that will be equilibrium prices.What is the highest price that would make the demand for apartments equal to5 units?$18.(c)What is the lowest price that would make the market demand equal to5units?$15.(d)With a supplyof4apartments,which of the people A–H end up getting apartments?A,B,C,D.(e)What if the supplyof apartments increases to6units.What is the range of equilibrium prices?$10to$15.1.2(3)Suppose that there are originally5units in the market and that 1of them is turned into a condominium.(a)Suppose that person A decides to buythe condominium.What will be the highest price at which the demand for apartments will equal the supplyof apartments?What will be the lowest price?Enter y our an-swers in column A,in the table.Then calculate the equilibrium prices of apartments if B,C,...,decide to buythe condominium.NAME3Person A B C D E F G H High price1818181825252525 Low price1515151518151818 (b)Suppose that there were two people at each reservation price and10 apartments.What is the highest price at which demand equals supply?18.Suppose that one of the apartments was turned into a condo-minium.Is that price still an equilibrium price?Yes.1.3(2)Suppose now that a monopolist owns all the apartments and thathe is trying to determine which price and quantity maximize his revenues.(a)Fill in the box with the maximum price and revenue that the monop-olist can make if he rents1,2,...,8apartments.(Assume that he must charge one price for all apartments.)Number12345678 Price403530251815105 Revenue40709010090907040(b)Which of the people A–F would get apartments?A,B,C,D.(c)If the monopolist were required bylaw to rent exactly5apartments, what price would he charge to maximize his revenue?$18.(d)Who would get apartments?A,B,C,D,F.(e)If this landlord could charge each individual a different price,and heknew the reservation prices of all the individuals,what is the maximum revenue he could make if he rented all5apartments?$148.(f)If5apartments were rented,which individuals would get the apart-ments?A,B,C,D,F.1.4(2)Suppose that there are5apartments to be rented and that the cityrent-control board sets a maximum rent of$9.Further suppose that people A,B,C,D,and E manage to get an apartment,while F,G,andH are frozen out.4THE MARKET(Ch.1)(a)If subletting is legal—or,at least,practiced—who will sublet to whomin equilibrium?(Assume that people who sublet can evade the cityrent-control restrictions.)E,who is willing to payonly$10for an apartment would sublet to F,who is willing to pay$18.(b)What will be the maximum amount that can be charged for the sublet payment?$18.(c)If you have rent control with unlimited subletting allowed,which ofthe consumers described above will end up in the5apartments?A,B,C,D,F.(d)How does this compare to the market outcome?It’s the same.1.5(2)In the text we argued that a tax on landlords would not getpassed along to the renters.What would happen if instead the tax wasimposed on renters?(a)To answer this question,consider the group of people in Problem1.1.What is the maximum that theywould be willing to payto the landlordif theyeach had to paya$5tax on apartments to the city?Fill in thebox below with these reservation prices.Person A B C D E F G H Reservation Price35202530513100 (b)Using this information determine the maximum equilibrium price ifthere are5apartments to be rented.$13.(c)Of course,the total price a renter pays consists of his or her rent plusthe tax.This amount is$18.(d)How does this compare to what happens if the tax is levied on the landlords?It’s the same.Chapter 2NAMEBudget ConstraintIntroduction.These workouts are designed to build your skills in de-scribing economic situations with graphs and algebra.Budget sets are a good place to start,because both the algebra and the graphing are very easy.Where there are just two goods,a consumer who consumes x 1units of good 1and x 2units of good 2is said to consume the consumption bun-dle ,(x 1,x 2).Anyconsumption bundle can be represented bya point on a two-dimensional graph with quantities of good 1on the horizontal axis and quantities of good 2on the vertical axis.If the prices are p 1for good 1and p 2for good 2,and if the consumer has income m ,then she can afford anyconsumption bundle,(x 1,x 2),such that p 1x 1+p 2x 2≤m .On a graph,the budget line is just the line segment with equation p 1x 1+p 2x 2=m and with x 1and x 2both nonnegative.The budget line is the boundary of the budget set .All of the points that the consumer can afford lie on one side of the line and all of the points that the consumer cannot afford lie on the other.If you know prices and income,you can construct a consumer’s bud-get line byfinding two commoditybundles that she can “just afford”and drawing the straight line that runs through both points.Example:Myrtle has 50dollars to spend.She consumes only apples and bananas.Apples cost 2dollars each and bananas cost 1dollar each.You are to graph her budget line,where apples are measured on the horizontal axis and bananas on the vertical axis.Notice that if she spends all of her income on apples,she can afford 25apples and no bananas.Therefore her budget line goes through the point (25,0)on the horizontal axis.If she spends all of her income on bananas,she can afford 50bananas and no apples.Therfore her budget line also passes throught the point (0,50)on the vertical axis.Mark these two points on your graph.Then draw a straight line between them.This is Myrtle’s budget line.What if you are not told prices or income,but you know two com-moditybundles that the consumer can just afford?Then,if there are just two commodities,you know that a unique line can be drawn through two points,so you have enough information to draw the budget line.Example:Laurel consumes onlyale and bread.If she spends all of her income,she can just afford 20bottles of ale and 5loaves of bread.Another commoditybundle that she can afford if she spends her entire income is 10bottles of ale and 10loaves of bread.If the price of ale is 1dollar per bottle,how much moneydoes she have to spend?You could solve this problem graphically.Measure ale on the horizontal axis and bread on the vertical axis.Plot the two points,(20,5)and (10,10),that you know to be on the budget line.Draw the straight line between these points and extend the line to the horizontal axis.This point denotes the amount of6BUDGET CONSTRAINT (Ch.2)ale Laurel can afford if she spends all of her moneyon ale.Since ale costs 1dollar a bottle,her income in dollars is equal to the largest number of bottles she can afford.Alternatively,you can reason as follows.Since the bundles (20,5)and (10,10)cost the same,it must be that giving up 10bottles of ale makes her able to afford an extra 5loaves of bread.So bread costs twice as much as ale.The price of ale is 1dollar,so the price of bread is 2dollars.The bundle (20,5)costs as much as her income.Therefore her income must be 20×1+5×2=30.When you have completed this workout,we hope that you will be able to do the following:•Write an equation for the budget line and draw the budget set on a graph when you are given prices and income or when you are given two points on the budget line.•Graph the effects of changes in prices and income on budget sets.•Understand the concept of numeraire and know what happens to the budget set when income and all prices are multiplied bythe same positive amount.•Know what the budget set looks like if one or more of the prices is negative.•See that the idea of a “budget set”can be applied to constrained choices where there are other constraints on what you can have,in addition to a constraint on moneyexpenditure.NAME 72.1(0)You have an income of $40to spend on two -modity1costs $10per unit,and commodity2costs $5per unit.(a)Write down your budget equation.10x 1+5x 2=40.(b)If you spent all your income on commodity 1,how much could you buy?4.(c)If you spent all of your income on commodity 2,how much could you buy?8.Use blue ink to draw your budget line in the graphbelow.02468246x1x28(d)Suppose that the price of commodity1falls to $5while every thing else stays the same.Write down your new budget equation.5x 1+5x 2=40.On the graph above,use red ink to draw your new budget line.(e)Suppose that the amount you are allowed to spend falls to $30,while the prices of both commodities remain at $5.Write down your budget equation.5x 1+5x 2=30.Use black ink to draw this budget line.(f)On your diagram,use blue ink to shade in the area representing com-moditybundles that y ou can afford with the budget in Part (e)but could not afford to buywith the budget in Part (a).Use black ink or pencil to shade in the area representing commoditybundles that y ou could afford with the budget in Part (a)but cannot afford with the budget in Part (e).2.2(0)On the graph below,draw a budget line for each case.8BUDGET CONSTRAINT (Ch.2)(a)p 1=1,p 2=1,m =15.(Use blue ink.)(b)p 1=1,p 2=2,m =20.(Use red ink.)(c)p 1=0,p 2=1,m =10.(Use black ink.)(d)p 1=p 2,m =15p 1.(Use pencil or black ink.Hint:How much of good 1couldyou afford if you spend your entire budget on good 1?)0510152051015x1x2202.3(0)Your budget is such that if you spend your entire income,youcan afford either 4units of good x and 6units of good y or 12units of x and 2units of y .(a)Mark these two consumption bundles and draw the budget line in the graph below.04812164812xy 16(b)What is the ratio of the price of x to the price of y ?1/2.(c)If you spent all of your income on x ,how much x could you buy?16.(d)If you spent all of your income on y ,how much y could you buy?8.(e)Write a budget equation that gives you this budget line,where the price of x is 1.x +2y =16.(f)Write another budget equation that gives you the same budget line,but where the price of x is 3.3x +6y =48.2.4(1)Murphywas consuming 100units of X and 50units of Y .Theprice of X rose from 2to 3.The price of Y remained at 4.(a)How much would Murphy’s income have to rise so that he can still exactlyafford 100units of X and 50units of Y ?$100.2.5(1)If Amyspent her entire allowance,she could afford 8candybars and 8comic books a week.She could also just afford 10candybars and 4comic books a week.The price of a candybar is 50cents.Draw her budget line in the box below.What is Amy’s weekly allowance?$6.0816243281624Candy barsComic books3212 2.6(0)In a small countrynear the Baltic Sea,there are onlythree commodities:potatoes,meatballs,and jam.Prices have been remark-ablystable for the last 50y ears or so.Potatoes cost 2crowns per sack,meatballs cost 4crowns per crock,and jam costs 6crowns per jar.(a)Write down a budget equation for a citizen named Gunnar who has an income of 360crowns per year.Let P stand for the number of sacks of potatoes,M for the number of crocks of meatballs,and J for the number of jars of jam consumed byGunnar in a y ear.2P +4M +6J =360.(b)The citizens of this countryare in general veryclever people,but they are not good at multiplying by 2.This made shopping for potatoes excru-ciatinglydifficult for manycitizens.Therefore it was decided to introduce a new unit of currency,such that potatoes would be the numeraire.A sack of potatoes costs one unit of the new currencywhile the same rel-ative prices applyas in the past.In terms of the new currency ,what is the price of meatballs?2crowns.(c)In terms of the new currency,what is the price of jam?3crowns.(d)What would Gunnar’s income in the new currencyhave to be for him to be exactlyable to afford the same commoditybundles that he could afford before the change?180crowns.(e)Write down Gunnar’s new budget equation.P +2M +3J =180.Is Gunnar’s budget set anydifferent than it was before the change?No.2.7(0)Edmund Stench consumes two commodities,namelygarbage and punk rock video cassettes.He doesn’t actuallyeat the former but keeps it in his backy ard where it is eaten bybillygoats and assorted vermin.The reason that he accepts the garbage is that people payhim $2per sack for taking it.Edmund can accept as much garbage as he wishes at that price.He has no other source of income.Video cassettes cost him $6each.(a)If Edmund accepts zero sacks of garbage,how manyvideo cassettescan he buy?0.NAME 11(b)If he accepts 15sacks of garbage,how manyvideo cassettes can he buy?5.(c)Write down an equation for his budget line.6C −2G =0.(d)Draw Edmund’s budget line and shade in his budget set.0510152051015Video cassettesGarbage 202.8(0)If you think Edmund is odd,consider his brother Emmett.Emmett consumes speeches bypoliticians and universityadministrators.He is paid $1per hour for listening to politicians and $2per hour for listening to universityadministrators.(Emmett is in great demand to help fill emptychairs at public lectures because of his distinguished appearance and his abilityto refrain from making rude noises.)Emmett consumes one good for which he must pay.We have agreed not to disclose what that good is,but we can tell you that it costs $15per unit and we shall call it Good X .In additionto what he is paid for consuming speeches,Emmett receives a pension of $50per week.0255075100255075Politician speechesAdministrator speeches10012BUDGET CONSTRAINT (Ch.2)(a)Write down a budget equation stating those combinations of the three commodities,Good X ,hours of speeches bypoliticians (P ),and hours of speeches byuniversityadministrators (A )that Emmett could afford to consume per week.15X −1P −2A =50.(b)On the graph above,draw a two-dimensional diagram showing the locus of consumptions of the two kinds of speeches that would be possible for Emmett if he consumed 10units of Good X per week.2.9(0)Jonathan Livingstone Yuppie is a prosperous lawyer.He has,in his own words,“outgrown those confining two-commoditylim-its.”Jonathan consumes three goods,unblended Scotch whiskey,de-signer tennis shoes,and meals in French gourmet restaurants.The price of Jonathan’s brand of whiskeyis $20per bottle,the price of designer tennis shoes is $80per pair,and the price of gourmet restaurant meals is $50per meal.After he has paid his taxes and alimony,Jonathan has $400a week to spend.(a)Write down a budget equation for Jonathan,where W stands for the number of bottles of whiskey,T stands for the number of pairs of tennis shoes,and M for the number of gourmet restaurant meals that he consumes.20W +80T +50M =400.(b)Draw a three-dimensional diagram to show his budget bel the intersections of the budget set with each axis.(c)Suppose that he determines that he will buyone pair of designer tennis shoes per week.What equation must be satisfied bythe combinations of restaurant meals and whiskeythat he could afford?20W +50M =320.2.10(0)Martha is preparing for exams in economics and sociology.She has time to read 40pages of economics and 30pages of sociology.In the same amount of time she could also read 30pages of economics and 60pages of sociology.(a)Assuming that the number of pages per hour that she can read of either subject does not depend on how she allocates her time,how many pages of sociologycould she read if she decided to spend all of her time on sociologyand none on economics?150pages.(Hint:You have two points on her budget line,so you should be able to determine the entire line.)(b)How manypages of economics could she read if she decided to spend all of her time reading economics?50pages.2.11(1)HarryHy pe has $5,000to spend on advertising a new kind ofdehydrated sushi.Market research shows that the people most likely to buythis new product are recent recipients of M.B.A.degrees and lawy ers who own hot tubs.Harryis considering advertising in two publications,a boring business magazine and a trendyconsumer publication for people who wish theylived in California.Fact 1:Ads in the boring business magazine cost $500each and ads in the consumer magazine cost $250each.Fact 2:Each ad in the business magazine will be read by1,000recent M.B.A.’s and 300lawyers with hot tubs.Fact 3:Each ad in the consumer publication will be read by300recent M.B.A.’s and 250lawyers who own hot tubs.Fact 4:Nobodyreads more than one ad,and nobodywho reads one magazine reads the other.(a)If Harryspends his entire advertising budget on the business pub-lication,his ad will be read by10,000recent M.B.A.’s and by3,000lawyers with hot tubs.(b)If he spends his entire advertising budget on the consumer publication,his ad will be read by 6,000recent M.B.A.’s and by5,000lawyers with hot tubs.(c)Suppose he spent half of his advertising budget on each publication.His ad would be read by 8,000recent M.B.A.’s and by4,000lawyers with hot tubs.(d)Draw a “budget line”showing the combinations of number of readings byrecent M.B.A.’s and bylawy ers with hot tubs that he can obtain if he spends his entire advertising budget.Does this line extend all the way to the axes?No.Sketch,shade in,and label the budget set,which includes all the combinations of MBA’s and lawyers he can reach if he spends no more than his budget.(e)Let M stand for the number of instances of an ad being read byan M.B.A.and L stand for the number of instances of an ad being read by a lawyer.This budget line is a line segment that lies on the line with equation M +2L =16.With a fixed advertising budget,how manyreadings byM.B.A.’s must he sacrifice to get an additional reading bya lawy er with a hot tub?2.04812164812Lawyers x 1000MBA's x 10001610262.12(0)On the planet Mungo,theyhave two kinds of money ,blue moneyand red money .Everycommodityhas two prices—a red-money price and a blue-moneyprice.EveryMungoan has two incomes—a red income and a blue income.In order to buyan object,a Mungoan has to paythat object’s red-moneyprice in red moneyand its blue-moneyprice in blue money .(The shops simplyhave two cash registers,and y ou have to payat both registers to buyan object.)It is forbidden to trade one kind of moneyfor the other,and this prohibition is strictlyenforced byMungo’s ruthless and efficient monetarypolice.•There are just two consumer goods on Mungo,ambrosia and bubble gum.All Mungoans prefer more of each good to less.•The blue prices are 1bcu (bcu stands for blue currencyunit)per unit of ambrosia and 1bcu per unit of bubble gum.•The red prices are 2rcus (red currencyunits)per unit of ambrosia and 6rcus per unit of bubble gum.(a)On the graph below,draw the red budget (with red ink)and the blue budget (with blue ink)for a Mungoan named Harold whose blue income is 10and whose red income is 30.Shade in the “budget set”containing all of the commoditybundles that Harold can afford,givenNAME 15its ∗two budget constraints.Remember,Harold has to have enough blue money and enough red moneyto payboth the blue-moneycost and the red-moneycost of a bundle ofgoods.0510152051015AmbrosiaGum 20(b)Another Mungoan,Gladys,faces the same prices that Harold faces and has the same red income as Harold,but Gladys has a blue income of 20.Explain how it is that Gladys will not spend its entire blue income no matter what its tastes maybe.(Hint Draw Glady s’s budget lines.)The blue budget line lies strictlyoutside the red budget line,so to satisfyboth budgets,one must be strictlyinside the red budget line.(c)A group of radical economic reformers on Mungo believe that the currencyrules are unfair.“Whyshould every one have to paytwo prices for every thing?”theyask.Theypropose the following scheme.Mungo will continue to have two currencies,everygood will have a blue price and a red price,and everyMungoan will have a blue income and a red income.But nobodyhas to payboth prices.Instead,every one on Mungo must declare itself to be either a Blue-MoneyPurchaser (a “Blue”)or a Red-Money Purchaser (a “Red”)before it buys anything at all.Blues must make all of their purchases in blue moneyat the blue prices,spending onlytheir blue incomes.Reds must make all of their purchases in red money,spending only their red incomes.Suppose that Harold has the same income after this reform,and that prices do not change.Before declaring which kind of purchaser it will be,∗We refer to all Mungoans bythe gender-neutral pronoun,“it.”Al-though Mungo has two sexes,neither of them is remotelylike either of ours.16BUDGET CONSTRAINT (Ch.2)Harold contemplates the set of commoditybundles that it could afford bymaking one declaration or the other.Let us call a commoditybundle “attainable”if Harold can afford it bydeclaring itself to be a “Blue”and buying the bundle with blue money or if Harold can afford the bundle bydeclaring itself to be a “Red”and buy ing it with red money .On the diagram below,shade in all of the attainable bundles.0510152051015AmbrosiaGum202.13(0)Are Mungoan budgets reallyso fanciful?Can y ou think of sit-uations on earth where people must simultaneouslysatisfymore than onebudget constraint?Is moneythe onlyscarce resource that people use up when consuming?Consumption of manycommoditiestakes time as well as money.People have to simultaneouslysatisfya time budget and a moneybudget.Other examples--people mayhave a calorie budget or a cholesterol budget or an alcohol-intake budget.Chapter 3NAMEPreferencesIntroduction.In the previous section you learned how to use graphs toshow the set of commoditybundles that a consumer can afford.In this section,you learn to put information about the consumer’s preferences on the same kind of graph.Most of the problems ask you to draw indifference curves.Sometimes we give you a formula for the indifference curve.Then all you have to do is graph a known equation.But in some problems,we give you only “qualitative”information about the consumer’s preferences and ask you to sketch indifference curves that are consistent with this information.This requires a little more thought.Don’t be surprised or disappointed if you cannot immediately see the answer when you look at a problem,and don’t expect that you will find the answers hiding somewhere in your textbook.The best way we know to find answers is to “think and doodle.”Draw some axes on scratch paper and label them,then mark a point on your graph and ask yourself,“What other points on the graph would the consumer find indifferent to this point?”If possible,draw a curve connecting such points,making sure that the shape of the line you draw reflects the features required by the problem.This gives you one indifference curve.Now pick another point that is preferred to the first one you drew and draw an indifference curve through it.Example:Jocasta loves to dance and hates housecleaning.She has strictly convex preferences.She prefers dancing to anyother activityand never gets tired of dancing,but the more time she spends cleaning house,the less happyshe is.Let us tryto draw an indifference curve that is consistent with her preferences.There is not enough information here to tell us exactlywhere her indifference curves go,but there is enough information to determine some things about their shape.Take a piece of scratch paper and draw a pair of bel the horizontal axis “Hours per dayof housecleaning.”Label the vertical axis “Hours per dayof dancing.”Mark a point a little ways up the vertical axis and write a 4next to it.At this point,she spends 4hours a daydancing and no time housecleaning.Other points that would be indifferent to this point would have to be points where she did more dancing and more housecleaning.The pain of the extra housekeeping should just compensate for the pleasure of the extra dancing.So an indifference curve for Jocasta must be upward sloping.Because she loves dancing and hates housecleaning,it must be that she prefers all the points above this indifference curve to all of the points on or below it.If Jocasta has strictlyconvex preferences,then it must be that if you draw a line between any two points on the same indifference curve,all the points on the line (except the endpoints)are preferred to the endpoints.For this to be the case,it must be that the indifference curve slopes upward ever more steeplyas y ou move to the right along it.You should convince yourself of this by making some drawings on scratch18PREFERENCES (Ch.3)paper.Draw an upward-sloping curve passing through the point (0,4)and getting steeper as one moves to the right.When you have completed this workout,we hope that you will be able to do the following:•Given the formula for an indifference curve,draw this curve,and find its slope at anypoint on the curve.•Determine whether a consumer prefers one bundle to another or is indifferent between them,given specific indifference curves.•Draw indifference curves for the special cases of perfect substitutes and perfect complements.•Draw indifference curves for someone who dislikes one or both com-modities.•Draw indifference curves for someone who likes goods up to a point but who can get “too much”of one or more goods.•Identifyweaklypreferred sets and determine whether these are con-vex sets and whether preferences are convex.•Know what the marginal rate of substitution is and be able to deter-mine whether an indifference curve exhibits “diminishing marginal rate of substitution.”•Determine whether a preference relation or anyother relation be-tween pairs of things is transitive,whether it is reflexive,and whether it is complete.3.1(0)Charlie likes both apples and bananas.He consumes nothing else.The consumption bundle where Charlie consumes x A bushels of apples per year and x B bushels of bananas per year is written as (x A ,x B ).Last year,Charlie consumed 20bushels of apples and 5bushels of bananas.It happens that the set of consumption bundles (x A ,x B )such that Charlie is indifferent between (x A ,x B )and (20,5)is the set of all bundles such that x B =100/x A .The set of bundles (x A ,x B )such that Charlie is just indifferent between (x A ,x B )and the bundle (10,15)is the set of bundles such that x B =150/x A .(a)On the graph below,plot several points that lie on the indifference curve that passes through the point (20,5),and sketch this curve,using blue ink.Do the same,using red ink,for the indifference curve passing through the point (10,15).(b)Use pencil to shade in the set of commoditybundles that Charlie weaklyprefers to the bundle (10,15).Use blue ink to shade in the set of commoditybundles such that Charlie weaklyprefers (20,5)to these bundles.NAME 19010203040102030ApplesBananas 40For each of the following statements about Charlie’s preferences,write “true”or “false.”(c)(30,5)∼(10,15).True.(d)(10,15) (20,5).True.(e)(20,5) (10,10).True.(f)(24,4) (11,9.1).False.(g)(11,14) (2,49).True.(h)A set is convex if for anytwo points in the set,the line segment between them is also in the set.Is the set of bundles that Charlie weakly prefers to (20,5)a convex set?Yes.(i)Is the set of bundles that Charlie considers inferior to (20,5)a convex set?No.(j)The slope of Charlie’s indifference curve through a point,(x A ,x B ),is known as his marginalrateofsubstitutionat that point.20PREFERENCES (Ch.3)(k)Remember that Charlie’s indifference curve through the point (10,10)has the equation x B =100/x A .Those of you who know calculus will remember that the slope of a curve is just its derivative,which in this case is −100/x 2A .(If you don’t know calculus,you will have to take our word for this.)Find Charlie’s marginal rate of substitution at the point,(10,10).−1.(l)What is his marginal rate of substitution at the point (5,20)?−4.(m)What is his marginal rate of substitution at the point (20,5)?(−.25).(n)Do the indifference curves you have drawn for Charlie exhibit dimin-ishing marginal rate of substitution?Yes.3.2(0)Ambrose consumes onlynuts and berries.Fortunately ,he likes both goods.The consumption bundle where Ambrose consumes x 1units of nuts per week and x 2units of berries per week is written as (x 1,x 2).The set of consumption bundles (x 1,x 2)such that Ambrose is indifferent between (x 1,x 2)and (1,16)is the set of bundles such that x 1≥0,x 2≥0,and x 2=20−4√x 1.The set of bundles (x 1,x 2)such that (x 1,x 2)∼(36,0)is the set of bundles such that x 1≥0,x 2≥0and x 2=24−4√x 1.(a)On the graph below,plot several points that lie on the indifference curve that passes through the point (1,16),and sketch this curve,using blue ink.Do the same,using red ink,for the indifference curve passing through the point (36,0).(b)Use pencil to shade in the set of commoditybundles that Ambrose weaklyprefers to the bundle (1,16).Use red ink to shade in the set of all commoditybundles (x 1,x 2)such that Ambrose weaklyprefers (36,0)to these bundles.Is the set of bundles that Ambrose prefers to (1,16)a convex set?Yes.(c)What is the slope of Ambrose’s indifference curve at the point (9,8)?(Hint Recall from calculus the wayto calculate the slope of a curve.If you don’t know calculus,you will have to draw your diagram carefully and estimate the slope.)−2/3.。

1. 下图为某零件的许用极限应力图，A ’G ’C 为疲劳极限曲线，M 为工作应力点，下列3种情况下的极限应力点分别为：1）应力比r 为常数时，（ ）点。

2）m σ为常数时，（ ）点。

3）min σ为常数时，（ ）点。

2.如一零件的应力比r=0.6，a σ =80MPa ，则此时的m σ=（ ），m i n σ=（ ），m a x σ=（ ）。

3.某零件的s σ =500MPa ，1σ- =220MPa ，工作应力m σ =300MPa ，a σ =100MPa ，工作点位于塑性安全区，则该零件的安全系数为： A.1.78 B.5.0 C.1.25 D.1.674.某受稳定弯曲变应力作用的轴类零件，最大工作应力max σ =400MPa ，最小工作应力min σ =-100MPa 。

已知材料的对称循环疲劳极限1σ- =450MPa ，脉动循环疲劳极限0σ =700MPa ，屈服极限为s σ =800MPa 。

1）试绘出材料的极限应力图。

2）在极限应力图中表明工作应力点M ，以及极限应力点M1。

3）说明该零件可能的失效形式。

题一、图示为一气缸螺栓联接预紧时的受力—变形图。

当螺栓再承受F=1000~2000N 的工作载荷时，试求：螺栓总拉力F2应如何变化，其最大拉力和最小拉力为多少？ 螺栓受拉应力循环特性系数是多少？题二、图示为一托架的边板用6个铰制孔用螺栓与相邻机架联接，托架受一个大小为60kN 的载荷FQ 作用，试问哪个螺栓受力最大？题三.图示钢板用两只普通螺栓联接,已知横向工作载荷为R ，接合面之间的摩擦系数f =0.15,为使联接可靠，取防滑系数K s =1.2，则每个螺栓需要的预紧力F 0为 。

A.0.5R B.R C.2R D.4R题四. 受轴向力的紧螺栓联接，已知螺栓刚度b C =60.410⨯N/mm ，被联接件的刚度m C =61.610⨯N/mm ，螺栓所受的预紧力0F =8000N ，螺栓所受的工作拉力F =4000N ，求螺栓所受的总拉力2F 和残余预紧力1F 分别为多少？题五、如图所示为螺栓联接结构，当工作载荷F=5000N 加在下端后，在结合面A 处，仍要求一定的剩余预紧力，其大小为1.4F ，设材料的许用拉应力为200MPa ，R/2 R/2R求螺栓危险截面直径？一双线螺纹副，螺距为4mm，则螺杆相对螺母转过一圈时，它们沿轴向相对位移的距离应为（）。

第七章国际直接投资(练习)一、本章要义练习说明：请结合学习情况在以下段落空白处填充适当的文字，使上下文合乎逻辑。

国际直接投资是指投资者跨越（1）——，通过（2）——等手段，以掌握和控制国外企业经营活动从而谋取利润的一种投资活动。

国际直接投资的基本方式有两种：合营（资）和独资，每一种方式又可细分出不同的组织形式来。

合营方式主要有两种：（3）——和（4）——。

在我国，通常将前者称为合营企业，而将后者称为合作企业。

（5）——企业是国际上通行的现代企业模式，包括（6）——和（7）——两种形式。

前者是指注册资本由（8）——股份构成，通过发行（9）——（或股权证）等筹集资本，股东以其所认购的（10）——对公司承担（11）——责任，公司以其全部资本对其债务承担（12）——责任的企业法人。

后者是指由两个以上的股东，以其所认缴的（13）——对公司承担（14）——责任，公司以其全部资产对其债务承担（15）——责任的企业法人。

契约式合营是对外直接投资中一种重要的方式。

在我国。

（16）——具体是指由中国企业或其他经济组织与外国企业、其他经济组织或个人在中国境内以实施联合经营为目的，双方以平等的地位通过签订合约，明确双方权利和义务、履行合同规定条款而产生的经济组织。

中外合作企业既可以作为企业法人、负有限责任，也可以不是法人，类似于国外的合伙企业。

独资企业是指一国投资者（公司、企业、其他经济组织或个人）按照东道国法律，经政府批准，在境内单独投资、独立经营、自负盈亏的一种国际直接投资方式。

独资企业基本形式主要有两种：一种是（17）——，另外一种为（18）——。

后一种分支机构在法律上、经济上没有独立性，仅仅是母公司的附属机构。

选择合营方式还是合作方式，或者是独资方式，对于跨国投资者、东道国政府与企业而言，各有利弊。

各国政府对国际直接投资的态度迥然不同。

发展中国家在保护民族工业、核心资源的前提下，引导外资进入到一些鼓励发展的行业。

管理：一定组织中的管理者，对该组织的人力、物力和财务资源实施计划、组织、激励和领导、控制，以实现组织既定目标的活动过程。

管理职能：是指对管理对象一定领域的活动进行管理和各种相互联系、依次更替的任务的总和。

科学管理：是泰罗在总结几十年试验研究成果和长期管理实践经验的基础上，概括出的一些管理原理和方法，并经系统化整理的管理理论，或称“泰罗制”。

其主要内容包括标准化原理、人员挑选与培养、差别计件工资制、计划职能与执行职能分离、职能工长制、例外原理等。

霍桑试验是指梅奥等人在美国西方电气公司所属的霍桑工厂，为测定各种有关因素对生产效率的影响程度而进行的一系列的试验活动，由此产生了“人际关系学说”。

系统管理理论是应用系统理论的范畴、原理，全面分析和研究企业和其它组织的管理活动和管理过程，重视对组织结构和模式的分析，并试图建立系统模型的一种管理理论。

这一理论是卡斯特等美国管理学家在一般系统论的基础上建立起来的。

权变管理理论是20世纪70年代在美国形成的一种管理理论。

这一理论的核心就是力图研究组织的各子系统内部和各子系统之间的相互关系，以及组织和它所处的环境之间的联系，并确定各种变数的关系类型和结构类型。

它强调在管理中要根据组织所处的内外部条件随机应变，针对不同的具体条件寻求不同的最合适的管理模式、方案或方法。

其代表人物主要有卢桑斯等。

管理科学：是指以现代自然科学和技术科学的最新成果（如先进的教学方法、电子计算机技术以及系统论、信息论、控制论等）为手段，运用数学模型，对管理领域中的人力、物力、财务进行系统的定量分析，并作出最优规划和决策的理论。

?决策：决策就是人们为了达到一定目标，在掌握充分信息和对有关情况进行深刻分析的基础上，用科学的方法拟定并评估各种方案，从中选出合理方案的过程计划工作：即根据组织内外部实际情况，权衡宏观需要的主观可能，通过科学地预测，提出未来一定时期内组织所要达到的目标以及实现目标的方法。