语法专题四：非谓语动词

高考英语语法专题非谓语动词[语境中体悟用法]朗读下面短文，体会、领悟加黑部分是哪类非谓语动词，在句中作什么成分。

Good afternoon, Ladies and Gentlemen. It is a great honor for me to introduce①this English speech contest. As we all know, to master②a foreign language is very important for us. Taking part in③an English speech contest is a helpful way to learn④English. Everyone wants to show⑤their best. When we have been preparing for it, we can improve our listening and speaking⑥ability, developing⑦a good habit of learning⑧English.In the process of the competition, you should pay attention to the rules made⑨by us. First, you should make yourvoice heard⑩clearly by everyone, so reading aloud⑪is very necessary. Second, you should try your best to express⑫yourself in English fluently. Finally, you should finish your speech in five minutes.I am sure the English speech competition will be a great success and the audience will feel satisfied⑬with our performance. Thank you![用法体悟]①to introduce this English speech contest是不定式短语作真正的主语，it是形式主语。

非谓语动词doing讲解与练习非谓语含义：由动词变形而来，不能充当谓语，但可以充当句子的其他成分。

结构：1.doing 否定not doing 被动：being done2.having done 否定：not having done 被动：having been done一．主语、表语例句：Learning English well is quite important for us.（主）Seeing is believing.（主）（表）Having known him for 20 years made me always believe him.（主）The boy’s not having done the assignment made his father lose his temper.What worried the child most was his not being allowed to visit his mother in the hospital.【归纳】1.doing结构作为主语时，谓语动词多用第三人称单数的形式。

2.doing作为主语通常表示习惯性或经常性的动作3.Having done强调已经完成的动作对现在造成了影响，多和for+时间段一起连用。

4.doing作为主语或表语时，前面接形容词进行修饰。

【拓展】句型It(形式主语) is no use\no good\fun\worthwhile\uselessa hard job\hard work\a waste of time doing…真正主语.【巩固练习】1.It's no use _______(spend)_so much money on clothes.2. I don't think it's much good __________(tell) to him.3.Your __________(fail)the exam will disappoint your parents.4.___________(expose) to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one's skin.5.The president’s __________(attend) the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.二．宾语位置：放在及物动词或介词之后（1）常见动词口诀2)need, require, want, deserve(应得)+doing=to be done.（以物作为主语）3)在excuse, forgive, pardon+形容词性物主代词+doing或者+宾格+for doing。

非谓语用法总结一、非谓语动词的含义非谓语动词首先是一种动词形式，其次是这种动词形式不能做谓语，综合这两点，我们将其叫做非谓语动词。

二、非谓语动词的形式非谓语动词包含四种形式,即不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。

其中,每种形式按照发生时间和主被动又包括不同的子形式。

具体如下：1.不定式（1）基本形式：to do 表示主动，并且一般表示将来（2）被动式：to be done 表示被动,并且一般表示将来(3）进行式:to be doing 表示主动和进行（4)完成时:to have done 表示主动和完成（5）完成被动式：to have been done 表示被动和完成（6）完成进行式：to have been doing 表示主动和完成进行2。

动名词（1）基本形式：doing 表示主动（2）被动式：being done 表示被动（3)完成式：having done 表示主动和完成（4）完成被动式：having been done 表示被动和完成3.现在分词（1）基本形式：doing 表示主动和进行（2）被动式：being done 表示被动和进行(3）完成式：having done 表示主动和完成（4)完成被动式：having been done 表示被动和完成4.过去分词(1）done，及物动词的过去分词表示被动或完成；（2）不及物动词的过去分词表示主动或完成三、专题要点非谓语动词和独立主格结构主要用法如下:1。

动名词和动词不定式作主语、宾语；2。

只跟动名词作宾语的动词或动词短语;3.只跟动词不定式作宾语的常见动词；4.既可以跟动名词又可以跟动词不定式作宾语，且意义不同的动词或短语；5。

不定式、现在分词、过去分词作宾语补足语的区别；6。

不定式、现在分词、过去分词作定语时的区别；7。

不定式、现在分词、过去分词作状语时的区别；8。

动名词的复合结构在句中作状语；9.there be 结构的两种非谓语形式；10.独立主格结构在句中作状语；11。

强化动词篇专题四非谓语动词卷别主语&宾语定语状语补语&表语2023 新Ⅰ57.to bite61.to be lifted59.recognized65.wanting （主补）新Ⅱ60.visiting甲66.intended61.to teach（目的）65.borrowing（伴随）乙68.recording 62.built 66.Having visited2022 新Ⅰ56.Covering（伴随）59.to increase（目的）新Ⅱ56.falling 59.to see（目的）甲61.to journey63.held70.planning（伴随）乙66.shared68.To strengthen（目的）69.inviting（伴随）浙江57.to do（宾补）2021 新Ⅰ63.aching新Ⅱ57.thinking（伴随）58.to educate（目的）甲63.to walk（it作形式主语）64.spending乙67.visiting 70.to have浙江63.to plant（目的）2020 新Ⅰ63.walking（宾补）新Ⅱ56.to begin（it作形式主语）Ⅰ66.to find（目的）Ⅱing 68.to care65.decorated（宾补）Ⅲ67.to find69.surrounding（宾补）浙江60.to change63.making（伴随）2019Ⅰ67.noting 64.to perform Ⅱ61.being65.to retire68.sayingⅢ62.to get（it作形式主语）70.listening（伴随）浙江63.to wear考向1非谓语动词作主语和宾语[全国卷5年12考]1.[2023 全国乙，68]As a photographer， I have spent the last two years recording （record） everything I discovered.2.[2022浙江1月，65] That approach brought Cobb’s air travel last year down by 75％， and she plans to continue（continue） the practice.3.[2021全国甲，63]It is possible to walk（walk） or bike the entire 14 kilometers.全国卷语法填空对于非谓语动词作主语或宾语的考查主要涉及：1.it作形式主语/宾语时，v-ing或不定式作真正的主语/宾语；2.v-ing在介词或某些动词（短语）后作宾语；3.不定式在某些动词（短语）后作宾语。

专题04 高频语法之非谓语动词与语法填空（原卷版）一、非谓语动词1. 思维导图2. 高考真题再现一、2022年高考真题1.（2022新高考I卷）__________ (cover)an area about three times the size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country.2.（2022新高考I卷）The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that were previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority ___________ (increase)effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.3.（2022全国甲卷）A visually-challenged man from Beijing recently hiked (徒步) 40 days to Xi’an, as a first step ___________ (journey) the Belt and Road route (路线) by foot.4（2022全国甲卷）Inspired by the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation ___________ (hold) in Beijing, Cao decided to cover the route by hiking as a tribute (致敬) to the ancient Silk Road.5（2022全国甲卷）He flew 4, 700 kilometers from Xi’an to Kashgar on Sept. 20, __________ (plan) to hike back to Xi’an in five months.6（2022全国乙卷）__________ (strengthen)the connection with young people, the event included a number of public promotional activities on social media, __________ (invite) twenty-nine tea professionals from around the world to havethirty-six hours of uninterrupted live broadcasts.7.（2022年新高考2卷）Henry Tyler made the catch of the year on the weekend. When he saw a young child hanging from a sixth-floor apartment balcony (阳台), Henry ran one hundred metres, jumped over a 1. 2-metre fence, and held out his arms to catch the ___36___ (fall) child.8.（2022年新高考2卷）Eric woke up a little later when he heard children playing outside. He pushed a chair onto the balcony, and climbed up ___39___ (see) them.二、2021年高考真题1.（2021.6新高考1卷语法填空）Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain, still it highlights the whole adventure and offers a place where you can sit down to rest your 8 (ache) legs.2.（2021.6全国甲卷语法填空）It is possible 3 (walk) or bike the entire 14 kilometers.3.（2021.6全国甲卷语法填空）After 4 (spend) some time looking at all the defensive equipment at the wall, we decided it was time for some action and what better than to ride on a piece of history!4.（2021.6全国乙卷语法填空）Minimize the impact of 7 (visit) the place.5.（2021.6全国乙卷语法填空）Activitithere range from whale watching to hiking （远足）and accommodations aim 10 (have) a low impact on the natural environment.6.（2021.6 浙江卷语法填空）Mary's sister, Frances Todd Wallace, often came over 8 (plant) flowers in the front yard.7.（2021.1 浙江卷语法填空）In 1985, urban men and women in more than three quarters of the countries 7 (study) had higher BMIs than men and women in rural areas.8.（2021.1 浙江卷语法填空）This may be due to some disadvantages for people 9 (live) in the countryside, including lower levels of income and education, higher costs of healthy foods, and fewer sports facilities.三、2020年高考真题1.（2020·新课标I卷语法填空）Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Chang’e-4 66．(find) and study areas of the South Pole-Aitken basin.2. （2020·新课标II卷语法填空）They represent the earth 63．(come) back to life and best wishes for new beginnings.3. （2020·新课标II卷语法填空）They make great gifs and you see them many times 65．(decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.4. （2020·新课标II卷语法填空）They are easy 68．(care) for and make great presents.5.（2020·新课标III卷语法填空）The next morning he hired a boat and set out 67．(find) the well-known painter.6.（2020·新课标III卷语法填空）And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds69．(surround) the mountain tops, he was reduced to tears.7.(2020·山东新高考语法填空) As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations (模拟) and imagine themselves (they) living at a different time in history or 43．(walk)through a rainforest.8. (2020·浙江卷语法填空) Agriculture gave people their first experience of the power of technology 60．(change)lives.9.(2020·浙江卷语法填空)Later，they learned to work with the seasons (season)，planting at the right time and，in dry areas，63．(make)use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉)their fields.四、2019年高考真题1.【2019·新课标I卷·语法填空】Modem methods ___of__ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive ___64___ (perform) consistently over a large area.2.【2019·新课标I卷·语法填空】Scientists have responded by ___67___ (note) that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements,…3.【2019·新课标II卷·语法填空】A 90-year-old has been awarded“Woman Of The Year”for ___61___ (be)Britain's oldest full-time employee-still working 40 hours a week.4.【2019·新课标II卷·语法填空】Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award，proud Irene ___declared__(declare) she had no plans ___65___ (retire) from her 36-year-old business.5.【2019·新课标II卷·语法填空】When we got a call ___68___ (say)she was short-listed，we thought it was ___a__ joke.6.【2019·新课标III卷·语法填空】On our way to the house，it was raining ___so__ hard that we couldn't help wondering how long it would take ___62___ (get)there.7.【2019·新课标III卷·语法填空】On the last day of our week-long stay，we _were invited__(invite)to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars，___70___ (listen)to musicians and meeting interesting locals.8.【2019·浙江卷·语法填空】When the children are walking or ___59___ (cycle) to school on dark mornings,…9.【2019·浙江卷·语法填空】But some students didn't want ___63___ (wear) the uniform.10.【2019·北京卷·语法填空】Nervously ___2___ (face) challenges, I know I will whisper to _myself_(I) the two simple words “Be yourself”.11.【2019·北京卷·语法填空】Earth Day，___4___(mark)on 22 April，is an annual event aiming to raise public awareness about environmental protection.五、2018年高考真题1.【2018·新课标I卷·语法填空】You don’t have to run fast or for long 62 (see) the benefit. You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of 63 (die) early by running.2.【2018·新课标II卷·语法填空】Another reason for corn's rise: The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice ___64___ (improve) water quality.3.【2018·新课标III卷·语法填空】I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid ____64____(look) directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel____65____(challenge).4.【2018·浙江卷·语法填空】I still remember 59 (visit) a friend who’d lived here for five years and I(shock) when I learnt she hadn’t cooked once in all that time.3. 考试技巧语法填空解题策略1. 巧记三种非谓语动词作状语的基本区别(1)若非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是主动关系, 且正在进行, 要想到用现在分词形式(doing);(2)若非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是被动关系, 且表完成, 要想到用过去分词形式(done);(3)若非谓语动词表将来的动作, 作状语表示目的, 在喜怒哀乐的形容词后作原因或意料之外的结果等, 要想到用不定式形式(to do)。

英语非谓语动词考点3篇不积跬步，无以至千里;不积小流，无以成江海。

对于考试而言，每天进步一点点，基础扎实一点点，通过考试就会更容易一点点。

下面是小编给大家带来的英语非谓语动词考点，欢迎大家阅读参考，我们一起来看看吧!中考英语：非谓语动词一、利用主动和被动关系这里说的主动与被动关系，指的是非谓语动词所表示的动作与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系还是被动关系。

若是主动关系，非谓语动词就用主动式;若是被动关系，非谓语动词就用被动式。

下面分三类举例说明：1. 涉及不定式的主动与被动式(1) I feel greatly honored _________ into their society.A. to welcomeB. welcomingC. to be welcomedD. welcomed答案为C。

be (feel) honored后习惯上接不定式，故可排除B和D;又因为I与welcome之间为被动关系，故用不定式的被动式。

(2) The message is very important, so it is supposed _________ as soon as possible. (陕西卷)A. to be sentB. to sendC. being sentD. sending答案为A。

be supposed后习惯上不接动名词，而接不定式，其意为“应该做某事”，故可排除C和D;又因为“消息”与“传达”之间为被动关系，故用被动式。

2. 涉及动名词的主动与被动式At the beginning of class, the noise of desks _________ could be heard outside the classroom. (全国II)A. opened and closedB. to be opened and closedC. being opened and closedD. to open and close答案为C。

2020年初升高英语无忧衔接第二章语法知识衔接专题四:非谓语动词解析版一、根据具体语境，选择正确答案。

1.My mother asks me ________ puter games before finishing my homework.A. not to playB. not playC. to not playD. not playing【答案】A【解析】本题考查动词不定式。

句意：妈妈要求我在写完家庭作业之前不能玩电脑游戏。

ask 问，要求，它的句型是ask sb. to do sth.让某人做某事；这个句型的否定形式应该在动词不定式的前面加not，意思是让某人不要去做某事。

故选A项。

2.The parents encouraged their daughter ________ her English.A. improvingB. to improveC. improvedD. improves【答案】B【解析】本题考查动词不定式。

句意：父母鼓励她提高她的英语。

encourage sb to do sth鼓励某人做某事。

故选B项。

3.The traffic signs warn people after drinking.A. to driveB. not to driveC. drivingD. don't drive【答案】B【解析】本题考查动词不定式。

句意：交通标志警示人们不要酒后驾车。

warn sb. to do sth警告某人干某事。

后跟带to的不定式作宾语补足语；warn sb. not to do sth警告某人不要干某事；否定后面的不定式，在不定式符号to前面加not: not to do sth.故选B项。

4.It ________ her four hours ________ the work yesterday.A. cost; finishB. spent; finishedC. took; finishingD. took; to finish【答案】D【解析】本题考查动词不定式和固定句式。

【专题四】语法考点归纳4（非谓语动词、状语从句）非谓语动词考点归纳1．非谓语动词在句子中，不能作谓语，而是担任其他语法功能，包括动词不定式、动词的-ing形式和过去分词。

2．非谓语动词有时态和语态的变化，如下表：3．区别动词不定式、动词的-ing形式和过去分词的方法：第一，从动作发生的时间上区别。

不定式表示的动作多发生在将来；动词的-ing形式表示的动作正在进行；过去分词表示的动作已完成。

第二，从主动和被动上区别。

非谓语动词通常都有一个逻辑主语，若非谓语动词所表示的动作和逻辑主语之间构成主谓关系，通常用不定式或动词的-ing形式；若构成动宾关系，则用过去分词。

动词不定式一, 不定式所作的成分1. 作主语不定式短语作主语时, 往往放在谓语之后, 用it作形式主语. 例如:It is right to give up smoking.戒烟是对的1.作宾语动词不定式做宾语时, 如果还带有宾语补足语, 往往把不定式放在宾语补足语之后, 而用it作形式宾语. 例如:I find it interesting to work with him.我感觉和他一起工作很有趣.2.作宾语补足语在see, hear, watch, feel, notice, observe, make, let, have, listen to, look at等词后的补足语中, 不定式不带to. 但是这些句子如果变成被动结构, 就必须带to. 例如:I often hear him sing the songHe is often heard to sing the song我经常听到他唱这首歌.注意: 动词不定式在介词but, except, besides后面时, 如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式, 那么, 这些介词后的不定式不带to, 否则要带to. 例如:She could do nothing but cry.她别无办法只好哭了.What do you like to do besides swim?除了游泳你还想干什么?I have no choice but to go我别无选择只好走.3.作定语(1)动词不定式作定语时, 往往和其所修饰的名词间为逻辑上的动宾关系; 作定语的动词不定式如果是不及物动词, 动词不定式后面须加相应的介词, 介词由与其搭配的名词来确定. 例如:He is looking for a room to live in.他在找房间住下There is nothing to worry about.这没什么好担心的Please give me a knife to cut with.给我把刀子切东西.但是不定式所修饰的名词如果是time, place或way, 不定式后面的介词习惯省去.例如:He had no money and no place to live.他没有钱也没有地方住(2)当不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时, 不定式既可以用主动语态也可以用被动语态,但是其含义有所不同. 比较:Have you anything to send?你有东西要寄吗?Have you anything to be send?你有什么要寄的东西吗?4.作状语动词不定式作状语表示目的, 原因, 结果或条件. 例如:I came here to see you. (目的)我来这里看你.We were very excited to hear the news. (原因)听到这个消息我们很激动.He hurried to the school to find nobody there. (结果)他匆忙来到学校结果发现一个人也没有.To look at him, you would like him. (条件)看到他, 你就会喜欢他.注意: 不定式还可以在作表语用的形容词后作状语. 例如:I am glad to hear it.听到这个, 我很高兴The question is difficult to answer.这个问题很难回答.二. 疑问词+不定式不定式和疑问词who, which, when, where, how, what等连用, 在句中起名词作用, 可充当主语, 表语, 宾语等. 例如:He didn’t know what to say. (宾语)他不知道说什么好.注意: 在与why连用时, 只用在why或why not开头的简短疑问句中, 后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to.例如:Why not have a rest?为什么不休息一会呢?三.不定式的主动形式与被动形式动词不定式在句中用主动式还是被动式, 多数情况是容易辨别的, 但是有时的确比较复杂, 请注意以下几点:(1) 动词不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时, 不定式常用主动形式. 例如:Have you got a key to unlock the door?你有打开门的钥匙吗?(2) 不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系, 又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时, 不定式常用主动形式. 例如:I have got a letter to write. (I write a letter.)我有一封信要写.He needs a room to live in. (He lives in a room.)他需要一个房间住着.(3)不定式作表语形容词的状语, 和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时, 不定式多用主动形式, 这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省略了for one或for people. 例如:He is hard to talk to. (to talk to him)和他说话很难但如果强调句中的受事者, 也可用不定式的被动式. 例如His handwriting is very difficult to be read.他的书写很难认.(4)在“there+be”结构中, 当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时, 不定式用主动形式, 如果说话人强调的是事情本身必须完成, 则用被动形式. 例如:There is a lot of work to do. (=Somebody has to do the work.)There is a lot of work to be done. (=The work has to be done.)动词-ing形式动词的-ing形式是动词的一种非谓语形式, 由动词原形加-ing构成, 包括-ing分词和-ing动名词. 可以在句子中用作主语, 表语, 宾语, 宾语补足语, 状语和定语.一.作主语1.一般形式Seeing is believing眼见为实.Coming to Hangzhou by train takes about 16 hours.乘火车到杭州要16个小时.2.通常为了避免句子主语过于冗长, 用it作形式主语. 例如:It’s nice talking with you和你谈话很高兴.It’s no use arguing with him.跟他争论没用.3.“There+ be+ no+-ing” 结构, 此结构的意义相当于”It’s impossible+不定式. 例如:There is no harm in doing so.这样做没有害处二.作表语动词的-ing可用来作标语. 例如:This food smells inviting.这种食物香味怡人.My Favorite sport is swimming.我最喜欢的运动是游泳.Their job is cleaning the window.他们的工作是打扫窗子.注意: 不定式同样可以作句子的主语和表语, 所表达的意义也非常接近, 但两者也有一定的区别: 一般说来, 动词-ing多表示一般行为和状态, 而不定式则强调具体某次动作以及将来要发生的动作.三.作宾语1.动词的-ing形式可以用作动词, 短语动词和介词的宾语. 例如:I warned her against driving fast.Jim dislikes eating chocolate.2.有些动词和动词短语后接动词的-ing形式作宾语, 常见的这类词有admit, acknowledge, advise,appreciate, avoid, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, excuse, escape, fancy, finish, forgive, face, endure, involve, give up, imagine, mind, miss, pardon, practice, require, resent, resist, suggest, recall, resist, understand 等. 例如:The doctor advised taking more exercise.医生建议多锻炼.I suggest doing it in a different way.我建议用不同的方法做这件事.3.大部分“动词+介词”的短语动词, 只能后接动词-ing形式作宾语. 这些动词短语有think of, give up,aim at, put off, insist on, persist in, be good at, do well in, can’t help, keep on, leave off, feel like, be tired (afraid, capable, fond) of, set about等.以下以to作介词的短语有be used to, object to, devote oneself to, stick to, respond to, look forward to, see to, submit to, adapt to, apply to, accede to, get to, prefer to, adjust to, owe to, react to等. 例如:Do you feel like having a drink?你想喝点饮料吗?I prefer swimming to playing basketball.我喜欢游泳胜于打篮球.4.有些动词既可能带-ing分词坐宾语, 也可以带to不定式作宾语, 但在语意上却有很大的差别.(1). Chance to do碰巧去做某事; chance doing冒险试一试做某事.(2). Forget to do忘记要去做某事; forget doing忘记曾做过谋事(3). Go on to do接着又做另一件事; go on doing继续做同一件事(4). Remember to do记得要去做某事; remember doing记得曾做过某事(5). Stop to do停下来去做某事; stop doing停止做某事(6). Try to do努力做某事; try doing试一试做某事(7). Regret to do对将要做的事表示遗憾; regret doing对做过的事表示遗憾(8). Mean to do打算/ 想做某事; mean doing意味着/ 意思是做某事5. need, want, require其后必须用动词-ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式做宾语, 表示事情需要做. 例如:sth. need/ require/ want doing=to be donesth. be worth doingsth. be worthy of being done= be worthy to be done四.作宾补这种用法通常用在下列几类动词中, 后接宾语然后加上-ing分词, 构成复合宾语结构, -ing分词充当宾补成分.1.表示感觉和心理状态的动词, 如see, hear, feel, find, smell, watch, find, listen to, look at, notice, observe等.There we found him watching TV.我们发现他在那儿看电视.I heard someone knocking at the door.我听见有人在敲门.2.在有些动词(如regard, describe, accept, think of, quote等)之后, 可由as引出-ing分词词组做宾补.They regarded the contract as being invalid.他们认为合同无效.They described the child as being very clever.他们描述这个孩子非常聪明.3.使役动词, 如set, keep, have, get, leave, catch等. 例如:Can you get my watch going again?你能使我的表再走起来吗?This sets me thinking这使我思考.五.作状语-ing分词作状语表示在进行一动作的同时所进行的另一动作, 它对谓语动词起修饰和陪衬的作用. 分词作状语可以表示时间, 原因, 条件, 让步, 结果, 方式或伴随情况.Having cleaned the rooms we began to weed the garden.打扫完房间, 我们开始在花园里除草. (时间)Coming into the room, she saw everybody already at their work.进屋以后, 她看到人人都在工作. (时间)Being ill, he couldn’t go to school.因为生病, 他不能去上学. (原因)Having no interes t in the topic, he didn’t go to the lecture.由于对这个话题没有兴趣, 他没去参加讲座. (原因)Working diligently, you will certainly succeed.只要刻苦学习, 你会成功的. (条件)Using atomic energy, we can build spaceships.利用原子能, 我们能够建造太空船. (条件)Granting the achievements to be great, there is still something to be desired.(尽管)成绩是巨大的, (但)仍有一些要求改进的东西. (让步)My car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay.我的车被交通拥挤堵住, 所以延误了. (结果)Traveling by train, we visited a number of cities.我们坐火车访问了好多城市. (方式)Mary sat by the window of the classroom, reading a book.玛丽坐在教室的窗户旁, 正在读一本书. (伴随)六.作定语分词作定语时和形容词的功能是相似的. -ing分词可以单独作定语. 例如:a smiling face 笑脸a leading figure 领导人物-ing分词还能构成合成词作定语, 例如:easy-going man 好说话的人当分词短语作后置定语时, 可以转换成定语从句. 例如:She went on board the train leaving for Shanghai.=She went on board the train, which was leaving for Shanghai.她乘坐了去上海的火车.There are two roads before us, one leading to the beach, the other to the park.=There are two roads before us, one which leads to the beach, the other to the park.在我们面前有两条路, 一条通向沙滩, 另一条同向公园.注意: 动词-ing和过去分词的区别----现在分词表示主动或动作正在进行, 过去分词表示被动或动作已经完成.七.独立成分作状语有些分词短语, 其形式的选择不受上下文的影响, 称作独立成分. 常见的有generally speaking, frankly speaking, judging from/ by, considering, given等.动词-ed形式动词的-ed形式是动词的另一种非限制性形式, 一般由动词加-ed构成. -ed形式与-ing形式句法功能基本相同, 从意义上看, 两者却有差别: 现在分词与逻辑主语之间是主动关系, 过去分词与其逻辑主语之间是被动关系; 现在分词表示一般性或正在进行的动作, 而过去分词则表示已经完成的动作.1.过去分词作表语一般用来表示感受或状态(连系动词+过去分词).We were very interested in the novel she gave us yesterday.我们对她昨天给我们的小说非常感兴趣.可以用作表语的常见过去分词有delighted, disappointed, upset, astonished, excited, frightened, experienced, interested, qualified, puzzled, exhausted, satisfied等.2.过去分词可以作宾语补足语, 通常用于下列三类动词后:(1).表示感觉和心理状况的动词: think, hear, feel, see, watch等. 例如:I have never heard this song sung in English.我从来没有听到这首歌用英语唱过.(2).表示使役动词: get, let, make, help等. 例如:He made it known to everyone that he was right他使每个人都明白他是对的.(3). 表示希望和要求等的动词: wish, want, like order等. 例如:He wants his composition to be read by every classmate.他想每个同学都读他的作文.3.过去分词作定语:(1). 分词可以作前置定语, 此时, 分词与名词之间有两种语意关系: 一种是分词表示主动: 一种是分词表示被动. 例如:He is a retired worker.他是一个退休工人.This is a newly-developed device.这是一个新开发的工具.(2).过去分词作后置定语时, 其功能相当于一个定语从句. 例如:She likes to drink cold boiled water.她喜欢喝凉开水.4.过去分词作状语和现在分词作状语一样, 修饰主句的谓语动词, 意义上相当与状语从句,表示时间, 原因, 条件,伴随状况等.(1).表示时间Seen from a distance, the mountain looked like a lion.从远处看, 这条山脉像一头狮子.(2).表示原因Criticized unfairly, she left the office without saying a word.由于受到不公平的指责, 她没说一句话就离开了办公室.(3).表示条件Watered once a day, the flower will grow very well.如果每天浇一次水, 这花会长得很好.(4).表示伴随状况He stood there, fascinated by the singing.他站在那里, 被歌声所吸引.在句子深层结构中, 过去分词短语的逻辑主语就是句子的主语. 如果过去分词短语的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致, 过去分词短语的逻辑主语则需要用一个独立结构或者用一个由with/ without等引导介词短语表达出来, 这就是我们通常所说的独立主格结构. 例如:The question settled, they left for home.问题解决了, 他们就回家了.状语从句考点归纳1．高考对状语从句的考查主要涉及引导状语从句的从属连词的用法与辨析，所以答题时要正确理解句子的含义，判断清楚主从句之间的逻辑关系，弄清状语从句的类别，选择正确的连词。