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第二讲定语从句一、明备考方向(一)who, whom, whose引导定语从句的用法1．先行词是人，关系词在定语从句中作主语时，用who/that，关系词不可省略；关系词在定语从句中作宾语时，用whom/who/that，关系词可以省略。
2．先行词those后常用who引导定语从句。
3．“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，如果先行词指人，用whom指代人且不能省略。
4．whose引导定语从句时，作定语，且不能省略。
I've become good friends with several of the students in my school who/whom/that I met in the English speech contest last year.我与好几位去年在英语演讲比赛中遇到的同校同学成了好朋友。
I have many friends to whom I'm going to send post cards.我要寄贺卡给我的很多朋友。
The school shop, whose customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays.这家主要顾客是学生的校内商店，放假时关闭。
点津：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
Tom is the only one of the engineers who has come up with the solution.汤姆是这些工程师中唯一一个想出解决方法的人。
(二)that, which 引导定语从句的用法1．that 引导定语从句既可指人又可指物，指人时通常可与who, whom 互换，指物时通常可与which 互换。
在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时可省略。
2．定语从句中用that 不用which 的情况：(1)当先行词是all, any, anything, everything, nothing 等不定代词或被它们修饰时。
第一层级|抓牢“词法”——保基本分第一讲名词和冠词在高考中，语法填空和短文改错重点考查名词的单复数、不可数名词、名词与其他词类的词性转化等。
在语法填空和短文改错中，解答有关名词的题目时，一要根据在句中所作的成分确定是否使用名词。
名词在句中常用作主语、宾语、表语或定语等。
二要根据名词前的数词、量词、冠词等修饰语的情况以及主谓一致原则来确定名词单复数。
(一)考点练悟(用所给词的适当形式填空)It was late at night. Two 1.________ (German) were sleeping in their room when suddenly, one of them, Mrs. Green, was woken up and found a thief slipping into their room to try his luck. She had three thousand 2.______ (dollar) in her pocket. “What should I do? Many 3.______ (thief) usually bring 4.________ (knife) with them，”she thought in 5.________ (silent). After two 6.________ (minute) search, the thief happened to touch a sports suit. It seemed as if he found there was someone in the room, so he went out to the next room where two 7.________ (Frenchman) were sleeping. When he was looking for 8.________ (money) or some 9.________ (jewel) in the next room, Mrs. Green woke up her husband quickly and called the police. And then the thief knew what had happened. He was so scared that he took out a knife. Just then the police showed up. Before the thief ran away, the police caught him. For Mrs. Green, it was really an unusual 10.________ (experience)．答案：1.Germans 2.dollars 3.thieves 4.knives 5.silence 6.minutes'7.Frenchmen8.money9.jewels/jewelry10.experience(二)快捷技法1．可数名词复数的规则变化：(1)一般情况下在词尾直接加-s(2)以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词，在词尾加-es(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，将y变为i，再加-es(4)以元音字母加y结尾的名词，在词尾直接加-s(5)以o结尾的名词，无生命的常在词尾加-s，如pianos, photos；有生命的在词尾加-es，如potatoes, heroes等(6)以f或fe结尾的名词，多数变f或fe为v，再加-es。
第三层级|注意“行文逻辑”——争满分语法填空和短文改错这两种题型主要是从词法、句法和行文逻辑三个角度考查考生在语篇中综合运用英语的能力, 同时兼顾句型结构、习惯搭配等。
相对于词法、句法来说, 行文逻辑题是考生失分最多的题目。
究其原因, 这类题目的解题信息不局限于某句或某个句群, 大多是需要从全文的角度去审视、去思考, 对于这类较难题目, 考生在做题时, 一定要注意以下三点：一、注意时态是否一致有目的地去检查文中的每一个谓语动词的时态与上下文、语境以及该句的时间状语是否相一致。
若全文都是在使用过去时态, 则考查角度一般就是针对过去时态的。
[典例1](2016·全国卷Ⅰ)So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the not-for-profit Panda Base, where ticket money helps pay for research. I __62__ (allow) to get up close to these cute animals at the 600-acre centre. From tomorrow, I will be their UK ambassador ...[易误点拨]分析句子成分可知句子缺少谓语动词, 需要考虑其时态、语态及主谓一致。
I与allow之间是被动关系, 故用被动语态；又因上一句主句用过去时, 可确定此句也用过去时。
再根据主语I, 可知应填was allowed。
本题容易受下文将来时态的影响而错填别的时态。
[典例2](2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that (→where) I live. Though not very big, but (去掉but) the restaurant is popular in our area. It is always crowded with customers at meal times. Some people even had (→have) to wait outside. My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest (→honesty). Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables or (→and) high quality oil are using (→used) for cooking. My uncle says that he never dreams (∧of) becoming rich in the (→a) short period of time. Instead, he hopes that our (→his) business will grow steady (→steadily)．[易误点拨]全文的时态为一般现在时, 第四句中用了过去时had, 应该引起重视, 重点核查。
第三讲形容词和副词形容词和副词是历年高考的必考点，是考生做好英语语法填空题和短文改错题必须要掌握的知识点。
形容词主要用来修饰名词和代词，表示事物或人的性质和特征。
副词主要用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。
语法填空题对形容词和副词的考查主要是形容词作定语或表语、形容词和副词的比较级或最高级、形容词和副词的词性转化等。
短文改错题对形容词和副词的考查主要是形容词和副词之间的错用，以及形容词之间、副词之间的错用等。
形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级、比较级和最高级。
语法填空主要考查原级变为比较级或最高级；短文改错主要考查原级、比较级和最高级之间的误用。
两者进行比较时，用比较级，此时的标志词为than，但需特别注意没有than时的比较级；三者或三者以上进行比较时，用最高级，此时往往用in或者of表示比较范围，但需注意省略比较范围的最高级。
(一)考点练悟(用所给词的适当形式填空)London is one of the 1.________ (large) cities in the world. Its population is 2.________ (small) than Tokyo or Shanghai, but it is one of the 3.________ (popular) tourist destinations of all. London is probably most famous for its museums, galleries, palaces and other sights, but it also includes a 4.________ (wide) range of peoples, cultures and religions than many other places. People used to say that it was the dirtiest city too, but it is now much 5.________ (clean) than it was. To the surprise of many people, it now has some of the 6.________ (good) restaurants in Europe too. For some people, this makes London the 7.________ (exciting) city in Europe. Unfortunately, London is definitely not the 8.________ (expensive) city in Europe, though a holiday in London is good value for money, considering what there is to see and do there.答案：rgest 2.smaller 3.most popular 4.wider 5.cleaner 6.best7.most exciting 8.least expensive(二)快捷技法思考趋向解题规则1.填形容词或副词的比较级提示词是形容词或副词，分析句子成分后发现词性不需要改变，特别是空格后有比较级标志词than时，应考虑填形容词或副词的比较级。
第四讲动词动词是历年高考的必考点，对动词有关知识的掌握是考生在语法填空和短文改错两种题型中得高分的关键。
动词的形式变化比较多，有谓语形式的变化(如时态、语态和虚拟语气)、非谓语形式的变化(如不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词)及主谓一致。
语法填空和短文改错两种题型对动词的考查基本围绕动词的上述形式变化而设题。
谓语动词的形式变化主要有时态、语态、语气和主谓一致。
语法填空主要考查形式为给出提示词——动词，主要考查时态、语态和主谓一致(语法一致、意义一致和就近一致)；短文改错主要考查这三种形式的误用。
虚拟语气虽然在语法填空与短文改错中鲜有考查，但在写作中属于高级句式，它的合理运用能给作文增色添彩，因此在二轮备考中，考生也应加强对这一部分知识的学习。
(一)考点练悟(用所给词的适当形式填空)My best friend Kaiya is like me. She 1.________ (remind) me of myself. In the past, I 2.________ (be) never confident because of my appearance. People always laughed at my weight, my height, my hairstyle, etc. At that time, I was the shortest student in my class. I started getting depressed. However, someone told me something that I will always remember.It was in March. Surrounded by a group of girls who 3.________ (point) at me and laughed at me, I couldn't help crying. The tears rolled down my face like a rushing river. To my surprise, someone lifted my head up and wiped the tears from my eyes.I then knew it was our English teacher, Miss Li. She said, “You 4.________ (be) perfect the way you are. You should never change or hate yourself. People 5.________ (accept) you for who you 6.________ (be). But if you cannot accept yourself, then how will other people accept you？” I 7.________ (inspire) by her words. Over the past few months, I 8.________ (learn) that no one is perfect and that we all have flaws. Now I have wonderful friends who 9.________ (love) me for who I am.Now, seeing Kaiya cry, I decide to tell her the same thing Miss Li 10.________ (tell) me.答案：1.reminds 2.was 3.pointed 4.are 5.will accept 6.are7.was inspired8.have learned9.love10.told(二)快捷技法思考趋向1填谓语动词的时态和语态变化提示词是动词，且空格位于主语之后，分析句子成分后发现句中找不到谓语，则所给动词应该作谓语，此时要结合语境考虑动词的时态和语态变化。
第一层级|抓牢“词法”——保基本分第一讲名词和冠词在高考中，语法填空和短文改错重点考查名词的单复数、Array不可数名词、名词与其他词类的词性转化等。
在语法填空和短文改错中，解答有关名词的题目时，一要根据在句中所作的成分确定是否使用名词。
名词在句中常用作主语、宾语、表语或定语等。
二要根据名词前的数词、量词、冠词等修饰语的情况以及主谓一致原则来确定名词单复数。
(一)考点练悟(用所给词的适当形式填空)It was late at night. Two 1.________ (German) were sleeping in their room when suddenly, one of them, Mrs. Green, was woken up and found a thief slipping into their room to try his luck. She had three thousand 2.______ (dollar) in her pocket. “What should I do? Many 3.______ (thief) usually bring 4.________ (knife) with them，”she thought in 5.________ (silent). After two 6.________ (minute) search, the thief happened to touch a sports suit. It seemed as if he found there was someone in the room, so he went out to the next room where two 7.________ (Frenchman) were sleeping. When he was looking for 8.________ (money) or some 9.________ (jewel) in the next room, Mrs. Green woke up her husband quickly and called the police. And then the thief knew what had happened. He was so scared that he took out a knife. Just then the police showed up. Before the thief ran away, the police caught him. For Mrs. Green, it was really an unusual 10.________ (experience)．答案：1.Germans 2.dollars 3.thieves 4.knives 5.silence 6.minutes'7.Frenchmen 8.money9.jewels/jewelry10.experience(二)快捷技法1．可数名词复数的规则变化：(1)一般情况下在词尾直接加-s(2)以s, x, ch, sh 结尾的名词，在词尾加-es(3)以辅音字母加y 结尾的名词，将y 变为i ，再加-es(4)以元音字母加y 结尾的名词，在词尾直接加-s(5)以o 结尾的名词，无生命的常在词尾加-s ，如pianos, photos ；有生命的在词尾加-es ，如potatoes, heroes 等(6)以f 或fe 结尾的名词，多数变f 或fe 为v ，再加-es 。
如knife →knives ，leaf →leaves (如题3,4)；少数直接加-s ，如roof →roofs, gulf →gulfs2．可数名词复数的不规则变化：(1)单复数同形的名词：sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese, means (手段), works (工厂), series (系列)等(2)复数形式有特殊变化的名词：criterion 标准→criteriamouse 老鼠→mice phenomenon 现象→phenomenafoot 脚；英尺→feet medium 传播媒介→media child 孩子→children(一)考点练悟下文中共有6处错误，每句中最多有一处。
请找出并改正。
Recently, a famous basketball player has caused public angry by writing on the Great Wall. In fact, this happens in many place of interest. I have some suggestion to solve this problem.First, make more poster to inform the public of the damage of graffiti (涂鸦). Besides,punishments, such as a fine, are necessary to tourists with such bad behavior. Also, I think it 's helpful to put up some boards along the tourist attraction where tourists are permitted to leave messages.I 'm sure with our effort, more and more people will become concerned about protecting cultural relics.答案：第一句：angry →anger第二句：place →places第三句：suggestion →suggestions第四句：poster →posters第六句：attraction →attractions第七句：effort →efforts(二)快捷技法冠词是语法填空题的常考点，经常考查不定冠词a ，an和定冠词the 的基本用法和固定搭配。
解答冠词类题目时，首先需要明确设空处是表示特指还是泛指，如果是前者用the ，后者则需要再判断用a 还是an 。
短文改错中的冠词类题目，除了判断是表示特指还是泛指外，还需要注意单数可数名词前必须有冠词。
同时对常见的固定搭配中的冠词也要熟练掌握。
(一)考点练悟(用冠词填空)When I walked down 1.________ Third Avenue, as 2.______ rule, I used to look into thethe closing time, I cupped my hands against 4.________ windows to get 5.________ small look at the treasures inside.Some things looked as if they had not been noticed for 6.________ long time, but I knew their beauty was still there beneath their own surface. I even thought they were 7.________ most beautiful that I had ever seen. That was how I felt about old people, too. I knew their value, and it hurt me when others missed it. I was raised by my grandmother and given 8.________ deep sense of the value of experience. Taught to behave well, my sister and I respected other people, regardless of their age or color. My grandmother was loved by all 9.________ people around her. She was known to be 10.________ wise and kind woman, who was able to do things well even in her last years.Old people should be treated as fine gold. They may be gradually tarnished (失去光泽) by age, but they can be polished with respect. You might be surprised by their bright and shining qualities.答案：1.the 2.a 3.an 4.the 5.a 6.a7.the8.a9.the10.a(二)快捷技法思考趋向——如何确定填冠词如果空格后有名词(短语)而且二者搭配在一起表示泛指或特指含义，或者有序数词、最高级、表示特指意义的比较级等形式，那么空格处一般是填冠词。
解题规则——如何确定填什么冠词1．不定冠词a/an的常考点(1)表示泛指，相当于“a certain”。
(如题3,6,10)(2)表示类指，指某类中的“任何一个”。
(3)表示量指，但数的概念没有one强烈。
(4)表示“每”，相当于per，用于价格、速度、频率等表达中。
(5)考查固定搭配中的不定冠词。
(如题2,6)(6)和具有某些特征、状态或情感的抽象名词连用表示具体的概念。
(如题5,8)2．定冠词the的常考点(1)特指某人或某物。
(如题4,9)(2)用于最高级或序数词前或由only, very, same等修饰的名词前。
(如题1,7)(3)和形容词、过去分词连用，表示一类人或事物。
(4)用在“逢十”的年代前，表示“在某世纪几十年代”。
(5)定冠词常用在一些固定搭配中。
(一)考点练悟下文中共有8处错误，每句中最多有两处。
请找出并改正。
Zhou Yan is the Senior Three student. Last week, he went to see doctor because his arms and fingers hurt. The doctor told him a fact that he had an “mobile phone disease”. Zhou sent messagesbecause he spent so much time on his mobile phone. He didn't stop using a mobile phone until his arms hurt. Yang Ling, who is a expert from a health center, said students should try to use their mobile phones less, especially at school.答案：第一句：the→a第二句：doctor前加a第三句：a→the; an→a第四句：all后加the第五句：a→the第六句：a→the第七句：第一个a→an(二)快捷技法思考趋向1．决定冠词对与错的关键在于它和后面的名词在意思上是否构成了一种正确的搭配关系，这种搭配在句中是否合情、合理、合“法”，这应该是思维的第一步。
