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高考英语阅读理解词义猜测方法高考英语阅读理解词义猜想方法语言是沟通工具，英语无疑是这个世界上最重要的沟通工具。
下面准备了高考英语阅读理解词义猜想方法，希望你喜欢。
推测生词或短语的意义阅读理解题中所设置的词义猜想类题多是对生词、短语、指示代词的猜想。
一方面，命题者要求考生所猜想的单词或短语可能是已学过的或是考生较熟悉的，但高考所考查的是不太常见的意思;另一方面命题者要求考生所猜想的单词或短语可能是考生没有学过的。
此时，对单词或短语的猜想不要停留在字面上,要根据语境来判断。
考生可以通过构词法知识分析生词词义,或通过上下文尤其是生词所在的`句子以及其前后两句话猜想词义。
还可以通过联想进行推测,即回想已知词汇中是否存在拼写与该生词类似的词。
常用的几种猜词方法如下：1.利用副词或连词的转折、因果等关系有些词虽然不能直接猜想出其意义，但在上下文中能找到一些与之具有对比关系的[JP3]词，通过了解这些词的意义，就可以推断出所考查词的意思。
考生通过这种对比关系，就很容易猜出生词的词义了。
还可以通过近义词或反义词提供的信息猜想生词的词义。
俗话说，有因必有果，有果必有因。
根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。
如because, since与as是连接原因状语从句的从属连词;so是连接表示结果状语从句的连词;so...that与such...that中的that是连接结果状语从句的连词。
当这些信息词出现在有生词的句子中，考生通过因果关系，依据已知部分就能猜出生词的词义。
2.构词法(此法亦是记忆单词之妙法)合成法。
合成词是由两个或两个以上的单词构成的。
遇到这类生词时可根据合成法来猜想词义。
英语的合成词有合成形容词、合成名词等。
合成形容词的构成方法如下：(1)形容词+现在分词，如good-looking好看的;(2)副词+现在分词,如hard-working辛勤的，工作努力的;(3)名词+现在分词，如peace-loving爱好和平的;(4)名词+过去分词,如state-owned国有的。
新课标高考英语阅读理解猜测词意（词义）解题策略高考考情分析解读：词义猜测题是高考阅读理解题中的一种常见的题型。
词义猜测可以是对一个单词的意义推断，也可以是对一个短语或一个句子的意义推断，既可以是生词生义，也可以是熟词新义，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。
通过对近年新课标全国卷分析统计来看，词义猜测题一般有1－2题。
考查相对比较稳定，但难度略有增加，需要在复杂的句式中通过上下文综合分析才能得出答案。
在词义猜测题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或词组的含义。
2016年全国卷设问形式例子：(1)What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean？(2016年课标全国卷Ⅱ)(2)What does the underline phrase “a pipe dream” in Paragraph 3 mean？(2016年课标全国卷Ⅲ)(3)What does the word “contributions” in the la st paragraph refer to？(2015年课标全国卷Ⅰ)常见的命题形式有：The underlined word in the second paragraph means “________”．Which of the following words is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the last paragraph?The underlined word “________” in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced by “________”．What does the phrase “________”in Paragraph 1 mean?本学案结构：代词指代猜测题目句子猜测句意题目附：典故谚语知识储备单词或短语意思猜测题该题型着重考查考生根据上下文猜测词义的能力，这也是一个从“已知”得出“未知”的过程，即利用上下文的已知部分(尤其是该词或短语前后的句子)进行推理，有时还需要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义。
词义猜测题【题型突破】词义猜测题有逐渐增加的趋势,尤其是猜测词组、句意题.因为猜测词组、句意题涉及题材背景、句子结构、文章主旨、作者的观点/态度等。
联系文章主旨、整合上下文信息是解答这类题的关键。
近几年命题者着重考查考生利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇文脉等理解生词的能力.【命题方式】1.The word/phrase＂…＂in the passage means _________.2。
The word/phrase＂…＂can be best replaced by _________。
3. Which of the following is nearest/closest in meaning to _________?4.The word/phrase＂…＂probably refers to _________。
5.What does the underlined word/phrase＂…＂in the passage mean?词义猜测题要根据词、词组、句子所在的上下文语境来判断其意义，我们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境主观臆断.熟练以下猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。
猜词方法依据猜词方法依据定义有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释,这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。
指代关系it,that,this，he，him,them可指上文提到的事、物、人。
有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的对象。
同位关系阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，这时可利用同位关系进行猜测。
同义关系当词或短语之间有并列连词and，or时，其连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此可确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，从而推知其大致意Passage1（2017·新课标卷I ，D ）drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U 。
2017届高考英语专题练习（六）阅读理解Ⅳ:词义猜测（测）1．B【甘肃省兰州市第一中学2017届高三上学期期中考试】An 80-year-old man was sitting on the sofa in his house along with his 45-year-old highly educated son.Suddenly a crow perched on the tree near their window.The father asked his son, “What is this?”The son replied, “It is a crow.”After a few minutes, the father asked his son the second time, “What is this?”The son said, “Father, I have just now told you. It is a crow!”After a little while, the old father again asked his son the third time, “What is this?”“It’ s a crow, a crow, a crow!” said the son loudly.A little after, the father again asked his son the fourth time, “What is this?”This time the son shouted at his father, “Why do you keep asking me the same question again and again?’ IT IS A CROW’. Are you not able to understand this?”A little later the father went to his room and came back with an old diary, which he had kept since his son was born. On opening a page, he asked his son to read that page. When the son read it, the following words were written in the diary:“Today my little son aged three was sitting with me on the sofa, when a crow was sitting on the window. My son asked me 23times what it was, and I replied to him all 23times that it was crow. I hugged him lovingly each time he asked me the same question again and again for 23times. I did not at all feel annoyed; I rather felt affection for my innocent child.”5．What does the underlined word “perched” mean in the passage?A．knocked B．hitC．landed D．flew2．C【湖北省华中师范大学第一附属中学2017届高三上学期期中考试】BEIJING—The launch of a new manned space mission brings China closer to the establishment of a permanent space station, international experts say.Chinese taikonauts, Jing Haipeng, 50, and Chen Dong, 37, were blasted off into space onboard Shenzhou-11 at 7:30 am Monday and will spend 30 days in the Chinese space laboratory Tiangong-2. The launch marks a key step toward China's plan to eventually operate a permanent space station, The successful launch of the Shenzhou-11 spacecraft is another step forward to put China among leading players in space technology, said Alexander Zheleznyakov, a Russian expert on history of space flights. China's experimental space lab will help provide solutions for spacecraft of different functions to approach and anchor, and for a long-term operation of life support system, said Zheleznyakov. Shenzhou-11 is scheduled to anchor on Wednesday with Tiangong-2, which is part of China's plan to build a permanent space station by 2022.China can now test technologies for cargo spacecraft anchoring, life support system operation and waterrecycling to ensure a long-term continuous operation of its space station in the future with less dependence on renewal from the Earth, he said. If all goes well, China will launch the unpiloted Tianzhou-1cargo ship next spring to autonomously tie up with Tiangong-2. Tianzhou-1will be capable of automatically transferring rocket fuels, a vital requirement for space station grouping and maintenance, according to a report by Columbia Broadcasting System（CBS）.“That will further their anchoring abilities needed for the larger space station,” Johnson Freese was quoted. “Tiangong-2 is supposed to be able to stay in orbit for two years or longer, so that's taking them （Chinese）really close to 2019 or so. I think this will be their last big technology test phase before going to their large space station,” said Freese.31．Which of the following can repl ace the underlined phrase “blasted off” in last paragraph?A．sent up B．gave away C．swept off D．carried away3．B【山东省枣庄市第三中学2017届高三9月质量检测】It has always been thought that alcohol causes people to put on weight because it contains a lot of sugar, but new research suggests a glass a day cold form part of a diet. Looking at past studies they found that, while heavy drinkers do put on weight; those who drink in moderation can actually lose weight.A spokesman for the research team at Navarro University in S pain says, “Light to moderate alcohol intake, especially of wine, may be more likely to protect against, rather than promote, weight gain.” The International Scientific Forum on Alcohol research reviewed the findings and agreed with most of the conclusions, particularly that data do not clearly indicate if moderate drinking increases weight.Boston University’s Dr. Harvey Finkel found that the biologic mechanisms（生物学机制）relating alcohol to changes in body weight are not properly understood. His team pointed out the strong protective effects of moderate drinking on the risk of getting conditions like diabetes（糖尿病）, which relate to increasing obesity. Some studies suggest that even very obese people may be at lower risk of diabetes if they are moderate drinkers.The group says alcohol provides calories that are quickly absorbed into the body and are not stored in fat, and that this process could explain the differences in its effects from those of other foods. They agree that future research should be directed towards assessing the roles of different types of alcoholic drinks, taking into consideration drinking patterns and including the past tendency of participants to gain weight.For now there is little evidence that consuming small to moderate amounts of alcohol on a regular basis increases one’s risk of becoming obese. What’s more, a study three years ago suggested that resveratrol, a compound present in grapes and red wine destroys fat cells.25．The underlined phrase “in moderation” in the first paragraph me ans_________.A．excitedly B．carefully C．frequently D．properly4．【黑龙江省大庆实验中学2017届高三上学期期中考试】One form of social prejudice against older people is the belief that they cannot understand or use modern technology. Activities like playing computer games, going on the Net and downloading MP3s are only for the youngsters. Isn’t it unfair that older people enjoying a computer game should be frowned（皱眉）upon by their children and grandchildren?Nowadays older people have more control over their lives and they play a full part in society. Moreover, better health care has left more people in their sixties and seventies feeling fit and active after retirement. Mental activity, as well as physical exercise, can contribute to better health. Playing computer games is a very effective way of exercising the brain.When personal computers were first introduced, most older people didn’t believe they would ever familiarize themselves with it. Now computers have been around for a few generations and retired people have gradually become more relaxed about using them for fun. Gamers over 65 prefer playing puzzle games and card games. Kate Stevens, aged 72, says:“I find it very relaxing. It’s not very demanding, but you still need to concentrate.”Another development that has f avored “grey games” is a change in the type of videogames available on the market. There’s a greater variety of games to choose from, including more intellectual and complex strategy（策略）and simulation（模拟）games. Internet Chess and Train Simulator are among the most popular of these. Train Simulator is based on real-world rail activities. Players can choose from a variety of challenges, such as keeping to a strict-timetable and using helper engines during a winter storm.Some people argue that “grey gamers” simply don’t have the skills required for computer games, and that teenagers are better. This couldn’t be further from the truth. Most computer games require the kind of analytical thinking that improves with practice, which means that the “grey gamers” may well be far better than gamers half a century younger than them. In games where speed is the main consideration, older people would be at a disadvantage because they may have slower reaction times. On the other hand, “grey gamers” have a preference for slower paced, mind challenging games.4．By saying “This couldn’t be further from the truth.” in Paragraph 5, the author means_________.A．mind challenging games are not suitable for older peopleB．children should improve their skills with practiceC．playing computer games requires analytical thinkingD．older people can perform well in some computer games5．【黑龙江省双鸭山市第一中学2017届高三9月月考】One day a mime（哑剧演员）is visiting the zoo and tries to earn some money as a street performer. As soon as he starts to draw a crowd, a zookeeper pulls him into his office. The zookeeper explains that the zoo’s most popular attraction, a gorilla（大猩猩）, has died suddenly and the keeper fears that attendance（出席人数）at the zoo will fall off. He offers the mime a job to dress up as the gorilla. The mime accepts.The next morning the mime puts on the gorilla suit and enters the cage before the crowd comes. He soon discovers he can sleep, play and make fun of people and he draws bigger crowds than he ever did as a mime — the job he likes but loses.However, with days going by, he begins to notice that the people are paying more attention to the lion in the cage next to his. Not wanting to lose the attention of his audience, he climbs to the top of his cage, crawls across a partition（隔墙）, and dangles（悬挂）from the top to the lion’s cage. The lion gets angry at this. The scene is a fuel to the crowd.At the end of the day he is given a raise for being such a good attraction — well, this continues for some time. The crowds grow larger, and th e mime’s pay keeps going up.Then one day when he is dangling over the lion he slides and falls. The mime is terrified. He starts screaming “Help me!”, but the lion is quick. The mime soon finds himself flat on his back looking up at the angry lion and th e lion says, “Shut up you fool! Do you want to get us both fired?”24．The underlined words “a fuel” in Paragraph 3can be replaced by __________.A．frightening B．disappointing C．familiar D．exciting高考英语专题练习（六）阅读理解Ⅳ:词义猜测题（测）解析1.2．3．4．5．。
2023年高考英语阅读理解专题04 猜词题专题04 猜词题Part1 技巧导图Part2 知识详解Part3 词义猜测题特点Part4 词义猜测题七大猜词技巧Part5 构词法基础知识Part1 技巧导图Part2 知识详解Part3 词义猜测题特点猜词悟义是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考阅读理解中必考的题型。
它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。
同时，考生应掌握一些猜词技巧，通过定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、反义、构词、常识及上下文线索等确定词义。
词义猜测题思维导图【设问形式】•The underlined word “ … ” refers to/ (probably) means .•“…” as used in the passage can best be defined as…•What do you think the expression “…” stands for?•What does the underlined word “…” refer to in the last paragraph?•Which of the following words can take the place of the word “ … ”?•The underlined word “…” could best be replaced by…•Which of the following has the closest meaning to the word “ … ”?•What does the author mean by “…” in paragraph 2?Part4 词义猜测题七大猜词技巧1.根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释。
标点符号，如逗号后的解释(名词同位语)、破折号后的解释、括号内的解释等。
正确理解文中单词或短语的含义是理解文章的第一步，也是理解文章的基础。
但英语单词、短语的含义并非完全等同于词典中所标注的汉语意思，其含义随不同语境会有所不同。
我们能根据上下文理解灵活变化的词义，才算是真正初步具备了一定的阅读理解能力。
在高考阅读理解题中，词义猜测题通常有以下三种情况：①推测划线单词或短语的含义；②推测划线代词的指代含义；③推测划线句子的含义。
近三年全国高考细节理解题题量统计卷名年份新高考I卷全国卷I（乙卷）全国卷II（甲卷）全国卷III 202021112021111120221122技巧一：对于推测划线单词或短语的含义的题目，可以依据定义、同位语、文章中的例子、对比关系或比较关系、构词法、并列结构、因果关系等来解题。
【典题例析1】(苏州市2022学年第二学期学业质量阳光指标调研卷)For Amazon and Netflix，adding games to their platforms could attract more subscribers. Or at the very least dissuade existing ones from leav-ing.After a jump caused by pandemic in users，Netflix dropped430,000subscribers in the second quarter but regained some of these in the third flix has said in the past that in the“attention economy”，it com-petes against video games just as much as video stream-ing services.What does the underlined word“dissuade”in Para-graph3mean?A.Forbid.B.Discourage.C.Release.D.Protect.【解析】答案B。
专题一阅读理解第4讲词义猜测题[真题演练]A(2016·全国卷Ⅱ，阅读理解B)Five years ago，when I taught art at a school in Seattle，I used Tinkertoys as a test at the beginning of a term to find out something about my students.I put a small set of Tinkertoys in front of each student，and said：“Make something out of the Tinkertoys.You have 45 minutes today—and 45 minutes each day for the rest of the week.”A few students hesitated to start.They waited to see what the rest of the class would do.Several others checked the instructions and made something according to one of the model plans provided.Another group built something out of their own imaginations.Once I had a boy who worked experimentally with Tinkertoys in his free time.His constructions filled a shelf in the art classroom and a good part of his bedroom at home.I was delighted at the presence of such a student.Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work.His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect(感染) other students.Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside．I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking.Without fail one would declare，“But I'm just not creative.”“Do you dream at night when you're asleep？”“Oh，sure.”“So tell me one of your most interesting dreams.”The student would tell something wildly imaginative.Flying in the sky or i n a time machine or growing three heads.“That's pretty creative.Who does that for you？”“Nobody.I do it.”“Really—at night，when you're asleep？”“Sure.”“Try doing it in the daytime，in class，okay？”[语篇解读] 本文属于记叙文，作者通过让学生拼装玩具培养学生的创造性和想象力。
阅读理解微技能之词义猜测题距离高考还有一段时间，不少有经验的老师都会提醒考生，愈是临近高考，能否咬紧牙关、学会自我调节，态度是否主动积极，安排是否科学合理，能不能保持良好的心态、以饱满的情绪迎接挑战，其效果往往大不一样。
以下是本人从事10多年教学经验总结出的以下学习资料，希望可以帮助大家提高答题的正确率，希望对你有所帮助，有志者事竟成！养成良好的答题习惯，是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。
做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题，书写工整;答题完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。
总之，在最后的复习阶段，学生们不要加大练习量。
在这个时候，学生要尽快找到适合自己的答题方式，最重要的是以平常心去面对考试。
英语最后的复习要树立信心，考试的时候遇到难题要想“别人也难”，遇到容易的则要想“细心审题”。
越到最后，考生越要回归基础，单词最好再梳理一遍，这样有利于提高阅读理解的效率。
另附高考复习方法和考前30天冲刺复习方法。
【思维导图】【词义猜测题微技能】1．单词或短语意义猜测词汇量小是制约学生阅读理解能力的一个重要因素。
具体技巧如下：(1)根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测。
有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。
(2)根据同位关系进行猜测。
阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，这时可利用同位关系对前面或后面的词义或短语意义进行猜测。
(3)根据同义关系进行猜测。
当词或短语之间有并列连词and 或or时，其连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的或相反的，由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，进而可推知其大致意思。
(4)根据构词法(合成、派生、转化等)进行猜测。
在英语中，有很多词可以在前面加前缀或在后面加后缀，从而构成另外一个词，乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但掌握一定的构词知识，就不难猜出它的词义了。
高考语文阅读理解中的词义猜测方法高考语文考试中的阅读理解部分是考察学生的阅读和理解能力的重要环节，其中一个常见的考点就是词义猜测。
很多同学在面对陌生词汇时往往感到困惑，不知道如何推测词义。
本文将介绍几种常见的词义猜测方法，帮助同学们在解答阅读理解时更加得心应手。
1. 上下文猜测法上下文猜测法是指通过前后文的语境信息来猜测词义。
在阅读理解中，作者通常会用其他词语或句子来解释、限制或具体描述一个特定词汇。
通过仔细观察前后文的关系，可以推测出该词的意思。
例子：“他长得极为憔悴，面色苍白，瘦得像个纸片人。
”在这句话中，“憔悴”这个词可能是形容人面容憔悴，与后文中的“面色苍白”、“瘦得像个纸片人”相呼应，可以推测出“憔悴”的意思是形容人疲惫不堪、面容憔悴的样子。
2. 词根词缀猜测法词根词缀猜测法是指通过词根、前缀或后缀来推测词义。
在阅读理解中，有些词汇的词义和其他相关词汇的词根、前缀或后缀有关，通过对词根、前缀或后缀的了解，可以猜测出词义。
例子：“他的描述充满了乐观主义，完全没有考虑到实际情况。
”在这句话中，“乐观主义”可能是一个合成词，通过对词根和前缀的分析，可以推测出“乐观主义”的意思是指对事物持乐观态度、坚信美好事物会发生的一种观点。
3. 比喻猜测法比喻猜测法是指通过词语的比喻或类比意义来推测词义。
在阅读理解中，有些词汇可能在字面意义上并不容易理解，但通过将其与其他相关词语进行比较或类比，可以推测出词义。
例子：“他的眼神如烈焰般炙热。
”在这句话中，“炙热”这个词用来形容眼神，通过与“烈焰”进行比喻，可以推测出“炙热”的意思是形容眼神充满激情和热情的样子。
4. 示意词猜测法示意词猜测法是指通过作者提供的示意词来推测词义。
在阅读理解中，有些词汇可能作者会附带提供近义词或近义短语，以便帮助读者推测出词的意思。
例子：“这种冷饮味道极为独特，酸甜可口。
”在这句话中，作者通过提供“酸甜可口”这个示意词，可以推测出“味道极为独特”的意思是指冷饮有一种与众不同的、酸甜可口的味道。
阅读理解专项打破III词义猜测【命题特点】考察依据上下文推想生词和短语实力,突出考察对语境分析和把握实力。
【常见考法】1. The underlined word “…〞probably means____.2. The word “…〞used in paragraph “…〞refers to/suggests____.3. The phrase “…〞in the sentence can be replaced by ____.4. Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word “…〞5. What is the meaning of the underlined word in paragraph “…〞6. By saying “…〞, we mean_____.7. What do you think of the expression “…〞stands for8. The meaning of word “…〞in the passage is related to_____.一．通过定义或说明推想语义有些概念性生词出现后，作者会给出它定义、同位语、修饰性从句或是定语。
这些修饰成分可以扶植我们推断诞生词语义〔1〕定义句谓语动词在文中多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define〔下定义〕, represent, signify〔表示，说明〕, constitute〔指。
〕等。
〔2〕说明那么常用as you know, to be called, to mean, to refer to, that is〔to say〕, in other words, namely 等词语以及同位语和定语从句来提示下文将前面信息加以重复或说明。
阅读理解专练——词义猜测肖飞I.教学内容: 词义猜测题解题方法II.教学目标：通过这堂课，学生能用所学到的方法，掌握词义猜测题的要领2014年高考大纲中关于阅读理解的要求要求考生读懂熟悉的有关日常生活话题的简短文字材料，例如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章。
考生以下能力：１、理解主旨要义；２、理解文中具体信息；３、根据上下文推断生词的词义；４、作出简单判断和理解；５、理解文章的基本结构；６、理解作者的意图和态度。
Part 1 自主探究题目类型：对生词的猜测；对句义的猜测一．词义猜测题常用的提问方式有：1. The word “…” refers to / probably means / could best be replaced by _______.2. The word “…” is most likely to mean ______.3. What do you think the expression “…” stands for?4. The underlined word “…” means ______二．猜测词义的方法：构词法；语境法1.Word Formation 构词法：英语单词大多是由词根、词头（前缀）和词尾（后缀）所组成。
词根是单词最基本的部分，表达单词的基本含义。
在词根前或后加上前缀或后缀，可以用来引申或转变原词的意义。
只要我们掌握了各种词根、词头和词尾的基本含义，那么就可以很容易猜测出由其构成的新词的含义了。
中学英语中常见的前缀和后缀有：super- (超) mini- (极小的, 微小的) micro-（极微小的）re- （再，反复）mis-（误，恶）im-（不）un-（不，非）in-（不，非）non-（不，非）-able（能…的）-less（不，无）-wards (向)Can you guess the meaning of the black words?①Mary, of course you are overweight. You eat too much junk food. Even worse , you excercise infrequently.②“Even when a man is said to be a best friend,” Rubin writes, “the two share little about their innermost feelings.”③ With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence.Word-formation （复合法，转化法，派生法）1. It’s true that lighthouse were built in out-of-the-way place.2. When men and women lived by hunting 50,000 years ago, how could they even begin to picture modern life?3. When he reached the place with his army, he found an impassable river in front of him.2.语境法:(1).定义描述(2).同义反义(3).因果关系(4).举例归纳(5).生活常识(6).上下推断(1.)定义描述木匠动物学家牧人夜班① A person who is skilled at making or repairing wooden objects is called a carpenter.②His uncle is a zoologist, an expert who does research on animals.③The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.④We are on the night shift --- from midnight to 8 a.m. --- this week.灌溉有牙齿的⑤ In some countries where there is very little rain, the farmers have to irrigate, or water, their fields.⑥All whales fall into two groups, those with teeth and those without, Dolphins belong to odontoceti, that is to say, they are toothed whales.小结：定义或释义关系常由定语从句或be called，be known as, be defined as等词汇或破折号来表示；或由is, that is (to say), in other words，to put it another way引出一些具体的解释性的短语放在生词后做它的同位语，用逗号隔开，构成同位关系。
(2.)同义词推迟圆胖的①The new tax law supersedes, or replaces, the law that was in effect last year.②Mother was tall, fat and middle-aged. My aunt was an old woman, almost as plump as mother, and much shorter.反义词污秽的节约的①Though Tom’s face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby.②John usually wastes a lot of money on such useless things, his wife, however, is very thrifty.混乱不同意天生的无辜的③In the past the world seemed to run in an orderly way. Now, however, everything seems to be in a state of turmoil.④If you agree, write “ yes”; if you dissent,write “no”.⑤Some human actions are learned, but quite a few other actions are innate.⑥Although a large number of people considered him to have stolen the money, I was sure that he was innocent of the theft.小结：由and或or，like ,as …as, the same as等连接的两个词构成同义关系；表转折关系的词常有如but, while, however, instead of , rather than , unlike, yet, otherwise, though ，on the contrary等。
Example：“Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills can’t be easily swallowed down. They must be carefully cultivated.”The underlined word roughly means ____.A. encouragedB. comparedC. examinedD. developed(3)、因果关系弹性的混浊的①Rubber can be made to stretch more than nine times its normal length because it is very elastic.②The river is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow.复制品精明的修剪③Since I could not afford to purchase the original painting, I bought a replica. An inexperienced eye could not tell the difference.④He’s such a shrewd businessman that he loses no money in any trade.⑤She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long.小结：常用关联词(如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，so, so … that, such … that therefore等)表示前因后果。
Example：The homeless people may have become jobless and then been unable to pay their rent and so no longer have a roof over their heads.“ a roof over their heads” most probably means ______.A. a capB. a carC. a homeD. a covering(4.)举例归纳法装置家禽①Cars must have certain safety devices such as seat belt, headlights, and good brakes.②On the farm they mainly raise poultry, such as chickens, ducks and geese, for their eggs and meat.家电民俗③The new couple bought a lot of household appliances , such as washing machine, fridge and microwave oven ect.④Difined most broadly, folklore includes all the customes, belief and tradition that people have handed dowm from generation to generation.小结：常用such as, like，for example, for instance等引出例子，可根据例子隶属的类别归纳出总称词即词义。
