汽车专业毕业设计 翻译 中英文(全)automobile exhaust paper

附录：英汉对照Automotive oxygen sensor failure andinspection of the commonThe automotive industry is currently in the international application of the sensor on one of the largest markets, and the oxygen sensor reported the number of patents, ranking the first in automotive sensors. Oxygen sensor installed in the vehicle exhaust pipe, use it to detect the oxygen content in exhaust port. Oxygen sensor and thus can be obtained in accordance with the signal, put it back to the control system tofine-tune the fuel injection, so that A / F control at best, not only greatly reduces emissions and saves energy. At present, the practical application of the oxygen sensor has zirconia dioxide oxygen sensors and the two oxygen sensors. And common oxygen sensor and a single lead, double-lead and lead of three points; single pin for Zirconia oxygen sensor; double lead for the titanium dioxide oxygen sensor;three-lead type for the heating oxygen zirconia sensors, in principle, lead the way on three of the oxygen sensor is not a substitute for use. Are one of the most widely used type of zirconia oxygen sensor.First, zirconia oxygen sensor structureIn the use of three-way catalytic converters to reduce exhaust pollution on the engine, oxygen sensors are essential components. Oxygen sensor is located in the first section of the exhaust pipe, catalytic converter at the front. There is a Oxygen Sensor zirconia (a ceramic) components manufacturers, all of its outside has a layer ofthin-plated platinum. Zirconia ceramic plated body at one end with a thin layer of platinum closed. Into the protection of the latter was set, and installed in a metal body. Further protect the protection of the role of sets played and sensor can be installed on the exhaust manifold. Ceramic exhaust external exposure, and the internal atmosphere and the environment the same.This component has a very high temperature resistance, low temperature so do not allow current through. However, when high temperature, because of the air and exhaust gas oxygen concentration difference, oxygen ions can, through this component. This raises the potential difference, platinum to enlarge. In this way,air-fuel ratio lower than the theoretical air-fuel ratio (thick), the components in the oxygen sensor in (air) outside (the atmosphere) between the oxygen concentration has a greater bad. Thus, the sensors have a relatively strong one voltage (Johnson V). On the other hand, if the rare gas mixture, air and exhaust gas oxygen concentration difference between the very small, have a sensor, there is only one relatively weak voltage (near 0 volts).Because once the mixture of air-fuel ratio deviation from the theoretical air-fuel ratio, ternary catalysts for CO, HC and NOX purification capacity will be a sharp decline, it is installed at the exhaust pipe oxygen sensor for detecting oxygen concentration in the exhaust, and ECU the issue of feedback signal, and then by theECU to control fuel injection amount of injector change, which will control the mixture at the air-fuel ratio near the theoretical value.Two, automotive oxygen sensor working principleOxygen sensor installed in the exhaust manifold, it can detect the concentration of oxygen in the exhaust, air-fuel ratio calculated, and the results sent to the ECU.For example:1, exhaust gas oxygen concentration in the high –When emissions are significant when the percentage of oxygen, ECU will accordingly determine the air-fuel ratio, and that is very dilute mixture.2, exhaust gas oxygen concentration in the low –When the percentage of oxygen in the exhaust very, ECU to determine air-fuel ratio will accordingly small, that is very strong mixture. Temperature higher than300 ℃, the ceramic materials used for the iron conductor. Under these conditions, if the percentage of oxygen sensors on both sides of the different content will have a voltage change at both ends. Two types of environment (air-side and exhaust side) of the different measurements of the oxygen content of these changes tell ECU, exhaust at the oxygen content in the remainder of the generation of harmful emissions to ensure that combustion is not appropriate percentage. Ceramic materials at temperatures lower than 300 ℃are non-linear, and thus the sensor is not a useful signal transmission. ECU has a special function, that is, heating machine at pm (open-loop operation) to stop the adjustment of the mixture. Sensors equipped with heating elements to reach operating temperature quickly. When current flows through the heating elements, it reduces the iron to make ceramics become conductors of time, and which makes the sensor can be installed in the exhaust pipe of the site later.In the three-way catalytic purifier Medium, ECU using data from the oxygen sensor to regulate the air-fuel ratio, but the method of standard Carburetor EFI device somewhat different.At EFI device, EFI's ECU fuel injection through the increase or decrease from the injected fuel volume, adjusting air-fuel ratio. If the ECU from the oxygen sensor detects the mixture too thick, it will gradually reduce the amount of fuel injection, the mixture of on-thinning. Therefore the actual air-fuel ratio becomes greater than the theoretical air-fuel ratio (more dilute). When this happens, ECU through the oxygen sensor to detect the truth, it will start a gradual increase in the volume of spray. In this way, air-fuel ratio is too low, some will Luan (more dense) until the air-fuel ratio lower than the theoretical. Thus, the cycle repeated, ECU main cloud in this way, constant changes in air-fuel ratio, the actual air-fuel ratio near the theoretical air-fuel ratio.Carburetor in the use of the device, are entered by regulating air intake air-fuel ratio of air-conditioning. Mixture theory is usually air-fuel ratio to maintain a little thick. ECU within the air-fuel ratio oxygen sensor has been the information, and manipulation, according to the actual air-fuel ratio EBCU (electronically controlled intake valve) regulator into the carburetor air intake volume. If mixture is too strong, it allows more air to enter to-thinning: If mixture is too thin, it allows less air to enter,so that moreThird, the common automotive oxygen sensor faultOnce the oxygen sensor fails, the electronic fuel injection system will enable the computer should not be the oxygen concentration in the exhaust pipe of the information, and therefore should not be on the air-fuel ratio feedback control, the engine will increase fuel consumption and exhaust pollution, engine idle speed instability, lack of fire, such as fault-surge situation. Therefore, it is necessary to troubleshoot in a timely manner or replaced.1, oxygen sensor poisoningOxygen sensor poisoning and are often more difficult to control emerging as a fault, in particular, are often the use of leaded petrol cars, even the new oxygen sensor, and can only be the work of thousands of kilometers. If only minor lead poisoning, and then use a box of unleaded petrol, will be able to eliminate the surface of oxygen sensor lead to the resumption of normal work. But often because of excessive exhaust temperature, which lead intrusion in their internal and impede the spread of oxygen ions to oxygen sensor failure can only be replaced at this time.In addition, the oxygen sensor silicon poisoning happened is common. In general, gasoline and lubricants containing silicon compounds generated by combustion silica, silicon rubber seal gasket improper use of silicone emitting gas,will cause the oxygen sensor failure, and therefore want to use good quality fuel and lubricants .Right to choose the repair and installation of rubber gaskets, coated on the sensor not to require the use of factory and other than the anti-solvent, etc.2, carbon depositionNot because of engine combustion, in the carbon deposition formed on the surface of oxygen sensor, oxygen sensor or the internal into the sediment, such as oil or dust will impede or block the external air into the oxygen sensor internal to oxygen sensor signal output inaccurate, ECU should not timely correct air-fuel ratio. Soot produced, mainly for increased fuel consumption, emission levels were significantly increased. At this point, if the sediment removal will restore normal working.3, oxygen sensor ceramic fragmentsCeramic oxygen sensor hardware and crisp, with a hard object by knocking or washing with a strong air currents blowing all its fragmentation and possible failure. Therefore, be particularly careful when handling and found that the timely replacement of problem.4, heater resistance wire blownThe heating-type oxygen sensor, if the resistance heater wire ablation, it is difficult to make sensors to reach normal operating temperature and the loss of role.5, oxygen sensor breaking off the internal circuits.Four, automotive oxygen sensor method1, oxygen sensor heater resistance checkUnplug the oxygen sensor wiring harness plug, use a multimeter resistance measurement file in the oxygen sensor heater terminal access-chu-chu with Ground between access resistance and its resistance to 4-40Ω (refer to specific modelspecification). Such as not meeting the standard, should be the replacement of oxygen sensor.2, oxygen sensor voltage feedback measurementMeasurement of oxygen sensor feedback voltage should unplug the oxygen sensor wiring harness plug, the control circuit models, the feedback from the oxygen sensor voltage output terminal on a thin wire leads, and then plug harness plugs well, in the engine operation , measured from the pinout on the feedback voltage (some models can also be inner socket fault detection by a voltage of oxygen sensor feedback, such as the production of Toyota cars can be a series of fault detection from the socket terminal OX1 or OX2 directly measured oxygen sensor feedback voltage). Oxygen sensor feedback on the test voltage, it is best to use with low-range (typically 2V) and high impedance (resistance greater than 10MΩ) multimeter pointer type. Detection of specific methods are as follows: 1) hot cars engine to normal operating temperature (or after the start-up speed of 2500r/min running 2min); 2) will file a negative voltage multimeter table T then fault detection within the socket or the battery negative electrode E1 is fault detection table T then the socket jack OX1 or OX2, or receive oxygen sensor wiring harness plug on the No. | round; 3) to allow the engine to maintain speed around 2500r/min operation voltage meter at the same time check whether the pointer back and forth between 0-1V swing, with a note of voltage meter pointer 10s the number of swing. Under normal circumstances, with the feedback control, the oxygen sensor feedback voltage will be 0.45V at changing up and down, 10s in the number of feedback voltage changes should not be less than 8 times. If less than 8 times, then oxygen sensor feedback control system or not working properly because the surface of oxygen sensor are possible there is carbon deposition, so that lower sensitivity. In this regard, should be allowed to 2500r/min engine speed operation of about 2min, to clear the surface of the carbon deposition oxygen sensor, and then check the feedback voltage. If the removal of carbon deposition may change after the voltage meter pointer is still slow, then oxygen sensor damaged, or have computer feedback control circuit fault. 4) check whether the damaged oxygen sensor Unplug the oxygen sensor wiring harness plug, so that oxygen sensor is no longer connected with the computer, feedback control system is in a state ofopen-loop control. The multimeter voltage pen table file is directly related to oxygen sensor feedback voltage output terminal connected to the negative form of good Ground pen. Measurement of engine operation at the feedback voltage, the first intake pipe was torn off and then up at the mandatory crankcase ventilation hose vacuum tube or other artificially dilute the mixture to form, at the same time watch voltage meter, the pointer should be dropped readings. Was torn off and then connected to the pipeline, and then unplug the water temperature sensor connector, a 4-8KΩ in place of the resistance temperature sensor, the formation of artificially dense mixture, at the same time watch voltage meter, the indicator reading should be increased. Can also be used, or a sudden release the accelerator pedal down approach to change the concentration of the mixture, in sudden pedal down to accelerate, the mixture变浓, feedback voltage should be increased; sudden release when the accelerator pedal,mixed gas-thinning, feedback voltage should be decreased. If the oxygen sensor feedback voltage without the above changes show that the oxygen sensor has been damaged. In addition, the titanium dioxide-type oxygen sensor using the above method at the time, if a good oxygen sensor output voltage to 2.5V as the center should be up and down fluctuations. Otherwise, the sensor can be removed and exposed to the air, cooling the resistance value after the measurement. If a large resistance value that sensor is ok, or should replace the sensor. 5) oxygen sensor to check the color appearance Removed from the exhaust pipe on oxygen sensors, sensors to check whether the shell to plug up the vents, ceramic core whether or not broken. If damaged, replace the oxygen sensor should be. By observing the top part of the oxygen sensor can also determine the color breakdown:①light gray top: This is the normal color of the oxygen sensor; ②white top: pollution from silicon, oxygen sensor must be replaced at this time; ③brown top: pollution by lead, if serious, we must replace the oxygen sensor; ④black top: caused by carbon deposition, carbon deposition in the exclusion of engine failure, the general oxygen sensor can automatically clear up the accumulatedcarbon. Conclusion: for energy conservation and the prevention of pollution from motor vehicles, most developed countries in the West aerobic sensors installed on my car is loaded oxygen sensor must be used. China's automobile industry with foreign countries, one of the main gap, but also in automotive sensors. Therefore, we can come to promote the use of oxygen sensor is very optimistic about the prospects.汽车氧传感器的常见故障及检查汽车行业是目前在国际上应用传感器最大的市场之一,而氧传感器申报的专利数,居汽车传感器的首位。

With the rapid development of automobile industry, there is comfort and vehicle vibration and noise control of more and more stringent requirements. According to relevant data shows that 70 percent of the city noise from the traffic noise, and traffic noise is mainly car noise. It is seriously polluting the urban environment, affecting people's life, work and health. So noise control is not only related to comfort, but also related to environmental protection. However, all also from the vibration noise, vibration can cause certain parts of the early fatigue damage, thereby reducing the service life of motor vehicles; excessive noise can damage hearing the driver will enable the rapid driver fatigue, thus driving security constitutes a grave threat. So noise control, is also related to motor vehicle durability and safety. Thus vibration, noise and comfort are the three closely related, it is necessary to reduce vibration, reduce noise, but also improve ride comfort, and ensure the product economy, vehicle noise control in the standard range.One type of noise arising from car noise are the main factors of air power, mechanical drive, the electromagnetic three parts. From the structure can be divided into the engine (ie, combustion noise), the chassis noise (ie, power train noise, all components connected with the noise), electrical equipment, noise (cooling fan noise, car noise generator), body noise (such as body structure, shape and attachment installation unreasonable noise). One of the engine noise accounted for more than half of motorvehicle noise, including noise and body intake noise (such as engine vibration, the rotational axis Valve, Jin, door switches, such as exhaust noise). Therefore the engine vibration, noise reduction has become a key automotive noise control.In addition, automobile tires at high speed, it will also cause more noise. This is because of the tire at the ground flows, the pattern is located in the air by ground tank and re-extrusion process caused by inhaling gas pump sound, as well as tread patterns with percussive sound of the road.2 noise requirements of regulations in Europe, from October 1996 onwards, the external bus 77dBA noise must be reduced to 74dBA, noise was reduced by half energy, the end of the century further reduced to 71dBA. Japan's laws and regulations, small car in the next decade to control noise standards at the following 76dBA. A number of domestic cities are also planning to traffic trunk lines in 2010 to control noise at the average of less than 70dBA. According to the domestic current data indicate that the domestic value of bus noise permit shall not exceed 82dBA, light trucks for 83.5dBA. This shows that our country in the vehicle noise control will have to make do.3 noise assessment noise evaluation mainly refers to the car, outside noise and vibration adaptive value. Evaluation methods can be divided intosubjective evaluation and objective evaluation. Subjective assessment of the impact of vehicle noise is a major factor in comfort, loudness and uncertainties, such as semantic differential method can be used for subjective evaluation. At an objective evaluation, can be used PCNM noise measuring device for measuring test analysis; addition simulation technology in the finite element method (FEM) and boundary element method (BEM) has been widely applied.4 noise control noise generation and dissemination in accordance with the mechanism of noise control technology can be put into the following three categories: First, the control of noise sources, are two routes of transmission of noise control, noise three recipients are protected. One of the control of noise sources are the most fundamental, the most direct measures, including noise reduction to reduce the exciting force and the engine parts of the exciting force response, which means transformation of acoustic source local oscillator. However, it is difficult to control noise sources when necessary in the route of transmission of noise to take measures, such as sound absorption, sound insulation, noise reduction, vibration and vibration isolation measures. Motor vehicles and vehicle vibration and noise reduction level of power, economy, reliability and strength, stiffness, quality, manufacturing costs and use are closely related.4.1 engine to reduce vibration and noise of the engine noise is the focus of automotive noise control. Engine vibration and noise are generated at source. Engine noise is from fuel combustion, valve bodies, gears and piston timing noise percussion synthesis.(1) ontology engine noiseLower engine noise will be ontological transformation of local oscillator sound sources, including methods such as finite element method analysis and design engines, selection of soft combustion process, improve the structure of the body stiffness, with the use of tight space, reduce noise cylinder cover. For example in the oil pan on an additional stiffener and diaphragm to improve the stiffness of oil pan to reduce vibration and noise. In addition, give the engine Tu damping material is an effective approach. Damping materials can kinetic energy into thermal energy. To deal with the principle of damping is a damping materials and components into its vibrational energy to consume. It has the following structure: Freedom damping layer structure, and spacing of freely damping layer structure, and constrained damping layer structure and spacing of constrained damping layer. It is clear that the adoption of a decrease of resonance amplitude and accelerated the decay of free vibration, reducing the various parts of the Chuan-Zhen capacity, an increase of parts at or above the critical frequency of vibration isolationcapacity.At present, some countries have designed an engine experts active vibration isolation system to reduce engine vibration, in order to achieve the purpose of noise reduction.(2) intake noiseEngine intake noise is one of the main noise source, the Department of the engine noise of air power, with the engine speed increases to strengthen. Non-supercharged engine intake noise major components, including the cyclical pressure fluctuation noise, vortex noise, the cylinder of the Helmholtz resonance noise. Diesel engine supercharger intake noise mainly from the turbocharger compressor. Two stroke engine noise from the Roots pump. In this regard, the most effective method is the use of intake muffler. There is a resistive type muffler (absorption type), resistant muffler (expansion type, resonance type, interference-type and porous decentralized) and the composite muffler. To combine with the air filter (that is in the air filter on an additional resonance chamber and sound-absorbing material, for example, type R3238) has become the most effective intake muffler, muffler volume of more than 20dBA.4.2 Chassis Noise(1) Department of exhaust noiseDepartment of the chassis exhaust noise is the main noise sources, mainly from the exhaust pressure pulsation noise, air flow through the valve seat when issued by eddy current noise, because of boundary layer airflow disturbance caused by noise and exhaust Office jet noise composition. Designed to optimize the performance of a good muffler, to reduce car noise are one of the important means. Optimize design method has acoustic finite element method and acoustic boundary element method, but is still in its infancy. Muffler to avoid the transmission characteristics and vibration characteristics of coupled mufflers are designed to be focused on solving a problem. Secondly, to reduce exhaust noise and improve power is also a pair of contradictions, because to reduce exhaust noise and lower exhaust back pressure on the design of the exhaust pipe has a diameter of conflicting demands, the former requires a smaller diameter, which is opposite . In this regard, the use of parallel flow path of the dual function muffler, at reduced air pressure and reduce noise to be effective. In addition, the engine exhaust manifold to the muffler inlet pipe section, the use of flexible pipe vibration, noise reduction effect can be reduced to about 7dBA.(2) power train noisePowertrain noise from the vibration caused by变速齿轮meshing and rotating shaft vibration. General measures taken are: First, choose low-noise transmission, engine and gearbox are two and the main reducer,such as rear axle and chassis components for flexible rubber pad connections, so as to achieve the purpose of isolation; are three-axis rotational control balance degrees, to reduce torsional vibration.4.3 Electric equipment noise(1) cooling fan noiseCooling fan noise happened devices are subject to wind retaining ring, water pump, radiator and transmission, but the noise generated depends primarily on the chassis.(2) automobile generator noiseAutomotive generator noise depends on the effects of a variety of sources, these sources have magnet source, mechanical and air power source. Noise level depends on the generator magnetic structure and ventilation systems, as well as generators precision manufacturing and assembly.4.4 Body NoiseAs the speed increased, the body will be more and more noise, and air power are the main causes of noise. Therefore, the following programs to improve the body noise: First, to streamline the design of the body, achieve a smooth transition; two are in between the body and framecomponents to adopt a flexible connection; three interior is softened, such as Inner Mongolia at the roof and body skin the use of sound-absorbing material.In addition, the car at high speed when the tire is also a source of noise. Real vehicle Inerting line method has been measured: Tire Tread greater, then the greater the noise. In addition, the tire tread with the noise generated also have a great relationship, there is a reasonable choice of the pattern of steel cord for radial tires to reduce tire noise are an effective way. Materials for the tire, the use of more flexible and soft rubber with high, you can create a low-noise tires.4.5 Other measuresAutomobile noise control, except in the design on the use of optimization methods and optimization of selected components, it can also carry out active control of noise. This is based on sound muffler technology, the principle is: the use of electronic muffler system with the opposite phase of the acoustic noise, vibration so that the two cancel each other out in order to reduce the noise. This muffler device used extremely advanced electronic components, has excellent noise reduction effect can be used to reduce vehicle noise, engine noise, the engine could also be used to proactively support systems, to offset the engine vibration and noise中文翻译：与汽车工业的迅速发展,有舒适和车辆振动和噪声控制的越来越苛刻的要求。

The Automobile in the United StatesHistory 389, section 3. George Mason University. Spring 2010Science and Technology I, room 224. Tuesdays and Thursdays, 12 – 1:15 pm.Course Blackboard site: General advice: /teachingProfessor Zachary M. SchragE-mail: zschrag@ (please include ―389‖ in subject header).Office: Robinson B 357A. Tel. 703/594-1844. Office Hours: Mondays, 2-4 pm.While I greatly enjoy meeting students individually, department meetings and other commitments occasionally force me to cancel scheduled office hours, so please let me know in advance if you are coming to office hours. If you would like to meet some other time, please send me an e-mail with two or three proposed times.Course DescriptionThis course examines the biography of one of the most important characters in twentieth-century U.S. history: the automobile. Embracing the histories of business, policy, labor, the environment, technology, and culture, this course seeks a holistic understanding of the role of the car in American life. It will examine the invention and adoption of the automobile, the rise of assembly-line manufacturing, the evolution of roadside architecture, and the challenges posed by oil shortages. It seeks to draw a variety of students and encourage them to think about one of the fundamental interactions between humans and machines in the history of the nation and in their own lives.GoalsIn this course, students will:∙Reflect on the significance of the automobile in shaping the America we know today, including their own daily lives.∙Use the automobile to understand the interconnections among technology, business, labor, culture, and politics.∙Practice critical reading of primary and secondary sources, including texts, images, music, and motion pictures.∙Practice research skills using sources in electronic databases, on paper, and in the world around us.∙Practice skills of writing, editing, and revision.Readings∙Kathleen Franz. Tinkering: Consumers Reinvent The Early Automobile.University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005. ISBN-10: 0812238818∙Stephen Meyer. The Five Dollar Day: Labor Management and Social Control in the Ford Motor Company, 1908-1921. State University of New York Press, 1981. ISBN-10: 0873955099∙Chester Liebs. Main Street to Miracle Mile: American Roadside Architecture. The Johns Hopkins University Press; Reprint edition, 1995. ISBN-10: 0801850959∙Tom McCarthy. Auto Mania: Cars, Consumers, and the Environment. Yale University Press (2009), Paperback. ISBN-10: 0300158483. ISBN-13: 9780300158489∙Gordon Harvey. Writing With Sources: A Guide for Students. Second edition. Hackett, 2008. ISBN13: 9780872209442∙Zachary M. Schrag, ―Guidelines for History Students,‖/teaching/teaching.html.CollaborationThis course is designed to encourage the kind of collaboration that makes scholarship so much fun. While you are responsible for your own essays, you will get a great deal of help from each other identifying and interpreting primary and secondary sources, and revising your work.You must credit your classmates for the help that they give you, since a scholar should be proud of the use she has made of others’ work. Citation need not be terribly formal, but I suggest the following forms for citing work by your classmates:∙Joanna Student, "Lincoln’s Imagery," 26 January 2010, History 389 Discussion Board.For a document posted by a student, but written by someone else:∙Lisa Rein, ―Daring to Dream of Reducing Tysons Traffic,‖ Washington Post, 10 December 2009 (posted by Joanna Student).Online ComponentsExcept for the peer-editing, this course is designed to be paperless; all assignments except for the essay drafts should be posted on Blackboard, . You will also receive essay comments electronically.AssignmentsPlease note than 105 percentage points are available, to allow for illness, family emergencies, and other mishaps.Attendance and Participation (15 percent)Much of this course is discussion based, which means that each student’s learning de pends on the other students’ being prepared, punctual, and active. The participation grade is designed to encourage you to help other students learn, and to prepare you for a lifetime of meetings.The participation grade is based on your prompt arrival and active participation in discussions. The highest participation grades will go to students who animate class discussions by asking questions of their peers. The most valuable contributions often begin with the words, ―I don’t understand.‖ Answering such qu estions, and questions posed by the instructor, is also helpful.You should be in your seat, ready to take notes at 12 noon; chronic tardiness will lower your grade. To be counted as on time, you must sign in by 12 noon. To be counted present, you must sign the late attendance sheet. If you need to leave early, please speak to me before class. If you leave early without notifying me, you will be counted absent.You are expected to attend class twice a week. To allow for family and medical emergencies, up to two weeks’ absence is excused. After that, absence for any reason will sharply lower your grade, until you have missed half the course. At that point, you will receive no credit for participation. Chronic absence or tardiness will also affect the grades on your written work.At the end of each unit, you will submit a participation memo, explaining your contribution to the class discussions and your plans for future discussions.Reading Responses (8 percent. 1 percent each)On twelve occasions during the course, you are assigned short responses. They are due at 9 am on the day indicated.On discussion days for which you submit a response, you should be prepared to be called on to describe your findings to the class.There are two kinds of responses:Reading responses (1 point each)On eight occasions, you are assigned responses to the readings. Questions will be posted on Blackboard:.1. Choose one of the questions for that day’s reading and write a one-paragraph response, roughly 125 – 175 words. Write your response as if it were part of a longer essay. Begin with a clear topic sentence (See /teaching/topicsentences.html) that makes an argument rather than just stating facts. Then support that argument with specific facts and quotations from the reading. Use parentheses to indicate page numbers. I suggest you compose your response in a word processor or text editor, then paste it into the discussion board. Research responses (9 percent. 3 points each)On three occasions, you are asked to complete small research assignments. You will be assigned to a group, which will determine specific deadlines. Points are based on the ability of your choice of documents and analysis to spark class discussion.Specific assignments will be posted on Blackboard. All research assignments require the following steps:1. Find a document or image according to the specific assignment instructions.2. Write a one-paragraph analysis of the document or image following the examples at ―Document Analysis‖ </teaching/documentanalysis.html> or ―Image Analysis‖3. Post the document on the appropriate Blackboard discussion, along with the document as an attachment.Essays (60 percent. 15 percent each)On four occasions, you are assigned six-ten paragraph essays (roughly 800-1200 words). Please keep in mind the instructions at /teaching/index.html, especially those on thesis statements and topic sentences.The essays require the following steps:1. Read the essay question, posted on Blackboard.2. Assemble evidence from the assigned readings, from the documents you and your classmates have gathered, and from music and films played in class. Each essay should contain a mix of evidence from primary and secondary sources from the appropriate unit. Evidence from other units of the course may be helpful as well.3. Develop a thesis statement that answers the question and can be supported by your evidence. See /teaching/thesistemplate.html for a suggested form.4. Write a rough draft of your essay. Bring two copies to class.5. Share your rough draft with two of your classmates during the peer editing session. If you do not receive helpful comments, demand them.6. Revise the draft according to the helpful comments you received.Peer Editing InstructionsYour job as a peer editor is not to correct spelling and minor errors, or to provide uncritical encouragement. Rather, it is to demand that your peers teach you something you did not know before.Your comments should begin with one of the following forms, or a close approximation:1. Your paper corrected a misconception I had. Before reading it, I thought _________. But you showed me . . .2. Your paper answered a question I had. Before reading it, I could not understand why_________. But you showed me . . .3. Your paper explained the significance of _________. Before reading it, I couldn’t understand why _________ was important. But you showed me . . .4. For the most part, this paper did not teach me anything that wasn’t pretty obvious from listening to the lecture and reading the book. But I was struck by your comment that ―_________.‖ This comment [insert phrase 1, 2, or 3]. Could you expand this point into a thesis for the whole essay?Final Exam (10 percent)The final exam will be an in-class essay exam that will ask you to reflect on the course as a whole and to analyze primary documents.Extra Credit (1 percent each; up to 3 percent)The goal of this assignment is to get you to think about the course in relation to your daily life. For each week of the course, you may write a two-paragraph journal entry. Up to three entries will count toward course credit, but you may only submit one per week. The first paragraph should describe something that happened to you or that you witnessed involving ground transportation. It can be something that just happened, a news story or article you saw, or a story from your past—but make it something you’re willing to share with the class. The second paragraph should explain how that event or item illustrates or complicates the themes of the course.ScheduleWeek 1January 19 Introduction—Cars and ChoicesUnit 1: What is a car? 1878-1940January 21 Lecture: The Invention of the Car.Week 2January 26 Discussion. Reading 1 due: Tinkering, 1-73January 28 Workshop: reading primary sources.Read: ―How to Read a Primary Source,‖ ―Document Analysis,‖ and ―ImageAnalysis.‖ /teaching/Week 3February 2 Discussion. Group 1.Research 1 due:early automobiles (Harper’s) February 4 Discussion: Reading 2 due: Tinkering,74-102; 130-166Week 4February 9 Discussion. Group 2.Research 2 due:early automobiles (NYPL brochures) February 11 Peer Editing. Essay 1 draft dueUnit 2: Are cars democratic? 1908-1945Week 5February 16 Lecture: Making the Model T.Essay 1 final due.February 18 Discussion: Reading 3 due: Five Dollar Day, 1-65.Week 6February 23 Discussion: Industry filmsFebruary 25 Discussion Group 3.Research 3 due:(ProQuest historical newspapers). Week 7March 2 Discussion: Reading 4 due: Five Dollar Day, 67-147.March 4 Peer Editing. Essay 2 draft dueSPRING BREAKUnit 3: How should we build for cars? 1945-1973Week 8March 16 Lecture: The Automotive Landscape. Essay 2 final dueMarch 18 Discussion: Reading 5 due: Main Street to Miracle Mile, vi-73Week 9March 23 Discussion: Group 1.Research 4 due Postcards/photosMarch 25 Discussion: Group 2.Research 5 due Postcards/photosWeek 10March 30 Discussion: Group 3.Research 6 due:Photographs/photosApril 1 Peer Editing. Essay 3 draft due.Unit 4: Are cars sustainable? 1955-2010Week 11April 6 Film: Who Killed the Electric Car? Essay 3 final dueApril 8 Discussion: Reading 6 due: Auto Mania, 99-147Week 12April 13 Discussion: Groups 1 and 3.Research 7 due:Car AdsApril 15 Discussion: Reading 7 due: Auto Mania, 148-92Week 13April 20 Discussion: Reading 8 due Auto Mania, 193-252April 22 Discussion: Group 2.Research 8 due Government documents Week 14April 27 Peer Editing. Essay 4 draft dueConclusionApril 29 Exam Review. Essay 4 final due.Final Exam: Tuesday, May 11, 10:30 am – 1:15 pm.在美国汽车历史389，第3节。

摘要随着汽车行业的蓬勃发展，以及人机工程学、空气动力学在汽车上的应用，车身总布置也在飞速的变革与发展。

车身总布置设计是经验和原理方法的结合，是在考虑整车形式、车身与底盘的关系、以及总布置和造型传递给车身内部布置的一些约束条件下，进行车室内部布置，是基于功能和约束的方案寻求最优的过程。

一个与众不同的驾驶空间：开阔的视野，舒适的座椅布置，布置紧凑的仪表以及伸手可及的操作元件，能给人充分的心理满足和安全感。

人机工程学、空气动力学和现代化制造方法的发展促使汽车车身总布置的不断更新和完善，传统与创新艺术风格的有机结合也影响着车身总布置的美学实践。

然而，每一款新车型的问世都离不开车身总布置和它的设计工具，汽车车身总布置是汽车概念设计阶段的一项相当重要的方案设计工作。

本次设计主要内容是根据人机工程学的理论和在汽车上实际应用的分析，进行总布置设计。

本文介绍汽车总布置设计工具人体模型，眼椭圆。

提出了综合考虑驾驶员舒适性、视野性、腿部操纵空间、方向盘、顶盖等因素的H 点区域法。

利用CATIA进行总布置设计,CATIA对于提高车身总布置的质量，以及缩短产品开发周期具有非常大的现实意义关键词：车身总布置设计；人机工程学；人体模型；眼椭圆。

AbstractWith the vigorous development of auto industry, and ergonomics, air dynamics in automotive applications, general arrangement in the rapid development and reform. Body: the layout design experience and the principle of method is combined, is considering vehicle body and forms, the chassis layout, and transfer to body shape and some internal layout constraints on car interior ministry decorate, it is based on the function and constraints for the solution of the optimal process. A special driving space: open vision, comfortable seats arrangement of instrumentation and arrangement, compact and operating components, can give a person to fully satisfy the psychology and security. the modern automobile body is always arranging also in the rapid transformation and the development.The man-machine engineering, the aerodynamics and the modernized manufacture method development urges the unceasing renewal and the consummation which the automobile body always arranges, traditional and the innovation artistic style organic synthesis is also affecting esthetics practice which the automobile body always arranges.However, each section new vehicle being published cannot leave the automobile body always to arrange and its design tool, the automobile body total arrangement is an automobile conceptual design stage quite important project design work.T he main content of the theory is based on ergonomics in cars and practical application analysis, the layout design. Introduces the layout design tool car body model, elliptic. Puts forward comprehensive consideration of the pilot, leg vision comfortableness, manipulation of space, the steering wheel, the above factors zone method H. To improve the CATIA layout of quality, body and shorten the development cycle has very great practical significanceKeywords: body layout design, Ergonomics, Human model, Eye ellipse.目录第1章绪论 (1)1.1 车身总布置设计概述 (1)1.2本设计采用的绘图软件介绍 (2)1.2.1 CATIA简介 (2)1.1.2CATIA的功能特点 (3)1.1.3 CATIA软件发展 (4)1.1.4 CATIA人机工程功能在产品设计中的应用 (4)1.3研究本课题的意义 (7)1.4毕业设计内容 (8)第2章车身设计方法 (9)2.1传统的车身设计方法 (9)2.2 现代设计方法 (9)2.3 整车布置的基准线——零线的确定 (10)2.4 本设计采用的设计方法 (12)2.4.1 概念设计 (12)2.4.2 工程设计 (12)2.5 车身总布置内容及原则 (12)2.6车身承载方式的确定 (13)2.6.1车身承载方式 (13)2.7本车承载方式的确定 (15)第3章人机工程学的基础研究 (16)3.1 人机工程学概况 (16)3.2人机工程学简介 (18)3.3人机系统概述 (20)3.4不同人种间的人体模型差异 (21)3.5我国人体尺寸标准 (22)3.5.1人体的主要尺寸 (23)3.5.2立姿人体尺寸 (23)3.5.3坐姿人体尺寸 (25)3.5.4人体水平尺寸 (27)3.6 SAE人体模型 (28)3.7 结论 (29)第4章轿车车身总布置 (30)4.1人体功能尺寸 (30)4.2人体模板关节角度的调节范围 (34)4.3座椅的布置 (37)4.3.1 输入已知整车控制参数及边界条件 (37)4.3.2踵点的确定 (38)4.3.3确定H点位置 (39)4.3.4确定座椅水平和垂直调节范围 (41)4.3.5 仪表板的布置 (41)4.4驾驶员的眼椭圆及视野校核 (42)4.4.1眼椭圆的定义 (42)4.4.2 眼椭圆的意义 (42)4.4.3 眼椭圆的含义 (43)4.4.4 眼椭圆的样板 (43)4.4.5眼椭圆制作步骤 (43)4.4.6 眼椭圆的定位 (44)4.4.7眼椭圆的应用 (46)4.5头廓包络 (47)4.5.1概述 (47)4.5.2头廓包络面的尺寸 (48)4.5.3头部包络面的定位 (49)4.6前方视野校核 (50)4.6.1前风窗开口视野校核 (50)结束语 (53)参考文献 (55)致谢 (56)附录 (57)第1章绪论1.1 车身总布置设计概述汽车诞生一百多年来，其技术经过不断地发展，到现在已经成为集传统工业和高新科技为一身的典型的机电产品，而围绕汽车工业的庞大工业体系也发展成为世界上屈指可数的企业群体。

Automobile Engine Injection and Ignition Using the Motorola MPC555 MicrocontrollerRick WagonerInformation Education and Technology 645, Section 001Professor Dr. Yudi GondokaryonoMay 2, 2006Automobile Engine Injection and IgnitionIntroductionAutomobile engines and powertrains have become a major growth area for microcontroller use. This growth is also expected to continue. As many new regulations concerning the exhaust emissions and fuel efficiency must be met then more and more microcontrollers on automobiles will be required. One area that currently makes use of a microcontroller is that of fuel injection and engine ignition.These two areas can both be controlled in a manner that can greatly increase fuel efficiency, lower exhaust emissions, and also improve engine power performance. Let’s begin by looking at fuel injection. Injecting the proper amount of fuel into the engine at the proper time allows the engine to operate a peak performance levels. This process can be accomplished without the use of a microcontroller. However, due to the many factors affecting what constitutes the proper amount and proper time makes the use of a microcontroller much more appealing. The microcontroller can gather the readings from sensors connected to many components on the engine to perform calculations determining the proper amount and proper time for the injection process to occur. The higher the temperature on the engine the better the fuel burns. As the fuel burns more efficiently less fuel is required to generate the same amount of energy. Having a temperature sensor on the motor providing input to the microcontroller allows for adjustment of the amount of fuel being injected into the motor to provide the same amount of engine output energy. These calculations are quite complex and thus would take some time for a person to perform. The microcontroller can gather the data, perform the calculations, and make the necessary adjustments in a fraction of a second. Thegathering and adjustment process can thus be performed many times per second allow for continuous levels of higher engine performance.Likewise, the ignition process can also be controlled in a similar process. Ignition needs to occur at a time that will allow the engine to provide the most energy for use. If the ignition is ‘fired’ exactly when the piston is at its highest point then energy will be lost. The amount of time that it takes for the ignition to fire and then travel to the piston allows the piston to move downward. Then when the fuel is ignited and the reaction takes place energy is not used to its full potential because the piston can not gain a full‘stroke’ from the reaction but rather is moved what distance is available thus operating at less than peak efficiency. However, if the ignition process is started slightly before the piston reaches its uppermost position the engine energy is thus used to its full potential. Again in this scenario a measurement must be taken and a calculation must be performed and then an adjustment made. The quicker this can be down the more efficient the engine will operate.For both injection and ignition there are many factors that will affect the outcome of the calculations required to adjust the engine into peak efficiency. As was discussed with the injection process, engine temperature plays a key role and engine speed greatly affects the ignition process. These factors are the key reason that a microcontroller is used instead of monitoring these elements manually. A person is simply incapable of keeping track of all of these factors and then also considering them in determining the proper adjustments to be made. This is why I will only assume a minor set of these factors for discussion in designing a basic microcontroller system to control both fuel injection and engine ignition.Our fuel injection system will take into account the temperature of the motor, the position of the accelerator pedal and the position of the crankshaft in determining when to open the injector and how long to leave it open. The engine ignition system will also consider the speed of the engine and the position of the crankshaft in determining when to trigger the spark control. By monitoring our four inputs: motor temperature, accelerator pedal, crankshaft position, and engine speed; we can properly adjust and synchronize our two output components: injectors and spark control.To meet the requirements of such a system I recommend using the Motorola MPC555 microcontroller. Following is a block diagram of the MPC555 followed by a list of features available on the microcontroller.MPC555 Features:PowerPC RISC processorPowerPC core with floating-point unit26 Kbytes fast RAM and 6 Kbytes TPU microcode RAM448 Kbytes flash EEPROM with 5-V programming5 V I/O systemSerial system – queued serial multi-channel module (QSMCM), dual CAN 2.0B controller modules (TouCAN )50-channel timer system – dual time processor units (TPU3), modular I/O system (MIOS1)32 analog inputs – dual queued analog-to-digital converters (QADC64)Submicron HCMOS (CDR1) technology272-pint plastic ball grid array (PBGA) packaging40-MHz operation with dual supply (3.3V, 5V)The MPC555 microcontroller is designed for the automotive industry and thus has been built with consideration for the extreme operating conditions that will be encountered by an automobile. The other key features that make this good choice for this application is the multiple analog-to-digital converters as well as the dual time processor units. Multiple converters allow multiple devices (engine speed sensor, accelerator pedal position, and motor position sensor) to be input simultaneously and have each analog signal converted to digital signals for further processing. Once our inputs have been recorded and converted then calculations can be performed to adjust our outputs. Another feature that enables the MPC555 to meet system requirements is the dual power supply voltages. The internal core runs at 3.3 V while the output ports operate at 5 V. This works well because the lower internal power consumption while providing necessary voltages for input and output devices. Most of the sensors and devices controlled by this type of microcontroller were designed to be compatible with older microcontrollers which only had a single power voltage supply which operated at 5 V. Since this is the case the 5 V I/O ports can operate with almost any available I/O device.Dual time processor units allow us to synchronize both output devices with a single microcontroller. A single time processor unit can be assigned to each output device; one for the spark control and one for the injection control. By adjusting the algorithm that takes in the input devices values and calculates the necessary output device levels we can adjust and control the timing of the spark and injection control. The time processor units both operate simultaneously with the CPU and thus have a single point of timing event triggers. The design of the time processor units allows processing of real-time hardware events without CPU intervention. This allows both output devices to be timed in unison to allow adjustment to the highest level of engine efficiency.The MPC555 was originally designed for automotive purposes and thus has been developed into an actual engine control unit. Mclaren Electronic Systems as built a device called the TAG-300 which provides the type of control described in this paper. The details of the TAG-300 can be found at/mes_pdf/Unit_Cont_TAG-300.pdf. Mclaren designed the TAG-300 for use in high-performance Formula 1 racing systems. Use in such a system indicates that the MPC555 meets the needs of high-performance automobiles and thus can also be used in today’s p ersonal automobiles. The Motorola MPC555 has been used for engine control and has many other possible applications in the automotive industry.ReferencesFIRE (2001). FI2RE – A Development Control Unit for Flexible Injection and Ignition.IVEZ Worldwide. Retrieved from/download.php;file=m01-01-09.pdf/dir=mtzqq/key=54d981bbb9b3582fae21f3346eed65fe on April 4, 2006. Microcontroller (2006). MPC555: an automotive PowerPC part. Retrieved from /campus/articles/motorola/motorola6%20extra.htm onApril 4, 2006.MPC555 (2000). MPC555/MPC556 User’s Manual. Freescale Semiconductor Inc.Retrieved from on April 4, 2006.TAG-300 (2006). Engine Control Unit TAG-300. Mclaren Electronics Systems.Retrieved from /mes_pdf/Unit_Cont_TAG-300.pdf on April 4, 2006.Transport (2004). Microcontrollers for the Automobile. Ross Bannatyne, Transportation Systems Group, Motorola, Inc. Retrieved from/aricles/arc105/arc105.htm on April 4, 2006汽车发动机喷射和点火使用摩托罗拉MPC555的微控制器里克瓦戈纳教育和科技信息645，第001教授博士堤Gondokaryono2006年5月2日汽车发动机喷射和点火导言汽车发动机和动力系统已成为微控制器的主要增长领域。

专业英语一automobile 汽车（美）assembly line 装配线petroleum refining石油提炼body and frame 车身与车架engine发动机、引擎drive line 传动系统running gear 控制装置suspension 悬架系统unitized body 承载式车身gasoline engine 汽油机diesel engine 柴油机gas turbine 燃气轮机battery 电池（组）fuel cell 燃料电池hybrid power混合动力系统piston 活塞rotary engine 转子发动机vehicle 车辆transmission 变速器drive shaft 传动轴differential 差速器rear axle 后轴rear-wheel drive 后轮驱动front-wheel drive 前轮驱动braking system 制动系统wheel 车轮tire 轮胎steering system 转向系统spring 弹簧shock absorber 减震器Macpherson strut 麦弗逊式悬架torsion bar 扭力杆strut rod 支撑杆stabilizer bar 横向稳定杆二internal combustionengine 内燃机external combustionengine 外燃机fuel 燃料steam engine 蒸汽机intermittentcombustion engine 间隔燃烧式发动机continuous combustionengine 连续燃烧式发动机turbine engine 涡轮发动机rocket engine 火箭发动机jet engine 火箭发动机Wankel engine 汪克尔发动机、转子发动机stroke 行程cooling system 冷却系统fuel system 燃料系统ignition system 点火系统spark-ignition engine 火花点燃式发动机compression-ignitionengine 压燃式发动机liquid-cooled 水冷式（液体冷却）air-cooled 风冷式（空气冷却）三cylinder block 缸体cylinder 气缸connecting rod 连杆crankshaft 曲轴cylinder head 气缸盖combustion chamber燃烧室valve 气门、阀camshaft 凸轮轴flywheel 飞轮intake manifold 进气歧管exhaust manifold 排气歧管carburetor 化油器fuel injector 燃料喷射器cast iron 铸铁aluminum 铝cooling fluid 冷却液spark plug 火花塞intake valve 排气门cam 凸轮gear 齿轮belt 皮带chain 链条overhead camshaft（OHC）上置式凸轮轴rpm=revolutions perminute 转速、转数每分钟horsepower 马力intake system 进气系统sensor 传感器oxygen sensor 氧传感器fuel induction燃料吸入系统四fuel tank 油箱fuel line 燃料管路fuel pump 燃料泵fuel filter燃料滤清器power train controlmodule（PCM）动力系统控制模块fuel injection system 燃料喷射系统distributor 分电器ignition coil 点火线圈ignition wire 点火线路charging system 充电系统ignition switch 点火开关solenoid 电磁线圈starter motor 起动电机alternator 交流发电机voltage regulator 稳压器lubrication system润滑系统oil pump 机油泵oil filter 机油滤清器oil cooler 机油冷却器antifreeze 防冻液coolant pump 冷却液泵thermostat 节温器radiator 散热器、水箱clutch 离合器radiator overflow tank 散热器溢流箱、膨胀水箱air intake ducting 进气管air filter 空气滤清器manifold air pressure sensor 进气歧管压力传感器turbocharger 涡轮增压器muffler 消声器、消音器catalytic converter 催化转化器exhaust pipe 排气管pollution control system 排放控制系统carbon monoxide 一氧化碳nitrogen oxide 氮氧化物hydrocarbons 碳氢化合物carbon canister 碳罐exhaust gas recirculator （EGR）废气再循环positive crankcase ventilation强制曲轴箱通风diverter valve 分流阀vapor-liquid separator气液分离器vacuum modulator 真空调节器五timing 正时、定时air-fuel ratio 空燃比stoichiometric ratio 理论空燃比mixture 混合气top dead center（TDC）上止点bottom dead center（BDC）下止点bore 气缸直径、孔径crankpin 连杆轴颈、曲柄销throw 曲柄半径displacement 排量compression ratio 压缩比four-stroke engine 四冲程发动机intake stroke 进气冲程compression stroke 压缩冲程power stroke 做功行程exhaust stroke 排气行程preignition 提前点火valve overlap 气门重叠六two-stroke engine 二冲程发动机truck 货车、卡车bus 公共汽车Mercedes-Benz 梅赛德斯奔驰pickup truck 皮卡camper 露营车travel trailer 旅行拖车high-pressure injection高压喷射low-pressure injection低压喷射injector 喷油器、喷嘴psi 磅/平方英寸（英制压强单位）photochemical smog 光化学烟雾outboard motor 舷外发动机snowmobile 摩托雪橇chain saw 链锯、电锯reed valve 簧片阀lubricant 润滑剂、润滑油scavenging 扫气General Motors 通用汽车blower 扫气泵rotor 转子coal-fired 燃煤的、烧煤的nuclear-powered 核动力的drivability 动力性、驱动性能generator 发电机transaxle 变速差速器、联合传动器electronic controller 电子控制器downshift 降档manual transmission手动变速器hydrogen 氢carbon dioxide 二氧化碳oxygen 氧methanol 甲醇spacecraft 航天器、宇宙飞船anode 正极、阳极cathode 阴极、负极七oil pan 油底壳、机油盘water jacket 水套cylinder sleeve 气缸套dry sleeve 干缸套wet sleeve 湿缸套warpage 变形liner 衬套、衬垫bearing 轴承harmonic balancer vibration damper 扭转减震器timing gear 正时齿轮connecting rod journal 连杆轴颈main(bearing)journal主轴颈counterweight 平衡重thrust surface 推力面drive flange 传动法兰盘、凸缘fillet 圆角nose （曲轴）前端pulley 皮带轮air conditioning 空调bearing cap 轴承盖copper 铜lead 铅Babbitt 巴氏合金tin 锡bearing clearance 轴承间隙thrust bearing 推力轴承、止推轴承thrust washer 推力垫圈、止推垫圈piston ring 活塞环compression ring 气环oil control ring 油环piston pin 活塞销lock ring 锁环piston land 活塞顶部heat dam 绝热槽piston head 活塞头部piston skirt 活塞裙部ring groove 活塞环槽piston pin bushing 活塞销衬套ring end gap 活塞销开口间隙ductile iron 球墨铸铁chromium 铬molybdenum 钼torsional ring 扭曲环chrome-plated 镀铬的rod cap 连杆盖bearing insert 轴承衬套八cross-flow head 横流式气缸盖coolant 冷却液head gasket 气缸垫wedge-shapedcombustion chamber 楔形燃烧室hemisphericalcombustion chamber 半球形燃烧室open combustionchamber 开式燃烧室、统一式燃烧室pre-combustionchamber 预燃式燃烧室valve seat 气门座valve guide 气门导管retainer 弹簧座valve spring 气门弹簧high-chrome steel 高铬钢stellite 钴铬钨硬质合金keeper 锁紧装置valve stem 气门杆lifter 挺柱pushrod 推杆rocker arm 摇臂valve train clearance 气门间隙variable valve timing 可变气门正时九oil pressure regulator机油压力调节器main oil gallery 主油道oil screen 机油滤网oil pressure sensor 机油压力传感器dashboard 仪表板sump 机油箱、油底壳baffle 挡板gear-type oil pump齿轮油泵rotor oil pump 转子油泵pressure regulator valve调压阀十water pump 冷却水泵pressure cap 压力水箱盖fan 冷却风扇temperature indicator温度指示器air-cooled system 风冷系统liquid-cooled system 水冷系统transmission cooler 自动变速箱油冷却器expansion tank 膨胀水箱housing 外壳impeller 叶轮、转子hub 轮毂pulley 皮带轮closed cooling system闭式冷却系统十一electronic carburetor 电控化油器fuel vapor line 燃油蒸汽管fuel injector pump 喷油泵nozzle 喷嘴、管嘴plastic 塑料fuel cap 油箱盖filler neck 油箱填充口颈fuel metering unit 油量计量装置mechanical fuel pump 机械燃油泵electrical fuel pump 电动燃油泵fuel pressure regulator 燃油压力调节器injector fuel rail 燃油分配管、燃油轨direct injection system 直接喷射式燃料系统indirect injection system 非直喷式燃料系统port fuel injection（PFI）进气道燃油喷射throttle body injection （TBI）气门体燃油喷射multiple-point fuel injection 多点燃油喷射single-point fuel injection 单点燃油喷射continuous injection 连续喷射十二dry-type air filter 干式空气滤清器exhaust pipe 排气管undercarriage 底盘、下部结构fiberglass 玻璃纤维glass pack muffler 玻璃纤维消声器supercharging system 进气增压系统turbocharger 涡轮增压十三conventional ignitionsystem 传统点火系统primary circuit 初级回路（低压回路）secondary circuit 次级回路（高压回路）ballast resistor 附件电阻、稳流电阻crank 起动、摇转primary winding 初级线圈、一次绕组breaker 断电器secondary winding 次级线圈、二次绕组condenser 电容器arc 电弧distributor cap 分电器盖coil tower 点火线圈顶端接头surge 电涌振荡distributor shaft 分电器轴firing order 点火顺序electronic ignitionsystem 电子点火系统semiconductor 半导体electronic spark timing（EST）电子点火正时ignition control（IC）点火控制hight energy ignition（HEI）module 高能点火模块computer-controlledcoil ignition system 微机控制线圈点火系统electronic ignition（EI）电子点火distributorless ignitionsystem 无分电器点火系统ignition module 点火控制模块direct ignition system直接点火系统cableless EI system 无高压线电子点火系统十四。

Mark Steffka, B.S.E., M.S., is with the Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Engineering Group of General Motors (GM) Pow ertrain and is a faculty member of two universities in the Detroit, Michigan, area. He has over 25 years of industry experience in the design, development, and testing of military, aerospace and automotive electronics, including power, control, and radio frequency (RF) systems. Since 2000, he has been an adjunct lecturer at the University of Michigan-Dearborn, in the Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) department for the undergraduate and graduate classes on EMC, and was a Co-Principal Investigator for a United States’ National Science Foundation grant which resulted in the establishment of the campus’ EMC laboratory. For the college’s Engineering Professional Development office he is the instructor for engineering continuing education courses on “Automotive EMC” and “Antennas”. He is the recipient of faculty and alumni awards from the University of Michigan – Dearborn, College of Engineering and Computer Science, for his contributions to engineering education and the EMC curriculum. At the University of Detroit –Mercy he is an adjunct professor and teaches an undergraduate and graduate engineering course on EMC. He is a member of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE), has served as a session chair for the IEEE EMC Symposium and a technical session organizer for the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) World Congress. He has been a speaker at IEEE and SAE conferences held in the United States and international locations.His publications have covered topics on EMC, RFI, and was a co-author of the book“Automotive Electromagnetic Compatibility”. He has held an amateur radio license since 1975, with the call sign WW8MS, is a Life Member of ARRL, the National Association for Amateur Radio, and serves on the ARRL EMC Committee.马克Steffka，疯牛病，硕士，是与电磁兼容性（EMC）工程集团，通用汽车（GM）的动力，是两个在密歇根州底特律地区的大学任教。

汽车专业英语专业英语一automobile 汽车（美)assembly line 装配线petroleum refining石油提炼body and frame 车身与车架engine发动机、引擎drive line 传动系统running gear 控制装置suspension 悬架系统unitized body 承载式车身gasoline engine 汽油机diesel engine 柴油机gas turbine 燃气轮机battery 电池（组）fuel cell 燃料电池hybrid power混合动力系统piston 活塞rotary engine 转子发动机vehicle 车辆transmission 变速器drive shaft 传动轴differential 差速器rear axle 后轴rear-wheel drive 后轮驱动front-wheel drive 前轮驱动braking system 制动系统wheel 车轮tire 轮胎steering system 转向系统spring 弹簧shock absorber 减震器Macpherson strut 麦弗逊式悬架torsion bar 扭力杆strut rod 支撑杆stabilizer bar 横向稳定杆二internal combustion engine 内燃机external combustion engine 外燃机fuel 燃料steam engine 蒸汽机intermittent combustion engine 间隔燃烧式发动机continuous combustion engine连续燃烧式发动机turbine engine 涡轮发动机rocket engine 火箭发动机jet engine 火箭发动机Wankel engine 汪克尔发动机、转子发动机stroke 行程cooling system 冷却系统fuel system 燃料系统ignition system 点火系统spark—ignition engine 火花点燃式发动机compression-ignition engine压燃式发动机liquid-cooled 水冷式（液体冷却)air—cooled 风冷式(空气冷却)三cylinder block 缸体cylinder 气缸connecting rod 连杆crankshaft 曲轴cylinder head 气缸盖combustion chamber燃烧室valve 气门、阀camshaft 凸轮轴flywheel 飞轮intake manifold 进气歧管exhaust manifold 排气歧管carburetor 化油器fuel injector 燃料喷射器cast iron 铸铁aluminum 铝cooling fluid 冷却液spark plug 火花塞intake valve 排气门cam 凸轮gear 齿轮belt 皮带chain 链条overhead camshaft(OHC）上置式凸轮轴rpm=revolutions per minute 转速、转数每分钟horsepower 马力intake system 进气系统sensor 传感器oxygen sensor 氧传感器fuel induction燃料吸入系统四fuel tank 油箱fuel line 燃料管路fuel pump 燃料泵fuel filter燃料滤清器power train control module（PCM）动力系统控制模块fuel injection system 燃料喷射系统distributor 分电器ignition coil 点火线圈ignition wire 点火线路charging system 充电系统ignition switch 点火开关solenoid 电磁线圈starter motor 起动电机alternator 交流发电机voltage regulator 稳压器lubrication system润滑系统oil pump 机油泵oil filter 机油滤清器oil cooler 机油冷却器antifreeze 防冻液coolant pump 冷却液泵thermostat 节温器radiator 散热器、水箱clutch 离合器radiator overflow tank 散热器溢流箱、膨胀水箱air intake ducting 进气管air filter 空气滤清器manifold air pressure sensor进气歧管压力传感器turbocharger 涡轮增压器muffler 消声器、消音器catalytic converter 催化转化器exhaust pipe 排气管pollution control system 排放控制系统carbon monoxide 一氧化碳nitrogen oxide 氮氧化物hydrocarbons 碳氢化合物carbon canister 碳罐汽车专业英语exhaust gas recirculator（EGR）废气再循环positive crankcase ventilation 强制曲轴箱通风diverter valve 分流阀vapor—liquid separator 气液分离器vacuum modulator 真空调节器五timing 正时、定时air—fuel ratio 空燃比stoichiometric ratio 理论空燃比mixture 混合气top dead center（TDC）上止点bottom dead center(BDC)下止点bore 气缸直径、孔径crankpin 连杆轴颈、曲柄销throw 曲柄半径displacement 排量compression ratio 压缩比four-stroke engine 四冲程发动机intake stroke 进气冲程compression stroke 压缩冲程power stroke 做功行程exhaust stroke 排气行程preignition 提前点火valve overlap 气门重叠六two—stroke engine 二冲程发动机truck 货车、卡车bus 公共汽车Mercedes—Benz 梅赛德斯奔驰pickup truck 皮卡camper 露营车travel trailer 旅行拖车high-pressure injection 高压喷射low—pressure injection低压喷射injector 喷油器、喷嘴psi 磅/平方英寸（英制压强单位）photochemical smog 光化学烟雾outboard motor 舷外发动机snowmobile 摩托雪橇chain saw 链锯、电锯reed valve 簧片阀lubricant 润滑剂、润滑油scavenging 扫气General Motors 通用汽车blower 扫气泵rotor 转子coal-fired 燃煤的、烧煤的nuclear—powered 核动力的drivability 动力性、驱动性能generator 发电机transaxle 变速差速器、联合传动器electronic controller 电子控制器downshift 降档manual transmission 手动变速器hydrogen 氢carbon dioxide 二氧化碳oxygen 氧methanol 甲醇spacecraft 航天器、宇宙飞船anode 正极、阳极cathode 阴极、负极七oil pan 油底壳、机油盘water jacket 水套cylinder sleeve 气缸套dry sleeve 干缸套wet sleeve 湿缸套warpage 变形liner 衬套、衬垫bearing 轴承harmonic balancer vibrationdamper 扭转减震器timing gear 正时齿轮connecting rod journal 连杆轴颈main(bearing）journal主轴颈counterweight 平衡重thrust surface 推力面drive flange 传动法兰盘、凸缘fillet 圆角nose (曲轴)前端pulley 皮带轮air conditioning 空调bearing cap 轴承盖copper 铜lead 铅Babbitt 巴氏合金tin 锡bearing clearance 轴承间隙thrust bearing 推力轴承、止推轴承thrust washer 推力垫圈、止推垫圈piston ring 活塞环compression ring 气环oil control ring 油环piston pin 活塞销lock ring 锁环piston land 活塞顶部heat dam 绝热槽piston head 活塞头部piston skirt 活塞裙部ring groove 活塞环槽piston pin bushing 活塞销衬套ring end gap 活塞销开口间隙ductile iron 球墨铸铁chromium 铬molybdenum 钼torsional ring 扭曲环chrome—plated 镀铬的rod cap 连杆盖bearing insert 轴承衬套八cross—flow head 横流式气缸盖coolant 冷却液head gasket 气缸垫wedge-shaped combustionchamber 楔形燃烧室hemispherical combustionchamber 半球形燃烧室open combustion chamber 开式燃烧室、统一式燃烧室pre—combustion chamber 预燃式燃烧室valve seat 气门座valve guide 气门导管retainer 弹簧座valve spring 气门弹簧汽车专业英语high—chrome steel 高铬钢stellite 钴铬钨硬质合金keeper 锁紧装置valve stem 气门杆lifter 挺柱pushrod 推杆rocker arm 摇臂valve train clearance 气门间隙variable valve timing 可变气门正时九oil pressure regulator 机油压力调节器main oil gallery 主油道oil screen 机油滤网oil pressure sensor 机油压力传感器dashboard 仪表板sump 机油箱、油底壳baffle 挡板gear—type oil pump齿轮油泵rotor oil pump 转子油泵pressure regulator valve 调压阀十water pump 冷却水泵pressure cap 压力水箱盖fan 冷却风扇temperature indicator 温度指示器air—cooled system 风冷系统liquid-cooled system 水冷系统transmission cooler 自动变速箱油冷却器expansion tank 膨胀水箱housing 外壳impeller 叶轮、转子hub 轮毂pulley 皮带轮closed cooling system 闭式冷却系统十一electronic carburetor 电控化油器fuel vapor line 燃油蒸汽管fuel injector pump 喷油泵nozzle 喷嘴、管嘴plastic 塑料fuel cap 油箱盖filler neck 油箱填充口颈fuel metering unit 油量计量装置mechanical fuel pump 机械燃油泵electrical fuel pump 电动燃油泵fuel pressure regulator 燃油压力调节器injector fuel rail 燃油分配管、燃油轨direct injection system直接喷射式燃料系统indirect injection system 非直喷式燃料系统port fuel injection（PFI）进气道燃油喷射throttle body injection（TBI）气门体燃油喷射multiple—point fuelinjection 多点燃油喷射single-point fuel injection单点燃油喷射continuous injection 连续喷射十二dry-type air filter 干式空气滤清器exhaust pipe 排气管undercarriage 底盘、下部结构fiberglass 玻璃纤维glass pack muffler 玻璃纤维消声器supercharging system 进气增压系统turbocharger 涡轮增压十三conventional ignition system传统点火系统primary circuit 初级回路(低压回路)secondary circuit 次级回路（高压回路）ballast resistor 附件电阻、稳流电阻crank 起动、摇转primary winding 初级线圈、一次绕组breaker 断电器secondary winding 次级线圈、二次绕组condenser 电容器arc 电弧distributor cap 分电器盖coil tower 点火线圈顶端接头surge 电涌振荡distributor shaft 分电器轴firing order 点火顺序electronic ignition system 电子点火系统semiconductor 半导体electronic spark timing（EST）电子点火正时ignition control（IC)点火控制hight energy ignition（HEI）module 高能点火模块computer—controlled coilignition system 微机控制线圈点火系统electronic ignition（EI）电子点火distributorless ignitionsystem 无分电器点火系统ignition module 点火控制模块direct ignition system 直接点火系统cableless EI system 无高压线电子点火系统十四。

车轮系统 < English> Wheeling System轮毂 < English> Wheel Hub轮胎 < English> Tire轮胎汽门嘴 < English> Tire Valve轮圈 < English> Wheel Disk轮圈盖 < English> Wheel Cover车轮系统 < English> Wheeling System电装品 < English> Electrical Parts电瓶 < English> Battery中央门控 < English> Central Door Lock分电盘 < English> Distributor火星塞 < English> Spark Plug汽车用电子钟 < English> Digital Clock汽车音响 < English> Car Audio防盗器 < English> Car Burglar Alarm雨刷与雨刷连杆 < English> Wiper / Linkage保险丝座 < English> Fuse Seat保险丝 < English> Fuse洗涤壶 < English> Windshield Washer配线 < English> Wire Harness马达类 < English> Motor高压线组 < English> Ignition Cable喇叭 < English> Horn发电机(零件) < English> Alternator (ponents) 开关类 < English> Switch蜂鸣器 < English> Buzzer预热塞 < English> Glow Plug仪表 < English> bination Meter灯泡 < English> Bulb灯类 < English> Lamp点火线圈 < English> Ignition Coil继电器 < English> Relay倒车雷达 < English> Reverse Sensor电池充电器 < English> Battery Charger闪光器 < English> Flasher省电器 < English> Energy Saving Unit端子 < English> Terminal电动座椅装置 < English> Power Seat 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English> Roof Lining车窗升降摇柄 < English> Window Lifter Handle车窗升降机 < English> Window Lifter防水衬条 < English> Weather strip油量表 < English> Fuel Gauge门饰板 < English> Door Trim室内镜 < English> Room Mirror音响喇叭盖 < English> Speaker Cover(电动)座椅 < English> (Electric) Seat顶蓬 < English> Headlining烟灰缸 < English> Ashtray各类隔音垫 < English> All Kinds of Silencer饰板/饰条 < English> Garnish / Trim仪表饰板 < English> Instrument Panel Garnish遮阳板 < English> Sun visor压条 < English> Moulding点烟器 < English> Cigar Lighter备胎板 < English> Trim for Spare Tire天窗 < English> Sun Roof后置物板 < English> Rear Parcel Shelf后舱室饰板 < English> Rear Trunk Trim仪表板支架 < English> Instrumental Panel Mounting其它 < english> Others随车工具 < english> Tools千斤顶 < english> Jack尼龙绳、特多龙绳 < english> Nylon Rope生产、检测与涂装设备 < English> Production, Test & Painting Equipment各类孔盖 < English> Cap、Cover扣具 < English> Cargo Lash夹片、管束 < English> Clamp, Clip油土与基准模型 < english> Clay Model and Master Model油封 < english> Oil Seal门铰链 < english> Door Hinge故障标志 < english> Reflector玻璃类 < english> Glass修理业 < english> Repairing & Maintenance粉末冶金 < english> Powder Metallurgy轴承 < english> Bearing塑料件 < english> Plastic Parts隔热材 < english> Heat Insulator电子件 < english> Electrical Parts垫片类 < english> Seal、Gasket、Washer、Packing碳刷 < english> Carbon Brush管类 < english> Pipe, Hose, Tube铜套类 < english> Bushing弹簧 < english> Spring橡胶件 < english> Rubber Parts帮浦类 < english> Pump螺帽/螺栓/螺丝 < english> Nut/Bolt/Screw锻造件(加工) < english> Forging Parts (Processing)滤清器类 < english> Filter锁 < english> Lock镜类 < english> Mirror铸造件(加工) < english> Casting Parts (Processing)引擎盖铰链 < english> Hinge of Engine Hood行李箱铰链 < english> Hinge of Trunk Lid保险杆支撑 < english> Mount of BumperCAD/CAM车身设计 < english> CAD/CAM Car Body Design汽车清洁保养用品 < english> Cosmetics for Automobile涂料 < english> Paints合成木材 < english> Synthetic Wood电磁阀 < english> Solenoid Valve热水阀 < english> Heater Valve冷煤电磁阀 < english> Refrigerate Solenoid valve玻璃滑槽 < english> Glass Run双面胶带 < english> Acrylic Foam Tape触媒转换器缓冲绵 < english> Catalytic Converter Mate黑烟过滤器 < english> Diesel Particle Filter车用灭火器 < english> Extinguisher零组件用材料 < english> ponents Materials汽车用行动 < english> Car Hand-free Mobile Phone汽车保全系统 < english> Car Security System汽车导航系统 < english> Car Navigation System人造革 < english> Artificial Leather铭板 < english> Nameplate汽车用计算机 < english> Car puter无线电胎压侦测仪 < english> Wireless Tire Monitor汽车内装用牛皮 < english> Leather for Car Interior打蜡机 < english> Buffer (Car Polisher)金属外表处理(材料) < english> Metal Surface Treatment (Material)插接件 < english> Connector Clip胎压不足警示器 < english> Tire Low Pressure Indicator温度感应器 < english> Water Temperature Sensor油压感应器 < english> Oil Pressure Sensor机油 < english> Engine Oil自动变速箱油 < english> Automatic Transmission Oil油品添加剂 < english> Oil Additive热处理 < english> Heat Treatment传动件 < english> Transmission曲柄组 < english> Chainwheel & Crank飞轮 < english> Flywheel链条 < english> Chain变速杆 < english> Shift Lever变速器 < english> Derailleur电动自行车马达 < english> Electric Bicycle Motor电动自行车控制器 < english> Electric Bicycle Driver齿轮箱 < english> Gear Box车轮与剎车 < english> Wheel and Brake轮胎 < english> Tire夹式剎车器 < english> Caliper Brake快拆 < english> Quick Release花鼓 < english> Hub & Free Hub液压式剎车器 < english> Hydraulic Brake脚剎车器 < english> Coaster Brake碟式剎车器 < english> Disk Brake轮圈 < english> Rim辐条/辐帽 < english> Spoke/Nipple悬臂式剎车器 < english> Cantilever Brake控制拉线 < english> Control Cable剎车来令片 < english> Brake Lining Shoe配件 < english> Accessories铃 < english> Bell反光片 < English> Reflector水壶架 < English> Bottle Cage打气筒 < English> Floor Pump商标贴纸 < English> Sticker货架 < English> Luggage Carrier速度表 < English> Speed Meter车体打造(改装) < English> Car Body Building (Refitting)引擎 < english> Engine引擎波司 < english> Engine Bush引擎修理包 < english> Engine Gasket Kits引擎零件 < english> Engine Parts凸轮轴 < english> Camshaft凸轮轴链轮 < english> Sprocket Camshaft皮带X力器 < english> Tensioner曲轴 < english> Crankshaft曲轴皮带盘 < english> Crankshaft Pulley曲轴轴承片 < english> Crankshaft Bearing汽门 < english> Valve汽门座 < english> Valve Seat汽门摇臂 < english> Valve Arm汽门摇臂盖 < english> Rocker Cover汽门弹簧 < english> Valve Spring汽门导管 < english> Valve Guide汽缸头(盖) < english> Cylinder Head汽缸衬套 < english> Cylinder Liner汽缸体 < english> Cylinder Block波司垫片 < english> Washer活塞 < english> Piston活塞肖 < english> Piston Pin活塞环 < english> Piston Ring活塞衬套 < english> Piston Liner飞轮 < english> Flywheel飞轮环齿轮 < english> Ring Gear of Flywheel时规炼条/皮带 < english> Timing Chain/Belt连杆 < english> Connecting Rod连杆轴承片 < english> Connecting Rod Bearing摇臂轴 < english> Rocker Arm Shaft汽门锁 < english> Valve Cotter止推垫片 < english> Thrust Washer共鸣箱 < english> Resonator喷油嘴 < english> Injection Nozzle燃料系统 < english> Fueling System油箱 < english> Fuel Tank油箱浮筒 < english> Gauge Fuel Tank空气滤清器 < english> Air Cleaner空气滤清器盖 < english> Air Cleaner Cover空气滤清器导管 < english> Air Intake Tube空气滤蕊 < english> Air Cleaner Element消音器 < English> Exhaust Muffler排气歧管 < English> Exhaust Manifold排气管 < English> Exhaust Pipe进气歧管 < English> Intake Manifold节流阀 < English> Throttle Valve燃油管 < English> Fuel Pipe燃油帮浦 < English> Fuel Pump燃油滤清器 < English> Fuel Filter触媒转化器 < English> Catalytic Converter 柴油车黑烟净化器 < English> Diesel Particulate Filter 时规炼条/皮带外盖 < English> Timing Chain/Belt Cover 燃料系统 < English> Fueling System废气回收管 < English> EGR Tube冷却系统 < English> Cooling System水箱 < English> Radiator水管 < English> Water Hose水箱水管 < English> Radiator Hose水帮浦 < English> Water Pump水箱风扇 < English> Radiator Fan风扇 < English> Fan副水箱 < English> Auxiliary Radiator节温器 < English> Thermostat调节器 < English> Regulator水箱支架 < English> Radiator Mounting冷却系统 < English> Cooling SystemA/C风扇 < English> A/C Fan润滑系统 < English> Lubrication System油底壳 < English> Oil Pan自排车用滤油器 < English> Oil Filter for Automatic Transmission 机油尺 < English> Oil Level Gauge机油帮浦 < English> Oil Pump机油滤清器 < English> Oil Filter机油滤网 < English> Oil Strainer润滑系统 < English> Lubrication System机油尺导管 < English> Oil Level Gauge Tube空调系统 < English> Air-conditioning System冷气总成 < English> A/C Assembly冷气配管 < English> A/C Hose冷气导风管 < English> A/C Duct冷气压缩机 < English> A/C pressor冷凝器 < English> A/C Condenser暖气总成 < English> Heater Assembly鼓风机 < English> Blower Assembly蒸发器 < English> Evaporator冷媒管 < English> A/C Pipe储液瓶 < English> A/C Receiver空调相关零件 < english> A/C Related ponents空气清净机 < english> Air Purifier空调滤网 < english> A/C Filter空调系统 < english> Air-conditioning System提速器 < english> Actuator车身钣金件 < english> Body & Stamping Parts引擎支撑 < english> Engine Mounting引擎盖 < english> Engine Hood车身 < english> Car Body车门 < english> Door Panel车顶板 < english> Roof底盘与其另件 < english> Chassis and Related Parts底盘车架 < english> Frame门框 < english> Sash保险杆 < english> Bumper钣金件 < english> Stamping Parts叶子板 < english> Fender横梁 < english> Cross Member行李箱盖 < english> Trunk Lid车柱 < english> Pillar车身钣金件 < english> Body & Stamping Parts支架 < english> Bracket补强板 < english> Reinforcement Plate底盘系统 < english> Chassis System下臂 < english> Lower Arm上臂 < english> Upper Arm手剎车拉柄 < english> Parking Brake Lever支柱总成 < english> Strut Assembly方向盘 < english> Steering Wheel比例阀 < english> Proportional Valve主轴、副轴 < english> Mainshaft / Countershaft平衡杆 < english> Stabilizer Bar扭力杆 < english> Torsion Bar剎车分泵 < english> Brake Cylinder剎车来令片 < english> Brake Lining Shoe剎车油管(软) < english> Brake Hose剎车油管(硬) < english> Brake Tube剎车真空倍力器 < english> Brake Vacuum Booster剎车总泵 < english> Brake Master Cylinder后轴总成 < english> Rear Axle Assembly动力方向系统 < english> Power Steering System动力转向油管 < english> Power Steering Hose动力转向帮浦 < english> Power Steering Pump控制拉线 < english> Control Cable排档杆 < english> Shift Lever排档头 < english> Knob球形接头 < english> Ball Joint等速接头 < english> C.V. Joint传动轴 < english> Propeller Shaft叶片弹簧 < english> Leaf Spring鼓、碟式剎车器 < english> Drum / Disc Brake Assembly 鼓式剎车盘 < english> Brake Drum碟式剎车盘 < english> Brake Disc辅助气囊 < english> Air Bag踏板 < english> Pedal齿轮 < english> Gear横拉杆接头 < english> Tie-Rod End螺旋弹簧 < english> Coil Spring避震器 < english> Shock Absorber转向连杆 < english> Steering Linkage转向节臂 < english> Knuckle转向齿轮箱 < english> Steering Gear Box转向机柱 < english> Steering Column转向总成 < english> Steering Assembly离合器分泵 < english> Clutch Cylinder离合器片 < english> Clutch Disc离合器外壳 < english> Clutch Case离合器总成 < english> Clutch Assembly离合器总泵 < english> Clutch Master Cylinder离合器释放轴承 < english> Clutch Release Bearing变速箱 < english> Transmission Box变速箱外壳 < english> Transmission Case曳力杆 < english> Trailing Arm避震器前后活塞杆 < english> Piston Rod of Front and Rear Shock Absorber 底盘系统 < english> Chassis System自排变速箱修理包 < english> Automatic Transmission Gasket Kits齿条 < english> Gear Rack剎车真空管 < english> Brake Boost Vacuum Tube。

BENZ 奔驰汽车缩略语2E－E 电子化油器4MATIC 全自动控制四轮驱动车4MATIC 四轮驱动车A/C(Automatic) 自动恒温空调A/C(Tempmatic) 温度恒温空调AB 安全气囊ABS 防抱制动ABW 电脑测距警告装置ADA 大气压力全负荷阻挡器ADM 自动调光式後视镜ADS 最佳避震系统（电脑）AG 自动变速箱AIR 二次喷气系统AKR 防爆震控制系统（传感器）ALDA 进气歧管压力补偿器AP 油门踏板ARF 废气再循环系统AS 天线装置ASA 自动白天/ 夜晚调整镜ASD 自动防锁差速系统ASD 自动锁定防滑差速器ASR 防滑驱动控制系统AT 自动变速箱ATA 防盗装置ATS 自动天线系统BA 倒车辅助警告装置BARO 绝对压力传感器BCAPC 绝对压力式进气压力补偿BDC 下止点BF 前乘客BLS 倒车灯开关BLS（NC）倒车灯开关（常闭型）BLS（NO）倒车灯开关（常开型）BM 鼓风机马达,基本模组BPC 绝对压力补偿BR 棕色BU 蓝色CA 关门辅助机构CAN 控制电脑区域网路（电脑连线）CC 定速控制器CCM 总合控制模组CDC CD 换片机CDW CD 主机CF 特殊便利装备CFI 连续式电子喷射CKA 曲轴转角CKP 曲轴转角传感器CL 中控锁CLUS 电子仪表版CMP 凸轮轴转角传感器CNS 通讯及导航系统CODE 码CST 软顶式敞篷车CTP 节气门全闭（怠速）CTU 集中触控器CV 敞篷车可掀软顶DFA 速度信号输出DH 电子诊断手册DI 分电盘式直接点火DIAG 诊断接头DIAGN 诊断接头DM 诊断模组DTC 故障码EA 电子油门EAG 电子控制自动变速箱EBR 引擎制动调节ECL 冷却液位ECT 冷却水温传感器EDC 电子柴油控制系统EDR 电子柴油调节系统EDS 电子柴油系统EDW 防盗警报装置2E－E 强力化油器EFP 电子油门踏板EGR 废气再循环系统EIFI 电子式管路喷射系统ELR 电子怠速控制器ELV 电子转向柱调整EMSC 电子镜，转向柱调整及加温镜ENR 电子水平控制系统EPC 电子动力系统控制EPH 驻车辅助装置ERE 电子直线式柴油喷射系统ESA 电动座椅调整ESC 电子火花控制器、电子转向机柱调整ESCM 引擎系统控制模组ESL 电子调整式镜子及方向柱ESP 电子安定程式ESV 电动调整座椅ETC 电子自动变速箱控制ETR 紧急收缩式安全带ETS 电子循迹控制EV AP EEC净化碳罐电磁阀系统EVE 电子分配式柴油喷射系统EZL 电子点火正时调整式点火系统FA 司机FFS 大梁底盘制FP 油泵FSA ＋免调整喇叭正线FSA －免调整喇叭负线GDB 调节差压式刹车GES 车速信号GIM 调节波形法GM 通用模组（或电脑）GN 绿色GY 灰色GUB 双门跑车GUB 安全带拉伸器GUS 安全带张力器HAL 後轴转向装置HAU 标准暖气装置（欧规）HAU 自动暖气控制系统HCS 大灯清洁系统HFS 免动手制HHT 手提型轻便测试机HK 车身高度补正装置HPF 气压式悬挂HS 不易起动HZS 行李厢盖辅助锁IAT 进气温度传感器IC 仪表板IDC 点火诊断用接头IFI 电子柴油直接喷射系统IFZ 红外线遥控中控锁IND 指示灯INTERV 间歇雨刷IR 红外线控制系统IRCL 红外线控制中控锁ISC 怠速控制器IV 输入阀KA 机械式喷射电脑KAF 气电式後座枕控制KAF 收缩式後座枕KAT 触媒转换器KE 机械/电子控制燃油喷射CIS-EKFB 悬挂弹性控制系统KFB 电动窗中央便利控制装置KI 电子仪表板总成KLA 自动恒温控制KS 敲缸传感器KSK 控制接点KSS 爆震控制系统KU ＋离合器＋KU －离合器－KW 曲轴转角传感器LA 灯光输出（预热继电器）LED G 绿色回馈LEDLED R 红色回馈LEDLF 左前LH 热线式空气流量计喷射LH－SFI 热线式空气流量计－顺序式喷射系统LHS 左方向盘LL 左方向盘驾驶LLR 怠速控制LS 喇叭装置LS 动力辅助方向盘LSA 扬声器装置LSK 怠速安全接点M ＋马达正M －马达负MAF 空气流量传感器MAP 进气歧管绝对压力测试器MAS 引擎系统电脑盒MB－ISO 诊断接头ME－SFI ME 顺序式多点喷射及点火系统MF 多功能预混合及点火系统MG 手动变速箱MIL 引擎故障警告灯MOT 马达MSK 节气门开启安全接点MSR 减速断油/防爆装置MSR 引擎磨擦扭力控制系统MT 手动变速箱MUTE 收音机MUTE信号MV A 歧管真空辅助机构N 空档NR 水平调节控制NV 低压缩比O2S 含氧传感器OBD 自我诊断OC 触媒转换器OSB 座椅扶手OSL 调整式靠背OT 上止点OV 输出阀P 停车档P＋电位计＋参考信号P－电位计－参考信号PA 停车辅助机构PARK SW. 手刹车开关PK 粉色PL 电动锁PLA 气压式怠速提升PML 电脑控制油压调整式转向系统PMP 进气歧管部份加温器PMS 压力感应式喷射/点火系统PNP 空档安全开关POS 位置PS 动力转向压力PSE 自动控制真空PSV 进气歧管部份预热装置PWM 电子波形RA 修护手册RAF 氧化抑制器RAF 油烟燃尽过滤器RB 防滚杆RCL 遥控中控锁RD 红色RD 收音机RDK 胎压指示器RDU 胎压监视器REST 引擎余热再利用RF 右前RFH 冷车冒烟控制系统RFH 倒车辅助装置RHR 调整式後座枕RHS 加温式後座椅RIV 参考脉波RIV 调速脉频控制程序RL 右侧驾驶RPM 每分钟转速RR 右後RRE 旅行电脑RS 防撞系统RST 软顶敞篷车RTG 调整式行李厢把手RTN 回路RTR 遥控行李厢释放RUF 触媒转换器改良板RUF 应答式装置RV 双座敞篷轿车软顶RX 接收信号S 屏敝线S ＋B 设定－加速S －B 设定－减速SA 选择特殊配备SBE 安全带控制器SHI 辅助关门系统SIF 後加温座椅SIH 加温式座椅SLO 起动锁定SMS 维修微缩胶片SOV 电磁阀SPS 速度感应式电动转向机构SR 滑动/顶升天窗SRA 大灯清洗系统SRS 安全气囊SRU 进气歧管真空增量SS 车速传感器STH 车内温度调节系统STH 辅助加热器SW 开关T 温度输入（预热继电器）TAU 自动温控（空调）系统TB 节气门本体TC 涡轮增压机TCM 自动变速箱电脑盒TD 转速讯号TDC 上止点TELE 伸缩管TIC 电晶体式电子点火控制TK 车门接点TN 转速信号TNA 引擎RPM信号TPM 定速器TRAP 氧化器TRU 发射接收器TS 拖车传感器宝马中英文对照缩写英文中文AG Automatic Transmission 自动变速箱(AT)DK Throttle Valve 节气门(TV)DME Digital Motor Electronics 数字式引擎控制电脑DW A Burglar Alarm 防盗警报系统EGS Electronic Transmission Control 电子变速箱控制系统(EAT) EKP Electric Fuel Pump 电动油泵(FP)EV Fuel Injector 喷油嘴HG Manual Transmission 手动变速箱(MT)KD Kick Down 强迫降档KW Crankshaft 曲轴LL Idle Speed 怠速LLS Idle Speed Control 怠速空气控制阀(IAC) LMM Mass Air Flow 空气流量表(MAF) MF Microfilm 微缩胶片MV Solenoid 电磁阀(SV)NW Camshaft 凸轮轴RxD Diagnosing Sensing Line 自诊闪码电路TD Speed Signal Once Each Ignition 点火信号(CPS)TE Tank Venting 活性碳罐电磁阀(EEC) TI Injection Time 喷射电子脉波宽度TL Partial Load 部份负荷TL Load Signal 负荷信号TR Speed Signal per Revolution 转速信号(CKP)TD Diagnosing Data Line 自诊输入触发电路SG Control Unit 电脑盒U-batt Battery Voltage 电瓶供电电压(BU,BV)U-vers Power Supply 系统供应电源(PW)VL Full Load 全负荷OBC On-Board Computer 随车自诊电脑RPS Rollover Protection System 翻车防护装置EML Electronic Engine Power Control 电子引擎功率控制LKM 灯泡烧毁监控器TSH 中控锁自动加温系统FH 中控电动镜ZV 中控锁系统SM/SPM 电动椅/电动镜记忆系统SHD 电控天窗SRA 大灯清洗器K/CC 仪表资讯简易自诊IB 车内灯光控制器IHKR-F3 电脑恒温系统宝马仪表显示故障清单DISPLAY （显示）CHINESE (中文)BRAKE PRESSURE 刹车压力过低BRAKE FLUID LOW 刹车液过少ENGINE OIL PRESSURE 机油压力过低，马上停车COOLANT TEMP 发动机水温高，马上停车TRANS PROGRAM 变速器故障，请立即停车BRAKE LINNINGS 刹车片过薄或刹车感应线损坏ENGINE OIL LOW 机油过少，检查机油量COOLANT LEVEL 冷却水/防冻液过少，可在冷车时自行加入OIL LEVEL SENSOR 机油感应塞需更换HAND LEVEL SENSOR 手刹车自动工作或手刹车未松在工作中NO BRAKE ON 刹车灯的保险丝或灯泡坏了BRAKE LIGHT 刹车灯的保险丝或灯泡坏了SUSPENSION LEVELLINO 水平调节系统出现问题WASHER FLUID LOW 玻璃水过少，可适量加入DOOR OPEN 门未关好DIP BEAM 远光灯泡坏LOW BEAM 近光灯泡坏SIDE LIGHT 边灯灯泡坏TAIL LIGHT 尾灯灯泡坏F/FOG LIGHT 前雾灯不工作F/FOG LIGHT 后雾灯不工作LIC PLATE LIGHT 牌照灯不工作P.A.S.FLUID 方向机油过少CHECK CONTROL 检测控制单元或控制单元故障OWNER’S BOOK (MANUAL) 请查阅用户手册FASTEN BELT 请系上安全带KEY IN IGNITION 钥匙在点火开关上未拔TRUNK LID OPEN 后备箱盖未关严注意：如果显示上方红色部份内容，请立即与维修站联系。