上海交通大学附中2023-2024学年高二上学期摸底考试英语试题

上海交通大学附中2023-2024学年高二上学期摸底考试英语试题学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、单项选择1．The globe features thousands of languages. But when did humans first lay out a structured system to communicate, one that was distinct to a(n) ______ area?A．especial B．particular C．peculiar D．special 2．Adults are often embarrassed about asking for aid. The moment you ask for directions,______ you reveal that you are vulnerable.A．above all B．worst of all C．after all D．at all3．Until relatively recently, psychologists assumed that children did not start to care about their reputation and peers’ ______ until around age nine.A．perceptions B．prescriptions C．receptions D．descriptions 4．When ecologist Kasun handled feathers from the Regent Whistler and the Rufous-naped Bellbird, two toxic birds, his eyes itched like he was chopping onions. Whatever the ______, storing the toxin in feathers may help protect the birds against parasites.A．reason B．source C．origin D．resource 5．It’s midafternoon. You’re full from lunch. The day is warm. You’re starting to feel sleepy. Should you ______ to the comfort of a nap?A．give up B．give away C．give off D．give in 6．Study after study has shown that spending a night without sleep produces mood benefits for about half of the people with depression. The effects of this ______, dubbed “wake therapy”, offer the bonus of being immediate, unlike most antidepressants, which require a few weeks to work.A．approach B．shift C．term D．application 7．The structure of benzene (苯), Google and Frankenstein: What do these icons of science, technology and literature all share? They are among the numerous discoveries and inventions that are said to have been ______ through the act of dreaming.A．stimulated B．motivated C．inspired D．activated8．A study has shown that the current version of ChatGPT is comparable, or even superior, to students in nearly 30 percent of courses. The findings are far from the first to suggest thatgenerative AI models can excel at assessments that are typically ______ for humans.A．resolved B．reserved C．preserved D．conserved 9．The sun is white — kind of. It depends on your ______ of color, the way colors work, the way our eyes see and, just as importantly, the air we see through.A．illumination B．interpretation C．reflection D．illustration 10．Dark energy permeates the empty part of the universe — the vacuum. Whatever “it” is, it ______ a repulsive force that pushes everything apart and pulls against gravity.A．stretches B．exerts C．substitutes D．facilitates二、选用适当的单词或短语补全短文Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word canMake a Wish List Most of us know of New Year’s Resolutions, where one setswill no longer eat biscuits left at my desk”— and then feel unhappy. In the cold month ofway to start the year. What you need instead are things to look forward to.So instead, try a wish list. This involves writing down 100 things you would like to do in the year ahead. The items can be enormous or tiny, ranging from “Climb Everest” to “buy a new pencil sharper”. The main thing is that at some point it has 14 to you as something that you would like to do.The key here is — write it down.Do you feel any resistance to the ideas? If so, ask yourself why. What is wrong with 15 what you would like to do? Try not to say to yourself: “I can’t I don’t have the money/time/energy/skills.” Just write it down.It helps to be 16 , so rather than “Get outdoors”, 17 a place you would like to visit. And take your time when creating it — a wish list is not built in a day. ThinkThis past July was the hottest recorded month in human history. Heat waves smashed temperature records worldwide and even brought summer temperatures to Chile and Argentina during the Southern Hemisphere’s winter. It’s more than just a matter of sweaty discomfort. In the U.S. alone, it kills more people each year than floods, tornadoes andrapidly becoming a health necessity.Yet standard air-conditioning systems have 22 us in a vicious cycle: the hotter it is, the more people use the AC—and the more energy is used as a result. Nicole Miranda, an engineer researching sustainable cooling at the University of Oxford says: “it’s not only a vicious cycle, but it’s a(n) 23 one.” According to 2018 data from the International Energy Agency (IEA), the worldwide annual energy demand from cooling is 24 to more than triple by 2050.It’s becoming increasingly clear that humans cannot outrun climate change with the same air-conditioning technology we’ve been using. One well-known problem with current AC systems is their reliance on refrigerant 25 , many of which are potential greenhouse gases. About 80 percent of a standard AC unit’s climate-warming emissions currently come from the energy used to 26 it, says Nihar Shah, director of the Global Cooling Efficiency Program at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.Standard air-conditioning systems 27 cool and dehumidify through a relatively inefficient mechanism: in order to condense water out of the air, they overcool that air pastthe point of comfort. Many new designs therefore separate the dehumidification and cooling processes, which avoids the need to overcool.Even with some of the best technologies available, the gains in 28 alone might not be enough to offset the widely expected increase in air-conditioning use. It will not work to simply replace every 29 air conditioner with a better model and call it a day. Instead, a truly cooler future will have to 30 other strategies that rely on urban planning and building design to minimize the need for cooling in the first place.三、完形填空Experiencing occasional anxiety is a normal part of life. However, anxiety disorders,and self-murder.They are some of the most common mental health conditions around the world, 32 around four out of every 100 people and costing the health care system and job employers over US $42 billion each year.People with anxiety are more likely to miss days from work and are less 33 . Young people with anxiety are also less likely to enter school and complete it, leading to fewer life 34 . Even though this evidence points to anxiety disorders as being important mental health issues, insufficient 35 is being given to them by researchers, clinicians, and policy makers.My team and I at the University of Cambridge wanted to find out who is most affected by anxiety disorders. To do this, we conducted a systematic 36 of studies that reported on the proportion of people with anxiety in a variety of contexts around the world, and used accurate methods to keep the highest quality studies.Our results showed women are almost twice as likely to 37 anxiety as men, and people living in Europe and North America are disproportionately affected.So why are women more 38 ? It could be because of differences in brain chemistry and hormone (荷尔蒙) variations. Reproductive events across a woman’s life are 39 with hormonal changes, which have been linked to anxiety. The rise in oestrogen (雌激素) that occurs during pregnancy can 40 the risk for uncontrollable disorder.This is 41 by disturbing and repetitive thoughts, impulses and addictions that areupsetting and less effective. But in addition to biological mechanisms, women and men seem to experience and react to events in their life 42 . Women tend to be more likely to stress, which can increase their anxiety. Also, when faced with stressful situations, women and men tend to use different coping 43 . Women faced with life stressors are more likely to think about them seriously, which can increase their anxiety, 44 men engage more in active problem-focused coping.Other studies suggest that women are more likely to 45 physical and mental mistreatment than men, and this behavior has been linked to the development of anxiety disorders.31．A．symptom B．depression C．misery D．frightening 32．A．infecting B．stimulating C．capturing D．affecting 33．A．productive B．progressive C．positive D．passive 34．A．adventures B．insurances C．chances D．programs 35．A．conclusion B．attention C．solution D．contribution 36．A．ignorance B．outlook C．discovery D．review 37．A．suffer from B．deal with C．fight against D．result from 38．A．superior B．inferior C．vulnerable D．enormous 39．A．interacted B．associated C．disconnected D．inherited 40．A．challenge B．decline C．eliminate D．increase 41．A．characterized B．confused C．performed D．offended 42．A．equally B．similarly C．differently D．terribly 43．A．shortcuts B．strategies C．standards D．samples 44．A．because B．unless C．if D．while 45．A．experience B．accept C．ignore D．persistIn 1968 a grave dating from about 1100 was uncovered near Hattula, in Finland, Little remained of the occupant’s skeleton, but the inhumation included two swords and a knife. Such grave goods would normally suggest said occupant was a man. The skeleton was, 46 also decorated with brooches (胸针) and woollen clothing of types more usually worn at the time by women. This 47 guess that the burial was actually of a powerful woman, possibly a local ruler in her own right rather than just the wife of a male king.This would be noteworthy enough. But a re-examination of the remains, just publishedin the European Journal of Archaeology by Ulla Moilanen of the University of Turku and Elina Salmela of the University of Helsinki, suggests the truth may be yet more 48 . Ms. Moilanen and Dr Salmela suspect that the individual 49 may have had outward characteristics of both a man and a woman.In 1968 working out the 50 of a skeleton in an ancient grave was tricky. After years of deterioration, the bones of men and women look pretty much 51 . But that was before the use of DNA became possible. So Ms. Moilanen and Dr Salmela thought it worth trying again.Most people have two sex chromosomes (染色体): XX in women and XY in men. Find DNA from a Y-chromosome in a skeleton and the chances are the body was 52 . And, looking at a fragment of femur brought to her by Ms. Moilanen, who is the archaeologist in the 53 , Dr. Salmela, who is the geneticist, did indeed find such DNA．But not much of it. That led her to wonder about contamination (污染), but also to consider whether the individual in the grave had had a(n) 54 X-chromosome that was swamping the signal from the Y.Having an abnormal number of sex chromosomes is rare, but not vanishingly so. The particular 55 XXY leads to what is known as Klinefelter’s syndrome. To determine the occupant’s karyotype (染色体组型) from the tiny amount of DNA available, Dr. Salmela drew 56 with living people. The grave delivered 8,329 pieces, so she used a computer to draw samples of similar size from the genomes of living people with various karyotypes, including XXY, and also from mixtures of both sexes, to 57 contamination. She then compared these with the DNA from the grave and 58 it was 99.75% probable the individual concerned had indeed had Klinefelter’s syndrome.While Dr Salmela was working all this out, Ms. Moilanen and her team had another look at the grave. They confirmed that it was a 59 burial. For instance, they found evidence of fine furs, probably from foxes. Clearly, this was a well-respected human being, but what led to that 60 in a world then dominated by male values is a matter of puzzle. Perhaps the person came from a family powerful enough for such things not to matter. 46．A．therefore B．what’s more C．nevertheless D．for instance 47．A．intensified B．confirmed C．dismissed D．encouraged 48．A．complicated B．engaging C．unpleasant D．frightening 49．A．in question B．at large C．by comparison D．with doubt50．A．composition B．age C．sex D．origin 51．A．distinct B．unidentified C．alike D．broken 52．A．female B．old C．young D．male 53．A．cooperation B．authority C．institute D．adventure 54．A．restored B．extra C．missing D．dominant 55．A．requirement B．interest C．combination D．emphasis 56．A．inspirations B．lessons C．inferences D．comparisons 57．A．eliminate B．monitor C．imitate D．generate 58．A．rejected B．concluded C．recalled D．confessed 59．A．high-status B．secret C．religious D．peaceful 60．A．conclusion B．evidence C．respect D．solution四、阅读理解Earlier this year I took a trip to England and France to go see some friends. It was a wonderful trip; I really loved it. But one thing that struck me was how different these cultures are from our own. I guess this would strike any traveler because that is the first thing you notice and it is what makes travel so exciting. Of course, these cultures are also similar to ours in many respects, but it’s the differences that really stand out.One of the things that struck me in particular was the different attitudes towards smoking. As you know, there’s a growing anti-smoking sentiment in Europe. However, when I went to England and France, I got a new perspective on this issue. People seem to smoke anywhere and everywhere, even though anti-smoking signs are all over public places. On the radio, I heard about a member of the World Cup soccer team who smoked. And people were actually saying, “Well, he should not be on the team because he’s a bad example for our children.” I think, if they want to look at bad examples for their children, they should just go out on the street, or go into the subways, or look in the mirror, even, because so many of them are smoking in very inappropriate places. I visited a restaurant buffet in London and saw an English woman scooping up the food with a lit cigarette in her hand. Smoke rising into the air. Actually, when I talked to English people later, they were pretty shocked too, and they said that smoking in a restaurant is rude even by British standards.This did not give me a bad impression of English people. It gave me, on the contrary, apositive feeling toward American smokers. There are a lot of American smokers who will proclaim their right to smoke whenever they want, but they will follow the rules, generally, because they have consideration for nonsmokers. So this experience in Europe gave me more of a respect for this kind of smoker.61．What surprised the writer during his trip to England and France?A．The wonderful trip to England and France.B．Cultural differences that he noticed during his trip.C．Similarity between cultures stands out more than differences.D．Growing anti-smoking views in Europe.62．What did the speaker find in England and France about the smoking issue?A．People discuss the smoking issue on the radio.B．Smokers are allowed to smoke anywhere and anytime.C．People are encouraged to smoke in inappropriate places.D．Many smokers pay no attention to the “No Smoking” signs.63．The word “sentiment” in the second paragraph means ______.A．feeling B．movement C．offense D．regulation 64．What kind of smokers does the speaker respect?A．Those who are from America and Europe.B．Those who respect others’ feelings.C．Those who defend the right to smoke.D．Those who set rules of smoking in public places.One of the most well-known figures of American history, Thomas Jefferson was the third President of the United States and the author of the Declaration of Independence. His life was an inspiring one and at the same time a little bit contradictory to his statements and way ofAmerican Sphinx65．If one wants to know Thomas Jefferson’s experience in his whole life, ______ is most highly recommended.A．“Jefferson and His Time”B．“American Sphinx”C．“The Art of Power”D．None of the above66．Having read “American Sphinx”, you may ______.A．learn how Thomas got through his childhood in detailsB．understand why Thomas’ words and deeds were not always matchedC．know how ordinary people criticize or idolize himD．learn how Jefferson formed the world around him and addressed situations 67．One problem about “The Art of Power” is that readers ______.A．may feel bored while they are reading itB．cannot get a complete description of Thomas’ lifeC．learn Thomas’ political life mainly from historians’ perspectiveD．cannot get an objective point of view about Thomas’ giftWhat will the development of quantum computers (量子计算机) mean for our civilizations? Oh sure, better cryptography (密码方式), “more powerful” processing, but bottom line, we just don’t know...yet.This phenomenon isn’t unique to quantum computing, of course. It’s something we see time and again with all new world-changing technology. In some ways, it’s how we can define a technology as world-changing: everyone agrees it’s going to be hugely important, but nobody can predict exactly what impact it will have.The internet remains the classic example. Although invented in the 1960s, even by the late 1990s, the internet was still being dismissed as something that is fashionable but unlikely to last. Most commentators thought it nothing more than a curiosity.There’s a famous 1999 interview between David Bowie and BBC journalist Jeremy Paxman. In it, Bowie predicts that the internet will change the nature of music, and remove the “barriers between creator and audience”. The longer he spoke, the more Paxman said in anger that Bowie could possibly believe this about the internet.To be fair to Paxman, in 1999, internet at home meant accessing it over a modem. Concepts like WeChat and Netflix and more simply could not work over such limited bandwidth. But there were still some people who assumed that bandwidth would increase and that streaming music and video would be possible soon enough. They were laughed at.Oddly enough, as the dot-com boom intensified, many turned from doubters to hopeless optimists, and lost serious money building websites to deliver content that simply couldn’t “fit” down the inter-tubes of the day.Then in the second decade of the 21st century: critical mass. Bandwidth increased massively. Forget showing a nice little video in your browser, today Netflix can serve you a TV show in 4K, as long as you have 25Mbps connection.Quantum computing isn’t a consumer technology, of course. It’s a much bigger deal than that. Quantum computing is more like the invention of the transistor (电子晶体). Sure, most people have heard of it, but few understand it. Actually, we don’t even really understand it. But we’re reasonably comfortable that when a lab has that many scanning electron microscopes, it must be doing something important, right?Quantum computing is still at the stage of “hit it with a hammer until it works”. Sure the hammer is microscopic, and also a laser or magnetic field of some kind, but the point is we’re going through the process of turning the idea into reality.Sooner than you think, though, qubit-based computers are going to get applied to stuff. What stuff? Like always, it will be super secret stuff first. Then it will reach the rest of us.This is how the world begins. Not with a bang, but with a lot of extremely hard work behind the scenes.68．What attitude did most people take towards the internet in the 1990s?A．Optimistic.B．Unconcerned.C．Doubtful.D．Defensive. 69．The example of the internet is intended to illustrate that ______.A．it is hard to define what is world-changing technologyB．the internet was universally acknowledged as importantC．the influence of new technology is usually unpredictableD．the internet inspired many debates in the following years70．By “hit it with a hammer until it works”, the writer means that quantum computing______.A．has been questioned B．has been fully understoodC．hasn’t been heard of before D．hasn’t been applied to practice 71．What can be concluded about new technology from the passage?A．Its development is a gradual process.B．Most is the brainchild of a scientist.C．Not all is accessible to the public.D．Its future is often a top secret.五、六选四Directions: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given behind. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Living off gridWhen you need electricity, you just plug in the machine and switch it on. If you need water, you turn on the tap. 72 For many people, these facilities are the basics of civilized society and the idea of living without them seems risky. Yet for a growing number of people, the idea of living off grid — without electricity, water or sewage — is an increasingly attractive lifestyle.Off-gridders do not have to give up electricity or a modern lifestyle — some choose to, but most use small hydroelectric power systems, solar panels or windmills to generate enough power for their needs. Heating and cooking needs are met by solar energy or wood burning systems, and toilet facilities range from non-water toilets to outside compost toilets. 73 It ranges from traditional yurts (a type of tent) to luxury house with high-speed internet and central heating. Whether they live in simple homes or luxury houses, what they all have in common is that their lifestyles do not create any pollution or carbon emissions — the ultimate goal for off-gridders.Around 100,000 people are thought to be living off grid in the UK now. 74 They grow their own food, home-school their children and provide their own medical care. They are people who have been priced out of the housing market or who have grown disillusioned with what modern society can offer and who decides that an alternative lifestyle isn’t a pipe dream, but a viable option.A part from living an alternative lifestyle, cost is a big factor in choosing to live off-grid. Off-grid houses are far cheaper to build than ordinary homes since they don’t need to be connected to the electricity or water supplies and even road access is not necessary. Materials tend to be cheaper, too. Popular options include straw or old tyres and cement.Surprisingly, the biggest problem off-gridders face is not building their homes or becoming self-sufficient but getting permission to build. Rural areas away from town are the perfect choice but these are often protected by law from construction of any kind or have building restrictions. There are now several websites dedicated to land-sharing so that the costs of buying land and getting permission can be shared, and there are increasing numbers of off-grid communities. 75 Off-gridding could soon be common all over Europe and America.A．Many are self-sufficient, not just providing their own electricity, water and sewage systems, but in all aspects.B．After you use the toilet, you flush it and the waste disappears.C．This shift from individual to group off-gridding reflects the fact that the trend is growing noticeably.D．They live in a huge variety of types of accommodation.E．Living off-grid still has a long way to go before it becomes a mainstream way of living.F．Rather than building permanent homes, vans or mobile homes or even old shipping containers are other options.六、用单词的适当形式完成短文Directions: Fill in the blanks with the proper form of the given verbs.Robot Chef Learns to Twirl (旋转) Pizza Like a ProPizza has a proud history of fueling late-night lab work, and scientists in Naples—an Italian city famous for its pizza—have easy access to some of the world’s tastiest take-out. But what inspires engineer Bruno Siciliano is not that first bite 76 much as how the dish is made.“Preparing a pizza involves an extraordinary level of agility and dexterity (敏捷和灵巧),” says Siciliano, who directs a robotics research group at the University of Naples Federico Ⅱ.Stretching a deformable object like a lump of dough (面团) requires an accurate and gentle touch. It is one of the few things humans can handle, but robots cannot—yet.Siciliano’s team 77 (develop) a robot able to make a pizza pie. RoDyMan (short for Robotic Dynamic Manipulation) is a five-year project 78 (support) by a €2.5-million grant from the European Research Council. Like a human chef, RoDyMan must throw the dough into the air to stretch it, 79 (follow) it as it spins and anticipating how it will change shape.RoDyMan has been working this spring toward a milestone: stretching the dough 80 tearing it. To guide the robot, Siciliano’s team asked master pizza chef Enzo Coccia to wear a suit of movement-tracking sensors. “We learn [Coccia’s] motions, and we copy them with RoDyMan,” Sciliano says.RoDyMan uses visual sensors in its head to track the dough in real time. Using software, it can train 81 to handle the pizza like a chef would. The robot 82 (map) the dough’s position and tracks how it moves. Through practice, the robot 83 get better—much like humans develop “muscle memory.” Researchers hope RoDyMan’s technology can lead to a new generation of robots that will perform tasks in ways 84 are accurate and responsive, if not more lifelike.Yet Siciliano admits that 85 compares with a traditional chef. “I would never eat a pizza made by a robot,” he says. “It would not have the taste a real pizzaiolo, with his soul, would put in it.”Directions: Fill in the blanks with the proper form of the given verbs.Talking to your therapist over Zoom is as helpful for anxiety and depression as going to in-person therapy. The virtual session, moreover, can be delivered at lower costs, according to a new study conducted in the U.K.Online therapy has become more and more prevalent since the COVID pandemic, 86 lockdowns forced lots of therapists online. The new study suggests that one of the biggest benefits of virtual therapy 87 be that it can allow people to get treatment faster, which increases their quality of life and reduces the amount of additional medical care they require.“The actual cost of mental health care doesn’t come from treating these conditions 88 from not treating them,” says co-author Ana Catarino.Questions emerge about 89 to deliver mental health interventions online best. Catarino and her team compared ieso’s Internet-delivered CBT, which featured a therapist working one-on-one with patients through a text chat, 90 the other services for anxiety and depression offered by the NHS, which covered a variety of therapies.The findings showed that online therapy was 91 (effective) than the other forms of care. What was most interesting was why. The researchers found that patients who were offered the therapist-guided CBT program got treatment faster. As a result, their quality of life improved more quickly, and they used fewer other medical services.The paper is likely to “make a big splash” because the authors showed that the success of the virtual CBT program was linked to the fact that it provided patients with a therapist’s guidance every step of the way.It’s not surprising that virtual therapy works well, says Haim Weinberg, a licensed psychologist. Studies outside the U.K. have found the same, he says. But there is still some bias 92 virtual therapy as somehow second-best, and there are not yet many 93 (establish) training programs to get mental health professionals comfortable with providing care online.Virtual care won’t be right for every person, but the new study’s results suggest the need to expand access 94 patients aren’t left waiting for help. These findings stress the importance of developing clinical interventions that 95 (prove) to be effective and that can be used at scale to match the demand we know.七、汉译英（整句）96．这家餐馆规定，每季度更换一次菜单，以吸引更多顾客。