free trade and trade protection is good or bad

高三英语国际经济形势单选题40题1.International trade can bring many benefits. One of the main advantages is ________.A.economic growthB.environmental pollutionC.social unrestD.resource depletion答案：A。

解析：国际贸易主要的好处之一是促进经济增长。

选项B“environmental pollution”是环境污染，国际贸易不一定会带来主要的环境污染。

选项C“social unrest”是社会动荡，正常的国际贸易一般不会带来社会动荡。

选项D“resource depletion”是资源枯竭，国际贸易不是资源枯竭的主要原因。

2.The global economy is often influenced by ________.A.local weatherB.international politicsC.personal hobbiesD.domestic animals答案：B。

解析：全球经济通常受国际政治影响。

选项A“local weather”当地天气对全球经济影响较小。

选项C“personal hobbies”个人爱好对全球经济几乎没有影响。

选项D“domestic animals”家养动物对全球经济没有直接影响。

3.One of the key factors in international economic cooperation is________.nguage barrierB.trustC.distanceD.cultural differences答案：B。

解析：国际经济合作的关键因素之一是信任。

选项A“language barrier”语言障碍会影响合作但不是关键因素。

选项C“distance”距离会有一定影响但不是关键。

Is free trade the best economic policy that countries can adopt or isprotectionism ever justified? Discuss.Zichao Wu 2013Through the historical study of the generation and development of international trade, foreign trade policy can be summarized as two types, free trade policy and trade protection policy. As Economic Glossary (2008) explained, the so-called free trade policy means countries to relax or to cancel the restrictions on the import and export trade, and not to give privileges or concessions on domestic goods, so that commodities can import and export freely, and contend in the domestic and overseas markets freely. According to Baldwin (1989), protective trade policy refers to countries take measures to restrict imports in order to protect their own goods in the domestic market to compete with foreign goods, and give incentives and subsidies to their own export commodities to encourage the export.Both the two trade policies have their advantages and disadvantages respectively. Which one a country will adopt depends on the level of economic development of this country and its position in the international economy. Different trade policies will be implemented by different countries in a same historical period, and a trade policy that a country adopted in different periods of its development will not be the same (Brander, 1995). This essay will discuss these two policies.Free Trade PolicyInternational Division of Labor and ExchangeIn free trade, commodities can import and export freely since these countries opened their domestic markets to each other without any restrictions. As Unger (2007) written in his book, free trade play an important role in international division of labor and exchange. That is because free trade can promote the development of international economy and trade and help the world market continues to expand. After that, theactive global market will fuel the development of international division of labor and exchange.As a part of the influence of free trade, international division of labor and exchange will produce many benefits to the countries which have adopted the free trade policy. Based on the free trade, the progress of international division of labor and exchange will help countries make their domestic resources to get optimum allocation, according to their natural conditions, comparative advantages and factors abundant lack status (Ricardo, 1817). As a result, this will leads countries tend to producing products that have larger advantages or smaller disadvantages. Indeed, as Mcgee (2013) stated, through the international division of labor and exchange, firstly, the market scale expanded, that will promote the growth of employment; secondly, the competition of products is more fierce which will motivate technological innovation and industrial upgrading; the last but not the least, the allocation and utilization of the factors of production are more reasonable, this will save social resources and create more national wealth.Negative EffectsAlthough free trade has benefits, it does not perfect. There are a number of arguments put forward by experts.As Edge (2013) said, a fully open market is not very good to the infant industries or infant economies (developing economies). Because they need to face more competition from large foreign TNCs, some native slow developed industries and infant industries may be eliminated. As a result, structural unemployment may occur in the short term. This can impact upon large numbers of workers, their families and local economies.At the same time, free trade made the countries more close to each other that meanstheir domestic markets are very dependent on the others. So, it can be said that free trade increases the risk of interdependence between countries (Gray, 1985). This means that businesses, employees and consumers are more vulnerable influenced by our trading partners. For instance, recession in United States led their native consumption decreased then their import went down. As the second largest trading partner with American, the export income of China followed falling (Commerce Ministry of China, 2009). Next, the production of related industries in China declined. Falling incomes of these companies will cause lower demand and rising unemployment.In addition, according to Antweiler and Copeland (1998) free trade can lead to pollution and other environmental problems since companies fail to include environmental costs in the price of goods when compete with companies operating under weaker environmental legislation in some countries.Protective Trade PolicyWork as a Defensive MeasureWhen countries feel that their industries are getting damaged from unfair global competition they may adopt the protective trade policy. As Jager and Jepma (1996) introduced in their book, this policy is used as a defensive measure, it includes increasing tariffs (import taxes), Quotas, Embargoes (a complete ban on imported goods), import licensing, subsidies, exchange controls etc. The ultimate purpose is to increase the prices of imported products to make them expensive and less attractive (Krugman, 1987).According to Amadeo (2012), protective trade policy can protect domestic infant industries in the strong market competition from the foreign enterprises. This gives enough time to the companies which in the new industries to learn how to produce the goods efficiently, and to develop their own competitive advantages.Meanwhile, in a short term, the protective trade policy can also help in reducing the ratio of unemployment in a country (Ready Ratios, 2013). It is because companies are restricted by tariffs, quotas and other methods which compel them to hire the local workers.Bring Many ProblemsIn the long term, the protective trade policy will bring many problems. There are some points summarized by Amadeo (2012) state that the lack of competition market environment will weaken the innovation and improvement of companies. Eventually, consumers will pay more for a lower quality product than they would get from foreign competitors. At the same time, protectionism restricts the development of native industries, their staff will become lazier. And this will lead more layoffs, so that the ratio of unemployment will be bigger.It is certainly that there are many other countries cannot stand the trade protection measures, in order to protect their own profits they will take some measures to counter (Travis, 1964). All of this will cause a trade war. Retaliatory actions mean an increase in cost of importing of new technologies, that is very harmful to the economy.Free Trade Policy or Protective Trade Policy?Small and Developing CountriesNo matter which policies to choose, the most important core is benefits. Krugman and Obstfeld (2009) gave some analysis of the free trade and efficiency, please see the Figure 1 below.The Figure 1 shows a trade restriction, such as a tariff, leads to production and consumption distortions. The basic point is that a small country cannot influence foreign export prices. A net loss caused by a tariff can be measured by the two triangles area. So, adopt free trade policy can help small countries eliminate these distortions and increase national welfare.Table 1Benefits of a Move to Worldwide Free Trade (Percent of GDP) United States0.57 European Union 0.61 Japan0.85 Developing Countries1.4 World0.93Based on the statistics given by Cline (2004), look at the Table 1 above, it is clearly indicates that the gains from free trade are smaller for developed countries, but larger for developing countries.After the discussion, maybe people can say the free trade policy is more suitable for small and developing countries. However, when they implement the free trade policy Quantity, Q Price, P World price World price plus tariff Production distortion Consumption distortion SD Figure 1they cannot forget to help the infant industries and protect their environment.Large and Developed CountriesKrugman and Obstfeld (2009) also give the Figure 2, which shows the marginal benefit from production that is not taken account of by the producer surplus measure. The marginal social benefit in this graph can serve as a justification for tariffs or other trade policies. Thus the area C under the marginal social benefit curve from S1 to S2, can measure a social benefit caused by the increase in production yields. Compared with the area of two triangles in Figure 1, the area C must always bigger than total of them if the tariff is small enough. That means there is some welfare-maximizing tariff that yields a level of social welfare higher than that of free trade.After the analysis, with regard to large and developed countries, maybe people can say the protective trade policy is more suitable for them. This is not only because of there is more welfare but also because they have already have the higher production efficiency. However, countries should pay attention to the development of innovation ability and technical level of their products when they adopt the protective trade policy.ConclusionBoth of these two polices have their strengths and weaknesses. It is difficult to say which trade policy is more justified for a country. Because the choice is depends on Dollars Quantity, QMarginal social benefit C S1 S2 Figure 2many factors including the level of economic development of this country and its position in the international economy. This essay only found that maybe the free trade policy is more suitable for small and developing countries, and the protective trade policy is more suitable for large and developed countries. The other deep discussion about this topic maybe need more research.Reference:Amadeo, K., 2012. Trade Protectionism, [online] Available at:</od/glossary/g/Trade-Protectionism.htm> [Accessed 19th February 2013].Antweiler, W. and Copeland, B. R., 1998. Is Free Trade Good for the Environment. [pdf] Available at: </papers/w6707.pdf > [Accessed 18th February 2013].Baldwin, R. E., 1989. The Political Economy of Trade Policy. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, V ol. 3, No. 4, Autumn, pp.119-135.Brander, J. A., 1995. Strategic Trade Policy, Canada: University of British Columbia. Chapter 27, pp.1397-1444.Cline, W., 2004. Trade Policy and Global Poverty, Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics. pp.180.Commerce Ministry of China, 2009. Regional Trade Statistics, [online] Available at: </article/statistic/lanmubb/> [Accessed 18th February 2013].Edge, K., 2013. Free Trade and Protection: advantages and disadvantages of free trade, [online] Available at:<.au/economics/global_economy/tut7/Tutorial7.html> [Accessed 16th February 2013].Economic Glossary, 2008. Economic Definition of Free Trade, [online] Available at: </economic-term/free+trade> [Accessed 9th February 2013].Gray, H. P., 1985. Free trade or protection? : a pragmatic analysis, London: The Macmillan Press Ltd.Jager, H. and Jepma, C., 1996. Introduction to International Economics, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Chapter 8, pp.145-166.Krugman P., 1987, Is Free Trade Passé?, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, V ol. 1, No. 2, Autumn, pp. 131-144.Krugman, P. R. and Obstfeld, M., 2009. International Economics Theory& Policy, London: Pearson Addison Wesley. Chapter 9, pp.190-220.Mcgee, J., 2013. Advantages of Free Trade, [online] Available at:</about_5381660_advantages-trade.html> [Accessed 15th February 2013].Ready Ratios, 2013. Protectionism, [online] Available at:</reference/business/protectionism.html> [Accessed 19th February 2013].Ricardo, D., 1817. Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, UK: Cambridge University Press. 133–34.Travis, W. P., 1964. The Theory of Trade and Protection, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Chapter 4, pp.133-187.Unger, R. M., 2007. Free Trade Reimagined, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Chapter 1, pp. 7-20.。

free trade 英文作文Free trade is a controversial topic. Some people believe that it promotes economic growth and helps lower prices for consumers, while others argue that it leads to job losses and exploitation of workers in developing countries.Globalization has led to an increase in free trade agreements between countries. These agreements aim to reduce barriers to trade, such as tariffs and quotas, in order to promote economic cooperation and growth.One of the main arguments in favor of free trade isthat it allows countries to specialize in the production of goods and services that they are most efficient at, leading to increased productivity and lower prices for consumers.On the other hand, opponents of free trade argue that it can lead to the outsourcing of jobs to countries with lower labor costs, resulting in job losses and lower wagesin developed countries.Furthermore, free trade can also lead to environmental degradation, as countries may prioritize economic growth over environmental protection in order to remain competitive in the global market.In conclusion, free trade has both positive and negative effects. While it can lead to economic growth and lower prices for consumers, it can also result in job losses, exploitation of workers, and environmental degradation. It is important for countries to carefully consider the impact of free trade agreements and to implement policies that mitigate its negative effects.。

《The Pros and Cons of Free Trade》高考优秀英语作文Free trade is a system where goods and services are exchanged between nations without tariffs or duties being imposed. It has many advantages and disadvantages that must be considered carefully before implementing it.The primary benefit of free trade is increased competition. Within the free trade system, domestic producers are exposed to competition from abroad and must remain competitive in terms of pricing and quality. This, in turn, drives down costs for consumers. It can also create new markets, as producers can access resources and consumers in different countries.On the downside, free trade can lead to job losses. Due to cheaper foreign competition, domestic companies may be forced to lay off workers or move production overseas. Additionally, free trade agreements often prioritize corporate profits over environmental or labor rights protections. This can lead to exploitation of vulnerable populations.Overall, the advantages and disadvantages of free trade must be weighed carefully when making decisions about international trade. The goal should be to ensure that all citizens, regardless of nationality, benefit from increased competition and decreased costs caused by free trade.。

英语作文贸易保护Trade protection is a controversial topic that divides opinions around the world. Some argue that it is necessary to protect domestic industries and jobs, while others believe it hinders free trade and economic growth.Trade protection measures, such as tariffs and quotas, can help shield domestic industries from foreign competition. This can be beneficial in the short term, as it allows local businesses to compete on a more level playing field. However, it can also lead to higher prices for consumers and limit choices in the market.On the other hand, free trade advocates argue that trade protectionism ultimately harms the economy by reducing efficiency and innovation. When industries are protected from competition, they have less incentive to improve their products and processes. This can result in lower quality goods and services for consumers.Trade protectionism can also lead to retaliatory measures from other countries, sparking trade wars that can have negative consequences for the global economy. In an interconnected world, it is important to consider the long-term effects of trade protection measures on international relations and economic stability.In conclusion, trade protection is a complex issue with both benefits and drawbacks. It is important for policymakers to carefully consider the implications of trade protection measures and weigh them against the potential costs to the economy. Ultimately, finding a balance between protecting domestic industries and promoting free trade is key to ensuring sustainable economic growth.。

Article 1Free Trade or ProtectionismThe Case against Trade RestrictionsThe Lure of ProtectionismThe argument for so-called ―protectionism ‖ (called ―fair trade ‖ by some) may at first sound appealing. Supporters of ―protectionist ‖ laws claim that keeping out foreign goods will save jobs, giving ailing domestic industries a chance to recover and prosper, and reduce the trade deficits. Are these claims valid? 有效的，有根据的Protectionism: What It CostsClassical Liberal philosopher John Stuart Mill astutely observed in the last century that ―Trade barriers are chiefly injurious to the countries imposing them.‖ It is true today as it was then, for the following reasons:Lost Jobs: Protectionist laws raise taxes (tariffs) on imported goods and /or impose limits (quotas ①) on the amount of goods governments permit to enter into a country. They are laws that not only restrict the choice of consumer good, but also contribute greatly both to the cost of goods and to the cost of doing business. So under ―protectionism ‖ you end up poorer, with less money for buying other things you want and need. Moreover, protectionist laws that reduce consumer spending power actually end up destroying jobs. In the USA, for example, according to the US Department of Labor ’s own statistics, ―protectionism ‖ destroys eight jobs in the general economy for every one saved in a protected industry.Higher Prices: Japanese consumers pay five times the world price for rice because of import restrictions protecting Japanese farmers. European consumers pay dearly for EC restrictions on food imports and heavy taxes for domestic farm subsidies. American consumers also suffer from the same double burden, paying six times the world price for sugar because of trade restrictions (to give but one example). The US Semiconductor Trade Pact, which pressured Japanese producers to cut back production of computer memory chips, caused an acute worldwide shortage of these widely used parts. Prices quadrupled and companies using these components in the production of electronic consumer goods, in various countries around the world, were badly hurt.Higher Taxes: Protectionist laws not only force you to pay more taxes on imported goods,① ](进口货物、移民人数等的)限额An import quota is a type of protectionist trade restriction that sets a physical limit on the quantity of a good that can be imported into a country in a given period of time. [1] Quotas, like other trade restrictions, are used to benefit the producers of a good in a domestic economy at the expense of all consumers of the good in that economy.生病的，体衰的 [əs'tju:tli]敏捷的but also raise your general taxes as well. This is because governments invariably expand their Customs Department bureaucracies to force compliance with their new rounds of trade restrictions (or in the case of NAFTA②, Trade regulations). These bureaucrats must be paid. There is also the expense of more red tape and paperwork for trading companies and more harassment of individual travelers passing through the borders. ['hærəsmənt n. 骚扰；烦恼Protectionism: Who Gains?In spite of evidence of damage caused by trade restrictions, pressure for more ―protectionist‖ laws persists. Who is behind this, and why?Those who gain from ―protectionist‖laws are special-interest groups, such as some big corporations, unions, and farmers’groups? All of whom would like to get away with charging higher prices and getting higher wages than they could expect in a free marketplace. These special interests have the money and political clout for influencing politicians to pass laws favorable to them. Politicians in turn play on the fears of uniformed voters to rally support for these laws.The Losers? YOU and all other ordinary consumers. Your freedom is being trampled into the dust by these laws, and you are literally being robbed, through taxes and higher prices, in order to line the pockets of a few politically-privileged ―fat cats.‖“Protectionism is a misnomer. The only people protected by tariffs, quotas and traderestrictions are those engaged in uneconomic and wasteful activity. Free trade is theonly philosophy compatible with international peace and prosperity.”繁荣Walter BlockSenior Economist, Fraser Institute (Canada)Methods of ProtectionGovernments use a variety of tools to manage their countries’ international trade positions.Tariffs: Tariffs are taxes on imports. Tariffs make the item more expensive for consumers, thereby reducing the demand.TariffsSuppose there is a U.S company and a foreign company producing widgets.Cost to produceU.S-made widget $1.00Foreign-made widget $ 0.75The American widget factory will find it difficult to stay competitive under this scenario. Now, if the U.S. were to impose a tariff of 60 percent:New cost to produce②北美自由贸易协定（North American Free Trade Agreement）North American Free Trade Area 北美自由贸易区U.S-made widget $1.00Foreign-made widget $ 1.20=[(0.75*60)+0.75]If consumers base their purchases only on price, the demand for the foreign widget would falland the U.S. widget industry would prosper.If no tariff were imposed, as under free trade, Americans would have saved money by buyingthe cheaper foreign widget. The U.S. widget industry would either have to become moreefficient in order to compete with the less expensive imported products or face extinction.Tariffs need not push the price of an import above the price of its domestic counterpart. Theyshould be just high enough to reduce the price differential between the import and thedomestic good. Tariffs are usually levied as a percentage of the value of the import, althoughsometimes a flat rate may be charged.ad valorem taxes: these are protective tariffs that are based on the value of imported products,rather than on quantitySpecific duty tariffs: these are revenue tariffs levied on imports at a stated amount per unit(such as per pair, per pound, per gallon, per liter, and so on).Compound Tax Duties: a combination of specific duty③tariff and ad valorem taxesImport Quotas: Governments sometimes restrict the sale of foreign goods by imposingimport quotas. These limit the quantity of foreign goods that can be imported and helpdomestic producers by limiting the share of the market that can be taken by foreigners.凭什么;靠那个，如何Voluntary Restrictions: Sometimes governments negotiate agreements whereby a countryagrees to voluntarily limit its export of a certain product. Japan voluntarily limited its exportof cars to the United States in 1992 to 1.65 million cars per year. With tariffs, it is theimporting country that stands to gain through increase in the tax revenue. However, in case ofquantitative restraints, the exporting country gains as the price of the imported good rises.Both import quotas and voluntary restraints thwart the functioning of the free market. Thequantity of goods remains constant while the price changes, instead of demand and supplydetermining both quantity and price.Subsidies: Another way to achieve the goals of protectionism is to make the domesticindustry more competitive. Subsidies, which are grants by the government to an industry, canaccomplish this. Subsidies can be:Direct---outright paymentsIndirect---special tax breaks or incentives, buying of surplus goods, providinglow-interest loans or guaranteeing private loans.For example, the United States subsidizes the sugar and dairy industries, amongothers.③以课税对象的重量、容积、面积、长度等计量单位为标准,按固定单位税额计征的各种税Trade Ban: Sometimes governments ban trade with certain countries for political reasons—during times of war or political crises. Governments also ban import of certain productsto protect domestic industries. Governments also ban import of certain products to protectdomestic industries. For instance, Japan bans importation of rice to protect its domestic riceindustry. A complete prohibition on imports of certain products or certain countries is calledembargo.Imposing standards: Health, environmental and safety standards often vary from country tocountry. These may act as a barrier to free trade and a tool of protectionism. For example, theEuropean Union has very stringent health and safety standard that goods have to meet in order tobe imported.Article 2Protectionism, free market and global regulatorBharat Jhunjhunwala['miriəd]ad EVEN as the world strives to open up, economies continue to practice protectionism in myriadways. One strident voice against this form of protectionism is that of Prof Raghuram Rajan,International Monetary Fund’s new Chief Economist, who opposes the practice, especially by thedeveloped countries in the field of information technology. Such arguments as ―Indian softwareworkers come and work 60/70 hours at half the wages we earn is unfair, and they should be keptout,‖ he says, is plain protectionism.In an interview to , Prof Rajan, who is from the Chicago Business School, rejects thecontention that globalization has resulted in workers of developing countries getting poorer wages.―If you force them (the workers) to have the same pay, it is a form of protectionism. You areessentially shutting them out of the world market. These workers in India and China, who competein the world market, are able to thereby achieve a much better standard of living,‖ he says.At the same time, he says the ―traditional‖laissez faire model of ―no regulation‖ does not work.The clout of existing players can nip challengers in the bud. Writing in his Web site, he says: ―If there were no supervisory authority and regulationsenforcing safety standards, people will be very reluctant to fly fledgling airlines and stick withestablished ones. Having no safety regulations in the airline industry will favor established firmsand make entry impossible, therefore, killing competition.‖Breaking from the traditional view that any government regulation hinders free marketdevelopment, Prof Rajan suggests that competitive markets are not well served by the laissez faireapproach. On the other hand, over-regulation can be harmful. ―If regulation required every airlineto have a proven five-year track record of profitable flying before being allowed to acceptpassengers, new entry still will be killed. How can new entrants have a proven record?‖The best policy, according to him, is that of middle ground where the market is regulated such that the benefits of competition can be obtained, but its (the market’s) tyranny contained.What is true for business is also true for governments. Prof Rajan believes that competition in the global markets will force all governments to establish best business practices.In his article, ―Unleashing the power of financial markets to create wealth and spread opportunity,‖ he writes: ―By forcing different political regimes to compete on common economic turf, open borders are one of the most important forces preventing governments from pandering to their domestic elites and ignoring the large public. If Malaysian manufacturers have to compete with Thai manufacturers in selling to common markets, they cannot afford archaic, anti-competitive regulations in the Malaysian financial system for that will make Malaysian production costs higher and put them at a competitive disadvantage…The Cambridge school believes in the power of the government. But the natural question is what keeps the government working in the interest of the public… The answer is competition between governments.‖His basic idea, as expressed in his Web site, is: ―Instead of enhancing the power of large corporations and domestic elites, free markets actually curb that power and channel activities into more productive pursuits.‖That said there are some problems too. For instance, if a domestic airline market has to be regulated for good result then the global market has to be regulated too. That will require a globally elected government. But Prof Rajan seeks only free trade in goods and capital while maintaining national boundaries and national governments.Now, a national government cannot possibly regulate a global market. The US Justice Department can break Microsoft but not the Government of India. The implication is that the unregulated global market will favor the established players.Just as the absence of supervisory authority will make people reluctant to fly fledgling airlines, so also the absence of global regulatory authority will make people reluctant to buy goods from the newly emerging developed countries. The result is that the present dominance of the developed countries will be preserved.But Prof Rajan refused to acknowledge this. On opposition to globalization because of the MNC clout, he says in the interview: ―There are arguments made about multinationals destroying countries and so on. There is always a grain of truth in these arguments. But if you play them all out–what they are suggesting is often complete nonsense.‖ That may not be so. As he says, the absence of regulation will strengthen the existing companies. So, an unregulated global market does favor the existing MNCs. In the result, Prof Rajan provided the justification for opening the borders while strengthening the clout of the developed countries.Mr. James Whittington, reporting for the BBC, says, ―In recent years, the IMF has been embroiled in a global debate about how effective policies of free trade and market economics have been. Critics have become increasing vocal in promoting the view that the Washington-based institution has been pushing advice and loans which benefit rich countries more than the poorer ones. Meanwhile, its supporters argue that the Fund is misunderstood and its advice not followed properly.‖Prof Rajan was appointed, Mr. Whittington says, because he argued that the world’s business elite wants to rig so-called free markets in its favor to make the rich richer and the poor poorer. But if we look beneath the sheen the opposite conclusion emerges. Prof Rajan’s theory of opening the markets without putting in place a global regulator will benefit the developed countries.。

freetrade英文作文英文，I believe that free trade is essential for the growth and prosperity of a country. Free trade allows for the exchange of goods and services without the imposition of tariffs or other trade barriers. This promotes competition and efficiency, leading to lower prices for consumers and increased economic growth.Free trade also allows countries to specialize in the production of goods and services in which they have a comparative advantage. For example, China has a comparative advantage in manufacturing due to its lower labor costs, while the United States has a comparative advantage in technology and innovation. By allowing these countries to specialize and trade with each other, both can benefit from increased productivity and economic growth.Additionally, free trade promotes peace and cooperation between countries. When countries are engaged in trade, they become economically interdependent and have a vestedinterest in maintaining peaceful relations. This can helpto reduce the likelihood of conflicts and promote international cooperation.Overall, free trade leads to lower prices, increased economic growth, and promotes peace and cooperation between countries. It is essential for the prosperity of a country and should be embraced and promoted on a global scale.中文，我认为自由贸易对于一个国家的增长和繁荣至关重要。

Googl‎e‎ A‎n yone‎who ‎h as e‎v er u‎s ed t‎h e In‎t erne‎t has‎seen‎Goog‎l e, a‎n d ma‎n y pe‎o ple ‎w ould‎just‎“goo‎g le i‎t”w‎h en t‎h ey t‎r y to‎find‎info‎r mati‎o n ab‎o ut s‎o meth‎i ng o‎n the‎Inte‎r net.‎As ‎t he w‎o rld’‎s mos‎t pop‎u lar ‎I nter‎n et s‎e arch‎engi‎n e, G‎o ogle‎is o‎n e of‎the ‎g reat‎e ste‎x ampl‎e s of‎onli‎n e su‎c cess‎It ‎a ll b‎e gan ‎i n Ja‎n uary‎1996‎as a‎rese‎a rch ‎p roje‎c t at‎Stan‎f ord ‎U nive‎r sity‎by P‎h.D. ‎s tude‎n t La‎r ry P‎a ge. ‎Tryi‎n g to‎find‎a be‎t ter ‎w ay f‎o r we‎b use‎r s to‎sear‎c h fo‎r rel‎e vant‎page‎s, Pa‎g e ha‎dan ‎i dea ‎t hat ‎t his ‎c ould‎be a‎c hiev‎e d by‎exam‎i ning‎the ‎r elat‎i onsh‎i ps b‎e twee‎n web‎page‎s.H‎e tho‎u ght ‎t hat ‎w eb p‎a ges ‎w hich‎had ‎t he m‎o st l‎i nks ‎t o th‎e m fr‎o m ot‎h er w‎e b pa‎g es m‎u st b‎e the‎most‎popu‎l ar. ‎T he t‎e chni‎q ue a‎p pear‎e d to‎be s‎u cces‎s ful.‎Page‎and ‎h is p‎a rtne‎r Ser‎g ey B‎r in s‎e t up‎thei‎r com‎p any ‎o n Se‎p temb‎e r 7,‎1998‎and ‎r egis‎t ered‎the ‎g oogl‎‎the ‎f ollo‎w ing ‎w eek.‎The‎sear‎c h en‎g ine ‎q uick‎l y gr‎e w in‎popu‎l arit‎y and‎in 2‎000 G‎o ogle‎bega‎nto ‎s ell ‎a dver‎t isin‎g on ‎t heir‎webs‎i te. ‎Afte‎r a f‎e w ye‎a rs o‎f gro‎w th f‎u eled‎by e‎a ger ‎i nves‎t ors,‎Goog‎l e we‎n t pu‎b lic.‎Many‎Goog‎l e em‎p loye‎e s be‎c ame ‎i nsta‎n t mi‎l lion‎a ires‎.Goo‎g le h‎a s re‎c entl‎y acq‎u ired‎YouT‎u be.c‎o m wh‎i ch i‎s the‎Inte‎r net’‎s lar‎g est ‎v ideo‎s hari‎n g we‎b site‎and ‎c onti‎n ues ‎t o ad‎d new‎feat‎u res ‎ever‎y day‎incl‎u ding‎tool‎bars‎, ema‎i l, a‎n d ad‎v erti‎s ing.‎Of c‎o urse‎, wit‎h gro‎w th a‎n d su‎c cess‎ther‎e als‎o com‎e s co‎m peti‎t ion.‎Mic‎r osof‎t has‎rece‎n tly ‎t ried‎to a‎c quir‎e Yah‎o o in‎orde‎r to ‎c ompe‎t e wi‎t h Go‎o gle ‎i n th‎eInt‎e rnet‎sear‎c h en‎g ine ‎a rea.‎G oogl‎e has‎rece‎n tly ‎a cqui‎r ed Y‎o uTub‎e.co‎m whi‎c h is‎the ‎I nter‎n et’s‎larg‎e st v‎i deos‎h arin‎g web‎s ite ‎a nd c‎o ntin‎u es t‎o add‎new ‎f eatu‎r es e‎v ery ‎d ay i‎n clud‎i ng t‎o ol b‎a rs, ‎e mail‎, and‎adve‎r tisi‎n g. O‎f cou‎r se, ‎with‎grow‎t h an‎d suc‎c ess ‎t here‎also‎come‎s com‎p etit‎i on. ‎M icro‎s oft ‎h as r‎e cent‎l y tr‎i ed t‎o acq‎u ire ‎Y ahoo‎in o‎r der ‎t o co‎m pete‎with‎Goog‎l e in‎the ‎I nter‎n et s‎e arch‎engi‎n e ar‎e a.T‎o day,‎Goog‎l e ow‎n s Yo‎u Tube‎, Blo‎g ger ‎a nd o‎t her ‎h ot w‎e bsit‎e s an‎d has‎beco‎m e th‎elea‎d er i‎n ter‎m s of‎ad-b‎a sed ‎r even‎u e on‎the ‎w eb. ‎The ‎b rain‎chil‎d of ‎t wo s‎t uden‎t s ha‎s bec‎o me a‎bill‎i on-d‎o llar‎comp‎a ny a‎n d on‎e of ‎t he b‎e st-k‎n own ‎t rade‎m arks‎in t‎h e wo‎r ld. ‎Goog‎l e’s ‎h isto‎r y se‎r ves ‎a s a ‎p erfe‎c t mo‎d el a‎n d in‎s pira‎t ion ‎f or I‎n tern‎e t en‎t repr‎e neur‎stod‎a yUn‎i t 1 ‎R eadi‎n g A ‎谷‎歌上过互‎联网的人都‎见过谷歌，‎许多人要在‎互联网上查‎找某方面的‎信息时，他‎们都会去“‎谷歌”一下‎。

自由贸易和贸易保护主义:英国谷物法辩论每个地方的谷物法可能被比作宗教法。

人们感到自己对那些生活中的维生之道或者幸福生活的来临如此感兴趣,以至于政府必须屈从于他们的偏见,并且为了维护社会稳定,建立他们赞成的体系。

基于这种考虑,或许，我们很难找到一种以这两个主要目标中的任何一个而建立的合理的制度。

——亚当斯密,国富论(1776)介绍1845年11月1日,英国首相罗伯特·皮尔爵士正准备会见他的内阁，来考虑一个的国家贸易政策的彻底改革。

潜在的问题则是废除《谷物法》,有将近二百年的历史的一系列不同方式、不同程度的保护英国农业的法令条列。

地主和实业家在这个问题上斗争激烈,几乎每个人都认为这是一项重要的决策。

可以肯定的是, 上个世纪英国工业快速发展,恰逢强大的农业保护政策。

现在的问题是这一政策的废除与否将根据其有利或损害国家利益而决定。

废除《谷物法》是否会破坏英国经济主宰,摧毁国内的地主和农民，使其整体人口严重依赖外国食物呢?或者,另外,是否会废除供给每个人的面包的低价格,从保护的束缚中解放了工业部门,保证未来更加强大的经济业绩?尽管皮尔长期支持《谷物法》(并且他本身是一个富有的地主、保守党的领袖),最近的事件促使他重新审视自己的立场。

两方的党羽告诉他说,英国的全球优势就是保持平衡,他知道在发表任何最终决定之前，回顾所有赞成的和反对的观点及《谷物法》的整个历史是必要的。

1815年以前的英国经济和《谷物法》十八世纪，常被称为世界工厂的英国开辟了第一次工业革命。

激动人心的创新,特别是纺织品，为英国提供了以生产工厂体系为中心的工业组织的重要起点。

一些最重要的创新包括詹姆斯·哈格里夫斯的纺织机(1766),理查德·阿克莱特的水框架(1768),和埃得蒙·卡特莱特的动力织布机(1784)。

与此同时,詹姆斯·瓦特改进的蒸汽机提供了使最先进的工厂最终得以运行重要的力量源泉。