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Foreignization and Domestication In the literature translationOutline:1,The definition of foreignization and domestication1.1 What's foreignization1.2 What's domestication2,Contrast of foreignization and domestication2.1 Comparison of the titles of literature2.2 Comparison of the translation of kinship terms2.3 Comparison of the translation of cultural words3,Foreignization and domestication exist simultaneously3.1 The defect of overuse foreignization3.2 The merit of domestication3.3 Both foreignization and domestication make text perfect4,Conclusion【摘要】文学翻译涉及到许多复杂的文化因素,在文学翻译中,译者必须考虑原语与目的语之间的文化距离.归化和异化在这方面发挥了很重要的作用.但是与归化相比,读者更愿意接受异化. 异化不仅在文章形式上,而且在文化移植方面都有很多的优点.异化保留了原语语言的表达方式和文学寓意,异化倾向于原语文化,目的是为了保留原语文化.异化读者体会到不同国家之间的文化差异,并且使他们能够更好的理解原文及其文化.然而,在文学翻译中过度的使用异化也会有负面影响,它可能让读者对译文产生含糊感,觉得译文没有可读性.实际上,归化也有其自身的优点,它可使读者对译文产生熟悉感和认可性.所以在文学翻译中归化和异化不可以完全分开.首选是异化,然后归化可以作为补充,且两者同时并存.【关键词】翻译异化归化对比AbstractThe translation of literature involves many complicated cultural factors. And cultural distance between the source and target cultures requires some considerations in the translation of literature. The foreignization and domestication play important roles in it. But compared with domestication, foreignization is more acceptable by readers. Foreignization has lots of advantages not only in the text form but also in the function of culture transplant. Foreignization maintains the original linguistic expression or literary images in the source language. Foreignization is oriented towards the source-language culture and its aim is to preserve source culture. Foreignization makes readers know the cultural differences between different countries, and comprehend the original text and culture better. While overuse foreignization in the translation of literature has negative influence. It may bring readers the ambiguity or unreadability of the translation. In fact, domestication also has its own merits. It can make the text recognizable and familiar. So foreignization and domestication can't be separated completely in the translation of literature.The first choice is foreignization, the last resort is domestication. And both of them exist simultaneously【Key words】: translation foreignization domestication contrast1,The definition of foreignization and domesticationThe translation of literature involves many complicated cultural factors. In the translation of literature, cultural distance between the source and target cultures requires some considerations. The foreignization and domestication, these two translation strategies play important roles in it. While, what are the foreignization and domesticationIn the west, the rudiment of domestication and foreignization can be traced far back to word-for-word translation and sense-for-sense translation put forward by Gcero, Horace and Jerome during the period of ancient Rome. Domestication and foreignizatin are extension of the two concepts of literal translation and free translation. Foreignization and domestication, as a pair of important binary theories, are paid more and more attention by translators.1.1 What's foreignizationDictionary of Translation studies gives the definition of foreignization , to a certain extent, maintaining the foreignness of the source text and break the linguistic nom of the target language. Such as "胆小如鼠"( as timid as a mouse ) "Win-win situation"(双赢局势)"crocodile tears"(鳄鱼的眼泪). All these examples are mostly translated by word-for-word .The structures are remained. Foreignization in the translation of literature is to maintain the particular linguistic expression in native language, which helps the target reader to know cultural differences between different counties. In fact, foreignization is the process of culture transplant, as the diagram shows:A LanguagetranslateB languageA CulturetransplantA CultureA language packed with A culture was translated toB language packed with A culture.A culture was just transplanted. It just moved its place. e.g.(1) 他总是事后诸葛亮.He is always Zhugeliang, the master after the event.(2) Nobody can predict whether another Pandora Box is opened when human can be cloned没有人可以预言对人的克隆是否意味着开了一个潘多拉的盒子会给人类带来各种各样的灾难.(3)"心较比干多一窍,病如西子胜三分""She looked more sensitive than Pikan, more delicate than His Shih"In these examples, we can see that both sentences remain the original culture and linguistic expression. Reader can learn the source cultures. A Dream of Red Mansions translated by Y angxianyi is the typical example of foreignization.e.g. 闲静时如娇花照水,行动处似弱柳扶风.In repose, she was like a lovely flower mirrored in the water.In motion, a pliant willow swaying in the wind.1.2 what's domesticationDomestication means the opposite of the foreignization. Domestication doesn't emphasis on syntactical and morphological traces of the original, and doesn't maintain the source culture. It close to the target language and let the translation reads like the native language. Domestication is concerned mainly with messages.e.g. 天有不测风云,人有旦夕祸福The weather and human life are both unpredictableBirds of a feather flock together 物以类聚To kill two birds with one stone 一箭双雕All these examples are the sense-for sense translation. They didn't maintain the source culture. Domestication is the process of culture , The diagram is as followA LanguagetranslateB languageA CulturetransferB CultureA language packed with A culture was translated toB language packed with B culture, the culture was transferred from A culture to B culture. e.g.(1) 他跟老人招呼了一声"吃过了没有,老伯""Good morning, Grandpa " he greeted the old man.(2) 他总是事后诸葛亮He is always wise after event(3) "No, ye poor, lost soul, that ye mustn't do.""不,你这迷途的羔羊啊!千万不能这样做."The purpose of domestication is to make the text recognizatable and familiar and thus brings the foreign culture close to the reader in the target culture. So in the literature translation, translators often make some semantic extension and abridging lengthy writings,to satisfy the readers'demand. Ducis use domestication in the translation of Hamlet to fit the French taste. And another typical example of domestication is The Story of The Stone translated by David Hawkes.e.g. 闲静时如娇花照水,行动处似弱柳扶风.Their beauty were beyond description. (Hawkes)2,Contrast of foreignization and domesticationAlthough domestication and foreignization are good strategies in literature translation. With the rapid development of cultural communication, the readers' horizon is being greatly widened. Readers are more interested in the different elements of foreign cultures. Foreignization is faithful to the original text and the source cultural spirits. While domestication doesn't emphsis on the equlence with the original text. So foreignization is more acceptable than domestication. Luxun , a great writer ,was the advocator of foreignizing translation in China. He tried to maintain the foreigners of foreign works, in order to introduce news thoughts and ideas into china④(潘文国; P178 ). And in west, Venuti is the representative of foreignization. Foreignization do have more advantage. Here we make some comparisons between foreignization anddomestication.2.1 Comparison of the titles of literatureAs a mode of cultural transmission, the titles of literature also have abundant cultural connotations. Therefore, the translation of titles of literatures are not only a matter of word rendering, but also a matter of culture rendering . If the titles are with somewhat color of foreignal culture. It can attract more target readers. They are more curious about the foreign culture. All these can be reached only through foreignization.For the title of Hong Lou Meng, Hawkes translated it into The Story of The Stone. He just considerated the acceptability of ordinary European readers. He just tried to create an image that conforms to western cultural values. Because stone has deep metaphoric meaning in western literature. While MrY ang translated the title into A Dream of Red Mansions through foreignization. This title is faithful to the source text, and retains the foreignness of Chinese culture. And it will attract the readers who show a real interest in the oriental culture and who also want to keep in close contact with the real culture and the foreignness of that culture.Another example is the famous novel"水浒传". Pearl S.Buck translated it "All Men Are Brothers". Although it's very easy to understand, it's not proper. Because not all the people in Liangshan Marsh, considered others as brothers. It's far from the source text. Sidney Shapiro's Outlaws of The Marsh is better. And there are more good instances, which succeed in using the translation method of foreignization such as Herbert.A.Giles's. "Strange Tales from A Chinese Studio" is not better than Y angxianyi's Selected Tales from Liaozhai. Arthus Waley's Analects of Confucius is better than Thomas Cleary's Essential of Confucius.2.2 Comparison of the translation of kinship termsIn the translation of kinship terms, Y angxianyi mainly uses the method of foreignization, aiming to introduce Chinese culture to the western country, while David Hawkes mainly adopts the method of domestication with the focus on the target readers and omits the honorifics as many as possible. C hinese feudal society is a patriarchal society, which means the rule that center on kindred and gives a judgment about the near and distant relative by lineage. So they emphasized the honorifics. It's obvious that domestication can't show the source culture well.e.g. (1) 宝玉向林黛玉说道:"你听见了没有,难道二姐姐也跟我撒谎不成"……宝玉笑道:"太太不知道这缘故.宝姐姐先在家里住着,那薛大哥的事,他也不知道.……林妹妹在背后羞我,打谅我撒谎呢."(第二十八回)Y ang: Pao-yu appealed to Tai-yu."Y ou heard what's been said. Would my Cousin His-feng back me up if I were lying " "Y ou don't know the reason, madam." Pao-yu grinned. "Even when Cousin Pao-chai lived with her family she didn't know her brother's doingsBut just now Cousin Tai-yu, sitting at the back, drew a finger across her cheek to shame me because she thought I was fibbing."Hawkes: Bao-yu turned to Dai-yu.'Did you hear what Feng said ' he asked her. 'I hope you're not going to say that she was lying.' Bao-yu only laughed. "Y ou don't know the reason, Mother. Bao-chai didn't know a half of what Cousin Xue got up to, even when she was liv ing with her motheroutside; … what you don't realize is that Cousin Lin was all the time sitting behind her making signs to show that she didn't believe me."In this example, there are four appellations including"宝姐姐","薛大哥""二姐姐","林妹妹". "二姐姐"is Wang Hsi-feng who is Pao-yu's cousin and sister-in-law ."宝姐姐" whose mother is his mother's sister is also his girl cousin. "薛大哥"is "宝姐姐"'s brother, therefore, he is Pao-yu's boy cousin. As for "林妹妹", she is his aunt's daughter. All these addressing terms can be translated into "cousin" because the word cousin can designate the children of aunts and uncles with no distinction between male and female, old and young, near and distant. English native speakers usually use "cousin + first name" to call the sons or daughters of their uncles and their aunts. Contrarily, the word "cousin" can indicate all the children of maternal side and paternal side including "姑表哥,堂哥,舅表哥" and so on in Chinese. In Chinese patriarchal clan system, the complicated family tree in large extended family leads to the complex addressing terms. While not in western countries.So they're translated by Hawks respectively into "Bao-chai", "Cousin-Xue", "Cousin Lin", "Feng". However, in Y ang's translation, they are "Cousin Pao-chai", "her brother","Cousin Dai-yu", "my cousin Hsi-feng". Y ang's translation is better because he takes the habitual usage of the target language into consideration. The translation by Hawks may lead to the misunderstanding of the readers. They are likely to think that the first name of Pao-chai And Tai-yu is Xue and Lin respectively.(2) ----"况且这通身的气派,竟不像老祖宗的外孙女,竟是个嫡亲的孙女,怨不得老祖宗天天口头心头一时不忘"-----Y ang:Her whole air is so distinguished! She doesn't take after her father, son-in-law of our Old Ancestress, but looks more like a Chia. No wonder our Old Ancestress couldn't put you out of her mind and was for ever talking or thinking about you Hawkes:And everything about her is so distingue! She doesn't take after your side of the family, Grannie. She's more like Jia.Y angxianyi translated it to "Old Ancestress". It can not only express that WangXi-feng want to show her great respect to Grandmother Jia deliberately, but also emphasize the powerful prestige of Grandmother Jia in the family. While Hawks translated "老祖宗" into "Grannie". It can't let readers know the original meaning. Y angyixian's translation is more close to the original text.2.3 Comparison of the translation of cultural wordsThe cultural word that carries the meaning of a cultural trait particular to a certain socio-cultural community, that is, whose referent is a unique thing or conception, and therefore that has no corresponding equivalent in other communities, when it is used in cross-cultural communication, is called word of cultural unique or culture word⑤( 周志培; P491). In the translation of literature, only through foreignization can the target culture reader know the unique and can particular culture be embodied the cultural difference between original text and target. For instance,谋事在人,成事在天Man proposes, Heaven disposes (Y ang)Man proposes, God disposes ( Hawkes )巧媳妇做不出没米的粥Even the cleverest housewife can't cook a meal without rice (Y ang)Even the cleverest housewife can't make bread without flour (Hawkes )In the two examples, we can compared translation of "天"and"粥".In China people worship"天"(heaven).Because Buddhism has been deeply noted in chinese ideology and they have rice as the main cereal foods. While in the western countries most people are Christians and they believe in God, and because of the different geographical conditional, they have bread. Other examples, such as "sofa" translated "沙发", "coffee" translated "咖啡", New Zealand translated "新西兰", "mini-skirt" translated "迷你裙","饺子"translated "Jiaozi". All these used foreignization to show the unique and particular culture successfullyIn one word, to avoid the loss and distortion of cultural features and also to enrich our language, translators should use the foreignization in the translation of literature as possible as they can, and try their best to transplant foreign cultures into our language and at the same time to introduce our culture to outside world in an acceptable way. 3,Foreignization and domestication exist simultaneously3.1 The defect of overuse foreignizationForeignization has lots of advantages. It's an effective way for the enrichment of the target language and culture, but there is no such thing as absolute foreignization. There is no version, which is completely foreignization from the beginning to end of a text. Foreignization aims to close to the source language. It maintains the original language expression. But in this sense foreignization is limited. For instance, Chinese readers have accepted "上帝" or "黑色星期五", but they may not accept the expression"浑身起鹅皮疙瘩"which is "be gooseflesh all over" in English. And it's likely that Chinese people will never say "胃里有蝴蝶" (have butterflies in one's stomach),when they feel nervous. There is one piece of poetry Autumn Thoughts《天净沙.秋思》马致远枯藤老树昏鸦,小桥流水人家,古道西风瘦马.夕阳西下,断肠人在天涯Tr.Schlepp's version ( foreignization)Dry vine, old tree, crows at dusk,Low bridge, stream running, cottages,Ancient road, west wind, lean nag,The sun westeringAnd one with breaking heart at the sky's edgeTr.Ding ZuXin&Burton Raffle's version ( domestication)Withered vines hanging on old branches,Returning crows croaking at dusk.A few houses hidden past a narrow bridge,And below the bridge quiet creek running.Down a worn path, in the west wind,A lean horse comes plodding.The sun dips down in the west,And the lovesick traveler is still at the end of the world.Compared with the domestication version, foreignization version is very close to the content and form of source text, but the space of images for readers is very small. And it let readers feel boring. Overuse foreignization will become imitate the linguistic structure of the original language so as to create a foreignized Chinese.Besides, foreignization is concerned with cultural connotation foreignization is also limited to the receptivity of the target readership which of course is restricted by the recipient environment. For example:我属鸡,我从来不吃鸡,鸡年是我的本命年.I was born in the year of the Rooster. I never eat chicken. The year of the Rooster will bring me good luck or bad luckAfter reading this translation, the target reader may be somewhat confused, because he doesn't understand what's "the year of the Rooster" and why it will bring good or bad luck to a person born in this year. Another example:"难道这是痴丫头,又像颦儿来葬不成"因又笑到:"若真也葬花,可谓东施效颦了,不但不为新奇,而是更可厌.""Can this be another absurd maid come to bury flower like Taiyu " he wondered in some amusement. "If so, she's Tung Shih imitating His Shih," which isn't original but rather tiresome."The target reader also can't understand well this translation. Because the readers don't know His Shih is a famous beauty in the ancient kingdom of Yueh. Tung Shih was an ugly girl who tried to imitate her ways .Just only using foreignization, the target readers may be arise ambiguity or unreadability of the translation even caused by cultural default.3.2 The merit of domesticationWhen foreignization can't express the original text and original cultural connotation well. Domestication is a good choice. In fact, domestication also has its own merit. Domestication translation is concerned mainly with message. It's reader-based. It has a great communicative function of the translation. It's easy for the target reader to comprehend and accept the translated version.For example, the famous English works The Red Shoes describes the devious and touching experiment of a young ballet dancer during the time when she dedica tes herself to the ballet art. The writer of the original scenario uses the kill of metonymy, comparing "red shoes" to the heroin, showing her pursuit of art and her longing for love. The title of the works is concise and vivid. If it was translated into Chinese as "红鞋子",for Chinese readers, it must sound vulgar. The translator uses the Chinese word "红菱", whose color is bright and whose shape is elegant to translate "the red shoes". And the Chinese word "红菱" is also full of Chinese cultural connotation. Another Chinese word"菱" not only can modify "红菱", displaying its bright color, but also describes the beauty of the heroin's pursuit of art and love. The translated version is concise and dainty and abundant in artistic inspiration. It's a good example succeeding in using the method of domestication.In Chinese culture, the concept of "福" has wide range of associative meaning, suchas happiness, good fortune and so on, which is very specific to a native Chinese. There is a popular saying in china. That's "福无双至,祸不单行",which means "blessings never come in pairs; misfortunes never come singly". On the birthday of a senior Chinese ,people like "福如东海,寿比南山", which means "I wish you long life and happiness". And during the Spring Festival, the Chinese character "福" can be seen everywhere in china, as part of the Spring Festival couplets. So based on above analysis, when it necessary, domestication also can be used. And translator should know to what extent foreignization or domestication is allowed.3.3 Both foreignization and domestication make text perfectWith the rapid development of cultural globalization, nowadays the main target of translation is to unfold foreign cultures for the readers as much as possible. In this sense, a good translation of literature must be examined at least from those two aspects: one is preserve its exotic elements and the other is to be well understood and accepted by the target readers. Domestication strategy is employed on linguistic level, while foreignization on cultural level. So foreignization and domestication can't be separated completely. Only both of them exist simultaneously in the translation of literature, which make the text perfect. Take the《天净沙.秋思》(Autumn Thoughts) as an example again. The following is the Tr.Arthus Sze's version.Withered vine,old tree,crows.A small bridge,flowing water,houses.Ancient road,west wind,lean horse.Sun sinking,in the west—And a man,crushed,at the sky's edge.In this version, author used not only foreignization, such as "withered vine, old tree," but also domestication,like "a man crushed at the sky's edge". It brings readers a large sight and thus create literary images. It's like a vivid picture, which lead readers into a desolate, sorrowful atmosphere. There is another typical example of using both foreignization and domestication succeedlyPrologueTwo households, both alike in dignity,In fair V erona, where we lay our scence,From ancient grudge, break to new mutiny,Where civil blood makes civil hands unclean.From forth the fatal loins of these two foesA pair of star-cross'd lovers take their life;Whose misadventur'd piteous overthrowsDo, with their death, bury their parents' strife.The fearful passage of their death-mark'd love,And the continuance of their parents' rage,Which, but their children's end, nought could remove,Is now the two hours' traffick of our stage;The which if you with patient ears attend,What here shall miss, our toil shall strive to mend.(Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet)故事发生在维洛那名城,有两家门户相当的巨族,累世的宿怨激起了新争,鲜血把市民的白手污渎.是命运注定这两家仇敌,生下了一双不幸的恋人,他们的悲惨凄凉的殒灭,和解了他们交恶的尊亲.这一段生生死死的恋爱,还有那两家父母的嫌隙,把一对多情的儿女杀害,演成了今天这一本戏剧.交代过这几句挈领提纲,请诸位耐着心细听端详.(朱生豪译)This is a famous poetry. There are 14 sentences. From the whole form, poet used foreignization. The rhyme method of the original poetry is "abab cdcd efefgg". While that of the translation version isn't so well-arranged, which considers the acceptiability of target readers. We can see it is domestication.From the analysis of those above examples, because of using both foreignization and domestication, the target readers can accept the translation version easily, and they can also learn some foreign culture.4,ConclusionIn short, foreignization and domestication are very important concepts in deciding a translator's approaches to the linguistic and cultural differences of the source text. But some scholars declared that domestication translation was the main trend in the last century, the 21st century would mostly embrace foreignizing translation③(孙萍; P172 )As the inter-communication between countries becomes more and more frequent. People emphases the inter-cultural communication stronger and stronger. And in the translation of literature, foreignization aims for cultural transfer. The tendency of literature translation strategies will be foreignization. However, there's no absolute foreignization. Translator shouldn't neglect domestication in the translation of literature. The first choice is foreignization, the last resort is domestication②. (赵明; P27) Both domestication and foreignization exist simultaneously. The two strategies can supplement each other and coexist forever in disseminating cultures andpromoting the development of different cultures. Bibliography……………………………………………………..①《英汉互译理论与实践》编著:陈秋劲Richard B.l dauf,Jr (澳)David Gordon Ether i dge (加) 武汉大学出版社2005②《语际翻译与文化交融》——汉英互译的理论与实践编著: 赵明中国矿业大学出版社2003③《英汉翻译导论》(英) 编著:孙萍吉林大学出版社2004④Translation and Contrastive Studies: Proceedings of 2002 International Symposium on Contrastive and Translation Studies Between Chinese and English主编: 潘文国上海外语教育出版社2005⑤《英汉对比与翻译中的转换》周志培著邵志洪审华东理工大学出版社2003⑥《文学翻译佳作对比赏析》主编:崔永禄南开大学出版社2001⑦《英汉语比较与翻译》主编: 杨自俭上海外语教育出版社2000。
翻译的归化/异化(domesticating translation and foreignizing translation)是在1995年由美国学者L.Venuti（文努迪）所提出的，而这一术语又直接来源于德国学者Schleiermacher（施莱尔马赫）1813年宣读的一篇论文。
Schleiermacher着重探讨了翻译与理解之间不可分割的关系，指出翻译有两种情况，一种是让读者靠近作者（异化），另一种是让作者靠近读者（归化）。
如果让读者靠近作者的语境，他就能感受到异国的情调。
归化和异化是将语言层次的讨论延续升格至文化、诗学和政治层面。
从19世纪70年代到20世纪70年代，我国的文学翻译除“五四”后十余年异化译法一度占上风外，大部分时间还是以归化译法为主调。
20世纪最后20年，中国翻译界受西方翻译理论的启发，对异化、归化进行了重新思考，异化译法开始受到重视。
归化策略(domesticating method) 归化是采用民族中心主义态度，是外语文本符合译语的文化价值观，把原作者带入译语文化。
译者在翻译的时候，心中既要想着原作及原作作者，尽可能的把原文的内容和风格准确而生动的表达出来；同时，译者还要想着译文的读者，翻译出来的东西要尽可能接近读者，便于读者理解和接受。
例如：1.Love me, love my dog. 爱屋及乌。
2.a lion in the way 拦路虎3.lick one’s bo ots 拍马屁4.Diamond cuts diamond 棋逢对手5.A flash in a pan 昙花一现6.Have one foot in the grave 风烛残年7.T o grow like mushrooms 雨后春笋8.One boy is a boy，two boys half a boy，three boys nobody．一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。
Chapter 5 Methods in Translation—— Foreignization and Domestication 翻译的方法——异化与归化——Also on the Cultural Awareness in Translation兼谈翻译中的文化意识5.1 Background of Cultural Studies in Translation— A Brief IntroductionCultural studies in translation began in the 1980s in China and boomed in the 1990s.In 1984, Wang Zuoliang said in his Cultural Comparison in Translation “a translator is dealing with individual words, but what he faces is two different cultures. ( 译者“处理的是个别的词,他面对的则是两大片文化。
）He advocated that every translator should become “a cultural man in real sense真正意义上的文化人”(郭建中，2000：2-3）Eugene Nida said in his important book Language, Culture and Translation（1993：110）: “For truly successful translating, biculturalism is even more important than bilingualism, since words only have meanings in terms of the cultures in which they function” . （就真正成功的翻译而言,熟悉两种文化甚至比掌握两种语言更重要,因为词语只有在起作用的文化背景中才有意义。
翻译技巧之归化的处理Domestication Translation异化翻译法（或异化法）（Foreignizing Translation or Minoritizing Translation）和归化翻译法（或归化法）（Domesticating Translation or Domestication）是美国翻译理论家Lawrence Venuti（1995）创造的、用来描写翻译策略的两个术语。
异化翻译法是故意使译文冲破目的语常规，保留原文中的异国情调。
Venuti把异化翻译法归因于十九世纪德国哲学家Schleiermacher的翻译论说“译者尽量不惊动原作者，让读者向他靠近”(Schleiermacher 1838/1963: 47, 1838/1977:74; Venuti 1995: 19)。
Schleiermacher本人是赞同采用异化法的。
Venuti（1995: 20）指出，在盲目自大地使用单语、并把归化翻译法作为标准的文化社会（例如英美社会）中，应提倡异化翻译法。
在这种情况下采用异化法，表明这是一种对当时的社会状况进行文化干预的策略，因为这是对主导文化心理的一种挑战。
主导文化心理是尽力压制译文中的异国情调（或“异物”）。
Venuti把异化翻译描述成一种“背离民族的压力”（1995: 20），其作用是“把外国文本中的语言文化差异注入目的语之中，把读者送到国外去”（1995：20）。
具体说来，异化翻译法包括以下特点：（1）不完全遵循目的语语言与语篇规范；（2）在适当的时候选择不通顺、艰涩难懂的文体；（3）有意保留源语中的实观材料或采用目的语中的古词语；（4）目的是为目的语读者提供一次“前所未有的阅读经验”（1995：20）。
不过，Venuti 也承认，译文是用“本土的文化材料”组成的，异化翻译[像归化翻译那样] 只能是翻译过程中的其中一种策略，不同的是，采用异化法的译者一般都态度鲜明，而不是隐隐匿匿（1995：34）。
Course：中英文筆譯English-Chinese Written TranslationInstructor: 蘇瑞琪博士; PH.D. in Applied Linguistics, Boston UniversityE-mail: juichi.su@TEL: 06-2754537; 0932792284翻譯的重要性沒有譯者，就沒有翻譯；沒有翻譯，異文化之間就無法交流，文學與文化，終將枯萎。
翻譯的定義translating （翻譯過程）：進行翻譯的過程，是活動而不是有形的物體；a translation （譯作）：翻譯過程的產品，即譯語語篇；translation （翻譯）：一個抽象概念，包括翻譯過程和該過程的產品。
translator （譯者）：翻譯過程的執行者，譯作的製作者。
Source language (來源語) (原文)Target language (目標語) (譯入語)Interpretation (口譯)Consecutive Interpretation (逐步口譯)Simultaneous Interpretation (同步口譯)Whispering Interpretation (耳譯):耳譯的方式，通常安排給會議現場中只有一兩位需要翻譯的貴賓。
進行的方式是由口譯員坐或站在貴賓身後小聲地在對方耳邊開口翻譯。
John C. Catford: Translation may be defined as follows: The replacement of textural material in one language (Source Language) by equivalent textual material in another language (Target Language).翻譯可作如下界定：用一種語言(譯入語)的本文材料對等地再現另一種語言(原文) 的本文材料Translation is a process in which the parole of one language is transferred into the parole of another with the content i.e. meaning unchanged. ( Barhudarov蘇聯翻譯理論家巴爾胡達羅夫) (翻譯就是在內容、含義不變的前提下，把話語從一種語言轉化成另一種語言的過程。
谈跨文化翻译中的归化翻译与异化翻译一、引言归化翻译(domesticating translation)与异化翻译(foreignizing translation)是美国学者劳伦斯·韦努蒂在1995年所著的《译者的隐身》(Translator’s Invisibility)一书中首次提出的。
根据韦努蒂的界定,归化翻译是译者为了制造出透明、通顺的译文而将异域文本中的“陌生性”降低到最低程度的翻译策略。
而异化翻译是译者为了故意对目的语文化的规范进行冲击而保留原作中一些“陌生性”的翻译策略。
可见,归化翻译主要是遵循目的语文化当前的主流价值观,翻译时以目的语文化为归宿,将读者立于核心地位,充分考虑读者的文化背景,信息接受心理与接受习惯。
尤金·奈达(E u g e n e A Nida)是推崇归化翻译的代表人物。
他认为,“翻译即是交流,这个过程要看人们在听、说、读译文时所获得的是什么。
判断一个译本的效用不宜拘于相应的词汇意义、语法类别和修辞手段的对比,重要的是考察接受者正确理解和欣赏译语文本的程度。
”奈达认为成功的翻译就是要使译语读者产生与源语读者类似的反应。
而归化翻译能使读者更好地理解原文,避免文化冲突,从而达到文化交流的目的。
异化翻译的前提是:认为文化是有差异的。
主张异化的译者,不仅可以在译文的表达手段上异化,而且会选择对目的语中的外国文学规范提出挑战的外国文本来翻译。
劳伦斯·韦努蒂本人就是异化翻译的代表人物。
他提出了“反翻译”的概念。
这种翻译刻意在目的语的文本中, 在风格和其它方面突出原文之“异”。
劳伦斯·韦努蒂公开声言:“其目的是要发展一种翻译理论和实践,以抵御目的语文化占指导地位的趋势,从而突出文本在语言和文化这两方面的差异。
”归化翻译和异化翻译是当前翻译界近年来争论的热门话题,本文将从跨文化翻译的角度对这两种翻译策略做一对比,并探讨如何在两者之间寻找到平衡点。
浅论文学翻译的策略问题发布时间：2023-01-15T01:46:07.524Z 来源：《教学与研究》2022年第16期第9月作者：郭婷[导读] 本篇论文详细分析了文学翻译中的两种策略：归化翻译与异化翻译郭婷湖南科技大学外国语学院湖南省湘潭市 411100[摘要]本篇论文详细分析了文学翻译中的两种策略：归化翻译与异化翻译，包括归化、异化与意译、直译的区别，翻译名家的观点以及归化、异化翻译各自的特点以及相关的实例，从而来论证文学翻译不应遵循“异化为主、归化为副”的翻译策略，指出归化、异化都是翻译的手段，二者应该是相辅相成，并有互补的辩证统一关系。
[关键词]归化；异化；直译；意译；策略；异化为主、归化为副在文学翻译中，异化（Foreignizing）和归化（Domesticating）作为两种主要的翻译方法历来是翻译界争论的焦点之一，而翻译是“选择的艺术”。
译者在翻译的过程中，自始至终面临着异化与归化的选择，到底是择一而从之，亦或是以“归化为主，异化为副”，或者反之“异化为主、归化为副”？1 归化、异化与意译、直译的区别1995年劳伦斯·韦努蒂提出异化和归化概念。
他认为，归化是“采取民族中心注意的态度，使外语文本符合译入语的文化价值观，把原作者带入译入语文化”，异化则是“对这些文化价值观的一种民族偏离主义的压力，接受外语文本的语言及文化差异，把读者带入外国情景”[1]。
由此可见，直译和意译主要是局限于语言层面的价值取向，异化和归化则是立足于文化大语境下的价值取向，两者之间的差异是显而易见的，不能混为一谈。
2 归化、异化的概念与区别归化是指在翻译中采用透明、流畅的风格，最大限度地淡化原文的陌生感的翻译策略[2]。
异化是指偏离本土主流价值观，保留原文的语言和文化差异；或指在一定程度上保留原文的异域性，故意打破目标语言常规的翻译。
3 文学翻译者们的观点孙致礼主张文学翻译应采取“异化为主、归化为副” [3]。
