语言学概论课后参考标准答案杨信彰

语言学概论-课后参考答案--杨信彰Charpter11.1.11. a. This sentence may have three interpretations: 1) He rolled from side to side in his grave. 2) He returned his grave. 3) He handed in his grave.b. There are two interpretations to this sentence: 1) They gave preference to both young men and young women. 2) They gave preference to women and young men.2. Units that have reference: I, saw, Mary, went, the library.Units that indicate structure: when, to.3. a. This sentence is grammatical, but is nonsensical.b. This sentence is ungrammatical and nonsensical.c. This is a good sentence.d. This is a good sentence.1.1.21. a. This sign is a symbol. It means we will have good luck. I know it from my cultural background, because the Chinese character "福" means "luck" and the color red symbolizes "goodness". The Chinese meaning of "upside down" is "倒", which has the similar pronunciation of "到(arrive)". Thus, when the character "福" is put upside down, it means that luck arrives.b. This sign is an icon. It means no smoking, and I know it from the picture.c. This sign is a mixture of a symbol and a icon. It means that "parking" is only allowed for disabled people.2. I think the house is on fire because smoke is a index of fire.3. To the physician, it means that the man has got a fever.4. I think so, but not exactly, because the difference of the consonants does not mean the bird in different places cries differently.1.1.31. according to the arbitrariness theory, the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural resemblance to their meaning. The link between them is a matter of convention. Thus, the name Xiao Long is just a label for the son. However, in Chinese culture dragon was the symbol for the emperor. Thus, the name may have certain associative meanings.2. No. The speaker of a language, based upon the convention established in the speech community, associates linguistic signs with things and concepts. In people's mind, "pig" stands for foolishness and laziness. If I name it Pig Hair Shampoo, no one will buy it.3. Words are arbitrary in form, but they are not random in their use. Although the link between form and meaning is arbitrary, there existed certain relationship between them, which can be called rules. The individual does not have the power to change a sign in any way once it has become established in the linguistic community.1.1.41. I prefer to use the spoken language. In a supermarket, the spoken language is much more convenient for people to communicate with each other. People do not have the time and necessity to use written language in communication.2. I think listening and speaking should come first. The primary medium of language is sound, and language is primarily vocal. What's more, children can learn to listen and speak a foreign language more quickly than they read and write.1.1.51. No, I don't agree with this point of view. Language is human specific, so humans and dogs can not communicate with each other.2. A parrot only can say what it is taught. It can not form an infinite set of utterances from a finite use of units. So, a parrot talking can not be equated with human language.3. That is only the result of the stimulus-response training.4. Human language is primary over animal communication in the following aspects:1) Human has the ability to refer to things far remote in time and space. In contrast, it may be impossible for an animal to convey such ability.2) Human has the ability to produce and understand an indefinite number of novel utterances, but no animal can communicate creatively with another animal.3) Learning is much more important as a factor in human language than in animal communication.4) Human language structure and language use are vastly more complex than any animal communication system.5) Animal communication systems are closed-ended, whereas human languages are open-ended.1.1.61. The advanced technology such as telephones and the Internet makes human communication become much more convenient and frequent. People can communicate with others in remote places freely.2. There may exist several causes:1) The sender can not express himself or herself clearly.2) The receiver can not understand what the sender said.3) The receiver is unwilling to communicate with the sender.4) There exists misunderstanding because of the different cultural background of the sender and the receiver.3. We must pay key attention to learning the knowledge of the ways of thinking, acting and speaking of a language, for differences in this kind of knowledge may cause trouble in intercultural communication.1.2.11. a. Physiological functionb. Performative functionc. Phatic functiond. Informative function2. People like poetry because people can enjoy the rhythm and the melody of certain combinations of sounds in the poetry. And most creative uses of language in the poetry can provide people considerable pleasure through the generation of puns, paradoxes, ambiguities and metaphors.3. I may not say anything, but move the desk away.1.2.21. General functions refer to the particular individual uses of language whilst metafunctions refer to the larger, more general purposes underlying language use.2. No. According to Halliday, every sentence in a text is multifunctional and has three metafunctions simultaneously: ideational, interpersonal and textual functions.3. Halliday's functional theory emphasizes the relationship between language structure and the language functions in social life, while the traditional grammar emphasizes the forms of the sentence.1.3.11. I agree to the evolutionary theory which tends to believe that man evolved from lower forms of life, and so did language. This is a scientific approach to the origin of language as it is based on a wide range of studies over years by biologists, anthropologists, psychologists, neurologists, primatologists and linguists. With many significant changes since its early introduction, the evolutionary theory shows us the origin of language from various aspects, such as the organic evolution, environmental factors.2. 轰隆、乒乓、叽叽嘎嘎、叽里咕噜、汪汪3. Onomatopoetic words are imitations of the sounds of nature, and emotional ejaculations of pain, fear, surprise, pleasure, anger, etc. According to the invention theory, onomatopoetic words form the basis of language, or at least the core of the basic vocabulary.1.3.21. Usually, there are two main ways of classifying languages: the genetic (or genealogical) and the typological. The historical classification is based on the assumption that languages have diverged from a common ancestor. This criteria is to research into the history and relatedness of languages. On the other hand, the typological classification is based on a comparison of the formal similarities which exist between languages.。

《语言学概论》答案一、填空题（本题共7空格，每空格1分，共7分）1．索绪尔语音语义2．语音层符号层3．词法句法二、判断是非题：对的写“√”，错的写“×”（本题共13小题，每小题1分，共13分）1× 2√ 3√ 4√ 5√ 6 √ 7× 8× 9× 10× 11× 12×三、选择题（本题共28小题，每小题1分，共28分）D C D B D B A C D C B C B C C A D C B B C C A C B C D D四、简答题（本题共4小题，每小题10分，共40分）1．语言是交际工具；语言是最重要的交际工具；语言是人类独有的。

2．语言记载和传播着文化；语言本身也是一种文化。

3．同一种语言由于语音、语汇和语法等方面的差异在不同的地区形成的地域分支或变体叫地域方言。

社会方言则是指语言或方言内部同一定的社会特征和社群相关联的变体和特点。

相同点：社会方言和地域方言都属于一种语言变体，都是语言发展变化的结果，都以共同语作为基础。

不同点：首先，社会方言是适应社会分工需要而产生的全民语言的分支，是全民语言的社会变体。

而地域方言则是全民语言在不同地域上所产生的全民语言的分支，是语言发展不平衡性在地域上的反映，虽然都叫方言，但划分的角度是不同的。

其次，地域方言之间的主要差别表现在语音上，同时也反映在词汇系统和语法系统方面，而社会方言的主要差别则在一般词汇方面，语音、语法方面没有差别最后，地域方言在一定条件下能发展为独立的语言，而社会方言在任何条件下都不可能发展成为独立的语言。

4．大家[圆圆]地坐成了一个圈儿：显性语法关系大家坐成了一个（圆圆）的圈儿：隐性语法关系显性语法关系的特点概括起来有三点：成分之间是连续的；是直接成分之间的关系；成分之间的关系是单一的。

隐性语法关系的特点是：可以是非连续性的；可以是间接成分之间的关系；一个成分可以同其他成分发生多种关系。

《语言学概论》网络课程习题与参考答案第一章导论此章内容属于新课切入和引导部分，不安排习题。

第二章语言的社会功能一、填空1.人和动物的区别是人会制造生产工具进行劳动，而且人类有，这是人和动物相区别的重要标志之一。

2.一种语言中的句子数量是无限的，人类之所以能掌握语言，是因为语言中构成句子的语言材料和的数量是十分有限的。

3.语言是人类社会最重要的，而且也是思维的。

4.人的大脑分左右两个半球，大脑的半球控制语言活动，半球掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维。

5.儿童最早的智力活动就是学习。

6.语言是特殊的社会现象的含义是语言具有，没有。

7.语言和言语的关系可以这样理解：语言是，言语是个别的；语言是抽象的，言语是。

8.人和人之间互相传递信息，互相交流思想感情，最主要的方式是进行交际。

9.人和人之间相互交流思想表达感情的过程是非常复杂的，从信息论的角度可以将其理解为和的过程。

10.文字是建立在基础之上的工具，旗语是建立在基础之上的工具。

二、辨析正误（正确的打钩，错误的打叉）1.文字和语言一样，都是人类最重要的交际工具。

（）2.地主阶级和农民阶级之间没有共同语言，这说明语言是有阶级性的。

（）3.语言是思维的工具，没有语言，人类就无法进行有效的思维。

（）4.从语言和言语的关系来说，我们在现实生活中不可能找到一匹马，只能找到一匹具体的具有某种色彩、某种体态等等特征的马。

（）5.绘画和音乐都能表达人的思想感情，都可以算是代表语言的符号。

（）6.现代社会，随着沟通方式的日益增多，语言的重要性也在日渐削弱。

（）7.语言具有自然属性，是一种客观的纯自然现象。

（）8.没有语言，人类照样可以思维，就像聋哑人那样。

（）三、分析题：下列句子中加下划线的词哪些是语言学中所说的“语言”，哪些是语言学中所说的“言语”，哪些是其他说法的代替？1.杨朔散文的语言真美！2.你这个人真不会说话。

3.他会说好几国的话。

4.两个人熟了，自然也就有了共同语言。

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《语言学概论》习题与答案（解答仅供参考）一、名词解释1. 语言符号：语言符号是语言的基本单位，由能指和所指两部分组成，能指是符号的语音形式，所指是符号的意义。

2. 语素：语素是语言中最小的有意义的语言单位，不能再进一步分解为更小的有意义的单位。

3. 句法结构：句法结构是指语言中词语按照一定的规则组合起来的形式，包括短语结构和句子结构。

4. 语境：语境是指语言使用的环境，包括语言交际的情景、说话人的身份、听者的期待等因素，对语言的理解和使用有重要影响。

5. 社会语言学：社会语言学是研究语言与社会之间关系的学科，包括语言的社会变异、语言与社会阶级、性别、族群等因素的关系等。

二、填空题1. 语言的三大基本功能是交际功能、思维功能和______功能。

（文化功能）2. 语言的音位系统包括音素和______两个层次。

（音节）3. 语言的语法范畴主要包括时态、体、人称、数和______等。

（性）4. 语言的演变主要表现为词汇的增减、语法结构的变化和______的变化。

（语音）5. 语言的交际过程包括编码、发送、传递、接收和______五个环节。

（解码）三、单项选择题1. 下列哪个选项不是语言的特征？（D）A. 社会性B. 符号性D. 固定性2. 下列哪个选项不属于语言的音位特征？（C）A. 对立性B. 相关性C. 模仿性D. 系统性3. 下列哪个选项不是语言的变体？（B）A. 地域方言B. 书面语C. 社会方言D. 个人语言4. 下列哪个选项不属于语言的内部结构？（D）A. 词汇B. 语法C. 语义D. 语用5. 下列哪个选项不是语言接触的结果？（A）A. 语言分化B. 语言融合C. 语言借用D. 语言干扰四、多项选择题1. 下列哪些选项是语言的音位特征？（ABCD）B. 相关性C. 系统性D. 情景性2. 下列哪些选项是语言的社会功能？（ABCD）A. 交际功能B. 思维功能C. 文化功能D. 认知功能3. 下列哪些选项是语言的变异现象？（ABCD）A. 语音变异B. 词汇变异C. 语法变异D. 语用变异4. 下列哪些选项是语言的类型学分类依据？（ABC）A. 词序B. 虚词C. 形态D. 语调5. 下列哪些选项是语言的交际原则？（ABCD）A. 合作原则B. 礼貌原则C. 关联原则D. 方式原则五、判断题1. 语言是一种自然现象。

《语言学概论》参考答案一、填空1、研究语言的规律2、首先学习语言文字是掌握科学技术、提高文化水平的基础。

其次语言文字是我国的社会主义革命和建设中的交际工具。

第三像聋哑人的学话、口吃的矫正、失语症的治疗等实际工作，也需要运用语言研究的成果。

3、任意性、线条性4、第一级是语素，第二级是词，第三级是句子5、音高、音重、音长、质6、同化、异化、弱化、脱落7、性、数、格、时、体、态、人称8、孤立语、粘着语、屈折语、复综语9、理性意义、带有主观态度的意义10、社会的发展、语言中各种因素的相互影响11、渐变性、不平衡性12、社会方言、地域方言13、汉藏语系、印欧语系、乌拉尔语系、阿尔泰语系、闪-含语系、高加索语系、达罗毘荼语系、马来-玻利尼西亚语系、南亚语系等14、亚洲东南部，西起克什米尔，东至我国东部边界15、不同民族的接触或融合，语言系统的排挤和替代16、社会历史条件17、自愿融合、被迫融合18、双重语言现象，排挤、替代19、根本区别20、阶级性21、语言、辅助22、左半球二、名词解释1、语言学：是研究语言的科学。

语言是语言学的研究对象。

语言学的基本任务是研究语言的规律，使人们懂得关于语言的理性知识。

2、传统语文学：语言处于从属地位，还没有发展为独立的学科的阶段。

3、说话：通常是把几个词按照一定的顺序组合起来，造出一句句的话。

这种话的长度在理论上说是无限的。

4、语言：是一种社会现象，是人类最重要的交际工具和进行思维的工具。

语言是符号系统。

5、思维：是认识现实世界时的动脑筋的过程，也指动脑筋时进行比较、分析、综合以认识现实的能力。

6、符号：包含形式和意义两个方面。

符号和自己所代表的事物是两回事，相互之间没有必然的联系。

7、语言符号：形式和意义的结合完全由社会“约定俗成”，而不是它们之间有什么必然的、本质的联系。

8、征候：是事物本身的特征，它代表着事物，可以让我们通过它来推知事物。

9、组合关系：符号和符号组合起来的关系。

《语言学概论》答案第一批次[单选]1。

汉语拼音系统中的21个首字母之间的关系为（）。

a：聚合关系b：组合关系c:语法关系d：语义关系参考答案：a[单选题]2、按照语言间的亲属关系对语言进行分类，称之为语言的()。

a：形态分类 b:结构分类c：功能分类d：谱系分类参考答案：d[单选]3。

英语foot的复数形式变为feet，使用的语法手段是（）。

a:后缀b：加词缀改变重音的位置d：内部曲折参考答案：D[单选]4。

“笔”和“笔”在词义上的关系是（）。

同义关系b：反义关系c:下义d：组成关系参考答案：C[单选题]5、下列各组中全属于复合词的一组是（）。

a：大学、人民、（英）reader 劳工，阿姨，（英国）铁路c：瓶子、老虎、（英）unhappyd：道路、材料、（英语）教室参考答案：d[多项选择]6。

“紧张”和“放松”在汉语中的意思（）答：这是相反的关系b：是重叠关系c:有时相反，有时重叠d：既有反义又有同义的因素e：没有同义因素参考答案：ad[多项选择]7。

元音的音质取决于（a）：开口的大小b：发音体整动的频率c：前后舌位d：嘴唇的圆展e：发音位置和发音方法参考答案：acd[选择题]8。

以下说法是错误的：（a）语音进化规律只在一定时期内有效b：语法发展中的类推作用是无限的，可推而广之，无一例外。

古汉语中的浊音在现代汉语中已经消失了d：随着旧事物的消失，表示它们的词语也会随之消失e:单词的替换都取决于语言系统的内部原因参考答案：bce[true或false]9[a]，[a]，？]它们是普通话中同一音素的三个自由变体。

参考答案：错误【判断问题】10。

汉字对应于汉语音节。

一个单词只记录一个音节，一个音节只记录一个汉字。

参考答案：错误第二批次[单选]1。

中文是“北平”→ “北京”和“德律风”→ “电话”，单词替换的原因是社会因素b：语言系统内部的因素c:前者是语言系统的内部因素，后者是社会因素d：前者是社会因素，后者是语言系统内部因素参考答案：D[单选]2。

Keys to LinguisticsCharpter 55.1.11. 1),2) ,3) ,4), 5) .2. 1) Red: The English word red has the associative meaning of "inciting or endorsing radical social or political change, especially by force".2) Dragon: In Western culture, the word dragon denotes a mythical animal usually represented as a monstrous winged and scaly head and enormous claws and thus has the associative meaning of "a violent, combative, or very strict person", or "something or someone formidable or baneful".3) Dog: The English word dog has the following associative meanings: (a) "a worthless person"; (b) "uncharacteristic or affected stylishness or dignity" as in put on the dogs; (c) "an unattractive person, especially a girl or woman".4) Cage: The English word cage has the associative meaning of "prison".3. I think the formation of meaning involves the cognitive patterns of the speech community, the contextual factors, the existing linguistic system, and the social-cultural conventions.5.1.21. 1) The sentence may mean "please pass me the salt". It may also mean "the food is not tasty enough". 2) This is sentence can be regarded as a question, meaning "Will Mir Smith be in his office this morning?"2. Sentence meaning refers to the conventional content or literal meaning of a sentence. It is the context-independent meaning. Utterance meaning refers to the meaning of an utterance in the context. In other words, it is the meaning dependent on the context. In some cases, the sentence meaning coincides with the utterance meaning. But in many situations, the utterance meaning differs from the sentence meaning.3. The traditional approach to meaning is only concerned with the lexical meaning of separate words and the structural meaning of sentences. In such an approach the meaning of a sentence is merely the combination of the lexical meanings of the component words and the structural meaning of the sentence. Its disadvantage is that it fails to relate the words and sentences with the context in which the words and sentences are used. In real communication, drastic discrepancy may exist between the lexical meaning and the contextual meaning of a word, between the sentence meaning and the utterance meaning.5.2.11. A. Parts of the body: shoulder, head, neck, leg, hand.B. Stationery: pencil, book, dictionary, pen, notebook.C. Flowers: rose, chrysanthemum, tulip.2. The relationship between things and events in the world are very complicated. Therefore, we cannot expect the thesauri to be capable of representing all the order of things and events in the world. Often a word may share the same semantic features with more than one group of words and thus can be included in different thesauri.3. A thesaurus is a reference book of words and its synonyms. Such a book is really useful for our study of English, especially for the study of writing. But we can never exaggerate its usefulness, for as we all know that in English pure synonyms are rare. We can always identify differences of one kind or another between the synonyms, either in origin, in the shade of meaning, in the affective and/or stylistic meaning, or in the collocation and distribution.5.2.21. True synonyms are rare. The so-called "synonyms" are always different either in their origin, in the shade of meaning, in the affective or stylistic meaning, or in collocation and distribution.2. a) statesman, politician: Roughly speaking, they are synonymous because both denote the meaning "one actively engaged in conducting the business of a government". But the two words differ in the affective meaning: while "statesman" connotes the appreciative meaning "one who exercises political leadership wisely and without narrow partisanship", "politician" connotes the derogatory meaning of "a person primarily interested in political office for selfish or other narrow usually short-sighted reasons". In this sense, they are not "true" synonyms.b) adult, grown-up: Briefly speaking, these two words are synonyms in that they both denote the meaning of "a person who is fully developed and mature". But strictly speaking, they are different in the stylistic meaning. Whereas "adult" can be used in nearly all contexts, "grown-up" is colloquial in style and thus is comparatively restricted in distribution.c) huge, gigantic, colossal, enormous: These words all denote the meaning of "very large or extensive" and thus can be viewed as synonymous. Yet they differ in the shade of meaning and distribution: whereas "huge" means "very large or extensive (as in size or area, in scale or degree, or in scope or character)", "gigantic" means "exceeding the usual or expected (as in size, force, or prominence)", "colossal" means "of a bulk, extent, power, or effect approaching or suggesting the stupendous or incredible", and "enormous" means "marked by extraordinarily great size, number, or degree, especially exceeding usual bounds or accepted notions".3. black, white: complementary antonyms; buy, sell: relational antonyms; big, small: gradable antonyms; parent, child: relational antonyms; polite, rude: complementary antonyms.5.2.31. 1) cat, dog, pet: These three words are in the relation of inclusion. While "pet" is the hypernym (or "superordinate"), "cat" and "dog" are its hyponyms (or "subordinates).2) keyboard, monitor, hard disk, mouse: These words denote parts of a computer and are all the hyponyms (or "subordinates") of the word computer.3) head, oral cavity, tongue: These three words are in the relation of meronymy: tongue is part of oral cavity and oral cavity is part of head.4) cabbage, cauliflower, celery, tomato: These four words are in the semantic relation of hyponymy: they are all the hyponyms (or "subordinates") of the hypernym (or "superordinate") of the word vegetable.2. 1) hand, foot: These two words are hyponyms (or "subordinates"), each denoting a part of the human body.2) rose, narcissus: These two words are in the semantic relation of hyponymy; they are both the subordinates of the word flower.3) tree, willow: These two words are in the semantic relation of hyponymy: tree is the hypernym (or "superordinate") and willow is the hyponym (or "subordinate). In other words, a willow is a kind of tree.4) bottle, cork: These two words are in the semantic relation of myronymy. "cork" is part of a bottle.5.2.41. These four entries are so separated because although they share the same form, they are not closely related in meanings. Besides, they differ in etymological origins: slug1 develops from Middle English word slugge meaning "a person or thing acting slowly or awkwardly"; slug2is believed to develop from SLUG1but the relations between them is now hard to perceive; slug3is believed to develop from the Danish verb sluge meaning "to swallow"; slug4 develops from the modern English noun slog meaning "a blow" in a Scottish regional dialect, the latter being borrowed from Old Scandinavian slag having the same meaning.2. The word "hale" has different meanings when used as an adjective and as a verb because they are derived from different origins and thus are generally arranged in dictionaries (e.g. Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary) as separate entries: hale1 (adj.) develops partly from Middle English (northern) hale, from Old English häl; partly from Middle English hail, from Old Norse heil, meaning "free from defect, disease, or infirmity; sound; rertaining exceptional health and vigor"; hale2develops from Middle English halen, from Old French haler, meaning "haul, pull; compel to go".3. When a lexeme has a multiplicity of meanings, it is polysemic. Polysemy is the result from the change of meaning and therefore semantic relations of one kind or another can be identified between the various meanings of the lexeme. In contrast, although homonyms share the same phonological form, they have no common semantic features and in many cases have different written forms. They are normally of different etymological origin and are treated in dictionaries as different entries.5.2.51. a) John has stopped smoking. →John had been smoking.b) She regretted having told him the secret.→She had told him the secret.c) The boy opened the door himself. →The door had been closed.d) The paper turned red when it was dipped into the liquid. →The paper was dipped into the liquid.2. a) He lost his bike yesterday. →His bike is missing now.b) They went to the Great Wall. →They are not here at present.c) Mary's computer is terrific.→Mary's computer is good.d) We met two of our friends at the party.→Two of our friends were at the party.5.3.11. a) pen, pencil, ruler, cat: While pen, pencil and ruler are all names of stationery, cat denotes a kind of (domestic) animal.b) bathtub, soap, towel, oven: While bathtub, soap and towel denote objects used for bathing, oven is an object used for cooking.c) carpenter, professor, student, president: While professor, student and president denote persons related to the school, carpenter does not.d) walk, stroll, run, sing: While walk, stroll and run each denote a kind of physical movement from one place to another, sing does not.e) company, university, college, school: While university, college and school each denote a kind of educational institution, company denotes a commercial or industrial institution.2. Componential analysis has a number of advantages over traditional approaches to lexical meanings. Firstly, it throws new light on semantic relations such as synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy and metaphor. Secondly, componential analysis can better explain the validity of syntagmatic combination of words and phrases than the purely syntactic approach. Thirdly, componential analysis gives a better account for the formation of the meaning of a phrase or a sentence. The componential analysis has three disadvantages. Firstly, it is often difficult to determine what semantic featuresare essential to define a word, and how many are sufficient for the specification. Secondly, when faced with two equally plausible features, it is often difficult to determine which one we should specify. Thirdly, componential analysis seems to be difficult to be apply to function words, such as the, of, and, and ah, for they seem to have no semantic features.5.3.21. a) This sentence has a three-place predicate gave, which governs three arguments, the subject He, the indirect object me and the direct object (the) book.b) This sentence has a no-place predicate (was) snowing, which governs no argument. Note that the subject It here is an empty word and so does not play the role of an argument in the sentence.c) This sentence has a one-place predicate (is) working, which governs one argument (the) computer.d) This sentence has a two-place predicate invented, which governs two arguments, the subject Someone and the object (the) story.2. a) We wish you to come back soon. (No error.)b) He rose the heave box easily. → He raised the heavy box easily. Explanation: The predicate verb rise(rose) is a one-place predicate, but in the sentence it is misused as a two-place predicate. So it should be replaced by its corresponding two-place predicate raise(d).c) Mary laughed me before the students. → Mary laughed at me before the students.The predicate verb laugh(ed)is a one-place predicate, but in the sentence, it is misused as a two-place predicate. Hence it is corrected into its corresponding two-place verb phrase laugh(ed) at.5.3.31. a) Generally, this utterance is tautological. But in a context when the speaker doubts the identity of the addressee and thus wants to check. the use of this utterance is also valid.b) This generally tautological utterance can be used in a context in which the addressee intends to pass the speaker the salt but in the process the addressee's action is somehow interrupted. Then the speaker may use this utterance as a reminding or urging expression.c) This utterance may be used by an annoyed or enraged parent to a naughty or choosy child who is pretending to eat some food but does not swallow them. In this case, the parent is using the utterance as a urging or commanding expression for sake of the child's health or good manners.2. This utterance involves tow tautological expressions ("冰箱是冰箱", "彩电是彩电"). It can be uttered by a complaining wife to her husband to show her desire to keep up with the Joneses on the one hand and on the other hand to urge her husband to make more money so that they can also afford those household appliances.3. Metaphor is common in verbal communication. In the traditional approach, metaphor is generally interpreted as a rhetorical device to add novelty to verbal communication. But according to the cognitive and functional linguistic approach, metaphor is a basic cognitive facility with which human beings organize the world in the system of language. Much of the history of every language, according to Halliday (1994: 348), is a history of demetaphorizing: of expressions which began as metaphors gradually losing their metaphorical character. Metaphorical modes of expression are characteristic of adult discourse. On the other hand, metaphor is also an important stylistic feature. For example, literary works (such as novels and poetry) normally abound in lexical metaphor while scientific and technical registers are characterized with nominalizing metaphors.Charpter 66.1.11. 1) While (a) is an explicit performative containing the performative verb "admit", (b) is an implicit performative, meaning "I admit (or acknowledge, confess, etc.) that I was wrong."2) While (a) is an explicit performative containing the performative verb "order",(b) is an implicit performative, meaning "I order (or command, demand, request, etc.) you to leave the room right now."3) While (a) is an explicit performative containing the perfromative verb "warn",(b) is an implicit performative, meaning "I warn (or tell, caution, etc.) you that the dog is vicious."4) While (a) is an explicit perfromative containing the performative verb "apologize", (b) is an implicit performative, meaning "I declare that I'm sorry.2. 1) This is not a performative, because the subject of the main clause is not in the first-person singular number.2) This is a performative utterance.3) This is not a performative, because the verb "require" is not in the active voice.4) This is not a performative, because the verb "fire" is not in the simple present tense.5) This is not a performative, because this utterance is lacking in any performative.6.1.21. a) As an indirect suggestion, implicitly asking the addressee to stay indoors. This may occur when the speaker and the addressee are in a cozy room when the weather outside is very cold.b) As an indirect request, implicitly demanding the addressee to close the door or the window. This may occur when the speaker is speaking to the addressee in a cold room when the weather outside is rather cold.c) As an indirect exclamation, implicitly expressing the speaker's regret for not being able to have an intended excursion. This may occur when the speaker intended to have an excursion but the weather suddenly turns cold outside.2. a) Would you please sit here and have a rest?b) Do you mind sitting here and having a rest?c) Don't you feel tired?d) How do you like sitting here and having a rest?e) You're quite out of breath now.3. 1) Literally, B's reply is irrelevant to A's utterance and this dialogue is thus lacking in coherence. But in effect, it is a coherent conversation. The coherence hereis achieved by the conversational implicatures. When A utters "That's telephone", A conveys to B the illocutionary force that B is wanted on the phone. When B replies "I'm in the bathroom", B conveys the illocutionary force "I'm engaged in the bathroom and so I can't answer the phone now." This conversational implicature is grasped by A, who thus responds with "Okay".2) At first sight, this dialogue is lacking in coherence. When the son utters the statement "I need a ten-speed bicycle", his illocutionary force is to ask his mother to buy a ten-speed bicycle for him. This implicit request is, however, tacitly declined when the mother responds to its literal meaning ("I'm sure you do need a ten-speed bicycle") rather than to its conversational implicature (e.g. "I'll buy a ten-speed bicycle for you" or "I'll talk your dad into buying a ten-speed bicycle for you").6.2.11) In this dialogue, B has flouted the maxim of Manner. Here B uses an obscure expression and fails to give a brief and direct answer to A's question. The implicature of B's utterance is probably "I don't know the exact place. What I can tell you is that Miss Rosebery lives somewhere in the suburbs of the city."2) In this dialogue, B has flouted the maxim of Relevance. B's answer is not relevant to A's statement. The implicature of B's utterance is probably "There is a garage round the corner, so you can have your car refilled there."3) In this dialogue, B has flouted the maxim of Quantity. B's reply is more informative than is required for the current purposes of the exchange. The conversational implicature of B's utterance is that "I don't think too much of Cathy's singing."4) In this dialogue, the student is more informative than is required for the current purposes of the exchange and has thus flouted the maxim of Quantity. The implicature of the student's utterance is probably "It's high time you finished the lecture."5) In this dialogue, B fails to give a direct answer to A's question and has flouted the maxim of Relevance. The conversational implicature of B's utterance is probably "I don't want any coffee because coffee would make me awake."6.2.21. 1) In this dialogue, the woman politely refuses the man's request to go upstairs to the woman's flat by flouting the maxim of Relevance. Instead of directly refusing the man's request, she claims that her place is in a terrible mess and thus tacitly implies that it is unsuitable to receive anybody in her flat.2) In this dialogue, the guest tacitly declines the host's suggestion for a drink by claiming that they don't drink. Here the guest has flouted the maxim of Relevance. Instead of directly (and also impolitely) refuses the host's suggestion, the guest says that they have not the ability to drink and thus politely turns down the host's offer of a drink of cocktail.3) In this conversation, Mother has flouted the maxim of Manner. Instead of directly criticizing the son for having eaten the icing off the cake, she uses the obscure expression "someone" so as not to threaten the son's positive face. This conversational implicature is grasped by the son, who immediately declares "It wasn't ME."4) In this dialogue, B at first responds to A's question directly. Then B realizes that it is impolite to talk evil of others behind their backs. So B flouts the maxim of Quantity by gradually softening the comment ("small" ' "smallish" ' "not really small but certainly not very big").2. 1) Generally speaking, the less face-threatening an expression is, the more polite it is. Among the three alternative responses given here, (b) is negative and thus the most face-threatening, (c) is neutral and less face-threatening, and (a) is positive and thus the least face-threatening. Therefore, the increasing order of politeness of the three alternative responses is: (b) < (c) < (a).2) Generally speaking, the more indirect a request is, the more polite it is. Among the three alternative responses given here, (b) is an imperative sentence and expresses the request most directly, (c) is a question inquiring the addressee's response to the intended request and is more indirect than (b), whereas (a) is a question inquiring the addressee's ability to perform the intended request and is the most indirect. Therefore, the three alternative responses can be put in the following increasing order of politeness: (b) < (c) < (a).6.3.11. Among the five utterances, 2), 3) and 4) contain the presupposition "The dog barked at the shadow". These three utterances have one thing in common - they all presuppose that the dog barked at the shadow. In other words, the truth value of the three utterances is dependent on the truth value of the presupposition. If the presupposition is true, then the three utterances are true. If the presupposition is false, then the three utterances are false. In contrast, in 1) and 5), the truth value of the statement "The dog barked at the shadow" is uncertain. In other words, we do not know for sure from the two utterances whether the dog barked at the shadow or not.2. 1) This utterance presupposes that "You have been eaten raw oysters". The presupposition trigger is the verb "stop".2) This utterance presupposes that "Little Franz had not studied French better before". The presupposition trigger is the verb "regretted".3) This utterance presupposes that "Catherine does not know anything about this event". The presupposition trigger is the verb "pretends".4) This utterance presupposes that "Mark Twain found the best setting for most of his best novels in the Mississippi valley". The presupposition trigger is the emphatic construction "It was … that …".5) This utterance presupposes that "You have helped us in the experiment". The presupposition trigger is the verb "appreciate".6.3.21) Here (b) is the preferred response while (a) is the dispreferred. When A invitesB to come and join them in the picnic, he or she normally expects the addressee to accept the invitation rather than decline it.2) Here (a) is the preferred response while (b) is the dispreferred. When A asks B to comment on a certain lady's performance, the positive response is more preferable than the negative (though modulated for the sake of politeness) one.3) Here (a) is the preferred response while (b) is the dispreferred. When A requestsB to do him or her a favor, he or she normally expects a positive response rather thana negative (though indirect for the sake of politeness) one.6.4.11) In this utterance, 6 reference items are used in the second sentence to contribute to the coherence of the text. Firstly, the possessive determiner their and the possessive pronoun theirs, and the personal pronouns them and they are used to refer anaphorically to "the children next door". Secondly, the definite article the is used together with the noun toy to refer anaphorically to the noun phrase "a toy". Thirdly, the personal pronoun it is used to refer anaphorically to the noun phrase "a toy" and "the toy".2) In this utterance, 1 reference item is used in the first clause to contribute to the coherence of the text. Namely, the personal pronoun he is used to refer cataphorically to the proper name "Alex".3) In this utterance, the personal pronoun it is used in the fourth clause to refer anaphorically to the previous sentence "If it rained day and night for two weeks, the basement flooded and everything was under water". This clausal reference contributes to the coherence of the text by connecting the second sentence with the first one.4) In this utterance, the pronoun one is used in the second clause to refer anaphorically to the noun phrase "a stamp" in the first clause. This helps to connect the second clause with the first and thus contributes to the coherence of the text.5) In this utterance, the comparative Adjunct otherwise is used to make a contrast between Daddy's having a bit of cold and other aspects of his health. This helps to connect the two clauses into a coherent text.6.4.21. 1) In this utterance, the pronoun one is used in the second sentence to substitute the noun "book". This establishes a comparison between the two sentences and connect them into a cohesive text.2) In this dialogue, B uses the pro-verb "(have) done" to substitute the verb phrase "(have) succeeded in his ambitions". This helps to connect B's utterances with A's intoa cohesive text.3) In this dialogue, B uses the pronoun so to substitute the previous clause "The Chicago Bulls will win the game". This (together the ellipsis in the next clause, i.e. they will [win the game]) helps to connect the two utterances into a cohesive text.4) In this dialogue, B uses the clausal substitute not to replace the previous clause(i.e. We will probably join in your excursion this weekend) to avoid unnecessary repetition. This helps to connect the two utterances into a cohesive text.2. 1) In this dialogue, two clausal ellipses can be identified in B's utterance (i.e. I don't know how long I will be in here. You could ask matron how long I will be in here.). They help to connect B's utterance with A's into a cohesive text.2) In this dialogue, a verbal ellipsis can be identified in B's utterance (i.e. but Bob didn't care to take the course). This, together with the verbal substitution of did for the verb phrase "take the course", connects B's utterance with A's into a cohesive text.6.4.31) In this passage, there is one conjunctive expression, namely, moreover at the beginning of the second sentence. This conjunctive expression contributes to the cohesion of the passage by adding more information to the first sentence concerning the role of the media in shaping the social and moral norms in the American society.2) Three sequences of conjunctive expressions are used in this passage. The first sequence is the conjunctive expressions of listing, i.e. to begin in sentence 2 - following (the recording) in sentence 3 - finally in sentence (12). The second sequence is the repetition of some of the questions in sentence 6 - some of the questions in sentence 8 - some of them in sentence 10. The third sequence includes two expressions of exemplification, i.e. for example in sentence 7 and for instance in sentence 11. Together they contribute to make the passage a cohesive text.6.4.41) In this passage, the author uses many expressions to describe his miserable life as a member of the working class. Such expressions include beneath the point at which I had started in sentence 1, down in the cellar of society and down in the subterranean depths of misery in sentence 3, the pit, the abyss, the human cesspool, the shambles and charnel-house of our civilization in sentence 3, the part of the edifice of society in sentence 4. Besides, the author also repeats the infinitive phrase "to ignore" in sentences 4 and 5. With these lexical cohesive ties, the author makes the passage a cohesive text.2) In this passage, the author uses the following lexical cohesive ties: (a) the repetition of the adjectives "clean", "noble" and "clean" and their derivatives, including "(men who were) clean, noble, and alive" and "(whose ideas were) clean, noble, and alive in sentence 2, "(many that were) clean and noble" and "not alive" in。

Charpter11.1.11. a. This sentence may have three interpretations: 1) He rolled from side to side in his grave. 2) He returned his grave. 3) He handed in his grave.b. There are two interpretations to this sentence: 1) They gave preference to both young men and young women. 2) They gave preference to women and young men.2. Units that have reference: I, saw, Mary, went, the library.Units that indicate structure: when, to.3. a. This sentence is grammatical, but is nonsensical.b. This sentence is ungrammatical and nonsensical.c. This is a good sentence.d. This is a good sentence.1.1.21. a. This sign is a symbol. It means we will have good luck. I know it from my cultural background, because the Chinese character "福" means "luck" and the color red symbolizes "goodness". The Chinese meaning of "upside down" is "倒", which has the similar pronunciation of "到(arrive)". Thus, when the character "福" is put upside down, it means that luck arrives.b. This sign is an icon. It means no smoking, and I know it from the picture.c. This sign is a mixture of a symbol and a icon. It means that "parking" is only allowed for disabled people.2. I think the house is on fire because smoke is a index of fire.3. To the physician, it means that the man has got a fever.4. I think so, but not exactly, because the difference of the consonants does not mean the bird in different places cries differently.1.1.31. according to the arbitrariness theory, the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural resemblance to their meaning. The link between them is a matter of convention. Thus, the name Xiao Long is just a label for the son. However, in Chinese culture dragon was the symbol for the emperor. Thus, the name may have certain associative meanings.2. No. The speaker of a language, based upon the convention established in the speech community, associates linguistic signs with things and concepts. In people's mind, "pig" stands for foolishness and laziness. If I name it Pig Hair Shampoo, no one will buy it.3. Words are arbitrary in form, but they are not random in their use. Although the link between form and meaning is arbitrary, there existed certain relationship between them, which can be called rules. The individual does not have the power to change a sign in any way once it has become established in the linguistic community.1.1.41. I prefer to use the spoken language. In a supermarket, the spoken language is much more convenient for people to communicate with each other. People do not have the time and necessity to use written language in communication.2. I think listening and speaking should come first. The primary medium of language is sound, and language is primarily vocal. What's more, children can learn to listen and speak a foreign language more quickly than they read and write.1.1.51. No, I don't agree with this point of view. Language is human specific, so humans and dogs can not communicate with each other.2. A parrot only can say what it is taught. It can not form an infinite set of utterances from a finite use of units. So, a parrot talking can not be equated with human language.3. That is only the result of the stimulus-response training.4. Human language is primary over animal communication in the following aspects:1) Human has the ability to refer to things far remote in time and space. In contrast, it may be impossible for an animal to convey such ability.2) Human has the ability to produce and understand an indefinite number of novel utterances, but no animal can communicate creatively with another animal.3) Learning is much more important as a factor in human language than in animal communication.4) Human language structure and language use are vastly more complex than any animal communication system.5) Animal communication systems are closed-ended, whereas human languages are open-ended.1.1.61. The advanced technology such as telephones and the Internet makes human communication become much more convenient and frequent. People can communicate with others in remote places freely.2. There may exist several causes:1) The sender can not express himself or herself clearly.2) The receiver can not understand what the sender said.3) The receiver is unwilling to communicate with the sender.4) There exists misunderstanding because of the different cultural background of the sender and the receiver.3. We must pay key attention to learning the knowledge of the ways of thinking, acting and speaking of a language, for differences in this kind of knowledge may cause trouble in intercultural communication.1.2.11. a. Physiological functionb. Performative functionc. Phatic functiond. Informative function2. People like poetry because people can enjoy the rhythm and the melody of certain combinations of sounds in the poetry. And most creative uses of language in the poetry can provide people considerable pleasure through the generation of puns, paradoxes, ambiguities and metaphors.3. I may not say anything, but move the desk away.1.2.21. General functions refer to the particular individual uses of language whilst metafunctions refer to the larger, more general purposes underlying language use.2. No. According to Halliday, every sentence in a text is multifunctional and has three metafunctions simultaneously: ideational, interpersonal and textual functions.3. Halliday's functional theory emphasizes the relationship between language structure and the language functions in social life, while the traditional grammar emphasizes the forms of the sentence.1.3.11. I agree to the evolutionary theory which tends to believe that man evolved from lower forms of life, and so did language. This is a scientific approach to the origin of language as it is based on a wide range of studies over years by biologists, anthropologists, psychologists, neurologists, primatologists and linguists. With many significant changes since its early introduction, the evolutionary theory shows us the origin of language from various aspects, such as the organic evolution, environmental factors.2. 轰隆、乒乓、叽叽嘎嘎、叽里咕噜、汪汪3. Onomatopoetic words are imitations of the sounds of nature, and emotional ejaculations of pain, fear, surprise, pleasure, anger, etc. According to the invention theory, onomatopoetic words form the basis of language, or at least the core of the basic vocabulary.1.3.21. Usually, there are two main ways of classifying languages: the genetic (or genealogical) and the typological. The historical classification is based on the assumption that languages have diverged from a common ancestor. This criteria is to research into the history and relatedness of languages. On the other hand, the typological classification is based on a comparison of the formal similarities which exist between languages.。

《语言学概论》习题答案选择题第一章总论□ 言语是×. 言论与语言×. 音义结合的符号系统√. 说话和所说的话□ 语言是一种×. 形式和内容相统一的视觉符号√. 音义结合的听觉符号系统×. 用来交际的触觉符号系统□ 抽象思维的一般特性是×. 概括性、民族性×. 概念、判断、推理×. 固定、再现、改造√. 概括性、社会性□ 语言是思维的工具指的是×. 一切思维必须由语言完成√. 主要指抽象思维和直观动作思维、形象思维的高级阶段离不开语言×. 指直观动作思维和表象思维离不开语言□思维的三种类型是√. 直观动作思维、表象思维、抽象思维×. 概念、判断、推理×. 固定、再现、改造□ 语言符号的任意性是×. 语言符号的创造和使用总是任意的2×. 我们可以任意理解语言的符号√. 语言符号音义之间没有本质的联系□ 语言符号的线条性×. 语言符号的排列没有阶级性，象一根线条排列在一起×. 语言符号一个跟一个依次出现，随时间推移不分层次逐渐延伸√. 语言符号在时间的线条上逐个出现，同时不排除层次性□ "他肯定不会来了！" 这句话强调了说者的×. 说话行为√. 施事行为×. 取效行为×. 言语行为□ 汉语声调从中古到现代的"平分阴阳，入派三声"的规律是√. 个别语言的发展规律×. 一般语言的发展规律×. 汉民族各种方言的发展规律□ 一个民族内部共同使用的语言称为√. 民族共同语×. 民族交际语×. 国际交际语□ 克里奥尔语是语言的√. 混合×. 融合×. 分化×. 整化□ 语言融合的"底层"现象是×. 语言装置的最下面一层，即语音部分√. 被融合的语言的某些遗留下来的因素×. 被压迫的阶层第二章语音□ 声调决定于√. 音高×. 音强×. 音长×. 音质□ [p、t?、b、k]在发音方法上的共同特点是×. 清音×. 不送气√. 塞音×. 擦音□ 舌尖后浊擦音是×. [x] ×. [b]√. [?] ×. [z]□ [tA]（大）是√. 开音节×. 闭音节×. 元音首音节√. 辅音首音节□ []（血）中的[?]是×. 起音√. 领音×. 收音□ [kai51]（盖）中的[i]是×. 起音×. 领音√. 收音×. 辅音□ 普通话[?in55k?u214]（辛苦）快读是[?i? 55k?u214]这种现象是×. 顺同化√. 逆同化×. 顺异化×. 逆异化×. 弱化×. 脱落□ 普通话[f?n214pi214]快读是[f?m35pi214]这种现象是×. 顺同化√. 逆同化×. 顺异化√. 逆异化课后答案网阳光大学生网4×. 弱化×. 脱落□ 普通话[tou51fu214]（豆腐）快读是[tou51f]这种现象是×. 同化×. 异化×. 弱化√. 脱落×. 增音第三章语义□ ________是指语言单位的意义在一定的语境的作用下，内部变得具体、丰富或增加一些附加意义。

语言学概论语言学概论杨信彰中文版阅读材料：语言学流派历史比较语言学历史比较语言学的产生有两个不可或缺的条件，一是广泛收集世界各种语言材料，二是认识到梵语在语言比较中的地位和作用。

在初始阶段，丹麦的R·Rask、德国的J·Grimm和F·Bopp被称为历史比较语言学的奠基者。

Rask在他的《古代北欧语或冰岛语起源研究》一书中第一个对基本语汇中的词进行系统的比较，找出其中的语音对应规律，由此确定语言的亲缘关系。

Grimm在其书的启发下，在他的《日耳曼语语法》里确定了希腊语、峨特语和高地德语之间的语音对应关系，即所谓的“格里木定律”（Grimm?s Law）。

Bopp的主要著作是《梵语、禅德语、亚美尼亚语、希腊语、拉丁语、立陶宛语、古斯拉夫语、峨特语和德语比较语法》，旨在把梵语和欧洲、亚洲的几种其他语言相比较，找出它们在形态上的共同。

历史比较语言学发展到第二阶段，最有代表性的人物是德国的施莱歇尔（August Schleicher），其代表作是《印度日耳曼语系语言比较语法纲要》。

他受到生物学物种分类的启发，为有亲属关系的语言的历史演变过程设计了一种树形谱系图，使语言之间的亲属关系以直观的形式呈现在人们的面前。

这是历史比较语言学的一大进展。

19世纪的最后25年是历史比较语言学的“新语法学派”时期。

这个学派的代表人物是奥斯特霍夫（H·Osthoff）和布鲁克曼（K·Brugmann），他们在自己创办的刊物《形态学研究》上正式宣布：语音演变规律不允许任何例外。

他们在坚持这个原则时，以语言材料为依据，借鉴生理学和心理学的研究成果，强调“类推”在语言演变中的作用。

这个学派的代表著作有布鲁克曼和德尔布吕克合著的《印度日耳曼语比较语法纲要》和保罗的《语言史原理》。

19世纪历史比较语言学家为语言学的发展做出了重要贡献。

他们收集了丰富的语言材料，进行了广泛深入的调查和比较，不仅提出了人类语言演变过程的假设，画出了世界语言的谱系，而且还创造出比较科学的研究方法，提出了有关语言起源、语言本质的新理论，为后来结构主义和描写语言学的产生和发展创造了有利条件。

语言学概论课后题答案导言二、填空1、中国、印度、希腊—罗马。

2、文字、音韵、训诂。

3、语音、词汇、语义—语法。

4、编码、发送、传递、接收。

5、横的方面、纵的方面、共时、历时。

6、历史比较。

7、《语言论》8、索绪尔三、问答题1、指导2页2、教材3页3、指导3—4页4、教材4—5页5、指导4—5页6、指导3页第一章一、解释下列名词1、语言（自己总结）2、说话（教材9页）3、交际工具：人类交流思想的手段、方式。

4、社会现象（指导14页）5、思维（教材13页）二、填空1、语言2、规则3、交际工具、工具4、同意、不同意、再见、鼓掌、痛恨、高兴5、左、直观思维6、sister uncle7、量词8、语言9、全民性、阶级性10、社会的、具体三、判断正误1、对2、错3、错4、错5、对6、错7、错8、错9、对10、对11、对12、错13、对14、对15、错16、错17、对18、对19、错20、对四、问答题1、自己总结2、教材9页3、教材9页4、教材36页5、自己做6、语言没有阶级性7、教材11页8、教材11页9、谁的观点也不正确，因为语言与思维的关系是相辅相成的10、教材10页第二章一、名称解释1、符号（指导23页）2、符号的任意性（教材29页）3、二层性（教材31页）4、组合关系（教材33页）5、聚合关系（教材33页）二、填空1、形式、内容2、内容、形式3、声音、意义、物质表现形式4、约定俗成的5、任意性、线条性6、音位、序列、语素、词7、组合关系、聚合关系8、组合关系、聚合关系9、抽象思维、发音三、判断正误1、错2、对3、错4、错5、对6、对7、对8、对9、错10、对11、错12、错13、错14、对15、对16、对17、对18、错19、对20、错四、问答题1、指导23页2、教材31页3、教材26页4、教材27页5、教材29页6、教材29页7、教材29页8、教材31页9、教材31页10、教材33页第三章一、填空1、音素2、拉丁3、音高、音重、音长、音质、音高4、肺、喉头和声带、口腔鼻腔咽腔、共鸣腔5、元音、辅音、受阻6、舌位的高低、前后、圆展、央、低、不圆唇7、发音部位、发音方法、双唇、不送气、清、塞8、音位9、条件变体、自由变体、自由变体10、声母、韵母、声调、韵母、韵头、韵尾11、开口呼、合口呼、齐齿呼、撮口呼12、脱落二、单项选择题1、D2、D3、A4、A5、C6、D7、B8、B9、D 10、C三、判断正误1、错2、对3、错4、错5、错6、错7、对8、错9、对10、对四、名称解释1、音质（教材50页）2、元音（教材59页）3、送气（教材63页）4、音位变体（指导51页）5、区别特征（教材77页）五、分析题（用元音舌位图和辅音表自己做）六、问答题1、教材57—58页2、教材59页3、教材59页4、指导49—50页5、教材82页第四章一、举例解释下列名词1、语法是词的构成、变化和用词造句的规则。

《语言学概论》练习（一）参考答案一、填空1、中国、印度、希腊—罗马具有悠久的历史文化传统，是语言学的三大发源地。

2、历史比较语言学是在19世纪逐渐发展和完善的，它是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志。

3、人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的左半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维。

4、一个符号，如果没有意义，就失去了存在的必要，如果没有形式，我们就无法感知，符号也就失去了存在的物质基础。

5、用什么样的语音形式代表什么样的意义，完全是由使用这种语言的社会成员约定俗成。

6、语言符号具有任意性和线条性特点。

7、语言的底层是一套音位，上层是符号和符号的序列，可以分为若干级，第一级是语素，第二级是词，第三级是句子。

8、语言系统中的所有符号，既可以同别的符号组合，又可以被别的符号替换，符号之间的这种关系是组合关系和聚合关系。

9、组合关系是指符号与符号相互之间在功能上的联系，聚合关系是指符号在性质上的归类。

二、判断正误1、文字是人类最重要的交际工具。

（错）2、地主阶级和农民阶级之间没有共同语言，这说明语言是有阶级性的。

（错）3、在现代社会，文字比语言更加重要。

（错）4、现代社会，沟通的方式很多，语言的重要性日渐削弱。

（错）5、语言是思维的工具，没有语言，人类就无法思维。

（对）6、语言和思维互相依存，共同发展。

（对）7、任何一种符号，都是由内容和意义两个方面构成的。

（错）8、从本质上看，语言其实是一种符号系统。

（对）9、人类选择语音而不是色彩、手势作为语言符号的形式，是因为语音比较好听。

（错）10、语言符号的约定俗成是指语音形式和意义内容的结合是社会成员共同约定认同的。

（对）三、问答题：1、语言的作用是什么，举例说明。

为什么说语言是最重要的交际工具？答：它是人类社会的交际工具。

每个社会，无论它是经济发达的社会，还是经济十分落后的社会，都必须有属于自己的语言，都离不开语言这个交际工具，语言是组成社会必不可少的一个因素，是人类与动物区别的重要特征之一。

《语言学概论》综合练习参考答案一、重要名词解释：（考试时名词解释一定要举例）1、语言学：《期末复习指导》第13页。

2、普通语言学：《学习指导书》第4页末段。

3、专语语言学：《学习指导书》第4页倒数第二段。

4、历史比较语言学：又称比较语法，它通过语言亲属关系的比较研究语言的发展规律，拟测它们的共同母语。

它是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，主要是印欧语系的历史比较。

它为现代语言学的建立奠定了坚实的基础，并使语言学走上独立发展的道路。

5、语言：语言是语音和语义结合的符号系统，是人类社会最重要的交际工具，是一种特殊的社会现象，是人类思维的最有效的工具。

6、二层性：语言是由一定的单位按照一定的层级组成的，可分为音位层和符号层，其音位层和符号层我们合称为语言的二层性。

7、任意性：《期末复习指导》第17页末段。

8、符号：《期末复习指导》第17页第一段。

9、组合关系：组合关系就是两个同一性质的结构单位（如音位与音位、词与词等等）按照线性的顺序组合起来的关系。

简单地说，就是符号与符号相互组合起来的关系。

10、聚合关系：聚合关系就是语言结构某一位置上能够互相替换的具有某种相同作用的单位（如音位、词）之间的关系，简单说就是符号与符号之间的替换关系。

11、语音：《期末复习指导》第20页；12、音素（后有语素，估计是印刷错误）：《期末复习指导》第21页；13、元音：《期末复习指导》第21页；14、辅音：《期末复习指导》第21页；15、音标：《期末复习指导》第21页；16、发音部位：《期末复习指导》第22页；17、发音方法：《期末复习指导》第22页；18、音位：《期末复习指导》第22页；19、音位变体：是a音位的变异形式，是a音位的变体。

20、区别特征：《期末复习指导》第24页倒数第二段；21、音节：《期末复习指导》第25页；22、语流音变：书第83页倒数第二段；23、语法：语法就是用词造句的规则系统，它是词的构成规则、变化规则、组合规则的总和。

语言学概论课后习题1--8章第一章第一节1.为什么说语言科学是以语言作为研究对象的科学？答：语言学是以语言作为研究对象的科学，自从有了人类，人们开始了对语言现象的关注。

然而古代人类并没有把语言现象从人类其他文化现象中分离出来加以研究。

此外对雨燕采用科学的方法加以研究，也是语言学建立的一个很重要的条件。

它是教人理性的认识语言现象，有效把握语言规律，全面的分析语言事实，正确地揭示语言与人的关系，从而有效的指导人们运用语言的科学。

2．开设《语言学概论》这门课程有什么价值与意义？答：首先，它是属于普通语言学或一般语言学的范畴，它所研究和关注的是人类语言共有的现象和共同规律。

人们通过这门课可以学习和了解有关语言的性质、功能和特点等方面的理性知识。

其次，在人们有了基础认识之后，可以进一步研究语言的内部结构，从语音、语法和语义三个方面分析和认识语言现象，储备专门知识。

再者，人们将学习和了解有关语言发展变化的情况。

还可以通过语言学来了解与人类社会关系密切的其他学问。

3.语学是从哪些角度研究人类语言现象的？答：语言学首先可以分为本体语言学（理论语言学）与边沿语言学（应用语言学）。

应用语言学有许多分支，如：数理语言学、心理语言学??..所以语言学可以从人类、社会、心理等方面研究人类语言学现象。

第二节1.中国古代人们有哪些关于语言的神话与传说，应该怎样认识这些神话传说？答、畲族神话《高辛与龙王》说，创世之神教会了人们说话。

彝族神话《天神的哑水》里说，本来人和动物都能说话，天神骗他们去喝智能之水，结果，动物因喝水而失去了语言，而人类没有喝水保存了语言。

壮族神话《布洛陀》也说人和鸟兽，本来共享语言，但是因为它们之间的纠纷，掌管世间事务的神布洛陀便使人语不同于兽语。

纳西族《创世纪》里说，人们有三种不同的语言，藏语、白语、纳西语等等。

其实这些神话传说与当时的人们的时间、生活密切关联，所以，这些神话传说反应了他们当时的认识和经验。

语言学概论一、单项选择题1. 由单纯字符组合而成的字符，被叫做（）。

A. 声符B. 单纯字符C. 复合字符D. 意符【正确答案】 C2. 语言是个层级体系，底层是语音单位层，凡是跟底层语言单位联系的文字就叫（）。

A. 楔形文字B. 象形文字C. 表意文字D. 表音文字【正确答案】 D3. 语言是个层级体系，上层是音义结合的符号层，凡是跟上层语言单位联系的文字就叫（）。

A. 楔形文字B. 象形文字C. 表意文字D. 表音文字【正确答案】 C4. “楔形文字” 也叫（）。

A. 丁头字B. 大头字C. 丁形字D. 图文字【正确答案】 A5. 刻在雕像座、庙宇和金字塔墓室石头和祭器上的（），是一种象形程度很高的符号。

A. 碑铭体B. 僧侣体C. 平民体D. 模形体【正确答案】 A6. 跟碑铭体并行的有一种僧侶阶层平时使用的已经线条化的近乎草书的字体，称为（）。

A. 碑铭体B. 僧侣体C. 平民体D. 圣书字【正确答案】 B7. 公元前7世纪还出现了一种在僧侣体基础上加以简化供老百姓使用的字体，称为（）。

A. 碑铭体B. 僧侣体C. 平民体D. 圣书字【正确答案】 C8. 腓尼基文字被称做（）。

A. 元音音素文字B. 表意文字C. 辅音音素文字D. 意音文字【正确答案】 C9.希腊人在借用腓尼基文字来书写希腊语时增添了（）。

A. 元音字母B. 辅音字母C. 多音节语素D. 单音节语素【正确答案】 A10. 把两个或两个以上象形字或指事字拼合在一起且把它们的意义结合成一个新的意义的造字方法叫做（）。

A. 象形B. 形声C. 会意D. 指事【正确答案】 C11. 炼字的基本功是（）。

A. 精心挑选关键词语B. 恰当使用修饰词语C. 合理使用修辞手法D. 注意词语的巧妙配合【正确答案】 A12. 一般来说，（）的特点是信息量大、逻辑严谨、细致准确。

A. 长句B. 短句C. 陈述句D. 反问句【正确答案】 A13. 我国古典诗文中常用的修辞方式是（）。

语言学概论杨信彰杨信彰是中国著名语言学家，被誉为当代语言学界的奠基人之一。

他对语言学的贡献和影响深远，对语言学概念的阐释和理论的建立都具有重要意义。

本文将介绍杨信彰的学术生涯和他对语言学的贡献。

学术生涯杨信彰于1950年出生在中国江苏省南通市。

在上海交通大学完成了本科学业后，他赴英国留学，在剑桥大学攻读语言学硕士和博士学位。

在英国留学期间，他广泛研究了世界各地的语言，并深入探讨了语言的结构和演化规律。

1980年，杨信彰完成博士学位后回国，并先后在多所大学任教，如上海外国语大学和北京大学。

他还曾担任中国语言学会的主席，并多次组织和参与国际学术交流活动。

主要贡献语言演化理论杨信彰的主要贡献之一是对语言演化理论的研究。

他认为人类语言是一个动态的系统，不断演化和变化。

他的研究成果使我们更好地理解了语言的起源和发展过程。

语言联系理论杨信彰提出了一种独特的语言联系理论，即语言间的相互影响和联系是不可避免的。

他认为语言并不是孤立存在的，而是受到周围语言的影响和借鉴。

他的理论深入剖析了不同语言之间的联系和相互作用。

语言描述方法杨信彰还对语言的描述方法进行了深入研究。

他提出了一种系统的方法来描述语言的语音、语法和词汇等方面。

他的工作不仅为语言学研究提供了重要的工具，还有助于我们更好地学习和理解各种不同的语言。

杨信彰的影响杨信彰的学术成果对语言学领域的发展产生了重要影响。

他的理论和方法被广泛应用于语言学的研究和教学中。

他的学术观点也激发了更多学者的兴趣和研究动力。

此外，杨信彰还积极推动语言学的国际交流和合作。

他致力于促进中国语言学与国际学术界的对话和交流，为中西方语言学的融合做出了重要贡献。

总结杨信彰是当代语言学界的重要人物，他的学术贡献和影响不容忽视。

通过对语言演化理论、语言联系理论和语言描述方法的研究，他为语言学的发展和进步做出了重要贡献。

同时，他的跨国合作和国际交流活动也为促进语言学领域的发展起到了积极作用。