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《一个小时的故事》——一个女人一生的故事[摘要]《一个小时的故事》是个令人心碎的故事。
本文试图在作者简短的描述中剖析主人公一步步走向绝望无助心路历程，让我们不禁为当时妇女地位的低下而扼腕叹息。
[关键词]自由希望向往绝望一、引言Kate Chopin的短篇小说《一个小时的故事》是个令人回味无穷的故事。
短短的一千多字的文字浓缩了一个女人一生的故事。
在作者简短经济的文字中，我们读到了一个女人从漫长无边、毫无自由的婚姻生活到经受不期而至的突然狂喜，最后因绝望无助而死去的悲剧性的故事。
二、无奈的过去：缺乏自由，无力抗争对于Mrs.Mallard的以前的生活，作者并没有直接描写，但我们可以从描写她心理活动的片言只语中得到一些了解。
在婚姻生活中，Mrs.Mallard毫无自己的地位，丈夫才是家庭的主人，拥有完完全全的统治支配地位，而她却是地地道道地处于从属附庸地位。
这种没有人格，缺乏自由的家庭地位引起了Mrs.Mallard 对生活的强烈不满，以至于她在得知丈夫的死讯时不仅没有悲伤反而感到前所未有的解脱。
在没有解读她的心理感受之前，读者会有很大的困惑：丈夫死了，应该悲伤才对，怎么会高兴呢?难道是她的丈夫粗暴野蛮，虐待她了吗?但是我们却分明注意到小说中描述她的丈夫的双手时所用的词语是“kind，tenderhands”(Kate Chopin，1894)。
显然丈夫对她是温柔的，丈夫那双温柔的双手不会握成暴力的铁拳。
那么究竟是什么使她对丈夫如此地怨恨，以致丈夫的死会让她感到感到万分庆幸呢?待读到下面，我们才明白就里，原来Mrs.Mallard怨恨的不是丈夫的身体或言语的粗暴，而是丈夫的意识——唯我独尊、不可违抗的强大的意志力。
作者运用了强烈的言辞来表达Mrs.Mallard对丈夫的统治地位的不满：“blind persistence”，“im-pose”，“crime”(Kate Chopin，1894)。
丈夫的强势简直就是一种罪行让她痛苦不堪。
《一个小时的故事》中的女性意识及其社会背景[摘要]凯特・肖邦是美国著名的女权主义作家。
她的大部分作品都关注于女性的精神独立与自由。
《一个小时的故事》是一部肖邦关于描写女性意识觉醒的代表作。
描写了一位家庭主妇在听到丈夫死讯后的复杂心理活动。
本文通过对主人公思想变化过程的挖掘，探讨其生活的社会背景中女性命运。
[关键词]凯特・肖邦；女性意识；社会背景女性意识是女权主义的一个重要部分。
它指女性意识到自己在社会中的劣势地位。
她们在经济上，政治上，被男权社会所歧视、所控制。
越来越多的女性开始拿起笔来表达自己的思想，凯特・肖邦便是其中之一。
凯特・肖邦是著名美国女作家，她曾被认为是20世纪女权作家的先驱。
她运用富有创造力的写作技能传达自己对女性力量的坚定信念，诉说女性的需求。
描绘19世纪美国以物质为基础的南方社会中女性的生活，以及她们为挣脱男权社会束缚的不断挣扎[1]。
《一个小时的故事》是她传递女权思想的代表作之一。
故事描述了家庭妇女马兰德夫人在听到丈夫死讯后的复杂心理变化。
马兰德夫人在一小时内女性意识的觉醒可以分为三个阶段。
这三个阶段也可以和女权主义运动的进程相呼应。
第一阶段是主人公意识觉醒的萌芽阶段。
故事的开始，马兰德夫人的心脏病为她的“悲剧”结局做铺垫。
在听到丈夫死于交通事故的消息后，马兰德夫人并没有像其他女人一样瘫软在地。
她只是哭泣着将自己置于独立的空间内，试图保持理性。
她意识到即使很痛苦，仍然要变得独立坚强起来。
从开篇一些细节可以看出女性的地位。
比如，叙述者并没有用女主人公的名字露易丝来介绍她，而是用她丈夫的姓氏，称呼她为马兰德夫人。
在男权社会，女性被男性圈禁在屋内，女性唯一能做的事便是成为“家中的天使”，遵守传统的道德规范――温柔、忠心、服从[2]。
她们没有权利，没有自我价值，甚至没有名字。
很多作品都描述了这样的女性形象。
比如《黄色墙纸》中的简，她被圈禁在婴儿房中，没有写作和工作的权利。
《野草在唱歌》中的玛丽，被丈夫圈禁在热火般的房子中，没有权利管理农场，甚至被黑人摩西监视。
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《一小时的故事》[权威资料]《一小时的故事》摘要:《一小时的故事》是19世纪美国著名女作家凯特?肖邦的女性主义经典短篇小说。
小说用凝练的语言及辛辣的讽刺手法，戏剧性的表现了女主人公马兰德夫人在一小时之内心理和情感的剧烈变化，深刻揭示传统社会对女性精神束缚和压迫的现实，同时也多方面表达了作者强烈的女性主义意识。
关键词:凯特?肖邦;女性主义;讽刺作者简介:李青(1984-)，女，硕士，陕西人，研究方向:英语语言文学、英语教学。
[]:I106 []:A[]:1002-2139(2016)-24-0-01一、引言凯特?肖邦(Kate Chopin，1851―1904)，是学界公认的美国女性主义创作的先驱之一。
她的作品人物性格鲜明、笔触优美细腻、语言简约凝练，作品大多表现了19世纪美国传统男权主义社会压迫下女性压抑和贫瘠的精神状态以及女性主义的觉醒。
《一小时的故事》(The Story of an Hour)写于1894年，是凯特?肖邦运用讽刺手法表现女性主义思想的短篇小说经典。
小说描写了患有心脏病的女主人公马兰德夫人在得知自己的丈夫在铁路事故丧生的消息之后，虽经过一阵悲痛，但之后她身心都沉浸在自由的欢呼和挣脱羁绊的感觉之中。
在她欢欣鼓舞，憧憬着属于自己的未来，并准备只为自己而不是为别人活着的时候，马兰德先生安然无恙地回到家中，马兰德夫人对新生活的期冀被突然打破，在巨大的刺激下心脏病突然发作，离开人世。
整个故事发生在短短的一个小时之内，但在那一个小时之内马兰德夫人的精神和思想上获得了新生，她的女性主义思想已经觉醒，但极具讽刺意味的是为她检查的医生却说她是被极度的喜悦夺去了生命。
二、女性主义思想在小说中的体现女性主义理论的基本前提是女性属于在全世界范围内一个受压迫、受歧视的等级，即法国女性主义思想家波伏娃指出的女性是“第二性”。
而女性主义本身独立于阶级斗争之外，为全世界妇女的社会觉醒，并反抗举世用法律或习俗强行阻挠妇女享有自由的一切障碍。
JIAN NAN WEN XUE精神分析女性主义视角解读《一小时的故事》■吴明玉以精神分析女性主义的角度解读凯特·肖邦的短篇小说《一小时的故事》,分析了主人公的心理变化历程,揭示父权制对女性婚姻的束缚,体现出女性的意识觉醒及其对自由的追求。
1.引言凯特·肖邦是19世纪末美国重要的女性作家,也是女权主义文学创作先驱者之一。
她的短篇小说《一小时的故事》表达了女性追求自由和幸福的主题,是其一系列描写女性觉醒与反叛作品的序曲。
作品讲述玛拉德夫人获悉丈夫死讯,到丈夫突然返家,惊愕之下心脏病发作猝死的故事。
故事情节简单、主题深刻,蕴含着丰富的象征,揭示出父权制对女性婚姻的束缚。
作者描写了传统观念背后女性的微妙而复杂的心理变化,体现出女性的意识觉醒及其对自由的追求。
2.精神分析女性主义批评理论20世纪70年代,女性主义研究者开创新的领域———精神分析女性主义文学批评,主张“将女性写作的差异纳入作家心理和性别同创造过程关系的范围,它关于心理和女子自我的理论吸收了生物学和语言学的性别差异模式,所谓女子心理或自我是由身体、语言的发展及适应社会生活需要的性别角色形成的”。
十年间,女性主义批评的焦点从强调男女平等转变成承认两性之间存在差异,强调女性心理的独特性。
基于这一观点,女性主义批评家对弗洛伊德和拉康学说中的“阳物崇拜”论进行猛烈批判,进一步否定了男尊女卑的传统观念。
凯特·米利勒在其代表作《性政治》中反对弗洛伊德生物学基础的女性心理结构观念。
她探讨了男性气和女性气的社会化过程和角色差异的文化根源,认为弗氏理论集中体现了菲勒斯中心主义,也就是人们一般所说的男权中心主义。
埃莲娜·西苏强调女性写作必须要通过“躯体写作”,“必须让人听到你的身体,只有到那时,潜意识的巨大源泉才会喷涌”,解除女性的压抑,发挥女性的潜能;“夺取讲话机会”,“打进一直以压制她为基础的历史”,创造女性自己的语言和历史,确立女人自己的地位。
知识文库 第06期25从荣格原型理论解读《一小时的故事》张 咪《一个小时的故事》是美国女作家凯特·肖邦的短篇小说。
它讲述了主人公马兰德夫人在听说丈夫去世后的一系列情感变化和心理动态。
本文以荣格的原型理论为基础，运用人格面具和阴影理论分析马兰德太太在一小时内的情绪变化。
本文深入挖掘了她的内心世界，从而为读者提供一个更全面、更成熟的解读。
1 荣格原型理论瑞士心理学家卡尔·荣格主张，人格主要可以分为三个层面:意识、个人无意识和集体无意识。
意识是指个体可以感知的部分，以自我为核心。
个人无意识是个体被压抑或忽视的地方。
集体无意识是一个更深的层次，是与生俱来的，而不是后天习得的。
集体无意识所构成的主要内容是原型。
荣格描述了几十种不同的原型，其中最突出的是人格面具、阴影、阿尼玛和阿尼姆斯。
本文以荣格的原型理论为基础，运用人格面具和阴影来分析小说中马兰德太太的心理动态。
人格面具指我们向世界所展示的面具——是人们的社会人格，一种被他人和社会所接受的人格。
阴影指人性的阴暗面，它与人格面具相反，是人性中不被社会和他人所接受的一面。
人格面具压制着阴影，它规范着人们的行为举止。
然而，阴影并不会完全受人格面具的压制，存在着爆发的可能性。
2 《一个小时的故事》凯特·肖邦是美国杰出的短篇小说家，被认为是20世纪美国女性主义文学的先驱。
肖邦以描写女性对自由和独立的追求而闻名，她的作品一直是国内外文学评论家的研究热点。
《一个小时的故事》是凯特·肖邦短篇小说中的精品，该故事描述了马拉德夫人在得知自己丈夫去世的消息后的一系列情绪变化。
批评家们常常从女性主义、象征主义及其写作技巧的角度对其进行分析，却忽略了马兰德夫人女性意识觉醒的原因。
本文将从荣格的人格面具和阴影理论的角度来分析该作品，深入了解马拉德夫人的内心世界和她的人格变化，从而使读者对该故事有一个更加全面、更加成熟的理解。
3 马兰德夫人的人格面具和阴影荣格曾说过，我们只要仔细观察处于不同环境中的某人，就会发现他会在不同的场合中浮现出与之前完全不同的性格。
《一小时的故事》中的讽刺艺术【摘要】长期以来，许多评论家认为凯特·肖邦的《一小时的故事》是一篇女性主义作品。
但本篇论文不仅从文章标题、语言的应用、主人公之间的关系，还从具体的情节以及作者自身所撰写的日记探索了故事中所表现出来的戏剧化的讽刺。
肖邦尽管对女主人公持同情态度，但也对她的行为反应进行了一定的讽刺。
总的说来，作者对女性所获得的独立自由的态度是矛盾的。
【关键词】讽刺；自由；婚姻；戏剧化Kate Chopin’s “The Story of an Hour” is regarded as one of the masterpieces of feminist literature. The story presents a repressed wife’s momentary discovery of what freedom from her husband might mean to her. She awakes to a new sense of herself when she learns of her husband’s death, only to collapse of a heart attack when she sees that he is alive.Feminist critics explore the patriarchal social forces that have impeded women’s efforts to achieve full equality with men. They also explore women’s consciousness of struggling against men’s repression. However, such points of view are only one-sided. The significances implied in it are more profound and complex. Kate Chopin not only has sympathy with the heroine but also gives a poignant irony, which presents her contradictory attitude to independent freedom.The title “The Story of an Hour” itself implies ironic meaning. It’s more obvious to see this when it’s first published with the title “The Dream of an Hour”. Life and death, freedom and repression, all included in Mrs. Mallard’s experience within an hour, yet can be read by readers only in a couple of minutes. The freedom that Mrs. Mallard envisions is just a dream that can never come true, for she finally dies of such “Monstrous joy” or “joy that kills”.Irony is implied from the beginning of the story. Richards and Josephine take it for granted that Mrs. Mallard loves her husband too deeply to accept the fact of his death. So“ great care was taken to break to her as gently as possible the news…” The story presents a striking contrast between Mrs. Mallard’s real inner world and their cautiousness. It’s ironic that Mrs. Mallard’s ecstatic “self-assertion” is interpreted by Josephine as grief. Josephine implores “before the closed door with her lips with the keyhole”, not knowing that her sister actually has become a “goddess of victory”. Her sister Josephine and her husband’s friend Richards take the greatest care of her. But such concerns are subjective, which lack hearty communication and close attention to individual life. Their invisible forces create a cage decorated with “love” in which Mrs. Mallard has to live and received everything from outside passively.Relationship among the characters in the story is not complex, but is endowed with particular significance in expanding the theme, because Chopin strengthens the absurdity of the relationship, which seems perfect apparently.In paragraph 13, the story describes Mr. Brently Mallard as this: He is a man who “has kind, tender hands”, and “he never looked save with love” upon his wife. Mrs. Mallard admits “yet she had loved him——sometimes”. Mr. Mallard’s only “crime” is coming from work one day, and yet he is the one who is bereaved at the end of the story, for reasons he will neverunderstand. He is the man most deserving of sympathy.According to traditional normal concepts, the marriage of this couple is happy, as what the people around her have expected. They are so sure of this that they see nothing of her real living state. Nobody understands what marriage means to her, including her closed-associated husband. Kate Chopin offers Mrs. Mallard’s bizarre story to reveal problems that are inherent in institution of marriage. Men and women in marriage help each other meanwhile become mutual spiritual shackles. Marriage itself means the end of the freedom of being single; also it means the mutual restriction of a couple. However, marriage has some advantages that the freedom of being single doesn’t have. It is for such a reason that Kate Chopin expresses her deep love to her dead husband in its diary that “she wou ld unhesitatingly give up everything ”if it were possible for her husband to come back to earth. “To do that, I would have to forget the past ten years of my growth——my real growth. But I would take back a little wisdom with me, it would be the spirit of p erfect acquiescence.”This passage of her diary raised provocative questions that how “the spirit of perfect acquiescence” relates to Mrs. Mallard’s “self-assertion”. This diary was written only one month after Chopin wrote this story. If her diary reflected her true feeling of that period, there would be no difficulty in understanding her ironic attitude to the pursuit of freedom. Although Chopin’s deep feelings toward her husband might not result in “the Story of an Hour”, reading her diary can still add to the possibilities of interpretation of it. The connection between a real author and a literary work can’t be cut off completely.It is ironic when Mrs. Mallard’s life parallels the end of winter and the earth’s renewal in spring. When she feels a surge of new life after grieving over her husband’s death, her own sensibilities are closely aligned with the “new spring life” that is “all quiver” outside her windows. Although she initially tries to resist that renewal by “beating it back with her will”, she can’t control life force that surges within her and all around her, she feels triumphant——like a “goddess of victory”. But this victory is short-lived when she learns that her husband is still alive and with him all the obligations that make her marriage feel like a wasteland. The surprising ending suggests Kate Chopin’s satire to Mrs. Mallard in a clear way. Mrs. Mallard, who “was drinking in a very elixir of life” dies of “joy that kills”(the doctor’s diagnose) only several minutes later. Readers can get the reason easily that she loses her life for the disillusionment of freedom, while all the other people believe in the doctor’s diagnose. This produces a kind of dramatized irony. It is possible that she is so profoundly guilty about feeling “free” at her husband’s expense that she has a heart attack. Whatever reason it is, her death is an ironic version of a rebirth ritual. The coming of spring is an ironic contrast to her own discovery that she can no longer live a repressed, circumscribed life with her husband. Death turns out to be preferable to the living death that her marriage actually means to her. Although spring will go on, this “goddess of victory” is defeated by a devastating social contract. The old corrupt social order continues, which is a cruel irony for Chopin.Above all, Chopin’s irony aims at “freedom” itself. The last phrase “joy that kills” works in concerns with “monstrous joy”, suggesting “monstrous joy” which stands for the spirit of freedomcontrols Mrs. Mallard successfully and leads to her sudden death. The crowning irony is the doctor’s assumption that she dies of joy rather than of the shock of having to abandon her newly discovered self once she realizes her husband is still alive. In the course of an hour, Mrs. Mallard’s life is irretrievably changed: her husband’s assumed accidental death frees her but the fact that he lives and all the expectations imposed on her by his continued life kill her. She does, indeed, die of a broken heart. But only Chopin’s readers know the real ironic meaning of it.Critics always regard Kate Chopin as a pioneer of feminist literature. However, for varieties of reasons, the author may take different stands and share different opinions while producing distinct works. Therefore, we shouldn’t analyze her works only from one aspect. In “The Story of an Hour”, we should see both the feminism and the poignant irony in it.【Ｒeferences】［１］张强．爱的悲歌：浅析凯特·肖邦的《一个小时的故事》[J]．名作欣赏，1999（3）．［２］申丹．叙事文本与意识形态：对凯特·肖邦《一小时的故事》的重新评价[J]．外国文学评论，2004（1）．［３］Michael Meyer.The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature Reading Thinking and Writing[J]. Bedford Books of St.Martin’s Press,1997．。
一小时的故事读后感篇一：一小时的故事读后感Changes within one hourAn hour is very short, then suddenly the past. But what happened within an hour, can also change the person’s mood, point of view, and even the fate of the future. The story of an hour (Kate Copin) which very appropriate proved this point. In this story, Mrs. Mallard after learned that her husband had died because of the train accident. She go to the bedroom with grief, but in her heart deeply is comfortable after she realize that she was freedom, but freedom is short, because her husband’s return which destroy her dream of freedom, the collapse and despair of the moment cause Mrs.Mallard on the path of death.Mrs. Mallard is a woman with a heart disease, the people around her always want to protect her, such as her sister and her husband’s friend. But everybody don’t know, compared with meticulous care, she prefers to have all of her own life. When her sister told her that her husband’s death. “she wept at once, with sudden, wild abandonment, in her sister’s arm”,and then she go to her room alone. She didn’t realize her freedom now, because her husband’s death blow to heris too heavy. “the stare in her eyes”, the exhaustion body, Perhaps in the past her dependence on her husband makes she felt at a loss, although she prefers self independence. Just like her name. A bird before being releasedfrom a case, they must be so anxious like this.Then everything change when Mrs. Mallard look outside the opening window, “the delicious breath of the rain was in the air.”, “in the street below a peddler was crying his wares.”. This sense which full of vitality and new life, let her gradually grope to the idea that hidden in her heart: “Free, free,free.”. “they stayed keen and bright. Her pulses beat fast, and the coursing blood warmed and relaxed every inch of her body.”. She was finally free, nothing can limit her to start her new life, even she began to pray for her might live longer. The moment to open the window, just like the case door is open to life outside. But this freedom time not for long, because of her husband’s back. Her husband didn’t dead in the beginning. In the moment her husband came back, She lost her freedom again, It is more terrible than never get free. It suddenly happened let her no longer withstand the blow in her soul. Ironically, the doctor diagnosed her died of euphoria. I don’t knowwhat the author mean, perhaps this irony is roughly to the doctor and helpless about the world.Through the story, the things which happen in just one hour, let her to see the hope of life, and then break her hopes. Fate is so heartless and elusive. I think sometimes we can control the fate. But when we can not control the fate, We should enjoy the life to cherish now. Perhaps in the future there will be an hour completely change your destiny, whether good or bad. 篇二：The Story of an Hour 一小时的故事,英文读后感The Story of an Hour --By Cave dwellerThe story is quite short but impressive. The wife who is afflicted with a heart trouble hears her husband’s death. She weeps at once, while heart goes free. Alone, she reflects her life as a wife oppressed by her husband’s powerful will. Rejoicing in freedom, death helps her defeat the tyranny in her family. Hoping in a better life, the whole world becomes adorable. When she appears in the public again, at that moment, as the author says “there was a feverish triumph in her eyes, and she carried herself unwittingly like a goddess of Victory”. Until now, everything seems perfectly gratifying. A human being lives up to the command of Isaiah to “undo the heavy burdens- let the oppressedgo free”. As usual, the author has foreseen that a happy ending story is a less thansatisfactory. Here comes the dramatic change. The “forever gone”husband returns. The king will regain his throne. The wife will retreat to the corner. Beholding the man walking bodily into the room, the joyful wife hearts the crashing of her dreamy future.A weak heart can’t take the two opposite extremes. Then, she dies suddenly, while expectedly. The doctor says she dies of heartdisease-of joy the kills. While sarcastically, not joy kills, but despair counts.Kate Chopin writes the story in 1894 which is the startingprocess of feminist movement. At that time, the strength of fighting for women’s rights is weak and vulnerable. Therefore, the death of the wife implies the unavoidable failure of it.The story reveals the hiding truth in the seemingly harmonious and happy family: the powerful will of a husband bends the wife in that blind persistence with which men and women believe they have a right to impose a private will upon a fellow-creature. In author’s opinion, this family tyranny is a kind of crime. Women,especially house wives, ought to live for themselves with independence and dignity. However, in a long history, women’s rights are ignored. Sothe fighting must take times, while people are patient with the tribulation.篇三：一小时的故事一小时的梦凯特?肖邦（Kate Chopin:1851-1904）知道马兰德夫人（Mrs. Mallard）的心脏很衰弱，他们尽可能小心冀冀地把她丈夫死亡的消息告诉她。
一个小时的故事写作背景
《一小时的故事》是美国女性主义作家凯特·肖邦1894发表的短篇小说，讲述了女主人公马拉德夫人从听闻丈夫死亡到发现丈夫活着，这中间一小时的心路历程。
患有心脏病的马拉德夫人获悉丈夫在一起火车事故中丧生，她开始放声大哭，之后感到获得了自由，对未来充满希望，最后丈夫意外归来，她却因“过于高兴”诱发心脏病发作猝死。
小说以“丈夫身亡”为线索，通过马拉德夫人一个小时中历经的多次心情突转，带领读者走进她的婚姻生活和内心世界。
在围绕“丈夫死亡”的故事发展情节中，马拉德夫人的本性被隐藏在一层层面具之下，我们看到了马拉德夫人的表演，却很难发现它背后的故事。
作者在小说中植入的“潜文本”就是马拉德夫人背后的“故事”，随着情节的深入，马拉德夫人的面具被层层揭开，其本性也随“潜文本”一起浮出水面，让小说的内涵更为深刻。
读者将从小说《一小时的故事》中，解读“潜文本”的植入方法，并探讨其在写作中的应用。
